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Espino L, Miño N. Common Neurologic Diseases in Geriatric Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1753. [PMID: 38929372 PMCID: PMC11200570 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in the canine geriatric population means that veterinarians are more often confronted with diseases that are more prevalent in patients in this age group. As in other organ systems, degenerative, neoplastic, and vascular diseases are the most prevalent neurologic disorders in older dogs. A neurological disease in an older dog poses a challenge for the clinician due to the presence of concomitant diseases and age-related changes that make it difficult to interpret the neurological examination. In addition, given the age of the patients, some owners do not allow advanced imaging tests, and it is necessary to establish the most likely presumptive diagnosis to initiate treatment. Although many of these diseases can cause clinical signs that can be very upsetting, some of them can be managed with symptomatic therapy and have a good prognosis, such as idiopathic vestibular syndrome. Moreover, advances in and the greater availability of therapeutic options such as surgery and radiation therapy may increase survival and quality of life in diseases with a more serious prognosis, such as tumours. The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the more frequent diseases affecting the central nervous systems of geriatric dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Espino
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Veterinaria de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
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Odierna GL, Vucic S, Dyer M, Dickson T, Woodhouse A, Blizzard C. How do we get from hyperexcitability to excitotoxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Brain 2024; 147:1610-1621. [PMID: 38408864 PMCID: PMC11068114 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that, at present, has no effective cure. Evidence of increased circulating glutamate and hyperexcitability of the motor cortex in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have provided an empirical support base for the 'dying forward' excitotoxicity hypothesis. The hypothesis postulates that increased activation of upper motor neurons spreads pathology to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord in the form of excessive glutamate release, which triggers excitotoxic processes. Many clinical trials have focused on therapies that target excitotoxicity via dampening neuronal activation, but not all are effective. As such, there is a growing tension between the rising tide of evidence for the 'dying forward' excitotoxicity hypothesis and the failure of therapies that target neuronal activation. One possible solution to these contradictory outcomes is that our interpretation of the current evidence requires revision in the context of appreciating the complexity of the nervous system and the limitations of the neurobiological assays we use to study it. In this review we provide an evaluation of evidence relevant to the 'dying forward' excitotoxicity hypothesis and by doing so, identify key gaps in our knowledge that need to be addressed. We hope to provide a road map from hyperexcitability to excitotoxicity so that we can better develop therapies for patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We conclude that studies of upper motor neuron activity and their synaptic output will play a decisive role in the future of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lorenzo Odierna
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Brain and Nerve Research Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Marcus Dyer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tracey Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Adele Woodhouse
- The Wicking Dementia Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Catherine Blizzard
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
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Zhu L, Li S, Li XJ, Yin P. Pathological insights from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis animal models: comparisons, limitations, and challenges. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:46. [PMID: 37730668 PMCID: PMC10510301 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to dissect amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a multigenic, multifactorial, and progressive neurodegenerative disease with heterogeneous clinical presentations, researchers have generated numerous animal models to mimic the genetic defects. Concurrent and comparative analysis of these various models allows identification of the causes and mechanisms of ALS in order to finally obtain effective therapeutics. However, most genetically modified rodent models lack overt pathological features, imposing challenges and limitations in utilizing them to rigorously test the potential mechanisms. Recent studies using large animals, including pigs and non-human primates, have uncovered important events that resemble neurodegeneration in patients' brains but could not be produced in small animals. Here we describe common features as well as discrepancies among these models, highlighting new insights from these models. Furthermore, we will discuss how to make rodent models more capable of recapitulating important pathological features based on the important pathogenic insights from large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhong Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Gouveia D, Correia J, Cardoso A, Carvalho C, Oliveira AC, Almeida A, Gamboa Ó, Ribeiro L, Branquinho M, Sousa A, Lopes B, Sousa P, Moreira A, Coelho A, Rêma A, Alvites R, Ferreira A, Maurício AC, Martins Â. Intensive neurorehabilitation and allogeneic stem cells transplantation in canine degenerative myelopathy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1192744. [PMID: 37520009 PMCID: PMC10374290 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1192744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a neurodegenerative spinal cord disease with upper motor neurons, with progressive and chronic clinical signs, similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). DM has a complex etiology mainly associated with SOD1 gene mutation and its toxic role, with no specific treatment. Daily intensive rehabilitation showed survival time near 8 months but most animals are euthanized 6-12 months after clinical signs onset. Methods This prospective controlled blinded cohort clinical study aims to evaluate the neural regeneration response ability of DM dogs subjected to an intensive neurorehabilitation protocol with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation. In total, 13 non-ambulatory (OFS 6 or 8) dogs with homozygous genotype DM/DM and diagnosed by exclusion were included. All were allocated to the intensive neurorehabilitation with MSCs protocol (INSCP) group (n = 8) or to the ambulatory rehabilitation protocol (ARP) group (n = 5), which differ in regard to training intensity, modalities frequency, and MSCs transplantation. The INSCP group was hospitalized for 1 month (T0 to T1), followed by MSCs transplantation (T1) and a second month (T2), whereas the ARP group was under ambulatory treatment for the same 2 months. Results Survival mean time of total population was 375 days, with 438 days for the INSCP group and 274 for the ARP group, with a marked difference on the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. When comparing the literature's results, there was also a clear difference in the one-sample t-test (p = 0.013) with an increase in time of approximately 70%. OFS classifications between groups at each time point were significantly different (p = 0.008) by the one-way ANOVA and the independent sample t-test. Discussion This INSCP showed to be safe, feasible, and a possibility for a long progression of DM dogs with quality of life and functional improvement. This study should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Gouveia
- Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Arrábida Animal Rehabilitation Center, Setubal, Portugal
- Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Correia
- Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Arrábida Animal Rehabilitation Center, Setubal, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Cardoso
- Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Arrábida Animal Rehabilitation Center, Setubal, Portugal
- Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Carvalho
- Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Arrábida Animal Rehabilitation Center, Setubal, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Oliveira
- Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Arrábida Animal Rehabilitation Center, Setubal, Portugal
- Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Almeida
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Óscar Gamboa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lénio Ribeiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Branquinho
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sousa
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruna Lopes
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Sousa
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alícia Moreira
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André Coelho
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Rêma
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Alvites
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (IUCS), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | - António Ferreira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA - Centro Interdisciplinar-Investigáo em Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Av. Universi dade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salaza, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal, Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ângela Martins
- Arrábida Veterinary Hospital, Arrábida Animal Rehabilitation Center, Setubal, Portugal
- Superior School of Health, Protection and Animal Welfare, Polytechnic Institute of Lusophony, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal
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Majchrakova Z, Hrckova Turnova E, Bielikova M, Turna J, Dudas A. The incidence of genetic disease alleles in Australian Shepherd dog breed in European countries. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281215. [PMID: 36848350 PMCID: PMC9970066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic disease control is generally not given the importance it deserves. Information about what percentage of individuals carry a disorder-causing mutation is crucial for breeders to produce healthy offspring and maintain a healthy dog population of a particular breed. This study aims to provide information about the incidence of mutant alleles for the most frequently occurring hereditary diseases in the Australian Shepherd dog breed (AS). The samples were collected during a 10-years period (2012-2022) in the European population of the AS. Mutant alleles and incidence were calculated from all the obtained data for all the diseases, specifically: collie eye anomaly (9.71%), canine multifocal retinopathy type 1 (0.53%), hereditary cataract (11.64%), progressive rod-cone degeneration (1.58%), degenerative myelopathy (11.77%) and bob-tail/short-tail (31.74%). Our data provide more information to dog breeders to support their effort to limit the spread of hereditary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcela Bielikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Turna
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Dudas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia,* E-mail:
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Wakayama K, Kimura S, Kobatake Y, Kamishina H, Nishii N, Takashima S, Honda R, Kamatari YO. Molecular Mechanisms of Aggregation of Canine SOD1 E40K Amyloidogenic Mutant Protein. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010156. [PMID: 36615350 PMCID: PMC9822309 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like neurodegenerative disease. It is a unique, naturally occurring animal model of human ALS. Canine DM is associated with the aggregation of canine superoxide dismutase 1 (cSOD1), which is similar to human ALS. Almost 100% of cases in dogs are familial, and the E40K mutation in cSOD1 is a major causative mutation of DM. Therefore, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cSOD1(E40K) aggregation. To address this, we first analyzed the structural model of wild type cSOD1. Interactions were evident between amino acid E40 and K91. Therefore, the mutation at residue E40 causes loss of the interaction and may destabilize the native structure of cSOD1. Differential scanning fluorimetry revealed that the E40K mutant was less stable than the wild type. Moreover, stability could be recovered by the E40K and K91E double mutation. Acceleration of amyloid fibril formation in vitro and aggregate formation in cells of cSOD1(E40K) was also suppressed by the introduction of this double mutation in thioflavin T fluorescence assay results and in transfectant cells, respectively. These results clearly show the importance of the interaction between amino acid residues E40 and K91 in cSOD1 for the stability of the native structure and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Wakayama
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kimura
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Kyoto AR, 33 Sayama-Nakamichi, Kumiyama, Kuze, Kyoto 613-0036, Japan
| | - Naohito Nishii
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ryo Honda
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuji O. Kamatari
- Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-Core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-58-293-3900
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Sensory Involvement in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415521. [PMID: 36555161 PMCID: PMC9779879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is pre-eminently a motor disease, the existence of non-motor manifestations, including sensory involvement, has been described in the last few years. Although from a clinical perspective, sensory symptoms are overshadowed by their motor manifestations, this does not mean that their pathological significance is not relevant. In this review, we have made an extensive description of the involvement of sensory and autonomic systems described to date in ALS, from clinical, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, neuropathological, functional, and molecular perspectives.
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Nomura S, Kobatake Y, Takashima S, Kamishina H, Urushitani M, Nishii N. The inhibitory effects of MIF on accumulation of canine degenerative myelopathy-associated mutant SOD1 aggregation. Res Vet Sci 2022; 147:7-11. [PMID: 35364344 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is commonly associated with c.118G > A (p. E40K) missense mutation in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Mutant SOD1 protein (SOD1E40K) is likely to be misfolded, acquire insolubility, aggregate in the cytoplasm of neural cells, and lead to degeneration of the nervous tissues. Along with a chaperone activity, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifunctional protein that has been shown to directly inhibit human mutant SOD1 misfolding and enhance survival of mutant SOD1-expressing motor neurons. The purpose of this study was to determine whether MIF also inhibits DM-related SOD1E40K misfolding and accumulation of SOD1 aggregates. Human embryonic kidney 293A cells were transfected SOD1cWT or SOD1E40K with or without MIF. The percentages of cells containing transfected SOD1 aggregates were measured by immunocytochemistry, and the amount of SOD1E40K in the insoluble fraction was evaluated by immunoblotting. The percentage of cells with SOD1E40K aggregates and the amount of insoluble SOD1E40K protein decreased in the presence of MIF. Because the chaperone activity of MIF assists in SOD1E40K folding and enhances the refolding and degradation of misfolded SOD1E40K, the results of this study suggests that MIF regulates the accumulation of SOD1 aggregates by its chaperone activity. We propose that enhancing intracellular MIF chaperone activity could be an effective therapeutic strategy for DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Nomura
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yui Kobatake
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Takashima
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Makoto Urushitani
- Department of Neurology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naohito Nishii
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Eaton SL, Murdoch F, Rzechorzek NM, Thompson G, Hartley C, Blacklock BT, Proudfoot C, Lillico SG, Tennant P, Ritchie A, Nixon J, Brennan PM, Guido S, Mitchell NL, Palmer DN, Whitelaw CBA, Cooper JD, Wishart TM. Modelling Neurological Diseases in Large Animals: Criteria for Model Selection and Clinical Assessment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172641. [PMID: 36078049 PMCID: PMC9454934 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Issue: The impact of neurological disorders is recognised globally, with one in six people affected in their lifetime and few treatments to slow or halt disease progression. This is due in part to the increasing ageing population, and is confounded by the high failure rate of translation from rodent-derived therapeutics to clinically effective human neurological interventions. Improved translation is demonstrated using higher order mammals with more complex/comparable neuroanatomy. These animals effectually span this translational disparity and increase confidence in factors including routes of administration/dosing and ability to scale, such that potential therapeutics will have successful outcomes when moving to patients. Coupled with advancements in genetic engineering to produce genetically tailored models, livestock are increasingly being used to bridge this translational gap. Approach: In order to aid in standardising characterisation of such models, we provide comprehensive neurological assessment protocols designed to inform on neuroanatomical dysfunction and/or lesion(s) for large animal species. We also describe the applicability of these exams in different large animals to help provide a better understanding of the practicalities of cross species neurological disease modelling. Recommendation: We would encourage the use of these assessments as a reference framework to help standardise neurological clinical scoring of large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Eaton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.E.); (T.M.W.); Tel.: +44-(0)-131-651-9125 (S.L.E.); +44-(0)-131-651-9233 (T.M.W.)
| | - Fraser Murdoch
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nina M. Rzechorzek
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Gerard Thompson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, 50 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Claudia Hartley
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Benjamin Thomas Blacklock
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chris Proudfoot
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Simon G. Lillico
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Tennant
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Adrian Ritchie
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - James Nixon
- The Large Animal Research & Imaging Facility, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Paul M. Brennan
- Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Stefano Guido
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Bioresearch & Veterinary Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Nadia L. Mitchell
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - David N. Palmer
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - C. Bruce A. Whitelaw
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Departments of Pediatrics, Genetics, and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thomas M. Wishart
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Correspondence: (S.L.E.); (T.M.W.); Tel.: +44-(0)-131-651-9125 (S.L.E.); +44-(0)-131-651-9233 (T.M.W.)
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10
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Kowal JB, Verga SA, Pandeya SR, Cochran RJ, Sabol JC, Rutkove SB, Coates JR. Electrical Impedance Myography in Dogs With Degenerative Myelopathy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:874277. [PMID: 35711791 PMCID: PMC9196121 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.874277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) leads to disuse and neurogenic muscle atrophy. Currently there is a lack of non-invasive quantitative measures of muscle health in dogs with DM. Muscle pathology has been previously quantified in other disorders using the technique of electrical impedance myography (EIM) but it has not been reported for DM. The objective of this study was to compare EIM between DM-affected and similar aged healthy dogs as well as assess EIM changes over time in DM-affected dogs. Multifrequency EIM was performed on DM affected dogs at baseline and during disease progression and on age-matched healthy dogs. Muscles evaluated in the pelvic limbs included the craniotibialis, gastrocnemius, gracilis, sartorius, and biceps femoris. The 100 kHz phase angle was extracted from the full frequency set for analysis. Phase values were lower in DM dogs as compared to healthy controls. Specifically, phase of the gastrocnemius was lower on the left (θ = 7.69, 13.06; p =0.002) and right (θ= 6.11, 11.72; p = 0.001) in DM vs. control dogs, respectively. The mean phase value of all measured muscles was also lower on the left (θ = 9.24, 11.62; p = 0.012) and right (θ = 9.18, 11.72; p = 0.021). Other individual muscles measured did not reach statistical significance, although values were consistently lower in DM-affected dogs. With disease progression, downward trends in phase values were detected in DM-affected dogs when monitored serially over time. This study demonstrates that EIM 100 kHz phase values are sensitive to muscle pathology in DM and that phase values are decreased in dogs with DM. Measurements from the gastrocnemius muscle show the greatest differences from similar aged healthy dogs suggesting it may be the preferred muscle for future EIM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Kowal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Joseph B. Kowal
| | - Sarah A. Verga
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarbesh R. Pandeya
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Randall J. Cochran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Julianna C. Sabol
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Seward B. Rutkove
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joan R. Coates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States
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11
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Kimura S, Kamishina H, Hirata Y, Furuta K, Furukawa Y, Yamato O, Maeda S, Kamatari YO. Novel oxindole compounds inhibit the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130114. [PMID: 35217127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloidogenic proteins form aggregates in cells, thereby leading to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and prion's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans, and degenerative myelopathy (DM) and cognitive dysfunction in dogs. Hence, many small-molecule compounds have been screened to examine their inhibitory effects on amyloidogenic protein aggregation. However, no effective drug suitable for transition to clinical use has been found. Here we examined several novel oxindole compounds (GIF compounds) for their inhibitory effects on aggregate formation of the canine mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (cSOD1 E40K), a causative mutation resulting in DM, using Thioflavin-T fluorescence. Most GIF compounds inhibited the aggregation of cSOD1 E40K. Among the compounds, GIF-0854-r and GIF-0890-r were most effective. Their inhibitory effects were also observed in cSOD1 E40K-transfected cells. Additionally, GIF-0890-r effectively inhibited the aggregate formation of human SOD1 G93A, a causative mutation of ALS. GIF-0827-r and GIF-0856-r also effectively inhibited aggregate formation of human prion protein (hPrP). Subsequently, the correlation between their inhibitory effects on cSOD1 and hPrP aggregation was shown, indicating GIF compounds inhibited the aggregate formation of multiple amyloidogenic proteins. Conclusively, the novel oxindole compounds (GIF-0827-r, GIF-0854-r, GIF-0856-r, and GIF-0890-r) are proposed as useful therapeutic candidates for amyloidogenic neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kimura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoko Hirata
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Kyoji Furuta
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Mechanistic Chemistry of Biomolecules, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Yuji O Kamatari
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Life Science Research Center, Gifu University,1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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12
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Bonifacino T, Zerbo RA, Balbi M, Torazza C, Frumento G, Fedele E, Bonanno G, Milanese M. Nearly 30 Years of Animal Models to Study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Historical Overview and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212236. [PMID: 34830115 PMCID: PMC8619465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal, multigenic, multifactorial, and non-cell autonomous neurodegenerative disease characterized by upper and lower motor neuron loss. Several genetic mutations lead to ALS development and many emerging gene mutations have been discovered in recent years. Over the decades since 1990, several animal models have been generated to study ALS pathology including both vertebrates and invertebrates such as yeast, worms, flies, zebrafish, mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and non-human primates. Although these models show different peculiarities, they are all useful and complementary to dissect the pathological mechanisms at the basis of motor neuron degeneration and ALS progression, thus contributing to the development of new promising therapeutics. In this review, we describe the up to date and available ALS genetic animal models, classified by the different genetic mutations and divided per species, pointing out their features in modeling, the onset and progression of the pathology, as well as their specific pathological hallmarks. Moreover, we highlight similarities, differences, advantages, and limitations, aimed at helping the researcher to select the most appropriate experimental animal model, when designing a preclinical ALS study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bonifacino
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (T.B.); (R.A.Z.); (M.B.); (C.T.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Arianna Zerbo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (T.B.); (R.A.Z.); (M.B.); (C.T.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (T.B.); (R.A.Z.); (M.B.); (C.T.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Carola Torazza
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (T.B.); (R.A.Z.); (M.B.); (C.T.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Giulia Frumento
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (T.B.); (R.A.Z.); (M.B.); (C.T.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ernesto Fedele
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (T.B.); (R.A.Z.); (M.B.); (C.T.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (T.B.); (R.A.Z.); (M.B.); (C.T.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (T.B.); (R.A.Z.); (M.B.); (C.T.); (G.F.); (G.B.); (M.M.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Genoa, Italy
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13
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The Long-Term Clinical Course of Canine Degenerative Myelopathy and Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090192. [PMID: 34564586 PMCID: PMC8471773 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM), recognized as a spontaneous model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is known as a late-onset progressive degenerative disease of the spinal cord. Because of the progressive nature of DM, many dogs are elected to be euthanized, resulting in limited information on the end-stage clinical presentation. We investigated the long-term clinical course from diagnosis to natural death to further deepen our understanding of the entire clinical picture of this disease. Because curcumin was administered in some cases, the therapeutic effect of curcumin on DM was also examined. Forty dogs included in this study were client-owned Pembroke Welsh Corgis with a definitive diagnosis of DM by necropsy and histopathology. Dogs were excluded from this study if they died from another disease or were elected to be euthanized. Information on the long-term clinical symptoms of DM was investigated based on a questionnaire, which was collected from the dog owners. Urinary incontinence and respiratory disorder were observed in most dogs, as was respiratory impairment-correlated death. In contrast, signs consistent with brainstem dysfunction were noticed at the terminal stage in a small portion of dogs. Although further studies with more cases are needed, the results of this study suggest that administration of curcumin is effective in slowing the progression of DM.
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14
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Lewis MJ, Shomper JL, Williamson BG, Vansteenkiste DP, Bibi KF, Lim SHY, Kowal JB, Coates JR. Brain diffusion tensor imaging in dogs with degenerative myelopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2342-2349. [PMID: 34410026 PMCID: PMC8478048 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative myelopathy (DM) in dogs shares similarities with superoxide dismutase 1-associated human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Brain microstructural lesions are quantified using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in ALS patients. OBJECTIVE Characterize brain neurodegenerative changes in DM-affected dogs using DTI. ANIMALS Sixteen DM-affected and 8 control dogs. METHODS Prospective observational study. Brain DTI was performed at baseline and every 3 months on DM-affected dogs and compared to controls. Fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were calculated on specified regions of interest. Gait scores (0, normal to 14, tetraplegia) were assigned at each scan. Diffusion tensor imaging values in DM-affected dogs were compared to controls, gait scores, and evaluated over time. RESULTS Mean age was 5.7 years (SD 3.2) in controls and 9.7 years (SD 1.4) in DM-affected dogs. In DM-affected dogs, mean baseline gait score was 4 (SD 1), and mean score change from baseline to last scan was 4.82 (SD 2.67). Nine dogs had ≤3 scans; 7 had >3 scans. Accounting for age, no differences in DTI indices were identified for any brain or proximal spinal cord regions between DM-affected dogs and controls (P > .05). Diffusion tensor imaging values poorly correlated with gait scores (R2 < .2). No significant changes were identified in diffusion indices over time (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Diffusion tensor imaging indices did not differentiate DM-affected from control dogs, detect longitudinal changes, or differentiate disease severity. Findings do not yet support brain DTI as an imaging biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Jeremy L. Shomper
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Baye G. Williamson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Daniella P. Vansteenkiste
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Katherine F. Bibi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Stefanie H. Y. Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Joseph B. Kowal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Joan R. Coates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Missouri, College of Veterinary MedicineColumbiaMOUSA
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15
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Tanaka N, Kimura S, Kamatari YO, Nakata K, Kobatake Y, Inden M, Yamato O, Urushitani M, Maeda S, Kamishina H. In vitro evidence of propagation of superoxide dismutase-1 protein aggregation in canine degenerative myelopathy. Vet J 2021; 274:105710. [PMID: 34166783 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder that has been linked to mutations in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. The accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates in spinal neurons and astrocytes is implicated as an important pathological process in DM; however, the mechanism of protein aggregate formation is largely unknown. In human neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), cell-to-cell propagation of disease-relevant proteins has been demonstrated. Therefore, in this study, propagation of aggregation-forming property of mutant SOD1 protein in DM in vitro was investigated. This study demonstrated that aggregates composed of canine wild type SOD1 protein were increased by co-transfection with canine mutant SOD1 (E40K SOD1), indicating intracellular propagation of SOD1 aggregates. Further, aggregated recombinant SOD1 proteins were released from the cells, taken up by other cells, and induced further aggregate formation of normally folded SOD1 proteins. These results suggest intercellular propagation of SOD1 aggregates. The hypothesis of cell-to-cell propagation of SOD1 aggregates proposed in this study may underly the progressive nature of DM pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tanaka
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - S Kimura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Y O Kamatari
- Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - K Nakata
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Y Kobatake
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - M Inden
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-26-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - O Yamato
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan
| | - M Urushitani
- Department of Neurology, Shiga Univ. of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - S Maeda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - H Kamishina
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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16
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Mataragka A, Ikonomopoulos J, Zervas GS, Vamvakidis CD, Tzimotoudis N, Hager-Theodorides AL, Gazouli M, Kominakis A. Allele and genotype frequencies of the SOD1 gene polymorphism associated with canine degenerative myelopathy in Belgian Malinois dogs in Greece. Vet World 2021; 14:1472-1479. [PMID: 34316194 PMCID: PMC8304418 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1472-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Canine degenerative myelopathy (CDM) is an adult-onset fatal disorder associated with a point mutation of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene (SOD1:c.118G>A). This study aimed to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of this mutation in a group of Belgian Malinois dogs in Greece. Materials and Methods Samples (n=72) of whole blood were collected from 72 purebred dogs of the Hellenic Armed Forces; these samples were processed for DNA isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and digestion with the restriction endonuclease AcuI. Sample testing was conducted in compliance with ISO17025 accreditation requirements. Results The observed relative genotype frequencies were 71% for the homozygous (GG), 25% for the heterozygous (AG), and 4% for the homozygous mutant (AA) alleles. These frequencies were close to those expected, indicating no significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE, p=0.395). The frequency of heterozygous animals indicates that a high risk of developing CDM in forthcoming generations exists in the tested population because mating among carriers would result in 25% AA progeny. The medical record of the group of study animals indicated selection against leishmaniosis, as applied throughout generations by owners and breeders. The potential association of this selection with the HWE status of the study population was discussed. Conclusion The SOD1:c.118G>A mutation was common in the tested group of dogs; thus, they are suitable for a follow-up investigation on the development and progression of CDM. A case-control study on animals with evidence of sensitivity to infectious myelopathy could provide new insights into disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Mataragka
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Ikonomopoulos
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios S Zervas
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Tzimotoudis
- Hellenic Army Biological Research Center/Laboratory of Microbiology, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadne Loukia Hager-Theodorides
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- School of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Science, Laboratory of Biology, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Kominakis
- School of Animal Biosciences, Department of Animal Science, Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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17
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Liguori F, Amadio S, Volonté C. Where and Why Modeling Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083977. [PMID: 33921446 PMCID: PMC8070525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, researchers have leveraged a host of different in vivo models in order to dissect amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory disease that is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation and is multigenic, multifactorial and non-cell autonomous. These models include both vertebrates and invertebrates such as yeast, worms, flies, zebrafish, mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs and, more recently, non-human primates. Despite their obvious differences and peculiarities, only the concurrent and comparative analysis of these various systems will allow the untangling of the causes and mechanisms of ALS for finally obtaining new efficacious therapeutics. However, harnessing these powerful organisms poses numerous challenges. In this context, we present here an updated and comprehensive review of how eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular organisms that reproduce a few of the main clinical features of the disease have helped in ALS research to dissect the pathological pathways of the disease insurgence and progression. We describe common features as well as discrepancies among these models, highlighting new insights and emerging roles for experimental organisms in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Liguori
- Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (S.A.)
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (S.A.)
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (S.A.)
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science “A. Ruberti”, National Research Council (IASI—CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-50170-3084
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18
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Santos C, Amude A, Araújo F, Bezerra F, Nogueira J, Gouveia J, Baraúna Júnior D. Achados clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares da mielopatia degenerativa canina: relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares associados à MDC em um cão da raça Pastor-Suiço. O cão possuía uma paraparesia progressiva em membros pélvicos e foi submetido a avaliações clínicas, pelas quais se obteve, entre outros diferenciais, o diagnóstico presuntivo de MDC. Com a evolução dos sinais, o tutor optou pela eutanásia. Os achados histopatológicos da medula espinhal foram compatíveis com uma degeneração segmentar axonal e mielínica. O diagnóstico molecular foi realizado por meio da extração do DNA obtido por swab oral. Uma PCR foi otimizada utilizando-se primers descritos em literatura para amplificar a região do gene SOD1. A amostra foi, então, submetida a sequenciamento unidirecional, que revelou que o animal em questão era homozigoto para o alelo A para a mutação c.118G>A no éxon 2 do gene SOD1. O diagnóstico clínico presuntivo da MDC no presente caso foi esclarecido por meio dos achados histopatológicos, associados aos achados clínicos, e da sua caracterização molecular. Ressalta-se a contribuição deste relato, que traz aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos e moleculares associados à MDC na raça Pastor-Suíço, para a qual, até o presente momento, na literatura consultada, não há relato dessa enfermidade.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.R.O. Santos
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - J.F. Nogueira
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
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19
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Johnson PJ, Luh WM, Rivard BC, Graham KL, White A, FitzMaurice M, Loftus JP, Barry EF. Stereotactic Cortical Atlas of the Domestic Canine Brain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4781. [PMID: 32179861 PMCID: PMC7076022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestic canine (canis familiaris) is a growing novel model for human neuroscientific research. Unlike rodents and primates, they demonstrate unique convergent sociocognitive skills with humans, are highly trainable and able to undergo non-invasive experimental procedures without restraint, including fMRI. In addition, the gyrencephalic structure of the canine brain is more similar to that of human than rodent models. The increasing use of dogs for non-invasive neuroscience studies has generating a need for a standard canine cortical atlas that provides common spatial referencing and cortical segmentation for advanced neuroimaging data processing and analysis. In this manuscript we create and make available a detailed MRI-based cortical atlas for the canine brain. This atlas includes a population template generated from 30 neurologically and clinically normal non-brachycephalic dogs, tissue segmentation maps and a cortical atlas generated from Jerzy Kreiner's myeloarchitectonic-based histology atlas. The provided cortical parcellation includes 234 priors from frontal, sensorimotor, parietal, temporal, occipital, cingular and subcortical regions. The atlas was validated using an additional canine cohort with variable cranial conformations. This comprehensive cortical atlas provides a reference standard for canine brain research and will improve and standardize processing and data analysis and interpretation in functional and structural MRI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Johnson
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Wen-Ming Luh
- National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin C Rivard
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen L Graham
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew White
- Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marnie FitzMaurice
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - John P Loftus
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erica F Barry
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Qi Y, Montague P, Loney C, Campbell C, Shafie INF, Anderson TJ, McLaughlin M. In vitro evidence consistent with an interaction between wild-type and mutant SOD1 protein associated with canine degenerative myelopathy. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3896-3905. [PMID: 31336405 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurological disorder that may be considered to be a large animal model for specific forms of the fatal human disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). DM is associated with a c118G>A mutation of the superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) gene, and a significant proportion of cases are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner in contrast to the largely, but not exclusively, dominant mode of inheritance in fALS. The consensus view is that these Sod1/SOD1 mutations result in a toxic gain of function but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we used an in vitro neuroblastoma cell line transfection system to monitor wild-type and mutant forms of SOD1 fusion proteins containing either a Cherry or an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tag. These fusion proteins retained SOD1 enzymatic activity on a native gel assay system. We demonstrate that SOD1 aggregate density is significantly higher in DM transfectants compared to wild-type. In addition, we show by co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy, evidence for a potential interaction between wild-type and mutant forms of SOD1 in co-transfected cells. While in vitro studies have shown SOD1 heterodimer formation in fALS models, this is the first report for DM SOD1. Therefore, despite for the majority of cases there is a difference in the mode of inheritance between fALS and DM, a similar interaction between wild-type and mutant SOD1 forms can occur. Clarifying the role of SOD1 in DM may also be of benefit to understanding the role of SOD1 in fALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Montague
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin Loney
- MRC, Centre for Virus Research, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clare Campbell
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science (MVLS), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Intan N F Shafie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Thomas J Anderson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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21
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Plasma microRNA miR-26b as a potential diagnostic biomarker of degenerative myelopathy in Pembroke welsh corgis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:192. [PMID: 31182094 PMCID: PMC6558770 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease frequently found in Pembroke Welsh Corgis (PWCs). Most DM-affected PWCs are homozygous for the mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) allele; however, the genetic examination for the SOD1 mutation does not exclusively detect symptomatic dogs. In order to identify novel biomarkers, the plasma microRNA (miRNA) profiles of PWCs with DM were investigated. RESULTS Quantification of the plasma levels of 277 miRNAs by an RT-qPCR array identified 11 up-regulated miRNAs and 7 down-regulated miRNAs in DM-affected PWCs from those in wild-type SOD1 PWCs. A pathway analysis identified 3 miRNAs: miR-26b, miR-181a, and miR-196a, which potentially regulate several genes associated with SOD1. In order to validate the diagnostic accuracy of the candidate miRNAs in the aged PWC population, candidate miRNAs in plasma were measured by RT-qPCR and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed. miR-26b had the largest area under the ROC curve for distinguishing DM PWCs from healthy PWCs (sensitivity, 66.7%; specificity, 87.0%). The plasma level of miR-26b was significantly higher in the DM group than in the healthy control group. A positive correlation was observed between increases in the plasma level of miR-26b and disease progression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that plasma miR-26b is a potential novel diagnostic biomarker of DM.
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22
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Protein disulphide isomerase is associated with mutant SOD1 in canine degenerative myelopathy. Neuroreport 2019; 30:8-13. [PMID: 30422940 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder prevalent in the canine population. It may represent a unique, naturally occurring disease model for human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because of similar clinical signs and association with superoxide dismutase 1 gene (SOD1) mutations. Misfolded SOD1 aggregates and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are major pathophysiological features associated with ALS. Interestingly, an ER foldase, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) is upregulated during ALS and it co-localizes with SOD1 inclusions in ALS patient tissues. Furthermore, mutations in the gene encoding PDI were recently associated with ALS. Given the genetic similarity between DM and ALS, we investigated whether ER stress and PDI were associated with DM. Protein extracts from spinal cord tissue of DM-affected dogs bearing a SOD1 mutation were examined for ER stress by western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining was also carried out to examine co-localization between endogenous PDI and SOD1 inclusions in spinal cord tissues of dogs affected with DM. PDI and CHOP, the proapoptotic protein induced during ER stress, were significantly upregulated in DM-affected dogs compared with controls. Furthermore, PDI co-localized with intracellular SOD1 aggregates in DM-affected dogs in all motor neurons examined, indicating that PDI may be a cellular defence mechanism against SOD1 misfolding in DM. Our results imply that ER stress is induced in DM-affected dogs; hence, it is a common pathological mechanism associated with both ALS and DM. The possibility that PDI may be a therapeutic target to inhibit SOD1 aggregation in DM dogs is also raised by this study.
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Yokota S, Kobatake Y, Noda Y, Nakata K, Yamato O, Hara H, Sakai H, Nishida H, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Activation of the unfolded protein response in canine degenerative myelopathy. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:216-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Togawa G, Saito M, Watanabe R. Assessment of the F wave technique for motor unit number estimation in normal dogs. Vet J 2018; 234:30-35. [PMID: 29680390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) is an electrophysiological technique to quantify the number of motor units in a muscle. A previous study examining MUNE in dogs used an incremental method. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of the F wave method in dogs and to provide information about this technique. Seven healthy laboratory dogs were examined using the F wave method by stimulating either a single site or multiple sites. In the multiple site stimulation F wave (MSS-F) method, the nerve was stimulated at several close sites along the deep peroneal nerve innervating the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. Test-retest was performed with a 1 week interval in all dogs using both techniques. In this preliminary study, median MUNE values were 88 (range 27-187) using the single site stimulation F wave (SSS-F) method and 68.5 (range 47-106) using the MSS-F method. The intra-class correlation coefficients between the two sets of data for each method were 0.20 and 0.09 for left and right SSS-F, respectively, and 0.77 and 0.69 for left and right MSS-F, respectively. MSS-F had less intra-individual variability of MUNE values and was more reproducible. These results indicate that MSS-F can be performed in dogs. MUNE using MSS-F might help with quantitative evaluation of motor neurone dysfunction and progression of diseases affecting motor neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Togawa
- Department of Surgery II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - M Saito
- Department of Surgery II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
| | - R Watanabe
- Department of Surgery II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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25
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Katz ML, Jensen CA, Student JT, Johnson GC, Coates JR. Cervical spinal cord and motor unit pathology in a canine model of SOD1-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 378:193-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Generation of LIF-independent induced pluripotent stem cells from canine fetal fibroblasts. Theriogenology 2017; 92:75-82. [PMID: 28237347 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Takahashi and Yamanaka established the first technique in which transcription factors related to pluripotency are incorporated into the genome of somatic cells to enable reprogramming of these cells. The expression of these transcription factors enables a differentiated somatic cell to reverse its phenotype to an embryonic state, generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs from canine fetal fibroblasts were produced through lentiviral polycistronic human and mouse vectors (hOSKM/mOSKM), aiming to obtain pluripotent stem cells with similar features to embryonic stem cells (ESC) in this animal model. The cell lines obtained in this study were independent of LIF or any other supplemental inhibitors, resistant to enzymatic procedure (TrypLE Express Enzyme), and dependent on bFGF. Clonal lines were obtained from slightly different protocols with maximum reprogramming efficiency of 0.001%. All colonies were positive for alkaline phosphatase, embryoid body formation, and spontaneous differentiation and expressed high levels of endogenous OCT4 and SOX2. Canine iPSCs developed tumors at 120 days post-injection in vivo. Preliminary chromosomal evaluations were performed by FISH hybridization, revealing no chromosomal abnormality. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to describe the ability to reprogram canine somatic cells via lentiviral vectors without supplementation and with resistance to enzymatic action, thereby demonstrating the pluripotency of these cell lines.
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Picher-Martel V, Valdmanis PN, Gould PV, Julien JP, Dupré N. From animal models to human disease: a genetic approach for personalized medicine in ALS. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:70. [PMID: 27400686 PMCID: PMC4940869 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disease in adults. Classical ALS is characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons leading to progressive paralysis. Approximately 10 % of ALS patients have familial form of the disease. Numerous different gene mutations have been found in familial cases of ALS, such as mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), fused in sarcoma (FUS), C9ORF72, ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2), optineurin (OPTN) and others. Multiple animal models were generated to mimic the disease and to test future treatments. However, no animal model fully replicates the spectrum of phenotypes in the human disease and it is difficult to assess how a therapeutic effect in disease models can predict efficacy in humans. Importantly, the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of ALS leads to a variety of responses to similar treatment regimens. From this has emerged the concept of personalized medicine (PM), which is a medical scheme that combines study of genetic, environmental and clinical diagnostic testing, including biomarkers, to individualized patient care. In this perspective, we used subgroups of specific ALS-linked gene mutations to go through existing animal models and to provide a comprehensive profile of the differences and similarities between animal models of disease and human disease. Finally, we reviewed application of biomarkers and gene therapies relevant in personalized medicine approach. For instance, this includes viral delivering of antisense oligonucleotide and small interfering RNA in SOD1, TDP-43 and C9orf72 mice models. Promising gene therapies raised possibilities for treating differently the major mutations in familial ALS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Picher-Martel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research Centre of Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada.
| | - Paul N Valdmanis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 2110, Stanford, CA, 94305-5164, USA
| | - Peter V Gould
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of Medical Biology, CHU de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, 1401, 18th street, Québec, QC, Canada, G1J 1Z4
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research Centre of Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, 2601 Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Axe Neurosciences & The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Québec, Laval University, 1401, 18th street, Québec, QC, G1J 1Z4, Canada.
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