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Li K, Zhang Y, Li L, Cui K, Li Y, Li C, Dai Y, Xiao W, Wang Q. Identification of sensitive endpoints for the assessment of phthalates-induced reproductive and developmental toxicity: A literature mining study. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114686. [PMID: 38663762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), two common types of phthalates, are known to cause reproductive and developmental toxicity in animals and humans. The reference doses (RfD) of DBP and DEHP should be determined by sensitive endpoints. We here aimed to identify sensitive endpoints for DBP- and DEHP-induced such toxicity using published literatures. By examining the impacts of maternal exposure to DBP or DEHP on anogenital distance (AGD) and semen quality of offspring, we discovered that DBP or DEHP caused AGD decline in boys but increase in girls with DBP being more potent and the first 14weeks of pregnancy being more susceptible, suggesting a chemical- and time-dependent phenomenon. We also identified AGD shortening and total sperm count reduction as two sensitive endpoints for DBP- or DEHP-induced reproductive and developmental toxicity, respectively. Based upon these two endpoints and the employment of the Bayesian benchmark dose approach with an uncertainty factor of 3,000, we estimated the RfD values of DBP and DEHP were 15 μg/kg/day and 36 μg/kg/day, respectively. Thus, we uncover previously unrecognized phenomena of DBP- or DEHP-induced reproductive and developmental toxicity and establish new and comparable or more conservative RfDs for the risk assessment of phthalates exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ludi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kanglong Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Peking University Health Science Library, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yufei Dai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, China CDC, 7 Panjiayuan South Li, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Wusheng Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Jiang Q, Wan Y, Zhu K, Wang H, Feng Y, Xiang Z, Liu R, Zhao S, Zhu Y, Song R. Association of exposure to phthalates and phthalate alternatives with dyslexia in Chinese primary school children. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28392-28403. [PMID: 38538993 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown associations between children's exposure to phthalates and neurodevelopmental disorders. Whereas the impact of exposure to phthalate alternatives is understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the association of exposure to phthalates/their alternatives with the risk of dyslexia. We recruited 745 children (355 dyslexia and 390 non-dyslexia) via the Tongji Reading Environment and Dyslexia Research Project, and their urine samples were collected. A total of 26 metabolites of phthalates/their alternatives were measured. Multivariate logistic regression and quantile-based g-computation were used to estimate the associations of exposure to the phthalates/their alternatives with dyslexia. More than 80% of the children had 17 related metabolites detected in their urine samples. After adjustment, the association between mono-2-(propyl-6-hydroxy-heptyl) phthalate (OH-MPHP) with the risk of dyslexia was observed. Compared with the lowest quartile of OH-MPHP levels, the odds of dyslexia for the third quartile was 1.93 (95% CI 1.06, 3.57). Regarding mixture analyses, it was found that OH-MPHP contributed the most to the association. Further analyses stratified by sex revealed that this association was only observed in boys. Our results suggested a significantly adverse association of di-2-propylheptyl phthalate exposure with children's language abilities. It highlights the necessity to prioritize the protection of children's neurodevelopment by minimizing their exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals like di-2-propylheptyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) the Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, Hubei, China
| | - Kaiheng Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) the Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Haoxue Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) the Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanan Feng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) the Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhen Xiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) the Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rundong Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) the Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) the Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) the Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Mustieles V, Rolland M, Pin I, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Muckle G, Guichardet K, Slama R, Philippat C. Early-Life Exposure to a Mixture of Phenols and Phthalates in Relation to Child Social Behavior: Applying an Evidence-Based Prioritization to a Cohort with Improved Exposure Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:87006. [PMID: 37556305 PMCID: PMC10411634 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies aiming at relating exposure to phenols and phthalates with child social behavior characterized exposure using one or a few spot urine samples, resulting in substantial exposure misclassification. Moreover, early infancy exposure was rarely studied. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the associations of phthalates and phenols with child social behavior in a cohort with improved exposure assessment and to a priori identify the chemicals supported by a higher weight of evidence. METHODS Among 406 mother-child pairs from the French Assessment of Air Pollution exposure during Pregnancy and Effect on Health (SEPAGES) cohort, 25 phenols/phthalate metabolites were measured in within-subject pools of repeated urine samples collected at the second and third pregnancy trimesters (∼ 21 samples/trimester) and at 2 months and 1-year of age (∼ 7 samples/period). Social behavior was parent-reported at 3 years of age of the child using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). A structured literature review of the animal and human evidence was performed to prioritize the measured phthalates/phenols based on their likelihood to affect social behavior. Both adjusted linear regression and Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sum (BWQS) regression models were fitted. False discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied only to nonprioritized chemicals. RESULTS Prioritized compounds included bisphenol A, bisphenol S, triclosan (TCS), diethyl-hexyl phthalate (Σ DEHP ), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n -butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP). With the exception of bisphenols, which showed a mixed pattern of positive and negative associations in pregnant mothers and neonates, few prenatal associations were observed. Most associations were observed with prioritized chemicals measured in 1-y-old infants: Each doubling in urinary TCS (β = 0.78 ; 95% CI: 0.00, 1.55) and MEP (β = 0.92 ; 95% CI: - 0.11 , 1.96) concentrations were associated with worse total SRS scores, whereas MnBP and Σ DEHP were associated with worse Social Awareness (β = 0.25 ; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.50) and Social Communication (β = 0.43 ; 95% CI: - 0.02 , 0.89) scores, respectively. BWQS also suggested worse total SRS [Beta 1 = 1.38 ; 95% credible interval (CrI): - 0.18 , 2.97], Social Awareness (Beta 1 = 0.37 ; 95% CrI: 0.06, 0.70), and Social Communication (Beta 1 = 0.91 ; 95% CrI: 0.31, 1.53) scores per quartile increase in the mixture of prioritized compounds assessed in 1-y-old infants. The few associations observed with nonprioritized chemicals did not remain after FDR correction, with the exception of benzophenone-3 exposure in 1-y-old infants, which was suggestively associated with worse Social Communication scores (corrected p = 0.07 ). DISCUSSION The literature search allowed us to adapt our statistical analysis according to the weight of evidence and create a corpus of experimental and epidemiological knowledge to better interpret our findings. Early infancy appears to be a sensitive exposure window that should be further investigated. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11798.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Mustieles
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthieu Rolland
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Pin
- Pediatric Department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | | | | | | | - Gina Muckle
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Karine Guichardet
- Pediatric Department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Philippat
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
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Apel P, Lamkarkach F, Lange R, Sissoko F, David M, Rousselle C, Schoeters G, Kolossa-Gehring M. Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for priority substances under the HBM4EU initiative - New values derivation for deltamethrin and cyfluthrin and overall results. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 248:114097. [PMID: 36577283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The European Initiative HBM4EU aimed to further establish human biomonitoring across Europe as an important tool for determining population exposure to chemicals and as part of health-related risk assessments, thus making it applicable for policy advice. Not only should analytical methods and survey design be harmonized and quality assured, but also the evaluation of human biomonitoring data. For the health-related interpretation of the data within HBM4EU, a strategy for deriving health-based human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) for both the general population and workers was agreed on. On this basis, HBM-GVs for exposure biomarkers of 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), phthalates (diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and bis-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP)), bisphenols A and S, pyrethroids (deltamethrin and cyfluthrin), solvents (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one (NEP), N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC)), the heavy metal cadmium and the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) were developed and assigned a level of confidence. The approach to HBM-GV derivations, results, and limitations in data interpretation with special focus on the pyrethroids are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - F Lamkarkach
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - R Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Sissoko
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - M David
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - G Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, 2400, Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Kolossa-Gehring
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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McNally K, Loizou G. Refinement and calibration of a human PBPK model for the plasticiser, Di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) using in silico, in vitro and human biomonitoring data. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111433. [PMID: 36865923 PMCID: PMC9971821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for Di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) was refined to improve the simulations of the venous blood concentrations of the primary monoester metabolite, mono-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (MPHP). This was considered a significant deficiency that should be addressed because the primary metabolite of other high molecular weight phthalates has been associated with toxicity. The various processes that influence the concentration of DPHP and MPHP in blood were re-evaluated and modified. A few simplifications of the existing model were made, including the removal of enterohepatic recirculation (EHR) of MPHP. However, the primary development was describing the partial binding of MPHP to plasma proteins following uptake of DPHP and metabolism in the gut affording better simulation of the trends observed in the biological monitoring data. Secondly, the relationship between blood concentrations and the urinary excretion of secondary metabolites was explored further because the availability of two data streams provides a better understanding of the kinetics than reliance on just one. Most human studies are conducted with few volunteers and generally with the absence of blood metabolite measurements which would likely imply an incomplete understanding of the kinetics. This has important implications for the "read across" approach proposed as part of the development of New Approach Methods for the replacement of animals in chemical safety assessments. This is where the endpoint of a target chemical is predicted by using data for the same endpoint from another more "data rich" source chemical. Validation of a model parameterized entirely with in vitro and in silico derived parameters and calibrated against several data streams would constitute a data rich source chemical and afford more confidence for future evaluations of other similar chemicals using the read-across approach.
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Nakiwala D, Noyes PD, Faure P, Chovelon B, Corne C, Gauchez AS, Guergour D, Lyon-Caen S, Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Thomsen C, Pin I, Slama R, Philippat C. Phenol and Phthalate Effects on Thyroid Hormone Levels during Pregnancy: Relying on In Vitro Assays and Adverse Outcome Pathways to Inform an Epidemiological Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:117004. [PMID: 36350136 PMCID: PMC9645207 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies characterizing associations between phenols, phthalates and thyroid hormones during pregnancy produce inconsistent results. This divergence may be partly attributable to false positives due to multiple comparison testing of large numbers of chemicals, and measurement error as studies rely on small numbers of biospecimens despite high intra-individual variability in urinary chemical metabolite concentrations. OBJECTIVES This study employs a priori chemical filtering and expanded urinary biomonitoring to evaluate associations between phenol/phthalate exposures and serum thyroid hormones assessed during pregnancy. METHODS A two-tiered approach was implemented: a) In vitro high-throughput screening results from the ToxCast/Tox21 database, as informed by a thyroid Adverse Outcome Pathway network, were evaluated to select phenols/phthalates with activity on known and putative molecular initiating events in the thyroid pathway; and b) Adjusted linear regressions were used to study associations between filtered compounds and serum thyroid hormones measured in 437 pregnant women recruited in Grenoble area (France) between 2014 and 2017. Phenol/phthalate metabolites were measured in repeated spot urine sample pools (median: 21 samples/women). RESULTS The ToxCast/Tox21 screening reduced the chemical set from 16 to 13 and the associated number of statistical comparisons by 19%. Parabens were negatively associated with free triiodothyronine (T3) and the T3/T4 (total thyroxine) ratio. Monobenzyl phthalate was positively associated with total T4 and negatively with the T3/T4 ratio. Effect modification by iodine status was detected for several compounds (among them ΣDEHP and mono-n-butyl phthalate) that were associated with some hormones among women with normal iodine levels. CONCLUSION For these chemicals, screening for compounds with an increased likelihood for thyroid-related effects and relying on repeated urine samples to assess exposures improved the overall performance of multichemical analyses of thyroid disruption. This approach may improve future evaluations of human data for the thyroid pathway with implication for fetal health and may serve as a model for evaluating other toxicity outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Nakiwala
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pamela D. Noyes
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Patrice Faure
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoît Chovelon
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moleculaire, CNRS, UMR 5063, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christelle Corne
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Sophie Gauchez
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Dorra Guergour
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Lyon-Caen
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Amrit K. Sakhi
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabelle Pin
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Pediatric Department, Grenoble University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Philippat
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Socianu S, Bopp SK, Govarts E, Gilles L, Buekers J, Kolossa-Gehring M, Backhaus T, Franco A. Chemical Mixtures in the EU Population: Composition and Potential Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106121. [PMID: 35627658 PMCID: PMC9141134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulating chemical mixtures is a complex scientific and policy task. The aim of this study was to investigate typical mixtures and their potential risks based on internal exposure levels in the European population. Based on human biomonitoring (HBM) data made available via the HBM4EU project, we derived generic mixtures representative of a median (P50) and a worst-case scenario (P95) for adults and children. We performed a mixture risk assessment based on HBM concentrations, health-based guidance values (HBGVs) as internal thresholds of concern, and the conservative assumption of concentration addition applied across different toxicological endpoints. Maximum cumulative ratios (MCRs) were calculated to characterize the mixture risk. The mixtures comprise 136 biomarkers for adults and 84 for children, although concentration levels could be quantified only for a fraction of these. Due to limited availability of HBGVs, the mixture risk was assessed for a subset of 20 substance-biomarker pairs for adults and 17 for children. The mixture hazard index ranged from 2.8 (P50, children) to 9.2 (P95, adults). Six to seven substances contributed to over 95% of the total risk. MCR values ranged between 2.6 and 5.5, which is in a similar range as in previous studies based on human external exposures assessments. The limited coverage of substances included in the calculations and the application of a hazard index across toxicological endpoints argue for caution in the interpretation of the results. Nonetheless the analyses of MCR and MAFceiling can help inform a possible mixture assessment factor (MAF) applicable to single substance risk assessment to account for exposure to unintentional mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Socianu
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Stephanie K. Bopp
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0332-789950
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.G.); (L.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Liese Gilles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.G.); (L.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Jurgen Buekers
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.G.); (L.G.); (J.B.)
| | | | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22B, 41319 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Antonio Franco
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.S.); (A.F.)
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Zhang YJ, Wu LH, Wang F, Liu LY, Zeng EY, Guo Y. DNA oxidative damage in pregnant women upon exposure to conventional and alternative phthalates. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106743. [PMID: 34243036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to alternative phthalates and related health effects in pregnant women are rarely reported. Nineteen phthalate metabolites and a DNA oxidative damage biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were determined in urine samples of pregnant women recruited in South China. The detection frequencies and concentration of selected alternative phthalates, i.e., diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) and di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) were lower than those of conventional phthalates. However, mono-(6-hydroxy-2-propylheptyl) phthalate, a metabolite of DPHP, was detected in 70% of urine samples (median: 0.13 ng/mL). The estimated daily intakes of conventional plasticizers, including dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (median range: 1.0-3.0 μg/kg_bw/day) were significantly higher than those of DiNP (0.08 μg/kg_bw/day) and DPHP (0.03 μg/kg_bw/day) (p < 0.05). Approximately 24% of pregnant women were at high risk when cumulative risk from exposure to several phthalates was considered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites and urinary 8-OHdG were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.206-0.772, p < 0.01), which were further conformed by multiple linear regression analysis (β = 0.168-0.639, p < 0.01). In addition, conventional phthalates were more strongly correlated with 8-OHdG than alternative phthalates (i.e., DiNP, DPHP), partly suggesting the relatively smaller health effects of alternatives due to their low exposure doses and toxicities. These findings suggested that alternative phthalates have entered the human body from consumer products in the study area, and exposure-related risk of DNA oxidative stress was comparatively lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liu-Hong Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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McNally K, Sams C, Hogg A, Lumen A, Loizou G. Development, Testing, Parameterisation and Calibration of a Human PBPK Model for the Plasticiser, Di-(2-propylheptyl) Phthalate (DPHP) Using in Silico, in vitro and Human Biomonitoring Data. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:692442. [PMID: 34539393 PMCID: PMC8443793 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.692442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for Di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) was developed to interpret the biokinetics in humans after single oral doses. The model was parameterized with in vitro and in silico derived parameters and uncertainty and sensitivity analysis was used during the model development process to assess structure, biological plausibility and behaviour prior to simulation and analysis of human biological monitoring data. To provide possible explanations for some of the counter-intuitive behaviour of the biological monitoring data the model included a simple lymphatic uptake process for DPHP and enterohepatic recirculation (EHR) for DPHP and the mono ester metabolite mono-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (MPHP). The model was used to simultaneously simulate the concentration-time profiles of blood DPHP, MPHP and the urinary excretion of two metabolites, mono-(2-propyl-6-hydroxyheptyl) phthalate (OH-MPHP) and mono-(2-propyl-6-carboxyhexyl) phthalate (cx-MPHP). The availability of blood and urine measurements permitted a more robust qualitative and quantitative investigation of the importance of EHR and lymphatic uptake. Satisfactory prediction of blood DPHP and urinary metabolites was obtained whereas blood MPHP was less satisfactory. However, the delayed peak of DPHP concentration relative to MPHP in blood and second order metabolites in urine could be explained as a result of three processes: 1) DPHP entering the systemic circulation from the lymph, 2) rapid and very high protein binding and 3) the efficiency of the liver in removing DPHP absorbed via the hepatic route. The use of sensitivity analysis is considered important in the evaluation of uncertainty around in vitro and in silico derived parameters. By quantifying their impact on model output sufficient confidence in the use of a model should be afforded. This approach could expand the use of PBPK models since parameterization with in silico techniques allows for rapid model development. This in turn could assist in reducing the use of animals in toxicological evaluations by enhancing the utility of “read across” techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Sams
- Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Hogg
- Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Lumen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
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Lange R, Apel P, Rousselle C, Charles S, Sissoko F, Kolossa-Gehring M, Ougier E. The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values for selected phthalates and a substitute plasticizer. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113722. [PMID: 33711757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous use of plasticizers has led to a widespread internal exposure of the European population. Until today, metabolites are detected in almost every urine sample analysed. This raised the urgent need for a toxicological interpretation of the internal exposure levels. The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) contributes substantially to the knowledge on the actual exposure of European citizens to chemicals prioritised within HBM4EU, on their potential impact on health and on the interpretation of these data to improve policy making. On that account, human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) are derived for the general population and the occupationally exposed population agreed at HBM4EU consortium level. These values can be used to assess phthalate exposure levels measured in HBM studies in a health risk assessment context. HBM-GVs were derived for five phthalates (DEHP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP and DPHP) and for the non-phthalate substitute Hexamoll® DINCH. For the adult general population, the HBM-GVs for the specific metabolite(s) of the respective parent compounds in urine are the following: 0.5 mg/L for the sum of 5-oxo-MEHP and 5-OH-MEHP; 0.19 mg/L for MnBP, 0.23 mg/L for MiBP; 3 mg/L for MBzP; 0.5 mg/L for the sum of oxo-MPHP and OH-MPHP and 4.5 mg/L for the sum of OH-MINCH and cx-MINCH. The present paper further specifies HBM-GVs for children and for workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lange
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christophe Rousselle
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Charles
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Fatoumata Sissoko
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | | | - Eva Ougier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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11
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Porras SP, Koponen J, Hartonen M, Kiviranta H, Santonen T. Non-occupational exposure to phthalates in Finland. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:107-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Schwedler G, Conrad A, Rucic E, Koch HM, Leng G, Schulz C, Schmied-Tobies MI, Kolossa-Gehring M. Hexamoll® DINCH and DPHP metabolites in urine of children and adolescents in Germany. Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey GerES V, 2014–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fréry N, Santonen T, Porras SP, Fucic A, Leso V, Bousoumah R, Duca RC, El Yamani M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Ndaw S, Viegas S, Iavicoli I. Biomonitoring of occupational exposure to phthalates: A systematic review. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 229:113548. [PMID: 32659708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phthalates, a group of ubiquitous industrial chemicals, have been widely used in occupational settings, mainly as plasticizers in a variety of applications. Occupational exposure to different phthalates has been studied in several occupational settings using human biomonitoring (HBM). AIM To provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on occupational exposure to phthalates assessed using HBM and to determine future data needs on the topic as part of the HBM4EU project. METHODS A systematic search was carried out in the databases of Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between 2000 and September 4, 2019 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 22 studies on the occupational HBM of phthalates was considered suitable for review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Among the reviewed studies, 19 (86%) focused on DEHP, an old phthalate that is now subject to authorization and planned to be restricted in the EU. Concentrations of MEHHP, one of its metabolites, varied up to 13-fold between studies and across sectors when comparing extreme geometric means, ranging from 11.6 (similar to the general populations) to 151 μg/g creatinine. Only 2 studies focused on newer phthalates such as DiNP and DPHP. Concerning the geographical distribution, 10 studies were performed in Europe (including 6 in Slovakia), 8 in Asia, and 4 in North America, but this distribution is not a good reflection of phthalate production and usage levels worldwide. Most HBM studies were performed in the context of PVC product manufacturing. Future studies should focus on: i) a more uniform approach to sampling timing to facilitate comparisons between studies; ii) newer phthalates; and iii) old phthalates in waste management or recycling. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the lack of recent occupational HBM studies on both old and new phthalate exposure in European countries and the need for a harmonized approach. Considering the important policy actions taken in Europe regarding phthalates, it seems relevant to evaluate the impact of these actions on exposure levels and health risks for workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Fréry
- Public Health France (SpFrance), 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415, Saint Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), P.O. Box 40, FI-00032, Työterveyslaitos, Finland
| | - Simo P Porras
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), P.O. Box 40, FI-00032, Työterveyslaitos, Finland
| | - Aleksandra Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health (IMROH), Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Veruscka Leso
- Department of Public Health (DPH), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Radia Bousoumah
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), 1 rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- National Health Laboratory (LNS), Department of Health Protection, Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, 1 rue Louis Rech, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Mounia El Yamani
- Public Health France (SpFrance), 12 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Marike Kolossa-Gehring
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA, Umweltbundesamt), Bismarckpl. 1, 14193, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Ndaw
- French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), 1 rue du Morvan, 54519, Vandœuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Susana Viegas
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-IPL, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health (DPH), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Porras SP, Hartonen M, Koponen J, Ylinen K, Louhelainen K, Tornaeus J, Kiviranta H, Santonen T. Occupational Exposure of Plastics Workers to Diisononyl Phthalate (DiNP) and Di(2-propylheptyl) Phthalate (DPHP) in Finland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2035. [PMID: 32204423 PMCID: PMC7143504 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP] in Finland. Four companies took part in the research project: A cable factory, a plastic producing company, a producer of coated textiles, and a tarpaulin producer. The cable factory used DPHP (and occasionally also diisodecyl phthalate, DiDP), the plastic producing company used both DPHP and DiNP, and the latter two companies used DiNP in their production. Exposure was assessed by measuring phthalate metabolites in urine samples (biomonitoring) and by performing air measurements. Low-level occupational exposure to DiNP was observed in the company that produced coated textiles-out of eight workers, one extruder operator was exposed to DiNP at levels exceeding the non-occupationally exposed population background levels. Some workers in the cable factory and the plastics producing company were occupationally exposed to DPHP. Air levels of phthalates were generally low, mostly below the limit of quantification. All phthalate metabolite concentrations were, however, well below the calculated biomonitoring equivalents, which suggests that the health risks related to the exposure are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simo P. Porras
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (M.H.); (K.Y.); (K.L.); (J.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Minna Hartonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (M.H.); (K.Y.); (K.L.); (J.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Jani Koponen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Katriina Ylinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (M.H.); (K.Y.); (K.L.); (J.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Kyösti Louhelainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (M.H.); (K.Y.); (K.L.); (J.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Jarkko Tornaeus
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (M.H.); (K.Y.); (K.L.); (J.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland; (J.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Tiina Santonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland; (M.H.); (K.Y.); (K.L.); (J.T.); (T.S.)
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Internal exposure of young German adults to di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP): Trends in 24-h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank 1999–2017. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:419-424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Klein D, Kessler W, Pütz C, Semder B, Kirchinger W, Langsch A, Gries W, Otter R, Gallien A, Wurzenberger X, Filser J. Single ingestion of di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) by male volunteers: DPHP in blood and its metabolites in blood and urine. Toxicol Lett 2018; 294:105-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Li J, Zhang Z, Ma L, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Implementation of USEPA RfD and SFO for improved risk assessment of organophosphate esters (organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 114:21-26. [PMID: 29459132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaozhao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Klein D, Kessler W, Semder B, Pütz C, Lichtmannegger J, Otter R, Filser J. Di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) and its metabolites in blood of rats upon single oral administration of DPHP. Toxicol Lett 2016; 259:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schütze A, Gries W, Kolossa-Gehring M, Apel P, Schröter-Kermani C, Fiddicke U, Leng G, Brüning T, Koch H. Bis-(2-propylheptyl)phthalate (DPHP) metabolites emerging in 24h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (1999–2012). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:559-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Stoffmonografie für Di-2-propylheptylphthalat (DPHP) – Human-Biomonitoring (HBM)-Werte für die Summe der Metaboliten Oxo-Monopropylheptylphthalat (oxo-MPHP) und Hydroxy-Monopropylheptylphthalat (OH-MPHP) im Urin von Erwachsenen und Kindern. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 58:774-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-015-2172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Leng G, Koch HM, Gries W, Schütze A, Langsch A, Brüning T, Otter R. Urinary metabolite excretion after oral dosage of bis(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) to five male volunteers – Characterization of suitable biomarkers for human biomonitoring. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:282-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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