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Hu Z, Hu Y, Xu S, Zhuang J, Cao D, Gao A, Xie X, Lin Z. The exploration of a compound cone-beam CT contrast agent for diagnosis of human extracted cracked tooth. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31036. [PMID: 38774323 PMCID: PMC11107363 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the use of sodium iodide (NaI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate as cone-beam CT (CBCT) contrast agents for diagnosing cracked teeth. The optimal delay time for detecting the number of crack lines beyond the dentino-enamel junction (Nd), the number of cracks extending from the occlusal surface to the pulp cavity (Np), and the depth of the crack lines was explored. Methods 14 human extracted cracked teeth were collected, 12 were used for enhanced scanning, and 2 were used for exploring the characteristic of crack lines. The teeth were scanned in 3 CBCT enhanced scanning (ES) modes: ES1 using meglumine diatrizoate (MD); ES2 using NaI and DMSO, ES3 using NaI, DMSO, ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate. Three delay times (15mins, 30mins, and 60mins) were set for scanning. Nd, Np, and depth of crack lines were evaluated. Results There were totally 24 crack lines on 12 cracked teeth. Nd was 10 in ES1 at 60mins, 24 in ES2 at 60mins and 24 in ES3 at 15mins. Np was 1 in ES1 at 60mins, 10 in ES2 at 60mins and 21 in ES3 at 60mins, and there were significantly different among them (p < 0.01). The average depth presented on ES3 was significantly deeper than ES1 and ES2 (p < 0.01). Conclusion NaI, DMSO, ethyl alcohol and ethyl acetate show potential as contrast agents for enhanced CBCT scanning in diagnosis of cracked teeth and their depth in vivo. A delay time of 15 min is necessary to confirm the existence of crack lines, while a longer delay time is required to ascertain if these crack lines extend to the pulp cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Hu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanni Hu
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Zhuang
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dantong Cao
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Antian Gao
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Third People's Hospital of Danyang City, Danyang, China
| | - Zitong Lin
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Gaither KA, Garcia WL, Tyrrell KJ, Wright AT, Smith JN. Activity-Based Protein Profiling to Probe Relationships between Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Early-Age Metabolism of Two Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Phenanthrene and Retene. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:711-722. [PMID: 38602333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of literature has linked early-life exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with adverse neurodevelopmental effects. Once in the body, metabolism serves as a powerful mediator of PAH toxicity by bioactivating and detoxifying PAH metabolites. Since enzyme expression and activity vary considerably throughout human development, we evaluated infant metabolism of PAHs as a potential contributing factor to PAH susceptibility. We measured and compared rates of phenanthrene and retene (two primary PAH constituents of woodsmoke) metabolism in human hepatic microsomes from individuals ≤21 months of age to a pooled sample (n = 200) consisting primarily of adults. We used activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) to characterize cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) in the same hepatic microsome samples. Once incubated in microsomes, phenanthrene demonstrated rapid depletion. Best-fit models for phenanthrene metabolism demonstrated either 1 or 2 phases, depending on the sample, indicating that multiple enzymes could metabolize phenanthrene. We observed no statistically significant differences in phenanthrene metabolism as a function of age, although samples from the youngest individuals had the slowest phenanthrene metabolism rates. We observed slower rates of retene metabolism compared with phenanthrene also in multiple phases. Rates of retene metabolism increased in an age-dependent manner until adult (pooled) metabolism rates were achieved at ∼12 months. ABPP identified 28 unique CYPs among all samples, and we observed lower amounts of active CYPs in individuals ≤21 months of age compared to the pooled sample. Phenanthrene metabolism correlated to CYPs 1A1, 1A2, 2C8, 4A22, 3A4, and 3A43 and retene metabolism correlated to CYPs 1A1, 1A2, and 2C8 measured by ABPP and vendor-supplied substrate marker activities. These results will aid efforts to determine human health risk and susceptibility to PAHs exposure during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Gaither
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Whitney L Garcia
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Kimberly J Tyrrell
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Aaron T Wright
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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Zekan P, Ljubičić N, Blagaić V, Dolanc I, Jonjić A, Čoklo M, Blagaić AB. Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Ethanol in a Human Study: New Modification of Mathematic Model. TOXICS 2023; 11:793. [PMID: 37755803 PMCID: PMC10534806 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In the pharmacokinetic analysis of ethanol after oral administration, only single- or two-compartment models are used, but their precision in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters might be insufficient. In a recent study, pharmacokinetic analysis using a modified Norberg three-compartment model was performed after oral administration of differently sweetened alcoholic solutions and compared to pharmacokinetic analysis using the classic Widmark model. On three occasions, eight male volunteers consumed differently sweetened alcoholic solutions: non-sweetened, sweetened with sucrose, and sweetened with steviol glycoside. Blood ethanol concentration was determined from samples obtained at t = 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 min after consumption. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed model independently, using the classic Widmarks model and using the modified Norberg model. Results showed that estimated pharmacokinetic parameters depend on the type of model used. The classic Widmark model in particular overestimated the fraction of absorbed ethanol from the gastrointestinal system to systemic circulation. Furthermore, the type of sweetener also affected pharmacokinetic parameters, although the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the novel pharmacokinetic model, while being more physiological, fits experimental data better and hence is more suitable for modelling real-life alcohol consumption. In addition, the effect of natural non-caloric sweetener steviol glycoside on ethanol pharmacokinetics, analysed for the first time in the current research, might be different when compared to the common-used sweetener sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Zekan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital “Sveti Duh”, Sveti Duh 64, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.Z.); (V.B.)
| | - Neven Ljubičić
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Vladimir Blagaić
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital “Sveti Duh”, Sveti Duh 64, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (P.Z.); (V.B.)
| | - Ivan Dolanc
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Ljudevita Gaja 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.D.); (A.J.); (M.Č.)
| | - Antonija Jonjić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Ljudevita Gaja 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.D.); (A.J.); (M.Č.)
| | - Miran Čoklo
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Ljudevita Gaja 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.D.); (A.J.); (M.Č.)
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaić
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Fairman K, Choi MK, Gonnabathula P, Lumen A, Worth A, Paini A, Li M. An Overview of Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Forensic Science. TOXICS 2023; 11:126. [PMID: 36851001 PMCID: PMC9964742 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model represents the structural components of the body with physiologically relevant compartments connected via blood flow rates described by mathematical equations to determine drug disposition. PBPK models are used in the pharmaceutical sector for drug development, precision medicine, and the chemical industry to predict safe levels of exposure during the registration of chemical substances. However, one area of application where PBPK models have been scarcely used is forensic science. In this review, we give an overview of PBPK models successfully developed for several illicit drugs and environmental chemicals that could be applied for forensic interpretation, highlighting the gaps, uncertainties, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Fairman
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Me-Kyoung Choi
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Pavani Gonnabathula
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Annie Lumen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Miao Li
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Williams ES, Ryder VE. Spaceflight Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Ethyl Acetate. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2023; 94:25-33. [PMID: 36757222 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6057.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Ethyl acetate is a simple organic compound that occurs naturally and is used industrially as a solvent. It has been detected in the ISS atmosphere and is known to off-gas from building materials. As NASA astronauts have been and will be exposed to ethyl acetate during space missions, Spaceflight Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) were developed following an extensive review of the available literature.METHODS: Toxicological data relevant to SMAC development was collected from electronic databases using principles of systematic review, and from previous assessments and reviews of ethyl acetate.RESULTS: From an initial pool of over 35,000 studies, 10 were identified as studies appropriate to support SMAC development. The toxicological properties of ethyl acetate are relatively straightforward. Ethyl acetate is rapidly absorbed and converted by carboxyesterases to ethanol. At concentrations on the order of 400 ppm for 4-8 h, most volunteers experienced mild irritation but no lasting effects. In subchronic animal studies, mild sedative effects and changes in body weight and weight gain were observed at 750 ppm and above.DISCUSSION: Numerous studies were identified to support the development of both short- and long-duration SMACs. No chronic studies were available, but the high quality of the subchronic studies and the short half-life of ethyl acetate support extrapolation to longer durations.Williams ES, Ryder VE. Spaceflight maximum allowable concentrations for ethyl acetate. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(1):25-33.
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Jimenez AC, Heist CA, Navaei M, Yeago C, Roy K. Longitudinal two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry as a non-destructive at-line monitoring tool during cell manufacturing identifies volatile features correlative to cell product quality. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:1136-1147. [PMID: 35882596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Cell therapies have emerged as a potentially transformative therapeutic modality in many chronic and incurable diseases. However, inherent donor and patient variabilities, complex manufacturing processes, lack of well-defined critical quality attributes and unavailability of in-line or at-line process or product analytical technologies result in significant variance in cell product quality and clinical trial outcomes. New approaches for overcoming these challenges are needed to realize the potential of cell therapies. METHODS Here the authors developed an untargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS)-based method for non-destructive longitudinal at-line monitoring of cells during manufacturing to discover correlative volatile biomarkers of cell proliferation and end product potency. RESULTS Specifically, using mesenchymal stromal cell cultures as a model, the authors demonstrated that GC×GC-MS of the culture medium headspace can effectively discriminate between media types and tissue sources. Headspace GC×GC-MS identified specific volatile compounds that showed a strong correlation with cell expansion and product functionality quantified by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase and T-cell proliferation/suppression assays. Additionally, the authors discovered increases in specific volatile metabolites when cells were treated with inflammatory stimulation. CONCLUSIONS This work establishes GC×GC-MS as an at-line process analytical technology for cell manufacturing that could improve culture robustness and may be used to non-destructively monitor culture state and correlate with end product function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Jimenez
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing (MC3M), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher A Heist
- Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Milad Navaei
- Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carolyn Yeago
- Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing (MC3M), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Marcus Center for Therapeutic Cell Characterization and Manufacturing (MC3M), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Cell Manufacturing Technologies (CMaT), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Li B, Huang Y, Guo D, Liu Y, Liu Z, Han JC, Zhao J, Zhu X, Huang Y, Wang Z, Xing B. Environmental risks of disposable face masks during the pandemic of COVID-19: Challenges and management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153880. [PMID: 35189225 PMCID: PMC8855619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020, face mask (FM) has been recognized as an effective measure to reduce the infection, increasing its consumption across the world. However, the large amount of at-home FM usage changed traditional medical waste management practices, lack of improper management. Currently, few studies estimate FM consumption at a global scale, not to say a comprehensive investigation on the environmental risks of FM from a life cycle perspective. Therefore, global FM consumption and its associated environmental risks are clarified in the present study. Our result shows that 449.5 billion FMs were consumed from January 2020 to March 2021, with an average of 59.4 FMs per person worldwide. This review also provides a basis to understand the environmental risk of randomly disposed of FM and highlights the urgent requirement for the attention of FMs waste management to prevent pollution in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Water Research Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Water Research Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Dengting Guo
- Water Research Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Water Research Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Water Research Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jing-Cheng Han
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Centre, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jian Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Water Research Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Yuefei Huang
- Water Research Center, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Process and Pollution Control, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Exploring the use of enhanced cone-beam CT technique to diagnose vertical root fracture. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 130:105175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Risk assessment of predicted serum concentrations of bisphenol A in children and adults following treatment with dental composite restoratives, dental sealants, or orthodontic adhesives using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 120:104839. [PMID: 33301868 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used to manufacture bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA). BisGMA has been used for decades in dental composite restoratives, sealants, and adhesives. Based on published studies, exposure to low concentrations of BPA are possible from dental and orthodontic devices. The serum BPA concentrations arising from such devices and oral doses were predicted using a PBPK model in children and adult females based on 1) published extraction data for cured and uncured 3M ESPE Filtek Supreme Ultra Flowable, 3M ESPE Filtek Bulk Fill Restorative, and 3M ESPE Clinpro Sealant and 2) published 20% ethanol/water and water rinsate data following orthodontic application with 3M ESPE Transbond MIP Primer and 3M ESPE Transbond XT Adhesive. Predicted oral exposure to BPA arising from these dental and orthodontic devices is low (median <10 ng/treatment) and predicted serum BPA concentrations were also low (<10-4 nM). Even the maximum predicted exposure in this study (533.2 ng/treatment) yields a margin of exposure of 7.5 relative to the EFSA t-TDI (4 μg/kg-day) and is only 2.8% of the daily BPA exposure for the US population in a 58-kg woman (15,660 ng/day). Therefore, the exposure to BPA arising from the 3M ESPE dental and orthodontic devices evaluated in this study is negligible relative to daily BPA exposure in the general population and these potential BPA sources do not constitute a risk to patients.
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Smith JN, Tyrrell KJ, Smith JP, Weitz KK, Faber W. Linking internal dosimetries of the propyl metabolic series in rats and humans using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 110:104507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yan P, Zhao W, Fu X, Liu Z, Kong W, Zhou C, Lei J. Multifunctional polyurethane-vitrimers completely based on transcarbamoylation of carbamates: thermally-induced dual-shape memory effect and self-welding. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyurethane-vitrimers with the properties of reprocessing, thermally-induced dual-shape memory effect and self-welding would reduce waste and accumulated pollution of crosslinking polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Zhimeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Weibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Changlin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Jingxin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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