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Gosens I, Minnema J, Boere AJF, Duistermaat E, Fokkens P, Vidmar J, Löschner K, Bokkers B, Costa AL, Peters RJB, Delmaar C, Cassee FR. Biodistribution of cerium dioxide and titanium dioxide nanomaterials in rats after single and repeated inhalation exposures. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:33. [PMID: 39143599 PMCID: PMC11323389 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiologically based kinetic models facilitate the safety assessment of inhaled engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). To develop these models, high quality datasets on well-characterized ENMs are needed. However, there are at present, several data gaps in the systemic availability of poorly soluble particles after inhalation. The aim of the present study was therefore to acquire two comparable datasets to parametrize a physiologically-based kinetic model. METHOD Rats were exposed to cerium dioxide (CeO2, 28.4 ± 10.4 nm) and titanium dioxide (TiO2, 21.6 ± 1.5 nm) ENMs in a single nose-only exposure to 20 mg/m3 or a repeated exposure of 2 × 5 days to 5 mg/m3. Different dose levels were obtained by varying the exposure time for 30 min, 2 or 6 h per day. The content of cerium or titanium in three compartments of the lung (tissue, epithelial lining fluid and freely moving cells), mediastinal lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney, blood and excreta was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) at various time points post-exposure. As biodistribution is best studied at sub-toxic dose levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein, total cell numbers and differential cell counts were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS Although similar lung deposited doses were obtained for both materials, exposure to CeO2 induced persistent inflammation indicated by neutrophil granulocytes influx and exhibited an increased lung elimination half-time, while exposure to TiO2 did not. The lavaged lung tissue contained the highest metal concentration compared to the lavage fluid and cells in the lavage fluid for both materials. Increased cerium concentrations above control levels in secondary organs such as lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney, urine and faeces were detected, while for titanium this was found in lymph nodes and liver after repeated exposure and in blood and faeces after a single exposure. CONCLUSION We have provided insight in the distribution kinetics of these two ENMs based on experimental data and modelling. The study design allows extrapolation at different dose-levels and study durations. Despite equal dose levels of both ENMs, we observed different distribution patterns, that, in part may be explained by subtle differences in biological responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, Bilthoven, MA, 3720, The Netherlands.
| | - Jordi Minnema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, Bilthoven, MA, 3720, The Netherlands
| | - A John F Boere
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, Bilthoven, MA, 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Duistermaat
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, Bilthoven, MA, 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Fokkens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, Bilthoven, MA, 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Janja Vidmar
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrin Löschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bas Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, Bilthoven, MA, 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Anna L Costa
- National Research Council, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Faenza, Italy
| | - Ruud J B Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, Bilthoven, MA, 3720, The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO box 1, Bilthoven, MA, 3720, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Cui X, Song W, Xue Y, Guan H, Zhang J, He X, Ma H, Lei M, Wang J, Li Y. Numerical investigations of the micro lunar dust particles deposition in the human oral respiratory airway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130886. [PMID: 36716554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the deposition of lunar dust (LD) particles in the human respiratory system is of great significance for protecting astronauts' health from the toxicity of lunar dust. A Euler-Lagrangian approach is adopted to track the LD particle motion in a human oral airway model. The investigations are conducted considering different inspiration rates and micro-particle sizes as well as different abnormal pressures and abnormal temperatures. It is found that 1) almost all the LD particles tend to enter the right lung rather than the left lung, especially in the upper right lobe; 2) at lower ambient pressure, fewer LD particles will deposit in the upper airway, while more particles will enter the lung; 3) at lower temperature, more LD particles are deposited in the upper airway, while fewer are deposited in the lung. In summary, the present work has shown that the LD particles have different depositing properties in the upper airway and the lung lobe regions up to the particle size, inspiration flow rate, temperature and pressure. It should pay more attentions on the upper airway and right upper lobe when it studies the toxicity of the lunar dust, and can't ignore the impact of the environmental temperature and pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguang Cui
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wei Song
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hanxiong Guan
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxing He
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Ma
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lei
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yichao Li
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Dekant W, Antoniou EE, Bosch A, Bruer GG, Colnot T, Creutzenberg O, Drexel CP, Duffin R, Krueger N, Nolde J, Poland C, Schaudien D, Schuster TB, Stintz M, Weber K, Wessely B, Zeegers MP. Issues in the inhalation toxicity testing and hazard assessment for low density particulate materials such as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS). Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00090-5. [PMID: 36806657 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation toxicity testing of particulate materials is mandated for classification. According to CLP, particulate materials should be tested as marketed and many particulate materials are marketed as non-respirable particles. However, OECD TG 413 requires exposure to particle sizes that are respirable and reach the alveoli. The requirement for exposure of rats to respirable particles is thus in contrast to CLP and requires the application of high shear forces. The exposure to artificially small particles causes a number of issues that hamper the interpretation of the results of the testing. These issues are aerosol altering in the exposure system, assessment of the adversity of the inflammatory lung responses, inclusion of recovery groups, and extrapolation of the results to humans exposed under occupational condition. In addition, effects of many particulate materials after testing according to OECD 413 are not intrinsic properties, but a general reaction of the lung to the deposited material, show very similar NOAECs for chemical diverse materials, and often are completely reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | - Axel Bosch
- Consultant Toxicology, 84503 Altötting, Germany
| | - Gustav Gerd Bruer
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Drexel
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nils Krueger
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Jürgen Nolde
- Grace Europe Holding GmbH, In der Hollerhecke 1, 67547 Worms, Germany
| | - Craig Poland
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Regulatory Compliance Limited, 6 Dryden Road, Loanhead, Midlothian EH20 9TY, UK
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Department of Inhalation Toxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai Fuchs Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias B Schuster
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Smart Materials, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Michael Stintz
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Umwelttechnik, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Klaus Weber
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Buchsweg 4, 4625 Oberbuchsiten, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Benno Wessely
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Umwelttechnik, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- MBP Holding, Heerlen, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
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Yamano S, Takeda T, Goto Y, Hirai S, Furukawa Y, Kikuchi Y, Kasai T, Misumi K, Suzuki M, Takanobu K, Senoh H, Saito M, Kondo H, Umeda Y. No evidence for carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in 26-week inhalation study in rasH2 mouse model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14969. [PMID: 36056156 PMCID: PMC9440215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of alternative methods based on the spirit of animal welfare, the publications of animal studies evaluating endpoints such as cancer have been extremely reduced. We performed a 26-week inhalation exposure studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using CByB6F1-Tg(HRAS)2Jic (rasH2) mice model for detecting carcinogenicity. Male and female rasH2 mice were exposed to 2, 8 or 32 mg/m3 of TiO2 NPs for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 26 weeks. All tissues and blood were collected and subjected to biological and histopathological analyses. TiO2 NPs exposure induced deposition of particles in lungs in a dose-dependent manner in each exposure group. Exposure to TiO2 NPs, as well as other organs, did not increase the incidence of lung tumors in any group, and pulmonary fibrosis and pre-neoplastic lesions were not observed in all groups. Finally, the cell proliferative activity of alveolar epithelial type 2 cells was examined, and it was not increased by exposure to TiO2 NPs. This is the first report showing the lack of pulmonary fibrogenicity and carcinogenicity (no evidence of carcinogenic activity) of TiO2 NPs in 26-week inhalation study in rasH2 mice exposed up to 32 mg/m3, which is considered to be a high concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Yamano
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Takeda
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan.
| | - Yuko Goto
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hirai
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Yusuke Furukawa
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kikuchi
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kasai
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Kyohei Misumi
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Masaaki Suzuki
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Takanobu
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Hideki Senoh
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Misae Saito
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kondo
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Yumi Umeda
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
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Mundt KA, Santamaria AB, Thompson WJ, Bates CA, Boles C, Dotson GS, Yong M. Carcinogenicity of Poorly Soluble Low Toxicity Particles: Commentary on Epidemiology as a Risk Assessment “Reality Check”. Front Public Health 2022; 10:920032. [PMID: 35903380 PMCID: PMC9315308 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.920032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhaled particles that are poorly soluble or insoluble and of low toxicity (“poorly soluble low toxicity” or “PSLT” particles), can accumulate in the lung and at lung overload levels induce lung cancers in rats. The question of whether PSLT particles increase lung cancer risk in humans is complicated by large differences between rats and humans and the relatively large particle doses administered in animal studies even when compared with heavy human occupational exposures. We review the findings of epidemiological studies on occupational exposure to each of three different PSLT particles (carbon black, talc and taconite). The epidemiological evidence indicates that at even very high occupational exposure levels at which non-malignant respiratory diseases including pneumoconiosis and even talcosis are observed, lung cancer risks appear not to be elevated. Although positive human cancer risks might be predicted based on extrapolation from overload doses in rats to relevant exposures in humans, the epidemiological “reality check” based on the three examples indicates that these PSLT particles are unlikely to increase lung cancer risk in humans even at high occupational levels of exposure. Therefore, we propose that careful evaluation of the epidemiological evidence can serve as a “reality check” for human risk assessment and help balance the risk evaluation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Mundt
- Cardno ChemRisk now Stantec, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kenneth A. Mundt
| | | | | | | | - Corey Boles
- Cardno ChemRisk now Stantec, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - G. Scott Dotson
- Cardno ChemRisk now Stantec, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mei Yong
- MY EpiConsulting, Düsseldorf, Germany
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6
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Saleh DM, Luo S, Ahmed OHM, Alexander DB, Alexander WT, Gunasekaran S, El-Gazzar AM, Abdelgied M, Numano T, Takase H, Ohnishi M, Tomono S, Hady RHAE, Fukamachi K, Kanno J, Hirose A, Xu J, Suzuki S, Naiki-Ito A, Takahashi S, Tsuda H. Assessment of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of double-walled carbon nanotubes in the rat lung after intratracheal instillation: a two-year study. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:30. [PMID: 35449069 PMCID: PMC9026941 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the expanding industrial applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), safety assessment of these materials is far less than needed. Very few long-term in vivo studies have been carried out. This is the first 2-year in vivo study to assess the effects of double walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) in the lung and pleura of rats after pulmonary exposure. METHODS Rats were divided into six groups: untreated, Vehicle, 3 DWCNT groups (0.12 mg/rat, 0.25 mg/rat and 0.5 mg/rat), and MWCNT-7 (0.5 mg/rat). The test materials were administrated by intratracheal-intrapulmonary spraying (TIPS) every other day for 15 days. Rats were observed without further treatment until sacrifice. RESULTS DWCNT were biopersistent in the rat lung and induced marked pulmonary inflammation with a significant increase in macrophage count and levels of the chemotactic cytokines CCL2 and CCL3. In addition, the 0.5 mg DWCNT treated rats had significantly higher pulmonary collagen deposition compared to the vehicle controls. The development of carcinomas in the lungs of rats treated with 0.5 mg DWCNT (4/24) was not quite statistically higher (p = 0.0502) than the vehicle control group (0/25), however, the overall incidence of lung tumor development, bronchiolo-alveolar adenoma and bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma combined, in the lungs of rats treated with 0.5 mg DWCNT (7/24) was statistically higher (p < 0.05) than the vehicle control group (1/25). Notably, two of the rats treated with DWCNT, one in the 0.25 mg group and one in the 0.5 mg group, developed pleural mesotheliomas. However, both of these lesions developed in the visceral pleura, and unlike the rats administered MWCNT-7, rats administered DWCNT did not have elevated levels of HMGB1 in their pleural lavage fluids. This indicates that the mechanism by which the mesotheliomas that developed in the DWCNT treated rats is not relevant to humans. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the DWCNT fibers we tested are biopersistent in the rat lung and induce chronic inflammation. Rats treated with 0.5 mg DWCNT developed pleural fibrosis and lung tumors. These findings demonstrate that the possibility that at least some types of DWCNTs are fibrogenic and tumorigenic cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Mourad Saleh
- Nanotoxicology Lab Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Shengyong Luo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Omnia Hosny Mohamed Ahmed
- Nanotoxicology Lab Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - David B Alexander
- Nanotoxicology Lab Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - William T Alexander
- Nanotoxicology Lab Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Sivagami Gunasekaran
- Nanotoxicology Lab Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ahmed M El-Gazzar
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelgied
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
| | - Takamasa Numano
- Nanotoxicology Lab Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- Core Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan Bioassay Research Center, Hadano, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Susumu Tomono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Randa Hussein Abd El Hady
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Katsumi Fukamachi
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Kanno
- National Institute Hygienic Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Jiegou Xu
- Nanotoxicology Lab Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuda
- Nanotoxicology Lab Project, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dohri, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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Visser M, Gosens I, Bard D, van Broekhuizen P, Janer G, Kuempel E, Riediker M, Vogel U, Dekkers S. Towards health-based nano reference values (HNRVs) for occupational exposure: Recommendations from an expert panel. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100396. [PMID: 35560294 PMCID: PMC10617652 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unique physicochemical characteristics of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) suggest the need for nanomaterial-specific occupational exposure limits (OELs). Setting these limits remains a challenge. Therefore, the aim of this study was to set out a framework to evaluate the feasibility of deriving advisory health-based occupational limit values for groups of ENMs, based on scientific knowledge. We have used an expert panel approach to address three questions: 1) What ENM-categories should be distinguished to derive advisory health-based occupational limit values (or health-based Nano Reference Values, HNRVs) for groups of ENMs? 2) What evidence would be needed to define values for these categories? And 3) How much effort would it take to achieve this? The panel experts distinguished six possible categories of HNRVs: A) WHO-fiber-like high aspect ratio ENMs (HARNs), B) Non-WHO-fiber-like HARNs and other non-spheroidal ENMs, C) readily soluble spheroidal ENMs, D) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with unknown toxicity, E) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with substance-specific toxicity and F) biopersistent spheroidal ENMs with relatively low substance-specific toxicity. For category A, the WHO-fiber-like HARNs, agreement was reached on criteria defining this category and the approach of using health-based risk estimates for asbestos to derive the HNRV. For category B, a quite heterogeneous category, more toxicity data are needed to set an HNRV. For category C, readily soluble spheroidal ENMs, using the OEL of their molecular or ionic counterpart would be a good starting point. For the biopersistent ENMs with unknown toxicity, HNRVs cannot be applied as case-by-case testing is required. For the other biopersistent ENMs in category E and F, we make several recommendations that can facilitate the derivation of these HNRVs. The proposed categories and recommendations as outlined by this expert panel can serve as a reference point for derivation of HNRVs when health-based OELs for ENMs are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Visser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Delphine Bard
- Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Science and Research Centre, Buxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gemma Janer
- Leitat Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eileen Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael Riediker
- Swiss Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Dekkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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8
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Hendrix DA, Hurowitz JA, Glotch TD, Schoonen MAA. Olivine Dissolution in Simulated Lung and Gastric Fluid as an Analog to the Behavior of Lunar Particulate Matter Inside the Human Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Systems. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000491. [PMID: 34849441 PMCID: PMC8609536 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the Artemis III mission scheduled to land humans on the Moon in 2025, work must be done to understand the hazards lunar dust inhalation would pose to humans. In this study, San Carlos olivine was used as an analog of lunar olivine, a common component of lunar dust. Olivine was dissolved in a flow-through apparatus in both simulated lung fluid and 0.1 M HCl (simulated gastric fluid) over a period of approximately 2 weeks at physiological temperature, 37°C. Effluent samples were collected periodically and analyzed for pH, iron, silicon, and magnesium ion concentrations. The dissolution rate data derived from our measurements allow us to estimate that an inhaled 1.0 μm diameter olivine particle would take approximately 24 years to dissolve in the human lungs and approximately 3 weeks to dissolve in gastric fluid. Results revealed that inhaled olivine particles may generate the toxic chemical, hydroxyl radical, for up to 5-6 days in lung fluid. Olivine dissolved in 0.1 M HCl for 2 weeks transformed to an amorphous silica-rich solid plus the ferric iron oxy-hydroxide ferrihydrite. Olivine dissolved in simulated lung fluid shows no detectable change in composition or crystallinity. Equilibrium thermodynamic models indicate that olivine in the human lungs can precipitate secondary minerals with fibrous crystal structures that have the potential to induce detrimental health effects similar to asbestos exposure. Our work indicates that inhaled lunar dust containing olivine can settle in the human lungs for years and could induce long-term potential health effects like that of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin A. A. Schoonen
- Environment, Biology, Nuclear Science, & NonproliferationBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNYUSA
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Braakhuis HM, Murphy F, Ma-Hock L, Dekkers S, Keller J, Oomen AG, Stone V. An Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment to Support Grouping and Read-Across of Nanomaterials After Inhalation Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:112-128. [PMID: 34746334 PMCID: PMC8567336 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Here, we describe the generation of hypotheses for grouping nanoforms (NFs) after inhalation exposure and the tailored Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) with which each specific hypothesis can be tested. This is part of a state-of-the-art framework to support the hypothesis-driven grouping and read-across of NFs, as developed by the EU-funded Horizon 2020 project GRACIOUS. Development of Grouping Hypotheses and IATA: Respirable NFs, depending on their physicochemical properties, may dissolve either in lung lining fluid or in acidic lysosomal fluid after uptake by cells. Alternatively, NFs may also persist in particulate form. Dissolution in the lung is, therefore, a decisive factor for the toxicokinetics of NFs. This has led to the development of four hypotheses, broadly grouping NFs as instantaneous, quickly, gradually, and very slowly dissolving NFs. For instantaneously dissolving NFs, hazard information can be derived by read-across from the ions. For quickly dissolving particles, as accumulation of particles is not expected, ion toxicity will drive the toxic profile. However, the particle aspect influences the location of the ion release. For gradually dissolving and very slowly dissolving NFs, particle-driven toxicity is of concern. These NFs may be grouped by their reactivity and inflammation potency. The hypotheses are substantiated by a tailored IATA, which describes the minimum information and laboratory assessments of NFs under investigation required to justify grouping. Conclusion: The GRACIOUS hypotheses and tailored IATA for respiratory toxicity of inhaled NFs can be used to support decision making regarding Safe(r)-by-Design product development or adoption of precautionary measures to mitigate potential risks. It can also be used to support read-across of adverse effects such as pulmonary inflammation and subsequent downstream effects such as lung fibrosis and lung tumor formation after long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona Murphy
- NanoSafety Research Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Susan Dekkers
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Keller
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vicki Stone
- NanoSafety Research Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Boots TE, Kogel AM, Drew NM, Kuempel ED. Utilizing literature-based rodent toxicology data to derive potency estimates for quantitative risk assessment. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:740-760. [PMID: 34087078 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1918278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the potential occupational health risk of engineered nanomaterials is an ongoing need. The objective of this meta-analysis, which consisted of 36 studies containing 86 materials, was to assess the availability of published in vivo rodent pulmonary toxicity data for a variety of nanoscale and microscale materials and to derive potency estimates via benchmark dose modeling. Additionally, the potency estimates based on particle mass lung dose associated with acute pulmonary inflammation were used to group materials based on toxicity. The commonalities among the physicochemical properties of the materials in each group were also explored. This exploration found that a material's potency tended to be associated primarily with the material class based on chemical composition and form (e.g. carbon nanotubes, TiO2, ZnO) rather than with particular physicochemical properties. Limitations in the data available precluded a more extensive analysis of these associations. Issues such as data reporting and appropriate experimental design for use in quantitative risk assessment are the main reasons publications were excluded from these analyses and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Boots
- Health Effect Laboratory Division (HELD), BioAnalytics Branch (BB), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Alyssa M Kogel
- Formerly Oak Ridge Associated Universities/Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, at NIOSH, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Nathan M Drew
- Division of Science Integration (DSI), Emerging Technologies Branch (ETB), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eileen D Kuempel
- Division of Science Integration (DSI), Emerging Technologies Branch (ETB), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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11
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Bos PMJ, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Talhout R. Risk assessment of components in tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosols: a pragmatic choice of dose metrics. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:81-95. [PMID: 33876709 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1909678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk assessment of individual tobacco smoke components is important for the purpose of prioritization or selecting chemicals for monitoring products. Smoking is characterized by a highly varying, intermittent exposure and the challenge is to choose the most appropriate dose metric. METHODS Generally, average daily exposure estimates are used as dose metric, without considering temporal determinants. The applicability hereof is discussed in the context of choosing dose metrics for local respiratory tract effects and for systemic effects in a smoking scenario or for the use of e-cigarettes. RESULTS Using average daily exposure estimates for the smoking scenario can lead to erroneous risk evaluations for several reasons. Inhaled peak air concentrations during a puff can be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the calculated average daily inhaled concentration, which may impact the assessment of both systemic and local health effects. A pragmatic risk assessment is proposed, based on the Margin of Exposure (MoE) approach. The choice of an appropriate dose metric, such as inhaled concentration, inhaled dose or absorbed dose, depends on the type of effect. Temporal characteristics should be considered in the final step of the MoE approach, as is illustrated by two cases, glycerol and benzene. CONCLUSION The choice of an appropriate dose metric and inclusion of temporal determinants are important aspects in the risk assessment of individual smoke components. The proposed MoE approach provides the opportunity to weigh smoking-related exposure characteristics during the final step of the risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M J Bos
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reinskje Talhout
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Nordheim E, Arnold I, Armstrong V, Momoli F, Shilnikova NS, Yenugadhati N, Krewski D. The REACH registration process: A case study of metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide and aluminium hydroxide. Neurotoxicology 2020; 83:166-178. [PMID: 33290785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The European Union's REACH Regulation requires determination of potential health and environmental effects of chemicals in commerce. The present case study examines the application of REACH guidance for health hazard assessments of three high production volume (HPV) aluminium (Al) substances: metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide. Among the potential adverse health consequences of aluminium exposure, neurotoxicity is one of the most sensitive targets of Al toxicity and the most critical endpoint. This case study illustrates integration of data from multiple lines of evidence into REACH weight of evidence evaluations. This case study then explains how those results support regulatory decisions on classification and labelling. Challenges in the REACH appraisal of Al compounds include speciation, solubility and bioavailability, application of assessment factors, read-across rationale and differences with existing regulatory standards. Lessons learned from the present case study relate to identification and evaluation of toxicologic and epidemiologic data; assessing data relevance and reliability; development of derived no-effect levels (DNELs); addressing data gaps and preparation of chemical safety reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataliya A Karyakina
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | - Ian Arnold
- International Aluminium Institute, London, United Kingdom; Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Franco Momoli
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Natalia S Shilnikova
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nagarajkumar Yenugadhati
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Arts J, Kellert M, Krueger N, Nolde J, Schuster T. Pulmonary toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure to poorly soluble particles of low toxicity: Testing at excessive concentrations overwhelming lung clearance? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Driscoll KE, Borm PJA. Expert workshop on the hazards and risks of poorly soluble low toxicity particles. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:53-62. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1735581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Driscoll
- Healthcare Innovation Partners, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Paul J. A. Borm
- Nanoconsult BV, Meerssen, The Netherlands
- Dusseldorf University, Dusseldorf, Germany
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Response to letter to editor "Pulmonary toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure to poorly soluble particles of low toxicity: Testing at excessive concentrations overwhelming lung clearance"? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104593. [PMID: 32007437 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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