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Chien HT, Roos P, Russel F, Theunissen P, van Meer P. The use of weight-of-evidence approaches to characterize developmental toxicity risk for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in humans without in vivo studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024:105682. [PMID: 39094967 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory guidance for global drug development relies on animal studies to evaluate safety risks for humans, including risk of reproductive toxicity. Weight-of-evidence approaches (WoE) are increasingly becoming acceptable to evaluate risk. A WoE for developmental risk of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was evaluated for its ability to retrospectively characterize risk and to determine the need for further in vivo testing based on the remaining uncertainty. Reproductive toxicity studies of 65 mAbs were reviewed and compared to the WoE. Developmental toxicities were absent in 52/65 (80%) mAbs. Lack of toxicity was correctly predicted in 29/52 (56%) cases. False positive and equivocal predictions were made in 9/52 (17%) and 14/52 (27%) cases. For 3/65 (5%) mAbs, the findings were equivocal. Of mAbs with developmental toxicity findings (10/65, 15%), the WoE correctly anticipated pharmacology based reproductive toxicity without any false negative predictions in 9/10 (90%) cases, and in the remaining case ( 1/10, 10%) an in vivo study was recommended due to equivocal WoE outcome. Therefore, this WoE approach could characterize presence and absence of developmental risk without animal studies. The current WoE could have reduced the need for developmental toxicity studies by 42% without loss of important patient information in the label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Tzu Chien
- Medicines Evaluation Board; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Frans Russel
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Theunissen
- Medicines Evaluation Board; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter van Meer
- Medicines Evaluation Board; Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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2
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Hodges D, Stonerook M, Salvail D, Lemouton S. Maximizing insights from nonclinical safety studies in the context of rising costs and changing regulations. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2024; 128:107538. [PMID: 38955287 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2024.107538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The traditional paradigm of non-rodent safety assessment studies, primarily reliant on non-human primates (NHPs) and dogs, is undergoing a transformation. During the 2023 Safety Pharmacology Society Annual Meeting, scientists from leading nonclinical contract organizations discussed how traditional IND-enabling studies can benefit from employing underutilized alternative non-rodent models, such as the swine. Swine offer a cost-effective approach to drug development and share many anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. The inclusion of non-traditional species in safety assessments, coupled with advanced measurement techniques, aids in de-risking compounds early on and adapting projects to the evolving cost landscape.
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3
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Palazzi X, Anger LT, Boulineau T, Grevot A, Guffroy M, Henson K, Hoepp N, Jacobsen M, Kale VP, Kreeger J, Lane JH, Li D, Muster W, Paisley B, Ramaiah L, Robertson N, Shultz V, Steger Hartmann T, Westhouse R. Points to consider regarding the use and implementation of virtual controls in nonclinical general toxicology studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 150:105632. [PMID: 38679316 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The replacement of a proportion of concurrent controls by virtual controls in nonclinical safety studies has gained traction over the last few years. This is supported by foundational work, encouraged by regulators, and aligned with societal expectations regarding the use of animals in research. This paper provides an overview of the points to consider for any institution on the verge of implementing this concept, with emphasis given on database creation, risks, and discipline-specific perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Palazzi
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, 445, Eastern Point Road, Groton CT, USA.
| | - Lennart T Anger
- Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Theresa Boulineau
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Boehringer Ingelheim, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Armelle Grevot
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis AG, Fabrikstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, R46G/AP13A-3, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Kristin Henson
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA
| | - Natalie Hoepp
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Matt Jacobsen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vijay P Kale
- Nonclinical Safety, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - John Kreeger
- Non-Clinical Safety, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Joan H Lane
- Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen, Inc., 1 Amgen Center Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, USA
| | - Dingzhou Li
- Global Biometrics & Data Management, Pfizer Inc, 445, Eastern Point Road, Groton CT, USA
| | - Wolfgang Muster
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brianna Paisley
- iBAR ADMET, Eli Lilly and Company, 893 Delaware St, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lila Ramaiah
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, 1400 McKean Road, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Nicola Robertson
- Non-Clinical Safety, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Valerie Shultz
- Nonclinical Development, Organon, 4000 Chemical Rd, Suite 500, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | - Thomas Steger Hartmann
- Investigational Toxicology, BAYER AG, Pharmaceuticals, Muellerstrasse 178, 13342, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Westhouse
- Toxicology and Pathology, Agios Pharmaceuticals, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
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McCray TN, Nguyen V, Heins JS, Nguyen E, Stewart K, Ford CT, Neace C, Gupta P, Ortiz DJ. Bronchioalveolar organoids: A preclinical tool to screen toxicity associated with antibody-drug conjugates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 485:116886. [PMID: 38452946 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive preclinical testing, cancer therapeutics can result in unanticipated toxicity to non-tumor tissue in patients. These toxicities may pass undetected in preclinical experiments due to modeling limitations involving poor biomimicry of 2-dimensional in vitro cell cultures and due to lack of interspecies translatability in in vivo studies. Instead, primary cells can be grown into miniature 3-dimensional structures that recapitulate morphological and functional aspects of native tissue, termed "organoids." Here, human bronchioalveolar organoids grown from primary alveolar epithelial cells were employed to model lung epithelium and investigate off-target toxicities associated with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). ADCs with three different linker-payload combinations (mafodotin, vedotin, and deruxtecan) were tested in bronchioalveolar organoids generated from human, rat, and nonhuman primate lung cells. Organoids demonstrated antibody uptake and changes in viability in response to ADC exposure that model in vivo drug sensitivity. RNA sequencing identified inflammatory activation in bronchioalveolar cells in response to deruxtecan. Future studies will explore specific cell populations involved in interstitial lung disease and incorporate immune cells to the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vy Nguyen
- Seagen Inc., Bothell, Washington, USA
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5
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Leach MW, Rana P, Hu W, Mittapalli RK, Pinkstaff J, Potter D, Qiu XM, Ramaiah L, Rohde C, Xia F, Khan KN. Translation of nonclinical to clinical safety findings for 27 biotherapeutics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 484:116854. [PMID: 38346540 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Human adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and in vivo nonclinical adverse and nonadverse findings, were identified in 27 biotherapeutic programs and placed into organ categories to determine translation. The sensitivity of detecting human ADRs was 30.8% with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 53.3% for nonclinical adverse findings; sensitivity increased to 67.3% and PPV fell to 35.0% when including nonadverse findings. Nonclinical findings were associated with a greater likelihood of a human ADR in that organ category, especially for adverse findings [positive likelihood ratio (LR+) >10 (lower 95% confidence interval [CI] of >5)]. The specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) were very high (>85%). A lack of nonclinical findings in an organ category was associated with a lower likelihood of a human ADR in that organ category. About 40-50% of human ADRs and nonclinical adverse findings, and about 30% of nonclinical nonadverse findings, were attributed to pharmacology. Slightly more than half of the human ADRs with a translating nonclinical finding had findings in animals that could be considered very similar. Overall, 38% of nonclinical findings translated to a human ADR at the organ category level. When nonclinical findings did not translate to humans, the cause was usually higher exposures or longer dosing in animals. All programs with human ADRs attributed to immunogenicity also had nonclinical adverse or nonadverse findings related to immunogenicity. Overall, nonclinical adverse and nonadverse findings were useful in predicting human ADRs, especially at an organ category level, and the majority of human ADRs were predicted by nonclinical toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Payal Rana
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Wenyue Hu
- Pfizer Inc., 10777 Science Center Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Jason Pinkstaff
- Pfizer Inc., 10777 Science Center Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David Potter
- Pfizer Inc., 1 Portland St, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xing Min Qiu
- Pfizer Inc., Lane 60 Naxian Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lila Ramaiah
- Pfizer Inc., 401 N Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Cynthia Rohde
- Pfizer Inc., 401 N Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Feng Xia
- Pfizer Inc., 66 Hudson Boulevard, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - K Nasir Khan
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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6
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Saaby L, Bundgaard C, Brodin B. Application of a new MDCKII-MDR1 cell model to measure the extent of drug distribution in vitro at equilibrium for prediction of in vivo unbound brain-to-plasma drug distribution. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:11. [PMID: 38273301 PMCID: PMC10809502 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRO Reliable estimates of drug uptake from blood to brain parenchyma are crucial in CNS drug discovery and development. While in vivo Kp,uu,brain estimates are the gold standard for investigating brain drug disposition, animal usage is a limitation to high throughput application. This study investigates an in vitro model using P-gp expressing MDCKII-MDR1 cells for predicting in vivo brain drug penetration. METHODS In vitro equilibrium distribution studies were conducted in apical and basolateral solutions with high protein content to estimate Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain values. The correlation between in vitro and in vivo Kp,brain values for a set of compounds was examined. RESULTS We observed a good correlation between in vitro and in vivo Kp,brain values (R2 = 0.69, Slope: 1.6), indicating that the in vitro model could predict in vivo drug brain penetration. The 'unilateral (Uni-L)' in vitro setup correctly classified 5 out of 5 unrestricted compounds and 3 out of 5 restricted compounds. Possible reasons for the observed disparities for some compounds have been discussed, such as difference in transport areas between in vitro and in vivo settings and effect of pH changes. CONCLUSION The in vitro assay setup developed in this study holds promise for predicting in vivo drug brain penetration in CNS drug discovery. The correlation between in vitro and in vivo Kp,brain values, underscores that the model may have potential for early-stage screening. With minor refinements, this in vitro approach could reduce the reliance on in vivo experiments, accelerating the pace of CNS drug discovery and promoting a more ethical research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, and CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Ottiliavej 9, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christopher R Jones
- PKPD Modelling & Simulation, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, Valby, 2500, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Saaby
- Bioneer A/S and affiliated associate professor at CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Birger Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Islam NY, Lee J, Pollet J, Poveda C, Strych U, Thimmiraju SR, Uzcategui NL, Versteeg L, Gorelick D. The zebrafish as a potential model for vaccine and adjuvant development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:535-545. [PMID: 38664959 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2345685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zebrafishes represent a proven model for human diseases and systems biology, exhibiting physiological and genetic similarities and having innate and adaptive immune systems. However, they are underexplored for human vaccinology, vaccine development, and testing. Here we summarize gaps and challenges. AREAS COVERED Zebrafish models have four potential applications: 1) Vaccine safety: The past successes in using zebrafishes to test xenobiotics could extend to vaccine and adjuvant formulations for general safety or target organs due to the zebrafish embryos' optical transparency. 2) Innate immunity: The zebrafish offers refined ways to examine vaccine effects through signaling via Toll-like or NOD-like receptors in zebrafish myeloid cells. 3) Adaptive immunity: Zebrafishes produce IgM, IgD,and two IgZ immunoglobulins, but these are understudied, due to a lack of immunological reagents for challenge studies. 4) Systems vaccinology: Due to the availability of a well-referenced zebrafish genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome, this model offers potential here. EXPERT OPINION It remains unproven whether zebrafishes can be employed for testing and developing human vaccines. We are still at the hypothesis-generating stage, although it is possible to begin outlining experiments for this purpose. Through transgenic manipulation, zebrafish models could offer new paths for shaping animal models and systems vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nelufa Yesmin Islam
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jungsoon Lee
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Syamala Rani Thimmiraju
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nestor L Uzcategui
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leroy Versteeg
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Gorelick
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Assessing extent of brain penetration in vivo (K p,uu,brain) in Göttingen minipig using a diverse set of reference drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106554. [PMID: 37543065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of Göttingen minipigs for non-rodent pharmacokinetics (PK) and drug safety testing has seen a dramatic increase in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the total and unbound brain-to-plasma ratios (Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain) for a diverse set of reference compounds in female Göttingen minipigs and compare these with Kp,uu,brain values from other species to assess the suitability of Göttingen minipigs as a model for CNS drug safety testing and brain PK in clinical translation. The reference set consisted of 17 compounds with varying physico-chemical properties and included known human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates. The results of the study showed, that minipig Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain values for the tested compounds were in the range 0.03-86 and 0.02-2.4 (n = 3-4) respectively. The Kp,uu,brain values were comparable between minipig and rat for a large proportion of the compounds (71% within 2-fold, n = 17). Comparisons of brain penetration across several species for a subset of reference compounds revealed that minipig values were quite similar to those of rat, dog, monkey and human. The study highlighted that the largest Kp,uu,brain species differences were observed for compounds classified as transporter substrates (e.g. cimetidine, risperidone, Way-100635 and altanserin). In conclusion these brain penetration data add substantially to the available literature on PK and drug disposition for minipigs and support use of Göttingen minipig as a non-rodent drug safety model for CNS drug candidates and as a brain PK model for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; PKPD Modelling & Simulation, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Birger Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Berman CL, Antonsson M, Batkai S, Bosgra S, Chopda GR, Driessen W, Foy J, Hassan C, Hu XS, Jang HG, Meena , Sanseverino M, Thum T, Wang Y, Wild M, Wu JT. OSWG Recommended Approaches to the Nonclinical Pharmacokinetic (ADME) Characterization of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023; 33:287-305. [PMID: 37590469 PMCID: PMC10561745 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2023.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This white paper summarizes the recommendations of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) Subcommittee of the Oligonucleotide Safety Working Group for the characterization of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of oligonucleotide (ON) therapeutics in nonclinical studies. In general, the recommended approach is similar to that for small molecule drugs. However, some differences in timing and/or scope may be warranted due to the greater consistency of results across ON classes as compared with the diversity among small molecule classes. For some types of studies, a platform-based approach may be appropriate; once sufficient data are available for the platform, presentation of these data should be sufficient to support development of additional ONs of the same platform. These recommendations can serve as a starting point for nonclinical study design and foundation for discussions with regulatory agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sieto Bosgra
- Independent Consultant, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Girish R. Chopda
- Dicerna Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Novo Nordisk Company, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Meena
- Stoke Therapeutics, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Thomas Thum
- Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Formerly of Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Martin Wild
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing-Tao Wu
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Brown PC, Wange RL. Considerations regarding the use of nonhuman primates in assessing safety endpoints for pharmaceuticals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105449. [PMID: 37453554 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) have become a commonly used nonrodent species for general toxicity testing for pharmaceuticals reviewed by CDER. Their increased use in pharmaceutical testing appears to have been driven by both increased use in small molecule drug development programs as well as a trend for biologics making up a greater percentage of pharmaceutical development programs. While always in limited supply, the COVID-19 pandemic acutely impaired the availability of NHPs for pharmaceutical testing due to disruptions in the supply and an increased demand to support COVID-19-directed research programs. Because this disruption in the NHP supply had the potential to significantly delay the development of new medications for the treatment of diseases currently without effective treatment options, FDA issued guidance in February of 2022, under its COVID-19 Public Health Emergency authority, that was intended to help mitigate the NHP supply issue by reducing the demand for NHPs. This guidance has been withdrawn with the expiration of the public health emergency. Here we discuss what impact we expect that the withdrawal of this guidance will have on efforts to minimize NHP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Brown
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ronald L Wange
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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11
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Camacho JA, Welch B, Sprando RL, Hunt PR. Reproductive-Toxicity-Related Endpoints in C. elegans Are Consistent with Reduced Concern for Dimethylarsinic Acid Exposure Relative to Inorganic Arsenic. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11020018. [PMID: 37218812 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposures to arsenic and mercury are known to pose significant threats to human health; however, the effects specific to organic vs. inorganic forms are not fully understood. Caenorhabditis elegans' (C. elegans) transparent cuticle, along with the conservation of key genetic pathways regulating developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART)-related processes such as germ stem cell renewal and differentiation, meiosis, and embryonic tissue differentiation and growth, support this model's potential to address the need for quicker and more dependable testing methods for DART hazard identification. Organic and inorganic forms of mercury and arsenic had different effects on reproductive-related endpoints in C. elegans, with methylmercury (meHgCl) having effects at lower concentrations than mercury chloride (HgCl2), and sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) having effects at lower concentrations than dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Progeny to adult ratio changes and germline apoptosis were seen at concentrations that also affected gravid adult gross morphology. For both forms of arsenic tested, germline histone regulation was altered at concentrations below those that affected progeny/adult ratios, while concentrations for these two endpoints were similar for the mercury compounds. These C. elegans findings are consistent with corresponding mammalian data, where available, suggesting that small animal model test systems may help to fill critical data gaps by contributing to weight of evidence assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Camacho
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Bonnie Welch
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Robert L Sprando
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Piper R Hunt
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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