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Henriquez JE, Badwaik VD, Bianchi E, Chen W, Corvaro M, LaRocca J, Lunsman TD, Zu C, Johnson KJ. From Pipeline to Plant Protection Products: Using New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in Agrochemical Safety Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10710-10724. [PMID: 38688008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The human population will be approximately 9.7 billion by 2050, and food security has been identified as one of the key issues facing the global population. Agrochemicals are an important tool available to farmers that enable high crop yields and continued access to healthy foods, but the average new agrochemical active ingredient takes more than ten years, 350 million dollars, and 20,000 animals to develop and register. The time, monetary, and animal costs incentivize the use of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in early-stage screening to prioritize chemical candidates. This review outlines NAMs that are currently available or can be adapted for use in early-stage screening agrochemical programs. It covers new in vitro screens that are on the horizon in key areas of regulatory concern. Overall, early-stage screening with NAMs enables the prioritization of development for agrochemicals without human and environmental health concerns through a more directed, agile, and iterative development program before animal-based regulatory testing is even considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek D Badwaik
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Enrica Bianchi
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Jessica LaRocca
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | | | - Chengli Zu
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Kamin J Johnson
- Corteva Agriscience, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Corvaro M, Henriquez J, Settivari R, Mattson U, Forreryd A, Gradin R, Johansson H, Gehen S. GARD™skin and GARD™potency: A proof-of-concept study investigating applicability domain for agrochemical formulations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 148:105595. [PMID: 38453128 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Several New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for hazard assessment of skin sensitisers have been formally validated. However, data regarding their applicability on certain product classes are limited. The purpose of this project was to provide initial evidence on the applicability domain of GARD™skin and GARD™potency for the product class of agrochemical formulations. For this proof of concept, 30 liquid and 12 solid agrochemical formulations were tested in GARDskin for hazard predictions. Formulations predicted as sensitisers were further evaluated in the GARDpotency assay to determine GHS skin sensitisation category. The selected formulations were of product types, efficacy groups and sensitisation hazard classes representative of the industry's products. The performance of GARDskin was estimated by comparing results to existing in vivo animal data. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 76.2% (32/42), 85.0% (17/20), and 68.2% (15/22), respectively, with the predictivity for liquid formulations being slightly higher compared to the solid formulations. GARDpotency correctly subcategorized 14 out of the 17 correctly predicted sensitisers. Lack of concordance was justifiable by compositional or borderline response analysis. In conclusion, GARDskin and GARDpotency showed satisfactory performance in this initial proof-of-concept study, which supports consideration of agrochemical formulations being within the applicability domain of the test methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean Gehen
- Corteva™ Agriscience LCC, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Yang JY, Park SJ, Shin JY, Lim JH, Yang SY, Gil GH, Hong SH. Application of an Antioxidant Response Element-Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 Luciferase Assay for Assessing the Skin Sensitization Potential of Agrochemicals. TOXICS 2023; 11:973. [PMID: 38133374 PMCID: PMC10747178 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The skin sensitization potential of agrochemicals can be assessed using laboratory methods such as the keratinocyte activation assay so that their use in regulatory toxicology might replace experimental animal testing. Here, we evaluated the skin sensitization potential of 11 agrochemicals by using an antioxidant response element-nuclear factor erythroid 2 luciferase assay in KeratinoSens and LuSens cells and applying a skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway (AOP). The KeratinoSens and LuSens assays consistently evaluated the skin sensitization potential of 10/11 agrochemicals with reference to animal testing databases. Benomyl, pretilachlor, fluazinam, terbufos, butachlor, and carbosulfan were correctly detected as sensitizers, and glufosinate ammonium, oxiadiazon, tebuconazole, and etofenprox were correctly detected as non-sensitizers. For diazinon, the skin sensitizing potential was positive in the KeratinoSens assay but not in the LuSens assay. These results suggest that the evaluation of in vitro skin sensitization using the AOP mechanism can be applied to assess active agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - So-Hye Hong
- Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety & Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.Y.); (S.-J.P.); (J.-Y.S.); (J.-H.L.); (S.Y.Y.); (G.-H.G.)
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Jann J, Gascon S, Drevelle O, Fradette J, Auclair-Gilbert M, Soucy G, Fortier LC, Faucheux N. Assessment of antibacterial properties and skin irritation potential of anodized aluminum impregnated with various quaternary ammonium. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 150:213433. [PMID: 37104962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the inert environment in the transmission of pathogens has been reassessed in recent years. To reduce cross-contamination, new biocidal materials used in high touch surfaces (e.g., stair railings, door handles) have been developed. However, their impact on skin remains poorly described. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties and the risk of skin irritation of two materials based on hard-anodized aluminum (AA) impregnated with quaternary ammonium compound solutions (QAC#1 or QAC#2). The QAC#1 or QAC#2 solutions vary in composition, QAC#2 being free of dioctyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (Dio-DAC) and octyl decyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (ODDAC). Unlike AA used as a control, both AA-QAC#1 and AA-QAC#2 had excellent and rapid antibacterial efficacy, killing 99.9 % of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, in 15 s and 1 min, respectively. The impregnation solutions (QAC#1 and QAC#2) did not show any skin sensitizing effect on transformed human keratinocytes. Nevertheless, these solutions as well as the materials (AA-QAC#1, AA-QAC#2), and the liquid extracts derived from them, induced a very rapid cytotoxicity on L929 murine fibroblasts (>70 % after 1 h of contact) as shown by LDH, MTS and neutral red assays. This cytotoxicity can be explained by the fast QACs release occurring when AA-QAC#1 and AA-QAC#2 were immersed in aqueous medium. To overcome the limitation of assays based on liquid condition, an in vitro skin irritation assay on reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) was developed. The effect of the materials upon their direct contact with the epidermis grown at the liquid-air interface was determined by evaluating tissue viability and quantifying interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) which is released in skin during injury or infection. AA-QAC#1 induced a significant decrease in RHE viability, close to OECD and ISO 10993-10 acceptability thresholds and enhanced the pro-inflammatory IL-1α secretion compared with AA-QAC#2. Finally, these results were corroborated by in vivo assays on mice using erythema and edema visual scores, histological observations, and epidermal thickness measurement. AA had no effect on the skin, while a stronger irritation was induced by AA-QAC#1 compared with AA-QAC#2. Hence, these materials were classified as moderate and slight irritants, respectively. In summary, this study revealed that AA-QAC#2 without Dio-DAC and ODDAC could be a great candidate for high touch surface applications, showing an extremely effective and rapid bactericidal activity, without inducing adverse effects for skin tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jann
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada; Clinical Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 12e avenue N, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Suzanne Gascon
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Olivier Drevelle
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Julie Fradette
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, 1401, 18(e) rue, Québec City, Québec G1J 1Z4, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Gervais Soucy
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Louis-Charles Fortier
- Clinical Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 12e avenue N, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Nathalie Faucheux
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada; Clinical Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, 12e avenue N, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Strickland J, Allen DG, Germolec D, Kleinstreuer N, Johnson VJ, Gulledge T, Truax J, Lowit A, Dole T, McMahon T, Panger M, Facey J, Savage S. Application of Defined Approaches to Assess Skin Sensitization Potency of Isothiazolinone Compounds. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2022; 8:117-128. [PMID: 36647556 PMCID: PMC9814110 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2022.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Isothiazolinones (ITs) are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics and as additives for preservation of consumer and industrial products to control bacteria, fungi, and algae. Although they are effective biocides, they have the potential to produce skin irritation and sensitization, which poses a human health hazard. In this project, we evaluated nonanimal defined approaches (DAs) for skin sensitization that can provide point-of-departure estimates for use in quantitative risk assessment for ITs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The skin sensitization potential of six ITs was evaluated using three internationally harmonized nonanimal test methods: the direct peptide reactivity assay, KeratinoSens™, and the human cell line activation test. Results from these test methods were then applied to two versions of the Shiseido Artificial Neural Network DA. RESULTS Sensitization hazard or potency predictions were compared with those of the in vivo murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). The nonanimal methods produced skin sensitization hazard and potency classifications concordant with those of the LLNA. EC3 values (the estimated concentration needed to produce a stimulation index of three, the threshold positive response) generated by the DAs had less variability than LLNA EC3 values, and confidence limits from the DAs overlapped those of the LLNA EC3 for most substances. CONCLUSION The application of in silico models to in chemico and in vitro skin sensitization data is a promising data integration procedure for DAs to support hazard and potency classification and quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dori Germolec
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor J. Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Travis Gulledge
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jim Truax
- Inotiv, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Lowit
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Timothy Dole
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Timothy McMahon
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Melissa Panger
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Judy Facey
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Stephen Savage
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Gądarowska D, Kalka J, Daniel-Wójcik A, Mrzyk I. Alternative Methods for Skin-Sensitization Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:740. [PMID: 36548573 PMCID: PMC9783525 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Skin sensitization is a term used to refer to the regulatory hazard known as allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in humans or contact hypersensitivity in rodents, an important health endpoint considered in chemical hazard and risk assessments. Information on skin sensitization potential is required in various regulatory frameworks, such as the Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH). The identification of skin-sensitizing chemicals previously required the use of animal testing, which is now being replaced by alternative methods. Alternative methods in the field of skin sensitization are based on the measurement or prediction of key events (KE), i.e., (i) the molecular triggering event, i.e., the covalent binding of electrophilic substances to nucleophilic centers in skin proteins; (ii) the activation of keratinocytes; (iii) the activation of dendritic cells; (iv) the proliferation of T cells. This review article focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding the methods corresponding to each of the key events in skin sensitization and considers the latest trends in the development and modification of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gądarowska
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Joanna Kalka
- The Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Daniel-Wójcik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Inga Mrzyk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland
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Adjuvants in fungicide formulations can be skin sensitizers and cause different types of cell stress responses. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:2030-2041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Deng T, Xu X, Fu J, Xu Y, Qu W, Pi J, Wang H. Application of ARE-reporter systems in drug discovery and safety assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 454:116243. [PMID: 36115658 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human body is continuously exposed to xenobiotics and internal or external oxidants. The health risk assessment of exogenous chemicals remains a complex and challenging issue. Alternative toxicological test methods have become an essential strategy for health risk assessment. As a core regulator of constitutive and inducible expression of antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent genes, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a critical role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Consistent with the properties of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, Nrf2-ARE activity is a direct indicator of oxidative stress and thus has been used to identify and characterize oxidative stressors and redox modulators. To screen and distinguish chemicals or environmental insults that affect the cellular antioxidant activity and/or induce oxidative stress, various in vitro cell models expressing distinct ARE reporters with high-throughput and high-content properties have been developed. These ARE-reporter systems are currently widely applied in drug discovery and safety assessment. In the present review, we provide an overview of the basic structures and applications of various ARE-reporter systems employed for discovering Nrf2-ARE modulators and characterizing oxidative stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Deng
- Laboratory of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiaoge Xu
- Laboratory of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Laboratory of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Huihui Wang
- Laboratory of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Strickland J, Truax J, Corvaro M, Settivari R, Henriquez J, McFadden J, Gulledge T, Johnson V, Gehen S, Germolec D, Allen DG, Kleinstreuer N. Application of Defined Approaches for Skin Sensitization to Agrochemical Products. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:852856. [PMID: 35586187 PMCID: PMC9108145 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.852856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin sensitization testing is a regulatory requirement for safety evaluations of pesticides in multiple countries. Globally harmonized test guidelines that include in chemico and in vitro methods reduce animal use, but no single assay is recommended as a complete replacement for animal tests. Defined approaches (DAs) that integrate data from multiple non-animal methods are accepted; however, the methods that comprise them have been evaluated using monoconstituent substances rather than mixtures or formulations. To address this data gap, we tested 27 agrochemical formulations in the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), the KeratinoSens™ assay, and the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). These data were used as inputs to evaluate three DAs for hazard classification of skin sensitization potential and two DAs for potency categorization. When compared to historical animal results, balanced accuracy for the DAs for predicting in vivo skin sensitization hazard (i.e., sensitizer vs. nonsensitizer) ranged from 56 to 78%. The best performing DA was the “2 out of 3 (2o3)” DA, in which the hazard classification was based on two concordant results from the DPRA, KeratinoSens, or h-CLAT. The KE 3/1 sequential testing strategy (STS), which uses h-CLAT and DPRA results, and the integrated testing strategy (ITSv2), which uses h-CLAT, DPRA, and an in silico hazard prediction from OECD QSAR Toolbox, had balanced accuracies of 56–57% for hazard classification. Of the individual test methods, KeratinoSens had the best performance for predicting in vivo hazard outcomes. Its balanced accuracy of 81% was similar to that of the 2o3 DA (78%). For predicting potency categories defined by the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), the correct classification rate of the STS was 52% and that of the ITSv2 was 43%. These results demonstrate that non-animal test methods have utility for evaluating the skin sensitization potential of agrochemical formulations as compared to animal reference data. While additional data generation is needed, testing strategies such as DAs anchored to human biology and mechanistic information provide a promising approach for agrochemical formulation testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Strickland
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Judy Strickland,
| | - James Truax
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Marco Corvaro
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory Sciences R&D, Rome, Italy
| | - Raja Settivari
- Corteva Agriscience, General, Genetic, and Molecular Toxicology, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Joseph Henriquez
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory Toxicology and Risk Group, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jeremy McFadden
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory Toxicology and Risk Group, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Travis Gulledge
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Victor Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Sean Gehen
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory Toxicology and Risk Group, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Dori Germolec
- Systems Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - David G. Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Gautam R, Yang S, Maharjan A, Jo J, Acharya M, Heo Y, Kim C. Prediction of Skin Sensitization Potential of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Through the Human Cell Line Activation Test. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:649666. [PMID: 35295130 PMCID: PMC8915822 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.649666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of nanotechnology has propagated the use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various fields including industry, agriculture, engineering, cosmetics, or medicine. The use of nanoparticles in cosmetics and dermal-based products is increasing owing to their higher surface area and unique physiochemical properties. Silver (Ag) NPs' excellent broad-spectrum antibacterial property and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs' ability to confer better ultraviolet (UV) protection has led to their maximal use in cosmetics and dermal products. While the consideration for use of nanoparticles is increasing, concerns have been raised regarding their potential negative impacts. Although used in various dermal products, Ag and ZnO NPs' skin sensitization (SS) potential has not been well-investigated using in vitro alternative test methods. The human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) that evaluates the ability of chemicals to upregulate the expression of CD86 and CD54 in THP-1 cell line was used to assess the skin sensitizing potential of these NPs. The h-CLAT assay was conducted following OECD TG 442E. NPs inducing relative fluorescence intensity of CD86 ≥ 150% and/or CD54 ≥ 200% in at least two out of three independent runs were predicted to be positive. Thus, Ag (20, 50, and 80 nm) NPs and ZnO NPs were all predicted to be positive in terms of SS possibility using the h-CLAT prediction model. Although further confirmatory tests addressing other key events (KEs) of SS adverse outcome pathway (AOP) should be carried out, this study gave an insight into the need for cautious use of Ag and ZnO NPs based skincare or dermal products owing to their probable skin sensitizing potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gautam
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - SuJeong Yang
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Anju Maharjan
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - JiHun Jo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Manju Acharya
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yong Heo
- Department of Occupational Health, College of Bio and Medical Sciences, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Department of Toxicity Assessment, The Graduate School of Medical and Health Industry, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - ChangYul Kim
- Department of Toxicity Assessment, The Graduate School of Medical and Health Industry, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Kim SH, Hong SH, Lee JH, Lee DH, Jung K, Yang JY, Shin HS, Lee J, Jeong J, Oh JH. Skin Sensitization Evaluation of Carbon-Based Graphene Nanoplatelets. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9030062. [PMID: 33803047 PMCID: PMC8002990 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are one of the major types of carbon based nanomaterials that have different industrial and biomedical applications. There is a risk of exposure to GNP material in individuals involved in their large-scale production and in individuals who use products containing GNPs. Determining the exact toxicity of GNP nanomaterials is a very important agenda. This research aimed to evaluate the skin sensitization potentials induced by GNPs using two types of alternative to animal testing. We analyzed the physicochemical characteristics of the test material by selecting a graphene nanomaterial with a nano-size on one side. Thereafter, we evaluated the skin sensitization effect using an in vitro and an in vivo alternative test method, respectively. As a result, we found that GNPs do not induce skin sensitization. In addition, it was observed that the administration of GNPs did not induce cytotoxicity and skin toxicity. This is the first report of skin sensitization as a result of GNPs obtained using alternative test methods. These results suggest that GNP materials do not cause skin sensitization, and these assays may be useful in evaluating the skin sensitization of some nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jae-Ho Oh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-719-5102
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Kim SH, Lee JH, Jung K, Yang JY, Shin HS, Lee JP, Jeong J, Oh JH, Lee JK. Copper and Cobalt Ions Released from Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Trigger Skin Sensitization. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:627781. [PMID: 33679407 PMCID: PMC7933575 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.627781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skins are exposed to nanomaterials in everyday life from various sources such as nanomaterial-containing cosmetics, air pollutions, and industrial nanomaterials. Nanomaterials comprising metal haptens raises concerns about the skin sensitization to nanomaterials. In this study, we evaluated the skin sensitization of nanomaterials comparing metal haptens in vivo and in vitro. We selected five metal oxide NPs, containing copper oxide, cobalt monoxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, or titanium oxide, and two types of metal chlorides (CoCl2 and CuCl2), to compare the skin sensitization abilities between NPs and the constituent metals. The materials were applied to KeratinoSensTM cells for imitated skin-environment setting, and luciferase induction and cytotoxicity were evaluated at 48 h post-incubation. In addition, the response of metal oxide NPs was confirmed in lymph node of BALB/C mice via an in vivo method. The results showed that CuO and CoO NPs induce a similar pattern of positive luciferase induction and cytotoxicity compared to the respective metal chlorides; Co3O4, NiO, and TiO2 induced no such response. Collectively, the results implied fast-dissolving metal oxide (CuO and CoO) NPs release their metal ion, inducing skin sensitization. However, further investigations are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying NP-induced skin sensitization. Based on ion chelation data, metal ion release was confirmed as the major “factor” for skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
| | - Kikyung Jung
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jun-Young Yang
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Sook Shin
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jeong Pyo Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jayoung Jeong
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Oh
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, South Korea
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De Rentiis AMA, Pink M, Verma N, Schmitz-Spanke S. Assessment of the different skin sensitization potentials of irritants and allergens as single substances and in combination using the KeratinoSens assay. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 84:317-325. [PMID: 33320367 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People are exposed to mixtures containing allergens and irritants often causing contact dermatitis. Therefore, regulatory authorities require systematic information on the effects of mixtures on the sensitization threshold. In this study a moderate (cinnamal) and a weak (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) allergen were combined with irritants covering different mechanisms of action (sodium dodecyl sulfate, salicylic acid, and α-pinene). For a systematic approach, the single substances were initially tested using the KeratinoSens assay. Thereafter, each allergen was combined with noncytotoxic concentrations of the irritants. METHOD The KeratinoSens assay was applied for the single substances according to OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) Test Guideline 442D. Based on these results, three noncytotoxic concentrations of the irritants were selected and applied simultaneously with 12 concentrations of the allergens to the KeratinoSens cells. Sensitization threshold and cytotoxicity were measured and compared with the individual testing. RESULTS The combinations of allergens and irritants differed from the effects of the single substances and lowered the sensitization threshold. The quantitative approach allowed a clear description of the changes which varied by factors between 1.1 and 10.3. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the allergen was the prominent compound in the mixture and its nature appeared to determine the degree of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M A De Rentiis
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Pink
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nisha Verma
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Schmitz-Spanke
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Kim SH, Lee D, Lee J, Yang JY, Seok J, Jung K, Lee J. Evaluation of the skin sensitization potential of metal oxide nanoparticles using the ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase KeratinoSens TM assay. Toxicol Res 2021; 37:277-284. [PMID: 33868983 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the potential of chemicals for inducing skin sensitization; however, few studies have examined skin sensitization induced by nanomaterials. This study aimed to evaluate skin sensitization induced by metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) using the ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase KeratinoSens™ assay. Seven different metal oxide NPs, including copper oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide, and zinc oxide, were assessed on KeratinoSens™ cells. We selected an appropriate vehicle among three vehicles (DMSO, DW, and culture medium) by assessing the hydrodynamic size at vehicle selection process. Seven metal oxide NPs were analyzed, and their physicochemical properties, including hydrodynamic size, polydispersity, and zeta potential, were determined in the selected vehicle. Thereafter, we assessed the sensitization potential of the NPs using the ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase KeratinoSens™ assay. Copper oxide NPs induced a positive response, whereas cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide, and zinc oxide NPs induced no response. These results suggest that the ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase KeratinoSens™ assay may be useful for evaluating the potential for skin sensitization induced by metal oxide NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea
| | - DongHan Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea
| | - JinHee Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Yang
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea
| | - JiHyun Seok
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea
| | - Kikyung Jung
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea
| | - JongKwon Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Korea
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Kim SH, Lee DH, Lee JH, Yang JY, Shin HS, Lee J, Jung K, Jeong J, Oh JH, Lee JK. Evaluation of the Skin Sensitization Potential of Carbon Nanotubes Using Alternative In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. TOXICS 2020; 8:E122. [PMID: 33339241 PMCID: PMC7767201 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the major types of nanomaterials that have various industrial and biomedical applications. However, there is a risk of accidental exposure to CNTs in individuals involved in their large-scale production and in individuals who use products containing CNTs. This study aimed to evaluate the skin sensitization induced by CNTs using two alternative tests. We selected single-wall carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for this study. First, the physiochemical properties of the CNTs were measured, including the morphology, size, and zeta potential, under various conditions. Thereafter, we assessed the sensitization potential of the CNTs using the ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase KeratinoSens™ assay, an in vitro alternative test method. In addition, the CNTs were evaluated for their skin sensitization potential using the LLNA: BrdU-FCM in vivo alternative test method. In this study, we report for the first time the sensitization results of CNTs using the KeratinoSens™ and LLNA: BrdU-FCM test methods in this study. This study found that both CNTs do not induce skin sensitization. These results suggest that the KeratinoSens™ and LLNA: BrdU-FCM assay may be useful as alternative assays for evaluating the potential of some nanomaterials that can induce skin sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (D.H.L.); (J.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (H.-S.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (J.J.); (J.-H.O.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jong Kwon Lee
- Division of Toxicological Research, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, Cheongju 28159, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea; (D.H.L.); (J.H.L.); (J.-Y.Y.); (H.-S.S.); (J.L.); (K.J.); (J.J.); (J.-H.O.)
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Mizumachi H, LeBaron MJ, Settivari RS, Miyazawa M, Marty MS, Sakaguchi H. Characterization of dermal sensitization potential for industrial or agricultural chemicals with EpiSensA. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:915-927. [PMID: 33124094 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory community is transitioning to the use of nonanimal methods for dermal sensitization assessments; however, some in vitro assays have limitations in their domain of applicability depending on the properties of chemicals being tested. This study explored the utility of epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA) to evaluate the sensitization potential of complex and/or "difficult to test" chemicals. Assay performance was evaluated by testing a set of 20 test chemicals including 10 methacrylate esters, 5 silicone-based compounds, 3 crop protection formulations, and 2 surfactant mixtures; each had prior in vivo data plus some in silico and in vitro data. Using the weight of evidence (WoE) assessments by REACH Lead Registrants, 14 of these chemicals were sensitizers and, six were nonsensitizers based on in vivo studies (local lymph node assay [LLNA] and/or guinea pig studies). The EpiSensA correctly predicted 16/20 materials with three test materials as false positive and one silane as false negative. This silane, classified as weak sensitizer via LLNA, also gave a "false negative" result in the KeratinoSens™ assay. Overall, consistent with prior evaluations, the EpiSensA demonstrated an accuracy level of 80% relative to available in vivo WoE assessments. In addition, potency classification based on the concentration showing positive marker gene expression of EpiSensA was performed. The EpiSensA correctly predicted the potency for all seven sensitizing methacrylates classified as weak potency via LLNA (EC3 ≥ 10%). In summary, EpiSensA could identify dermal sensitization potential of these test substances and mixtures, and continues to show promise as an in vitro alternative method for dermal sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J LeBaron
- Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Mary Sue Marty
- Toxicology & Environmental Research & Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
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Bloch D, Marx-Stoelting P, Martin S. Towards a tiered test strategy for plant protection products to address mixture toxicity by alternative approaches in human health assessment. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3326-3332. [PMID: 32770639 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant protection products (PPPs) consist of pesticide active substances and co-formulants. Generally, active substance effects are assumed to dominate in PPP toxicity. Nevertheless, co-formulants may well affect the toxicity of PPPs via toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic interaction. To account for potential mixture effects and improve PPP data requirements for application in risk assessment, a tiered test strategy is proposed. The strategy is based on a comparison of PPP and active substance toxicity, which enables the prioritisation of PPPs for further testing, adaptation of the toxicological threshold value or removal of toxic co-formulants from the PPP. Moreover, it focuses on the integrative assessment of existing information and newly generated data using alternative test methods. The proposed strategy will improve PPP toxicological assessment by accounting for mixture toxicity, providing a set of regulatory options for risk assessment and the necessary data for hazard assessment. The predictivity of alternative methods for PPPs will improve by evaluation of their reliability and uncertainty. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bloch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Martin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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18
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Applying non-animal strategies for assessing skin sensitisation report from an EPAA/cefic-LRI/IFRA Europe cross sector workshop, ECHA helsinki, February 7th and 8th 2019. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 109:104477. [PMID: 31586681 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four years on since the last cross sector workshop, experience of the practical application and interpretation of several non-animal assays that contribute to the predictive identification of skin sensitisers has begun to accumulate. Non-animal methods used for hazard assessments increasingly are contributing to the potency sub-categorisation for regulatory purposes. However, workshop participants generally supported the view that there remained a pressing need to build confidence in how information from multiple methods can be combined for classification, sub-categorisation and potency assessment. Furthermore, the practical experience gained over the last few years, highlighted the overall high potential value of using the newly validated methods and testing strategies, but also that limitations for certain substance/product classes may become evident with further use as had been the case with other new regulatory methods. As the available information increases, review of the data and collated experience could further determine strengths and limitations leading to more confidence in their use. Finally, the need for a substantial and universally accepted dataset of non-sensitisers and substances of different sensitising potencies, based on combined human and in vivo animal data for validation of methods and test strategies was re-emphasised.
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Gehen S, Corvaro M, Jones J, Ma M, Yang Q. Challenges and Opportunities in the Global Regulation of Crop Protection Products. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Gehen
- Crop Protection Regulatory Sciences, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Marco Corvaro
- Crop Protection Regulatory Sciences, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Jennifer Jones
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Mingming Ma
- Crop Protection Regulatory Sciences, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Product Design & Process R&D, Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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20
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Mertl E, Riegel E, Glück N, Ettenberger-Bornberg G, Lin G, Auer S, Haller M, Wlodarczyk A, Steurer C, Kirchnawy C, Czerny T. A dual luciferase assay for evaluation of skin sensitizing potential of medical devices. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5089-5102. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kurth D, Wend K, Adler-Flindt S, Martin S. A comparative assessment of the CLP calculation method and in vivo testing for the classification of plant protection products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 101:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Xu W, Vebrosky EN, Armbrust KL. Potential risk to human skin cells from exposure to dicloran photodegradation products in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:861-870. [PMID: 30343185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to sunlight and certain pesticides can induce phototoxic responses. Long- and short-term exposure to the photoactivated pesticides can cause a variety of skin diseases. However, assessment of pesticide phototoxicity on human skin is difficult. In the present study, human skin keratinocytes were cultured in several forms: monolayer cell sheet, three-dimensional culture, and keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture. A common fungicide, dicloran (DC, 2,6‑dichloro‑4‑nitroaniline), was irradiated with simulated sunlight for 2 (DC-PD-2h) and 4 (DC-PD-4h) hours. Dicloran, and two purified intermediate photodegradation products, 2‑chloro‑1,4‑benzoquinone (CBQ) and 1,4‑benzoquinone (BQ), were applied in toxicity tests independently with the keratinocyte culture models. The cell migration, cell differentiation, pro-inflammatory molecule production, and dermal fibroblast cell activation were all measured in the keratinocytes treated with the chemicals described above. These parameters were used as references for dicloran phototoxicity assessment. Among all tested chemicals, the DC-PD-4h and BQ demonstrated elevated toxicities to the keratinocytes compared to dicloran based on our results. The application of DC-PD-4h or BQ significantly delayed the migration of keratinocytes in monolayer cell sheets, inhibited the keratinocyte differentiation, increased the production of pro-inflammatory molecules by 3D keratinocyte culture, and enhanced the ability of 3D cultured keratinocytes in the activation of co-cultured dermal fibroblast cells. In contrast, dicloran, DC-PD-2h, and CBQ showed minimal effects on the keratinocytes in all assays. The results suggested that the four-hour photodegraded dicloran was likely to induce inflammatory skin diseases in the natural human skin. The 1,4‑benzoquinone, which is the predominant degradation product detected following 4 h of irradiation, was the main factor for this response. Photoactivation increased the risk of skin exposed to dicloran in nature. Our models provided an efficient tool in the assessment of toxicity changes in pesticide following normal use practices under typical environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA.
| | - Emily N Vebrosky
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kevin L Armbrust
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Park H, Hwang JH, Han JS, Lee BS, Kim YB, Joo KM, Choi MS, Cho SA, Kim BH, Lim KM. Skin irritation and sensitization potential of oxidative hair dye substances evaluated with in vitro, in chemico and in silico test methods. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:360-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Strickland J, Daniel AB, Allen D, Aguila C, Ahir S, Bancos S, Craig E, Germolec D, Ghosh C, Hudson NL, Jacobs A, Lehmann DM, Matheson J, Reinke EN, Sadrieh N, Vukmanovic S, Kleinstreuer N. Skin sensitization testing needs and data uses by US regulatory and research agencies. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:273-291. [PMID: 30377734 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
United States regulatory and research agencies may rely upon skin sensitization test data to assess the sensitization hazards associated with dermal exposure to chemicals and products. These data are evaluated to ensure that such substances will not cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health when used appropriately. The US Consumer Product Safety Commission, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the US Food and Drug Administration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and the US Department of Defense are member agencies of the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM). ICCVAM seeks to identify opportunities for the use of non-animal replacements to satisfy these testing needs and requirements. This review identifies the standards, test guidelines, or guidance documents that are applicable to satisfy each of these agency's needs; the current use of animal testing and flexibility for using alternative methodologies; information needed from alternative tests to fulfill the needs for skin sensitization data; and whether data from non-animal alternative approaches are accepted by these US federal agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Strickland
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Amber B Daniel
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - David Allen
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Cecilia Aguila
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), HFV-153, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Surender Ahir
- US Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20210, USA
| | - Simona Bancos
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, White Oak Office Building 66, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Evisabel Craig
- Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chandramallika Ghosh
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, White Oak Office Building 66, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Naomi L Hudson
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1150 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | - Abigail Jacobs
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, White Oak Office Building 22, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Emily N Reinke
- US Army Public Health Center, 5158 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Harvey W. Wiley Building, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanovic
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Harvey W. Wiley Building, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Nepal MR, Kang Y, Kang MJ, Nam DH, Jeong TC. A β-galactosidase-expressing E. coli culture as an alternative test to identify skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:288-301. [PMID: 29473800 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1440187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has adopted several in vitro methods with reasonable predictive capacity, alternative methods for identifying skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers with reliability and simplicity are still required for more efficient and economic prediction. The present study was to design an in vitro system with the use of a β-galactosidase-expressing E. coli culture for simpler but sufficiently accurate classification of skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers. A LacZ gene-containing E. coli strain that is capable of producing β-galactosidase enzyme was induced by isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside with concomitant treatment with test chemicals. After 6-hr incubation, cells were lysed and β-galactosidase enzyme activity was monitored colorimetrically by using O-nitrophenyl-D-galactopyranoside as a substrate. Following optimization of several experimental conditions, 22 skin sensitizers and 11 non-sensitizers were examined to assess predictive capacity of this method. The results indicated that predictivity was as follows: 90.9% sensitivity, 81.8% specificity, and 87.9% accuracy, when 17.3% of control activity was used as the cut-off value to separate sensitizers from non-sensitizers. Data suggested that the current bacterial system expressing β-galactosidase may serve as a useful alternative test for classifying skin sensitizers and non-sensitizers, without the utilization of animals or mammalian cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Raj Nepal
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Youra Kang
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kang
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Doo Hyun Nam
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , South Korea
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de Ávila RI, Teixeira GC, Veloso DFMC, Moreira LC, Lima EM, Valadares MC. In vitro assessment of skin sensitization, photosensitization and phototoxicity potential of commercial glyphosate-containing formulations. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:386-392. [PMID: 28389279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the applicability of a modified Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) (OECD N° 442C, 2015) through the 10-fold reduction of reaction volume (micro-DPRA, mDPRA) for skin sensitization evaluation of six commercial glyphosate-containing formulations. In addition, another modification of DPRA was proposed by adding a UVA (5J/cm2) irradiation step, namely photo-mDPRA, to better characterize (photo)sensitizer materials. The phototoxicity profile of pesticides was also evaluated using the 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (3T3-NRU-PT) (OECD N° 432, 2004). The mDPRA could represent an environmentally acceptable test approach, since it reduces costs and organic waste. Peptide depletion was greater in photo-mDPRA and changed the reactivity class of each test material, in comparison to mDPRA. Thus, the association of mDPRA with photo-mDPRA was better for correctly characterizing human (photo)sensitizer substances and pesticides. In general, cysteine depletion was greater than that of lysine for all materials tested in both mDPRA and photo-mDPRA. Furthermore, while 3T3-NRU-PT is unable to predict (photo)sensitizers, it was capable of correctly identifying the phototoxic potential of the tested agrochemical formulations. In conclusion, mDPRA plus photo-mDPRA and 3T3-NRU-PT seem to be preliminary non-animal test batteries for skin (photo)sensitization/phototoxicity assessment of chemicals, agrochemical formulations and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Campos Teixeira
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Cleres Moreira
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Celullar Toxicology and Pharmacology - FarmaTec, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Corvaro M, Gehen S, Andrews K, Chatfield R, Macleod F, Mehta J. A retrospective analysis of in vivo eye irritation, skin irritation and skin sensitisation studies with agrochemical formulations: Setting the scene for development of alternative strategies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:131-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Current status of alternative methods for assessing immunotoxicity: A chemical industry perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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