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Fu F, Li X, Chen Y, Li L, Dou J, Liang K, Chen Y, Lu Y, Huang Y. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity evaluation of a heat-not-burn product. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 897:503784. [PMID: 39054007 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
'Heat-not-burn' products (HnBP) contain lower levels of harmful substances than traditional cigarettes, but the use of these products warrants further toxicological evaluation. We have compared the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a heat-not burn product with conventional cigarettes, in vivo and in vitro. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to mainstream smoke from conventional cigarettes or a HnBP, for 4 or 28 days, followed by isolation of bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and histological examination of the testes. Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells were exposed in vitro to total particulate matter from cigarette smoke obtained through Cambridge filters. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of total particulate matter were assessed by the neutral red uptake assay, chromosome aberration assay, in vitro micronucleus test, comet assay, and Ames assay. In the short-term exposure rat models, only the conventional-cigarettes group showed a significant increase in the ratio of micronuclei to total PCE. There was no significant difference in rat testis histology in the long-term exposure models. In vitro, in the neutral red uptake assay, the HnBP product showed lower cytotoxicity than conventional cigarettes. Conventional cigarettes showed greater genotoxicity in the chromosome aberration assay, high-dose Ames tests with exogenous metabolic activation, and micronucleus tests. In summary, our results suggest that HnBP have lower cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Fu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Younan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiexiong Dou
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610044, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Harmful Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101, China; New Tobacco Products Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101 China
| | - Yexian Chen
- Harmful Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101, China; New Tobacco Products Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101 China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchuan Huang
- Harmful Components and Tar Reduction in Cigarette Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101, China; New Tobacco Products Engineering and Technology Research Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610101 China.
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Li X, Wang X, Cui P, Liu G, Zhang H, Gao Y, Kai Z. Comparison of Biomarkers of Exposure in a Controlled Study of Smokers Switched from Conventional Cigarettes to Heated Tobacco Products. TOXICS 2023; 11:816. [PMID: 37888667 PMCID: PMC10611248 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The heated tobacco product (HTP) heats rather than burns tobacco to release an aerosol with significantly fewer toxicants than conventional cigarette smoke and has received global attention in recent years. To investigate whether changes in biomarkers of exposure could be detected after switching from conventional cigarettes (CCs) to HTPs, 224 subjects from four cities in China participated in this study. Nine biomarkers containing tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the biomarkers for acrolein and crotonaldehyde were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The levels of the sum of nine biomarkers in CCs were 5.4 and 5.2 times higher than in an Original-HTP and Menthol-HTP, respectively. Among the nine biomarkers, 3HPMA and 3HMPMA accounted for the highest proportions. Switching from CCs to HTPs is good for both men and women because the changes in each biomarker in urine samples were the same in men and women. Among all the subjects, subjects aged 20-39 years had the greatest reduction in biomarker residues in urine. The findings of the present study provided useful information for the health risk research of HTPs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Peicai Cui
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Guangchao Liu
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yihan Gao
- Shanghai New Tobacco Product Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201315, China; (X.L.); (X.W.); (P.C.); (G.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhenpeng Kai
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
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Lorenzo-Parodi N, Kaziur-Cegla W, Gjelstad A, Schmidt TC. Liquid-phase microextraction of aromatic amines: hollow fiber-liquid-phase microextraction and parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction comparison. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1765-1776. [PMID: 36820909 PMCID: PMC9992073 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines (AA) are carcinogenic compounds that can enter the human body through many sources, one of the most important being tobacco smoke. They are excreted with the urine, from which they can be extracted and measured. To that end, hollow fiber-liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction (PALME) were optimized for the analysis of representative aromatic amines, as alternatives to liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Relevant extraction parameters, namely organic solvent, extraction time, agitation speed, and acceptor solution pH, were studied, and the two optimized techniques-HF-LPME: dihexyl ether, 45 min, 250 rpm, and pH 1; PALME: undecane, 20 min, 250 rpm and pH 1-were compared. Comparison of the optimized methods showed that significantly higher recoveries could be obtained with PALME than with HF-LPME. Therefore, PALME was further validated. The results were successful for nine different AA, with regression coefficients (R2) of at least 0.991, limits of detection (LOD) of 45-75 ng/L, and repeatability and peak area relative standard deviations (RSD) below 20%. Furthermore, two urine samples from smokers were measured as proof of concept, and 2-methylaniline was successfully quantified in one of them. These results show that PALME is a great green alternative to LLE. Not only does it use much smaller volumes of toxic organic solvents, and sample-enabling the study of samples with limited available volumes-but it is also less time consuming and labor intensive, and it can be automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Lorenzo-Parodi
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Kaziur-Cegla
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid Gjelstad
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1068, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany. .,Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany. .,IWW Water Centre, Moritzstrasse 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Scherer G, Riedel K, Pluym N, Scherer M. Assessment of the Exposure to Aromatic Amines in Users of Various Tobacco/Nicotine Products. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41775-41782. [PMID: 36406517 PMCID: PMC9670903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines such as ortho-toluidine (o-Tol), 2-aminonaphthalene (2-AN), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) are human bladder carcinogens and occur at various workplaces, in ambient air, in food products, as well as in tobacco smoke. In a clinical study comprising a period of 74 h under confinement, we investigated the exposure to these three aromatic amines as well as to 3-aminobiphenyl (3-ABP) by measuring them in urine of habitual users of combustible cigarettes (CCs), electronic cigarettes (ECs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), oral tobacco (OT), and nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs). Non-users (NU) of any tobacco/nicotine products served as (negative) control group. Smokers (CC) exhibited the highest levels for all four aromatic amines measured, significantly elevated compared to NU and non-CC users. Urinary levels in users of EC, HTP, NRT (mostly nicotine gum), and OT (mostly snus) were not significantly different from those in NU. Users of HTP showed slightly elevated urinary excretion levels of o-Tol, 3-ABP, and 4-ABP compared to some other non-CC groups. Dose markers such as daily consumption, urinary nicotine equivalents (Nequ), and plasma cotinine (CotP) were found to be consistently and significantly correlated with the excretion of aromatic amines for smokers (CC) only. Excretion levels of 3- and 4-ABP in smokers were significantly lower in the urine collected overnight compared to that collected during the day, which is just the opposite of what we observed for other biomarkers in this study. The possible reason for this observation is discussed. In conclusion, in contrast to smoking of CCs, the use of ECs, HTPs, nicotine gum, and oral tobacco was not observed to be associated with significant exposure to the aromatic amines o-Tol, 2-AN, 3-ABP, and 4-ABP. The observed slight increase in o-Tol, 3-ABP, and 4-ABP excretions in HTP users has to be verified in larger studies.
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Gale N, McEwan M, Hardie G, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. Changes in biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of potential harm after 360 days in smokers who either continue to smoke, switch to a tobacco heating product or quit smoking. Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2017-2030. [PMID: 36036342 PMCID: PMC9522838 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether biomarkers of exposure (BoE) and potential harm (BoPH) are modified when smokers either continue to smoke or switch from smoking cigarettes to exclusive use of a tobacco heating product (THP) in an ambulatory setting over the period of a year, and to compare any changes with smokers who quit tobacco use completely and with never smokers' biomarker levels. Participants in this year-long ambulatory study were healthy smokers with a self-reported low intent to quit assigned either to continue smoking or switch to a THP; a group of smokers with a self-reported high intent to quit who abstained from tobacco use; and a group of never smokers. Various BoE and BoPH related to oxidative stress, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and cancer were assessed at baseline and up to 360 days. Substantial and sustained reductions in BoE levels were found at 360 days for both participants who switched from smoking to THP use and participants who quit smoking, in many cases the reductions being of a similar order for both groups. The never smoker group typically had lower levels of the measured BoEs than either of these groups, and much lower levels than participants who continued to smoke. Several BoPHs were found to change in a favourable direction (towards never smoker levels) over the year study for participants who completely switched to THP or quit, while BoPHs such as soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were found to change in an unfavourable direction (away from never smoker levels) in participants who continued to smoke. Our findings, alongside chemical and toxicological studies undertaken on the THP used in this study, lead to the conclusion that smokers who would have otherwise continued to smoke and instead switch entirely to the use of this THP, will reduce their exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants and as a consequence are reasonably likely to reduce disease risks compared to those continuing to smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gale
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Michael McEwan
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - George Hardie
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - James Murphy
- B.A.T. (Investments) Limited, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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Gale N, McEwan M, Camacho OM, Hardie G, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. Changes in biomarkers after 180 days of tobacco heating product use: a randomised trial. Intern Emerg Med 2021; 16:2201-2212. [PMID: 34196886 PMCID: PMC8563516 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether biomarkers of exposure (BoE) and potential harm (BoPH) are modified when smokers switch from smoking cigarettes to exclusive use of a tobacco heating product (THP) in an ambulatory setting. Participants in this randomised, controlled study were healthy volunteer smokers assigned either to continue smoking or switch to a THP, and a control group of smokers who abstained from cigarette smoking. Various BoE and BoPH related to oxidative stress, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and cancer were assessed at baseline and up to 180 days. In continuing smokers, BoE and BoPH remained stable between baseline and day 180, while THP users' levels of most BoE reduced significantly, becoming similar to those in controls abstaining from cigarette smoking. Also at 180 days, significant changes in numerous BoPH, including total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α type III, fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide and white blood cell count, were directionally consistent with lessened health impact. Our findings support the notion that the deleterious health impacts of cigarette smoking may be reduced in smokers who completely switch to using THPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Michael McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - George Hardie
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - James Murphy
- R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 401 N Main Street, Winston-Salem, NC27101, USA
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Ikonomidis I, Vlastos D, Kostelli G, Kourea K, Katogiannis K, Tsoumani M, Parissis J, Andreadou I, Alexopoulos D. Differential effects of heat-not-burn and conventional cigarettes on coronary flow, myocardial and vascular function. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11808. [PMID: 34083663 PMCID: PMC8175445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of Heat-not-Burn cigarette (HNBC) to those of tobacco cigarette (Tcig), on myocardial, coronary and arterial function as well as on oxidative stress and platelet activation in 75 smokers. In the acute study, 50 smokers were randomised into smoking a single Tcig or a HNBC and after 60 min were crossed-over to the alternate smoking. For chronic phase, 50 smokers were switched to HNBC and were compared with an external group of 25 Tcig smokers before and after 1 month. Exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), pulse wave velocity (PWV), malondialdehyde (MDA) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) were assessed in the acute and chronic study. Global longitudinal strain (GLS), myocardial work index (GWI), wasted myocardial work (GWW), coronary flow reserve (CFR), total arterial compliance (TAC) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were assessed in the chronic study. Acute HNBC smoking caused a smaller increase of PWV than Tcig (change 1.1 vs 0.54 m/s, p < 0.05) without change in CO and biomarkers in contrast to Tcig. Compared to Tcig, switching to HNBC for 1-month improved CO, FMD, CFR, TAC, GLS, GWW, MDA, TxB2 (differences 10.42 ppm, 4.3%, 0.98, 1.8 mL/mmHg, 2.35%, 19.72 mmHg%, 0.38 nmol/L and 45 pg/mL respectively, p < 0.05). HNBCs exert a less detrimental effect on vascular and cardiac function than tobacco cigarettes. Trial registration Registered on https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (NCT03452124, 02/03/2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatios Ikonomidis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Vlastos
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gavriela Kostelli
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Kallirhoe Kourea
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Katogiannis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsoumani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - John Parissis
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Alexopoulos
- 2nd Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, Haidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
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McEwan M, Gale N, Ebajemito JK, Camacho OM, Hardie G, Proctor CJ, Murphy J. A randomized controlled study in healthy participants to explore the exposure continuum when smokers switch to a tobacco heating product or an E-cigarette relative to cessation. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:994-1001. [PMID: 34026564 PMCID: PMC8131274 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is associated with a number of diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, there has been an increase in the use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) and tobacco-heating products (THPs) as an alternative to cigarettes, which may reduce the health burden associated with smoking. However, an exposure continuum when smokers switch to ECs or THPs compared to complete smoking cessation is not well established. Methods 148 healthy smokers were randomized to either continue smoking cigarettes, switch to using the glo THP or a prototype EC, or completely quit any nicotine or tobacco product use for 5 days, after a 2-day baseline period. During this study breath and 24-h urine samples were collected for Biomarker of Exposure (BoE) analysis. Results After a 5-day switching period BoE levels showed a substantial significant decrease in levels from baseline in the groups using the glo THP, the prototype EC, and having quit all nicotine and tobacco use. On an exposure continuum, smokers who completely quit nicotine had the lowest levels of assessed BoEs, followed by those who switched to the EC and then those who switched to glo THP use. Participants who continued to smoke had the highest levels of BoEs. Conclusions THP or EC use over a 5-day period resulted in significant reductions in exposure to smoke toxicants, in some cases to levels similar to those for nicotine cessation. These results show that on an exposure continuum, nicotine cessation gives the greatest reduction in exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants, closely followed by the EC and the glo THP. These significant reductions in exposure to toxicants suggest that the glo THP and EC have the potential to be Reduced Risk Products. Study Registration ISRCTN80651909.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James K Ebajemito
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - George Hardie
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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Gale N, McEwan M, Camacho OM, Hardie G, Murphy J, Proctor CJ. Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure on Switching From a Conventional Cigarette to the glo Tobacco Heating Product: A Randomized, Controlled Ambulatory Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:584-591. [PMID: 32776101 PMCID: PMC7885769 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Tobacco heating products (THPs) generate lower machine yields of toxicants compared to those found in conventional cigarette smoke. During use, these products are likely to expose users to lower levels of particulate matter and harmful and potentially harmful compounds compared with smoking cigarettes. Aims and Methods This randomized, controlled study is investigating whether biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to smoke toxicants are reduced when smokers switch from smoking cigarettes to using the glo THP in a naturalistic, ambulatory setting. Control groups include smokers who are abstaining from cigarette smoking and never-smokers. At a baseline study visit, 24-hour urine samples and spot blood samples were taken for BoE analysis, and exhaled carbon monoxide was also measured. N-(2-cyanoethyl) valine (CEVal) was used as a marker of compliance in subjects asked to refrain from combustible cigarette smoking. Subjects are being followed up at periodic intervals for 360 days; this article presents data following a planned interim analysis at day 90. Results In continuing smokers, BoE remained stable between baseline (day 1) and day 90. In both per-protocol and CEVal-compliant analysis populations, reductions in BoE were observed in subjects switching to using glo or undergoing smoking cessation. These reductions were statistically significant for a number of BoE when switching to glo was compared with continued smoking. Furthermore, in both populations, reductions observed in subjects switching to using glo were comparable to those seen with smoking cessation and were also to levels similar to those seen in never-smokers. Conclusion glo is a reduced-exposure tobacco product. Implications This clinical study builds on a previous 5-day confinement study and demonstrates that when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using the glo THP in a naturalistic, ambulatory setting, their exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants was significantly decreased. For most BoE examined, this was to the same extent as that seen when a control group of smokers ceased cigarette smoking, or even to levels seen in never-smoker controls. This indicates that glo is a reduced-exposure product with the potential to be a reduced-risk tobacco product, when used by smokers whose cigarette consumption is displaced completely. Clinical trial registration ISRCTN81075760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - George Hardie
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher J Proctor
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
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Akiyama Y, Sherwood N. Systematic review of biomarker findings from clinical studies of electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:282-294. [PMID: 33552927 PMCID: PMC7850959 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide adoption of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) has increased exponentially over the past decade. These products have been proposed as non-combustible alternatives to traditional tobacco products such as cigarettes and may thus reduce the negative health consequences associated with tobacco smoke. However, the overall health impact and safety of using these products remains unclear. This review seeks to provide an updated summary of available evidence on changes to levels of tobacco-related biomarkers to aid the overall assessment of the consequences of using e-cigarettes and HTPs. METHODS A systematic review was conducted through major databases (Medline/PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE) searching for articles directly comparing biomarker levels in humans using e-cigarettes or HTPs and those using combustible cigarettes. We included peer reviewed articles with comparative or longitudinal design and extracted key information for our purpose (type of population, demographics, biomarkers measurements, and health effects). An initial qualitative analysis was performed followed by a summary of findings. RESULTS A total of 44 studies were included from initial citations. The vast majority of the literature reported reductions in levels of biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure (BOE), especially nicotine, MHBMA, 3-HPMA, S-PMA, 1-OHP and NNAL, when using e-cigarettes and HTPs compared to combustible cigarettes. There was a slight tendency toward a larger reduction in these biomarkers levels with the use of e-cigarettes, although direct comparisons between e-cigarettes and HTPs were lacking. There was also a trend toward positive changes in levels of biomarkers of biological effect (BOBE) with the use of e-cigarettes and HTPs. CONCLUSIONS A comparison of levels of biomarkers of tobacco-related exposure collected in clinical studies revealed that the use of e-cigarettes and HTPs could lead to a significant reduction in exposure to harmful substances compared to combusted cigarettes. In tandem, the health status of e-cigarettes and HTP users, indexed by levels of biomarkers of biological effect showed potential for improvement compared to smoking. However, larger and longer-term population-based studies are needed to further clarify these findings.
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Key Words
- BAT, British American Tobacco
- BOBE, biomarkers of biological effect
- BOE, biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure
- Biomarkers of biological effect (BOBE)
- Biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure (BOE)
- CHTP, Carbon-Heated Tobacco Product
- Clinical study
- E-cigarettes, electronic cigarettes
- EHCSS, Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System
- EVPs, electronic vapor products
- Electronic cigarette
- FV, Fontem Ventures
- HC, heated cigarette
- HTPs, heated tobacco products
- Heated tobacco products
- JT, Japan Tobacco
- NOS scale, The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale
- NSPS, nicotine-salt pod system
- NTV, Novel Tobacco vapor products
- PMI, Philip Morris International
- PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
- RAI, Reynolds American Inc
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- RJR, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
- RJRVC, R.J. Reynolds Vapor Company
- RTP, reduced-toxicant-prototype cigarette
- THP, tobacco heating product
- THS, Tobacco Heating System
- UCS, Uncontrolled smoking conditions
- WHO, World Health Organization
- mTHS, Menthol Tobacco Heating System
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Akiyama
- Department of Environmental Management, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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11
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Camacho OM, Hedge A, Lowe F, Newland N, Gale N, McEwan M, Proctor C. Statistical analysis plan for "A randomised, controlled study to evaluate the effects of switching from cigarette smoking to using a tobacco heating product on health effect indicators in healthy subjects". Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 17:100535. [PMID: 32072070 PMCID: PMC7013164 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction strategies aim to substitute smoking with potentially reduced risk products (PRRPs) such as e-cigarettes and tobacco-heating products (THPs). The health benefits of switching from smoking to PRRPs is unknown. A randomised controlled trial is being conducted to increase understanding of the health effects of switching from smoking to a THP in a 12-month long ambulatory study (ISRCTN81075760). Here we describe the study endpoints and the statistical analysis plan. Endpoints are divided into biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to tobacco smoke constituents and health effect indicators related to risk of lung cancer, cardiovascular and obstructive lung disease. These have been selected on the basis of extensive literature evidence. Three primary endpoints, augmentation index (risk factor for cardiovascular disease), total NNAL (linked to lung cancer) and 8-Epi-PGF2α type III (indicator of oxidative stress linked to various diseases), and multiple secondary endpoints will be analysed at 90, 180, and 360 days. Changes from baseline will be compared between study arms by specific contrasts in mixed models. Study wise multiple comparisons adjustments will be performed to account for multiplicity of timepoints and comparisons within timepoints. Generalisability of outcomes will be tested by a sensitivity analysis adjusting for age and gender. Importantly, an ancillary analysis will be performed to assess product compliance during the study based on plasma levels of CEVal, a surrogate marker for acrylonitrile exposure. The rationale underlying the selection of BoEs and health effect indicators, coupled with the statistical analysis plan will be central to understanding the potential health effects of replacing smoking with THP use for one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M. Camacho
- British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Andrew Hedge
- Covance Clinical Research Unit Ltd, Springfield House, Hyde Street, Leeds, Yorkshire, LS2 9LH, UK
| | - Frazer Lowe
- British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Nik Newland
- British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mike McEwan
- British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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12
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Newland N, Lowe FJ, Camacho OM, McEwan M, Gale N, Ebajemito J, Hardie G, Murphy J, Proctor C. Evaluating the effects of switching from cigarette smoking to using a heated tobacco product on health effect indicators in healthy subjects: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Intern Emerg Med 2019; 14:885-898. [PMID: 31049783 PMCID: PMC6722146 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco heating products (THPs) are a potentially safer alternative to combustible cigarette smoking. Through continued use, THPs may reduce smoking-related disease risk, whilst maintaining the sensorial experience and nicotine delivery sought by smokers. While literature evidence of the biological effects of THP aerosol exposure is increasing, there remains a knowledge gap with respect to substantiation of THP reduced risk potential in longer term real-life use. This randomized, multi-centre, controlled clinical study will test the hypotheses that following a switch from combustible cigarettes to a THP for 1 year, participants will experience a sustained reduction in exposure to tobacco-related toxicants that will lead to favourable changes in health effect indicators associated with smoking-related disease development. Changes in such indicators will be contextualized against smoking cessation and never-smoker cohorts. Up to 280 participants who do not intend to quit smoking will be randomized to continued combustible smoking (arm A, up to n = 80) or a commercially available THP (arm B n = 200). Furthermore, up to 190 participants with a high intent to quit smoking will undergo smoking cessation (arm D), and 40 never smokers will serve as a control group (arm E). Recruitment numbers were determined to be sufficient to achieve n = 50 in arms A, B and D, at study end. Enrolment started in March 2018 and the trial is scheduled to be completed in March 2020. Data from this study will be a valuable addition to the growing body of evidence in the field of understanding the individual and public health impact of THPs.Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN81075760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Newland
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Frazer John Lowe
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Oscar Martin Camacho
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mike McEwan
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Nathan Gale
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Ebajemito
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - George Hardie
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
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13
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Gale N, McEwan M, Eldridge AC, Fearon IM, Sherwood N, Bowen E, McDermott S, Holmes E, Hedge A, Hossack S, Wakenshaw L, Glew J, Camacho OM, Errington G, McAughey J, Murphy J, Liu C, Proctor CJ. Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure on Switching From a Conventional Cigarette to Tobacco Heating Products: A Randomized, Controlled Study in Healthy Japanese Subjects. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:1220-1227. [PMID: 29912406 PMCID: PMC6698948 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a leading cause of numerous human disorders including pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Disease development is primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke constituents, many of which are known toxicants. Switching smokers to modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) has been suggested as a potential means to reduce the risks of tobacco use, by reducing such exposure. METHODS This randomized, controlled study investigated whether biomarkers of toxicant exposure (BoE) were reduced when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using a novel (glo™/THP1.0) or in-market comparator (iQOS/THS) tobacco heating product (THP). One hundred eighty Japanese smokers smoked combustible cigarettes during a 2-day baseline period, followed by randomization to either continue smoking cigarettes, switch to using mentholated or non-mentholated variants of glo™, switch to using a non-mentholated variant of iQOS, or quit nicotine and tobacco product use completely for 5 days. Baseline and post-randomization 24-h urine samples were collected for BoE analysis. Carbon monoxide was measured daily in exhaled breath (eCO). RESULTS On day 5 after switching, urinary BoE (excluding for nicotine) and eCO levels were significantly (p < .05) reduced by medians between 20.9% and 92.1% compared with baseline in all groups either using glo™ or iQOS or quitting tobacco use. Between-group comparisons revealed that the reductions in the glo™ groups were similar (p > .05) to quitting in many cases. CONCLUSIONS glo™ or iQOS use for 5 days reduced exposure to smoke toxicants in a manner comparable to quitting tobacco use. THPs are reduced exposure tobacco products with the potential to be MRTPs. IMPLICATIONS This clinical study demonstrates that when smokers switched from smoking combustible cigarettes to using tobacco heating products their exposure to smoke toxicants was significantly decreased. In many cases, this was to the same extent as that seen when they quit smoking completely. This may indicate that these products have the potential to be reduced exposure and/or reduced risk tobacco products when used by smokers whose cigarette consumption is displaced completely. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONS ISRCTN14301360 and UMIN000024988.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Mike McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Alison C Eldridge
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Edward Bowen
- Early Clinical Services Medical Writing, Global Medical and Regulatory Writing, Covance Clinical Research Unit Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Simon McDermott
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma Holmes
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew Hedge
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Stuart Hossack
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Louise Wakenshaw
- Early Clinical Services Medical Writing, Global Medical and Regulatory Writing, Covance Clinical Research Unit Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - James Glew
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Leeds, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham Errington
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher J Proctor
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, UK
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14
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McAdam K, Murphy J, Eldridge A, Meredith C, Proctor C. Integrating chemical, toxicological and clinical research to assess the potential of reducing health risks associated with cigarette smoking through reducing toxicant emissions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:102-114. [PMID: 29526814 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a risk continuum for tobacco and nicotine products has been proposed, which differentiates products according to their propensity to reduce toxicant exposure and risk. Cigarettes are deemed the most risky and medicinal nicotine the least. We assessed whether a Reduced-Toxicant Prototype (RTP) cigarette could sufficiently reduce exposure to toxicants versus conventional cigarettes to be considered a distinct category in the risk continuum. We present findings from both pre-clinical and clinical studies in order to examine the potential for reduced smoke toxicant emissions to lower health risks associated with cigarette smoking. We conclude that current toxicant reducing technologies are unable to reduce toxicant emissions sufficiently to manifest beneficial disease-relevant changes in smokers. These findings point to a minimum toxicant exposure standard that future potentially reduced risk products would need to meet to be considered for full biological assessment. The RTP met WHO TobReg proposed limits on cigarette toxicant emissions, however the absence of beneficial disease relevant changes in smokers after six months reduced toxicant cigarette use, does not provide evidence that these regulatory proposals will positively impact risks of smoking related diseases. Greater toxicant reductions, such as those that can be achieved in next generation products e.g. tobacco heating products and electronic cigarettes are likely to be necessary to clearly reduce risks compared with conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - James Murphy
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Alison Eldridge
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Clive Meredith
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, UK.
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15
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Suitability of biomarkers of biological effects (BOBEs) for assessing the likelihood of reducing the tobacco related disease risk by new and innovative tobacco products: A literature review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:203-233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Proctor C. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 1: Series introduction. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 93:1-3. [PMID: 28989081 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have recently developed a Tobacco Heating Product (THP) comprising an electrical heating device, commercially known as Glo™, and consumable tobacco rods, commercially known as Kent Neostiks™. We refer to this system as THP1.0; Bright tobacco-flavoured variant THP1.0(T), or THP1.0(M) Menthol-flavoured variant. In this issue, we present a series of seven pre-clinical studies conducted on THP1.0,covering the following aspects of its design, development, safety and toxicological assessment, and a paper on placing THPs on an emissions continuum.
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17
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Peitsch MC, Polosa R, Proctor C, Hassler T, Gaca M, Hill E, Hoeng J, Hayes AW. Next-generation tobacco and nicotine products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847318773701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A framework for the assessment of novel next-generation tobacco and nicotine products with the potential to reduce health risks compared with cigarettes should integrate scientific studies incorporating nonclinical, clinical, and population studies approaches. These products should have lower emissions and exhibit reduced biological effects compared with those of cigarettes, ideally approaching those of smoking cessation. The products should also be acceptable cigarette alternatives for current smokers, while not appealing to nonsmokers or former smokers. Validating harm reduction and promoting regulatory acceptance of the assessment methods require a collaborative approach by industry, independent reviewers, the public health community, and regulatory agencies. This article summarizes the science and approaches applied and considered to substantiate tobacco harm reduction in the light of regulatory requirements, presented at the 53rd Congress of the European Societies of Toxicology, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Christopher Proctor
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Group Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Thord Hassler
- Swedish Match, European Division, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianna Gaca
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Group Research and Development, Southampton, UK
| | - Erin Hill
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Institute of Integrated Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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18
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Murphy J, Gaca M, Lowe F, Minet E, Breheny D, Prasad K, Camacho O, Fearon IM, Liu C, Wright C, McAdam K, Proctor C. Assessing modified risk tobacco and nicotine products: Description of the scientific framework and assessment of a closed modular electronic cigarette. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:342-357. [PMID: 28954704 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes many human diseases including cardiovascular disease, lung disease and cancer. Novel tobacco products with reduced yields of toxicants compared to cigarettes, such as tobacco-heating products, snus and electronic cigarettes, hold great potential for reducing the harms associated with tobacco use. In the UK several public health agencies have advocated a potential role for novel products in tobacco harm reduction. Public Health England has stated that "The current best estimate is that e-cigarettes are around 95% less harmful than smoking" and the Royal College of Physicians has urged public health to "Promote e-cigarettes widely as substitute for smoking". Health related claims on novel products such as 'reduced exposure' and 'reduced risk' should be substantiated using a weight of evidence approach based on a comprehensive scientific assessment. The US FDA, has provided draft guidance outlining a framework to assess novel products as Modified Risk Tobacco Products (MRTP). Based on this, we now propose a framework comprising pre-clinical, clinical, and population studies to assess the risk profile of novel tobacco products. Additionally, the utility of this framework is assessed through the pre-clinical and part of the clinical comparison of a commercial e-cigarette (Vype ePen) with a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F) and the results of these studies suggest that ePen has the potential to be a reduced risk product.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
| | - Marianna Gaca
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Frazer Lowe
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Minet
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna Prasad
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Camacho
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Fearon
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Wright
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin McAdam
- British American Tobacco, R&D Centre, Southampton, SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
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19
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Gale N, McEwan M, Eldridge AC, Sherwood N, Bowen E, McDermott S, Holmes E, Hedge A, Hossack S, Camacho OM, Errington G, McAughey J, Murphy J, Liu C, Proctor CJ, Fearon IM. A randomised, controlled, two-Centre open-label study in healthy Japanese subjects to evaluate the effect on biomarkers of exposure of switching from a conventional cigarette to a tobacco heating product. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:673. [PMID: 28830420 PMCID: PMC5567437 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is a leading cause of numerous human disorders including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The development of modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) has been suggested as a possible way to reduce the risks of tobacco smoking by reducing exposure to cigarette smoke toxicants. This study is designed to investigate whether biomarkers of such exposure are reduced when smokers switch from smoking commercial cigarettes to using either a novel or a commercially-available tobacco heating product (THP). Design and Methods This study will assess biomarkers of exposure in current smokers who either remain smoking, switch to THP use, or quit all tobacco use completely, for 5 days. The study is an in-clinic (confinement) two-centre, randomised controlled clinical study with a forced-switching design. Subjects of either gender will be aged 23–55 years (minimum legal smoking age plus 3 years), of Japanese origin and with a verified smoking status (assessed by exhaled breath carbon monoxide and urinary cotinine levels). Subjects will have a usual brand cigarette within the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) tar band of 6-8 mg and will be judged to be healthy by medical history, physical examination, vital signs, electrocardiography (ECG), clinical biochemistry and lung function tests. The primary objective of this study is to assess changes within groups in selected biomarkers of exposure (BoE) and of biological effect (BoBE) after a forced switch from a commercial control cigarette to either a menthol or a non-menthol THP. Secondary objectives are to assess between-group differences, to determine nicotine pharmacokinetics for cigarettes and THPs, to assess subject’s satisfaction with the study products, and to monitor additional endpoints related to safety and product use. Discussion Data from this study will advance our scientific understanding of the changes in exposure to cigarette smoke toxicants in smokers who switch to using a THP. Trial registrations UMIN000024988 (25th November 2016); ISRCTN14301360 (14th December 2016) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4678-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Gale
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Mike McEwan
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Alison C Eldridge
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Neil Sherwood
- Neil Sherwood Consulting, 22 Route de Marnex, CH-1291, Commugny, Switzerland
| | - Edward Bowen
- Early Clinical Services Medical Writing, Global Medical and Regulatory Writing, Covance Clinical Research Unit Limited, Springfield House, Hyde Street, Leeds, LS2 9LH, UK
| | - Simon McDermott
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Ground Floor, Apsley House, 78 Wellington St, Leeds, LS1 2EQ, UK
| | - Emma Holmes
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Ground Floor, Apsley House, 78 Wellington St, Leeds, LS1 2EQ, UK
| | - Andrew Hedge
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Ground Floor, Apsley House, 78 Wellington St, Leeds, LS1 2EQ, UK
| | - Stuart Hossack
- Early Clinical Development, Covance Clinical and Periapproval Services Limited, Ground Floor, Apsley House, 78 Wellington St, Leeds, LS1 2EQ, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Graham Errington
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher J Proctor
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Ian M Fearon
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
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20
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Schivo M, Albertson TE, Haczku A, Kenyon NJ, Zeki AA, Kuhn BT, Louie S, Avdalovic MV. Paradigms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: phenotypes, immunobiology, and therapy with a focus on vascular disease. J Investig Med 2017; 65:953-963. [PMID: 28258130 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome that represents a major global health burden. COPD phenotypes have recently emerged based on large cohort studies addressing the need to better characterize the syndrome. Though comprehensive phenotyping is still at an early stage, factors such as ethnicity and radiographic, serum, and exhaled breath biomarkers have shown promise. COPD is also an immunological disease where innate and adaptive immune responses to the environment and tobacco smoke are altered. The frequent overlap between COPD and other systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, has influenced COPD therapy, and treatments for both conditions may lead to improved patient outcomes. Here, we discuss current paradigms that center on improving the definition of COPD, understanding the immunological overlap between COPD and vascular inflammation, and the treatment of COPD-with a focus on comorbid cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schivo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Timothy E Albertson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, California, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amir A Zeki
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brooks T Kuhn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Samuel Louie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark V Avdalovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Northern California Healthcare System, Mather, California, USA
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21
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Martin F, Talikka M, Ivanov NV, Haziza C, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Evaluation of the tobacco heating system 2.2. Part 9: Application of systems pharmacology to identify exposure response markers in peripheral blood of smokers switching to THS2.2. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S151-S157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Multiplatform serum metabolic phenotyping combined with pathway mapping to identify biochemical differences in smokers. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2023-43. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Determining perturbed biochemical functions associated with tobacco smoking should be helpful for establishing causal relationships between exposure and adverse events. Results: A multiplatform comparison of serum of smokers (n = 55) and never-smokers (n = 57) using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, UPLC–MS and statistical modeling revealed clustering of the classes, distinguished by metabolic biomarkers. The identified metabolites were subjected to metabolic pathway enrichment, modeling adverse biological events using available databases. Perturbation of metabolites involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular diseases and cancer were identified and discussed. Conclusion: Combining multiplatform metabolic phenotyping with knowledge-based mapping gives mechanistic insights into disease development, which can be applied to next-generation tobacco and nicotine products for comparative risk assessment.
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Acrolein Levels in e-Cigarettes-Letter. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 9:115. [PMID: 26554633 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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