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Poloxamer 188 as surfactant in biological formulations - An alternative for polysorbate 20/80? Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121706. [PMID: 35367584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are used to stabilize biologics. Particularly, polysorbates (Tween® 20 and Tween® 80) dominate the group of surfactants in protein and especially antibody drug products. Since decades drug developers rely on the ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid ester mixtures to stabilize sensitive molecules such as proteins. Reasons are (i) excellent stabilizing properties, and (ii) well recognized safety and tolerability profile of these polysorbates in humans, especially for parenteral applications. However, over the past decade concerns regarding the stability of these two polysorbates were raised. The search of alternatives with preferably less reservations concerning degradation and product quality reducing issues leads, among others, to poloxamer 188 (e.g. Kolliphor® P188), a nonionic triblock-copolymer surfactant. This review sums up our current knowledge related to the characterization and physico-chemical properties of poloxamer 188, its analytics and stability properties for biological formulations. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages as a suitable polysorbate-alternative for the stabilization of biologics are discussed.
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Czeiszperger TL, Wang MP, Chung CS. Membrane stabilizer Poloxamer 188 improves yield of primary isolated rat cardiomyocytes without impairing function. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14382. [PMID: 32109347 PMCID: PMC7048379 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intact cardiomyocytes are used to investigate cardiac contractility and evaluate the efficacy of new therapeutic compounds. Primary enzymatic isolation of adult rodent cardiomyocytes has limitations, including low cardiomyocyte survival, which is likely due to ischemic conditions and/or membrane damage. The addition of Poloxamer 188 (P188) has been used to reduce ischemia‐ and membrane‐related damage in ischemia–reperfusion and muscular dystrophy studies. P188 stabilizes membranes, reducing cell death. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from rats, under three conditions: (1) using standard isolation solutions, (2) with P188 added during cannulation (ischemic event), and (3) with P188 added during cannulation, enzymatic digestion, and trituration. Cell survival was assessed by quantifying the number of rod‐shaped versus contracted cells on the day of isolation and up to 3 days post‐isolation. Adding P188 only during cannulation yielded improved survival on the day of isolation. Little difference in survival was seen among the three conditions in the days post‐isolation. Cardiomyocyte function was assessed by measuring calcium transients and unloaded sarcomere lengths for up to 2 days post‐isolation. P188 did not consistently alter calcium handling or sarcomere shortening in the isolated cardiomyocytes. We conclude that the addition of P188 to the cannulation (e.g., wash) of the isolated heart may improve initial survival of cardiomyocytes upon primary enzymatic isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madison P Wang
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Charles S Chung
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abstract
Background Sickle cell disease causes significant morbidity and mortality and affects the economic and healthcare status of many countries. Yet historically, the disease has not had commensurate outlays of funds that have been aimed at research and development of drugs and treatment procedures for other diseases. Methods This review examines several treatment modalities and new drugs developed since the late 1990s that have been used to improve outcomes for patients with sickle cell disease. Results Targeted therapies based upon the pathophysiologic mechanisms of sickle cell disease that result in organ dysfunction and painful episodes include hydroxyurea, L-glutamine, crizanlizumab, and other drugs that are currently on the market or are on the verge of becoming available. These agents have the potential to improve survival and quality of life for individuals with sickle cell disease. Also discussed is stem cell transplantation that, to date, is the only curative approach for this disease, as well as the current status of gene therapy. Conclusion These examples demonstrate how the current knowledge of sickle cell disease pathophysiology and treatment approaches intersect. Although interest in sickle cell research has blossomed, many more clinical trials need to be initiated and subjected to more strenuous examination and analysis than have been used in the past.
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Houang EM, Sham YY, Bates FS, Metzger JM. Muscle membrane integrity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: recent advances in copolymer-based muscle membrane stabilizers. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:31. [PMID: 30305165 PMCID: PMC6180502 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific premise, design, and structure-function analysis of chemical-based muscle membrane stabilizing block copolymers are reviewed here for applications in striated muscle membrane injury. Synthetic block copolymers have a rich history and wide array of applications from industry to biology. Potential for discovery is enabled by a large chemical space for block copolymers, including modifications in block copolymer mass, composition, and molecular architecture. Collectively, this presents an impressive chemical landscape to leverage distinct structure-function outcomes. Of particular relevance to biology and medicine, stabilization of damaged phospholipid membranes using amphiphilic block copolymers, classified as poloxamers or pluronics, has been the subject of increasing scientific inquiry. This review focuses on implementing block copolymers to protect fragile muscle membranes against mechanical stress. The review highlights interventions in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a fatal disease of progressive muscle deterioration owing to marked instability of the striated muscle membrane. Biophysical and chemical engineering advances are presented that delineate and expand upon current understanding of copolymer-lipid membrane interactions and the mechanism of stabilization. The studies presented here serve to underscore the utility of copolymer discovery leading toward the therapeutic application of block copolymers in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and potentially other biomedical applications in which membrane integrity is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne M Houang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yuk Y Sham
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, MN, USA.,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Joseph M Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 6-125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Poellmann MJ, Lee RC. Repair and Regeneration of the Wounded Cell Membrane. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Martindale JJ, Metzger JM. Uncoupling of increased cellular oxidative stress and myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by directed sarcolemma stabilization. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 67:26-37. [PMID: 24362314 PMCID: PMC3920738 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major clinical problem leading to cardiac dysfunction and myocyte death. It is widely held that I/R causes damage to membrane phospholipids, and is a significant mechanism of cardiac I/R injury. Molecular dissection of sarcolemmal damage in I/R, however, has been difficult to address experimentally. We studied here cardiac I/R injury under conditions targeting gain- or loss-of sarcolemma integrity. To implement gain-in-sarcolemma integrity during I/R, synthetic copolymer-based sarcolemmal stabilizers (CSS), including Poloxamer 188 (P188), were used as a tool to directly stabilize the sarcolemma. Consistent with the hypothesis of sarcolemmal stabilization, cellular markers of necrosis and apoptosis evident in untreated myocytes were fully blocked in sarcolemma stabilized myocytes. Unexpectedly, sarcolemmal stabilization of adult cardiac myocytes did not affect the status of myocyte-generated oxidants or lipid peroxidation in two independent assays. We also investigated the loss of sarcolemmal integrity using two independent genetic mouse models, dystrophin-deficient mdx or dysferlin knockout (Dysf KO) mice. Both models of sarcolemmal loss-of-function were severely affected by I/R injury ex vivo, and this was lessened by CSS. In vivo studies also showed that infarct size was significantly reduced in CSS-treated hearts. Mechanistically, these findings support a model whereby I/R-mediated increased myocyte oxidative stress is uncoupled from myocyte injury. Because the sarcolemma stabilizers used here do not transit across the myocyte membrane this is evidence that intracellular targets of oxidants are not sufficiently altered to affect cell death when sarcolemma integrity is preserved by synthetic stabilizers. These findings, in turn, suggest that sarcolemma destabilization, and consequent Ca(2+) mishandling, as a focal initiating mechanism underlying myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Martindale
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Joseph M Metzger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Townsend D, Yasuda S, Metzger J. Cardiomyopathy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: pathogenesis and prospect of membrane sealants as a new therapeutic approach. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 5:99-109. [PMID: 17187461 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating progressive disease of striated muscle deterioration. This fatal X-linked disorder results from the loss of the protein dystrophin, which in turn causes striated muscle membrane instability. Cardiac dysfunction is a growing problem in patients with DMD, but relatively little is known about the pathophysiology of the dystrophic heart. At present, there is no effective treatment for DMD and the current clinical approaches are primarily supportive in nature. This review will discuss the pathogenesis of DMD in the heart and discuss how these pathogenic processes have led to a new class of agents directed specifically at restoring membrane integrity to dystrophic myocardium. The tri-block poloxamers, specifically poloxamer 188 (P188), are able to stabilize the membranes of dystrophic myocardium in animal models and may offer a new therapeutic approach for cardiac disease in DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeWayne Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Juneman EB, Saleh L, Lancaster JJ, Thai HM, Markham B, Goldman S. The Effects of Poloxamer-188 on Left Ventricular Function in Chronic Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 60:293-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31825f6f88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Obstein KL, Martins FP, Fernández-Esparrach G, Thompson CC. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis using a reverse phase polymer. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:728-31. [PMID: 20135721 PMCID: PMC2817061 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i6.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the feasibility of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided celiac plexus neurolysis (CPN) using a poloxamer.
METHODS: In this prospective evaluation, six Yorkshire pigs underwent EUS-guided CPN. Three received an injection of 10 mL of 0.25% Lidocaine plus methylene blue (group 1) and three received an injection of 10 mL of 0.25% Lidocaine plus blue colored poloxamer (PS137-25) (group 2). Necropsy was performed immediately after the animals were sacrificed. The abdominal and pelvic cavities were examined for the presence of methylene blue and the blue colored poloxamer.
RESULTS: EUS-guided CPN was successfully performed in all 6 pigs without immediate complication. Methylene blue was identified throughout the peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavity in group 1. The blue colored poloxamer was found in the retroperitoneal cavity immediately adjacent to the aorta, in the exact location of the celiac plexus in group 2.
CONCLUSION: EUS-guided CPN using a reverse phase polymer in a non-survival porcine model was technically feasible. The presence of a poloxamer gel at the site of the celiac plexus at necropsy indicates a precise delivery of the neurolytic agent.
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Safety Assessment of Poloxamers 101, 105, 108, 122, 123, 124, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 212, 215, 217, 231, 234, 235, 237, 238, 282, 284, 288, 331, 333, 334, 335, 338, 401, 402, 403, and 407, Poloxamer 105 Benzoate, and Poloxamer 182 Dibenzoate as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2008; 27 Suppl 2:93-128. [DOI: 10.1080/10915810802244595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poloxamers are polyoxyethlyene, polyoxypropylene block polymers. The impurities of commercial grade Poloxamer 188, as an example, include low-molecular-weight substances (aldehydes and both formic and acetic acids), as well as 1,4-dioxane and residual ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. Most Poloxamers function in cosmetics as surfactants, emulsifying agents, cleansing agents, and/or solubilizing agents, and are used in 141 cosmetic products at concentrations from 0.005% to 20%. Poloxamers injected intravenously in animals are rapidly excreted in the urine, with some accumulation in lung, liver, brain, and kidney tissue. In humans, the plasma concentration of Poloxamer 188 (given intravenously) reached a maximum at 1 h, then reached a steady state. Poloxamers generally were ineffective in wound healing, but were effective in reducing postsurgical adhesions in several test systems. Poloxamers can cause hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in animals, but overall, they are relatively nontoxic to animals, with LD50 values reported from 5 to 34.6 g/kg. Short-term intravenous doses up to 4 g/kg of Poloxamer 108 produced no change in body weights, but did result in diffuse hepatocellular vacuolization, renal tubular dilation in kidneys, and dose-dependent vacuolization of epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. A short-term inhalation toxicity study of Poloxamer 101 at 97 mg/m3 identified slight alveolitis after 2 weeks of exposure, which subsided in the 2-week postexposure observation period. A short-term dermal tox-icity study of Poloxamer 184 in rabbits at doses up to 1000 mg/kg produced slight erythema and slight intradermal inflammatory response on histological examination, but no dose-dependent body weight, hematology, blood chemistry, ororgan weight changes. A6-month feeding study in rats and dogs of Poloxamer 188 at exposures up to 5% in the diet produced no adverse effects. Likewise, Poloxamer 331 (tested up to 0.5 g/kg day-1), Poloxamer 235 (tested up to 1.0 g/kg day-1), and Poloxamer 338 (at 0.2 or 1.0 g/kg day-1) produced no adverse effects in dogs. Poloxamer 338 (at 5.0 g/kg day-1) produced slight transient diarrhea in dogs. Poloxamer 188 at levels up to 7.5% in diet given to rats in a 2-year feeding study produced diarrhea at 5% and 7.5% levels, a small decrease in growth at the 7.5% level, but no change in survival. Doses up to 0.5 mg/kg day-1 for 2 years using rats produced yellow discoloration of the serum, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and elevated serum glutamicpyruvic transaminase and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activities. Poloxamers are minimal ocular irritants, but are not dermal irritants or sensitizers in animals. Data on reproductive and developmental toxicity of Poloxamers were not found. An Ames test did not identify any mutagenic activity of Poloxamer 407, with or without metabolic activation. Several studies have suggested anti-carcinogenic effects of Poloxamers. Poloxamers appear to increase the sensitivity to anticancer drugs of multidrug-resistant cancer cells. In clinical testing, Poloxamer 188 increased the hydration of feces when used in combination with a bulk laxative treatment. Compared to controls, one study of angioplasty patients receiving Poloxamer 188 found a reduced myocardial infarct size and a reduced incidence of reinfarction, with no evidence of toxicity, but two other studies found no effect. Poloxamer 188 given to patients suffering from sickle cell disease had decreased pain and decreased hospitilization, compared to controls. Clinical tests of dermal irritation and sensitization were uniformly negative. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel stressed that the cosmetic industry should continue to use the necessary purification procedures to keep the levels below established limits for ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,4-dioxane. The Panel did note the absence of reproductive and developmental toxicity data, but, based on molecular weight and solubility, there should be little skin penetration and any penetration of the skin should be slow. Also, the available data demonstrate that Poloxamers that are introduced into the body via routes other than dermal exposure have a rapid clearance from the body, suggesting that there would be no risk of reproductive and/or developmental toxicity. Overall, the available data do not suggest any concern about carcinogenesis. Although there are gaps in knowledge about product use, the overall information available on the types of products in which these ingredients are used, and at what concentration, indicates a pattern of use. Based on these safety test data and the information that the manufacturing process can be controlled to limit unwanted impurities, the Panel concluded that these Poloxamers are safe as used.
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Grossman PM, Mendelsohn F, Henry TD, Hermiller JB, Litt M, Saucedo JF, Weiss RJ, Kandzari DE, Kleiman N, Anderson RD, Gottlieb D, Karlsberg R, Snell J, Rocha-Singh K. Results from a phase II multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled study of Del-1 (VLTS-589) for intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. Am Heart J 2007; 153:874-80. [PMID: 17452167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared VLTS-589 (plasmid encoding the angiomatrix protein Del-1 in conjunction with poloxamer 188) with poloxamer 188 control, for the treatment of intermittent claudication in patients with moderate to severe peripheral arterial disease. METHODS Subjects with bilateral intermittent claudication and peak walking time (PWT) between 1 and 10 minutes on 2 qualifying (reproducible; within 25% of each other) treadmill tests were enrolled. Patients received VLTS-589 or poloxamer 188 control, administered as 21 intramuscular injections to each lower extremity (42 mL in each extremity). In addition to safety and tolerability, efficacy evaluations compared to baseline included the following: change in PWT at 90 days (primary end point), change in claudication onset time, change in ankle brachial index (ABI), and change in quality of life measures. RESULTS A total of 105 patients were randomized and treated. During the 30, 90, and 180 days follow-up, mean PWT, claudication onset time, and ABI were significantly increased compared to baseline values in both treatment groups with no significant difference between groups in the primary or secondary end points. In addition, both groups demonstrated significantly improved quality of life at follow-up vs baseline, with no significant differences between groups. Serious adverse events were similar in both groups--none were definitely treatment-related. CONCLUSION Intramuscular delivery of both Del-1 expressing plasmid and the control resulted in significant improvement in exercise capacity compared to baseline at 30, 90, and 180 days. There was no difference in outcome measures associated with the Del-1 plasmid.
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Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a frequent occurrence in muscular dystrophy, and heart disease in muscular dystrophy can contribute to both morbidity and mortality. A number of novel therapies are being developed for muscular dystrophy, and the efficacy of these therapies for heart disease is unknown. The most common X-linked recessive disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which arises from defects in the dystrophin gene. Therapy specifically aimed at DMD is reviewed in the context of its projected effect on cardiomyopathy associated with DMD. Additionally, novel therapies are being pursued to treat specifically the cardiomyopathy of DMD. There is substantial genetic heterogeneity underlying the muscular dystrophies, and not all muscular dystrophy patients develop cardiomyopathy. A subset of muscular dystrophies may place patients at significantly greater risk of developing cardiomyopathy and cardiac rhythm disturbances. These disorders are discussed, highlighting recent studies and recommendations for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M McNally
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Kabanov AV. Polymer genomics: an insight into pharmacology and toxicology of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1597-621. [PMID: 17126450 PMCID: PMC1853357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers and nanomaterials display selective phenotypic effects in cells and in the body signal transduction mechanisms involved in inflammation, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. When physically mixed or covalently conjugated with cytotoxic agents, bacterial DNA or antigens, polymers can drastically alter specific genetically controlled responses to these agents. These effects, in part, result from cooperative interactions of polymers and nanomaterials with plasma cell membranes and trafficking of polymers and nanomaterials to intracellular organelles. Cells and whole organism responses to these materials can be phenotype or genotype dependent. In selected cases, polymer agents can bypass limitations to biological responses imposed by the genotype, for example, phenotypic correction of immune response by polyelectrolytes. Overall, these effects are relatively benign as they do not result in cytotoxicity or major toxicities in the body. Collectively, however, these studies support the need for assessing pharmacogenomic effects of polymer materials to maximize clinical outcomes and understand the pharmacological and toxicological effects of polymer formulations of biological agents, i.e. polymer genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Durham Research Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5830, USA.
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Quinlan JG, Wong BL, Niemeier RT, McCullough AS, Levin L, Emanuele M. Poloxamer 188 failed to prevent exercise-induced membrane breakdown in mdx skeletal muscle fibers. Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 16:855-64. [PMID: 17118658 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine the effectiveness of poloxamer 188 (P188) in protecting dystrophin-deficient, mdx skeletal muscle fiber membrane against exercise-induced breaches. mdx mice were treated with either P188 or placebo via intraperitoneal injections and run on a treadmill for 60-90 min. Membrane breakdown was quantified in cross-sections of rectus femoris muscle pretreated with Evans blue dye (in vivo). The mean % dye-penetrated muscle in the P188 and placebo groups was not significantly different in each of three trials. These results contrast with a recent report of P188 being highly effective in protecting the stretch- and dobutamine-stressed mdx heart muscle. The most likely explanations for the disparity are: (1) the exercise stress we used was beyond the protective range of P188, (2) P188 delivery and serum concentration were sub-optimal, or (3) the mdx skeletal myopathy and cardiomyopathy have fundamentally different responses to treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathies/drug therapy
- Cardiomyopathies/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathies/physiopathology
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology
- Coloring Agents
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Routes
- Exercise Tolerance/drug effects
- Exercise Tolerance/physiology
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/drug therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Poloxamer/pharmacology
- Poloxamer/therapeutic use
- Sarcolemma/drug effects
- Sarcolemma/metabolism
- Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology
- Surface-Active Agents/therapeutic use
- Treatment Failure
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Quinlan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Cincinnati, 4010 Medical Science Building, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0525, USA.
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Boodhwani M, Cohn WE, Feng J, Ramlawi B, Mieno S, Schwarz A, Sellke FW. Safety and efficacy of a novel gel for vascular occlusion in off-pump surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80:2333-7. [PMID: 16305901 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Coronary occlusion techniques used during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery often provide suboptimal visualization and can damage the endothelium. We evaluated a novel gel with reverse thermosensitive properties for internal vessel occlusion during off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. DESCRIPTION Yorkshire pigs (n = 6 per group) underwent two cycles of mid-left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion using the gel (injected into the artery) or microvascular clamps (control group) followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Regional wall motion and LAD flow were monitored, microvessel relaxation responses were evaluated, and myocardial tissue was analyzed histologically. EVALUATION Complete left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion was successfully achieved using the gel (median ischemic time, 14 minutes; range, 4.5 to 24 minutes). Anterior wall motion abnormalities as well as flow patterns in the reperfused left anterior descending coronary artery were similar in both groups. Microvessel relaxation to substance P was mildly impaired (-11.7 +/- 2.8% vs control; p < 0.001) in the left anterior descending coronary artery territory, but response to adenosine diphosphate and sodium nitroprusside was unaffected. Mild contraction band necrosis was present in both groups, consistent with mild ischemia-reperfusion injury. CONCLUSIONS The gel represents a safe and effective method of vessel occlusion with a potentially important role in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Boodhwani
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Ballas SK, Files B, Luchtman-Jones L, Benjamin L, Swerdlow P, Hilliard L, Coates T, Abboud M, Wojtowicz-Praga S, Grindel JM. Safety of purified poloxamer 188 in sickle cell disease: phase I study of a non-ionic surfactant in the management of acute chest syndrome. Hemoglobin 2005; 28:85-102. [PMID: 15182051 DOI: 10.1081/hem-120035919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is the most common cause of death in patients with sickle cell anemia. Its management is primarily palliative. We performed a Phase I evaluation of purified poloxamer 188 (a non-ionic surfactant) in the management of ACS. Forty-three patients with sickle cell disease and ACS were treated with doses as high as 2960 mg/day by continuous intravenous (IV) infusion. The maximum tolerated dose has not been identified. No evidence of renal toxicity or other limiting adverse events were found. One adult patient died due to sepsis and adult respiratory distress syndrome, which were unrelated to treatment. Poloxamer 188 is safe to administer to patients with ACS, and preliminary data suggest that it may shorten its duration and the length of hospitalization in a dose related manner. Children appeared to benefit more than adults. The data and safety profile justify further studies with purified poloxamer 188 in the treatment of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Ballas
- Cardeza Foundation, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Raymond J, Metcalfe A, Salazkin I, Schwarz A. Temporary vascular occlusion with poloxamer 407. Biomaterials 2004; 25:3983-9. [PMID: 15046888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for safe and reversible occlusions during percutaneous endovascular procedures. Poloxamer 407 is a non-ionic surfactant with rapid reversible sol-gel transition behaviour. The safety and efficacy of this polymer as a temporary embolic agent was investigated. First, dissolution time after gelation of poloxamer was determined in an in vitro model. Then, transient poloxamer occlusion of renal and pulmonary arteries of seven dogs was followed by serial angiograms. Macroscopic and pathological changes were studied 1 week later. This experiment was repeated in similar arteries in one pig, and in auricular arteries of two rabbits. Poloxamer dissolution after in vitro polymerization was completed within 1-20 h, depending on concentrations. In vivo poloxamer 22% injections led to complete occlusion, followed by full recanalization within 10-90 min without complication. The only biochemical effect of poloxamer occlusions was transient elevation of triglyceride levels. There were no pathological abnormalities at 1 week. Poloxamer 407 could be used as an embolic material for temporary occlusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Raymond
- Interventional Neuroradiology Laboratory, CHUM Research Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Mailloux Pavilion M-8206, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Que., Canada H2L 4M1.
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Curry DJ, Wright DA, Lee RC, Kang UJ, Frim DM. Poloxamer 188 Volumetrically Decreases Neuronal Loss in the Rat in a Time-dependent Manner. Neurosurgery 2004; 55:943-8; discussion 948-9. [PMID: 15458603 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000137890.29862.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excitotoxicity is a multistep process that results in either necrosis or apoptosis. It has been associated with neuronal death in trauma, ischemia, and neurodegeneration. The final step in necrotic cell death is the rupture of a cell's plasma membrane; repair of this membrane rupture is a potentially powerful technique of neuroprotection. Poloxamer 188 (P-188) is a synthetic surfactant that seals experimentally porated membranes. This study investigated the usefulness and time dependence of intrathecal P-188 in protecting neurons in an in vivo model of excitotoxicity in the rat. METHODS Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats underwent striatal infusion of quinolinic acid to produce a spherical excitotoxic lesion. Each animal then received either vehicle or P-188 at 10 minutes, 4 hours, or both time points after surgery by direct cisterna magna injection. Animals were killed at 1 week, and brains were stained immunohistochemically for the neuronal marker Neu-N. Volumes of neuronal loss were calculated and compared between groups by analysis of variance. RESULTS All animals were found to have spherical, stereotyped lesions. The animals that received intrathecal poloxamer at the early injection time had statistically smaller lesions (8.16 +/- 6.12 mm(3); n = 5; P = 0.0015) than controls (18.25 +/- 11.42 mm(3); n = 11). Those animals that received poloxamer at both injection times also had statistically smaller lesions (10.57 +/- 9.00 mm(3); n = 7; P = 0.0095). The group that received poloxamer at the late injection time only did not have significantly decreased lesion size (14.86 +/- 7.95 mm(3); n = 5). CONCLUSION Intrathecal P-188 reduces neuronal loss after excitotoxic injury in the rat only when delivered immediately after the toxin. This observation confirms the potential of surfactant molecules as neuroprotectants but predicts that their usefulness is best realized by early and potentially ongoing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Curry
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Dadswell CM, Savay S, Alving CR, Szebeni J. Causative factors behind poloxamer 188 (Pluronic F68, Flocor™)-induced complement activation in human sera. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1689:103-13. [PMID: 15196591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Poloxamer 188 is a complex polydisperse mixture of non-ionic macromolecules. Adverse non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions occur in some individuals following intravenous injection of poloxamer 188-based pharmaceuticals, presumably via complement activation. Here we have delineated potential causal chemical and biological interactive factors behind poloxamer 188-induced complement activation in human serum specimens. We identified the molecular constituents inherent in poloxamer 188 preparations and studied their effect on generation of the two complement split products, SC5b-9 and Bb. Poloxamer 188 activated complement at sub-micellar concentrations and the results indicated the potential involvement of all three known complement activation pathways. The poloxamer-induced rise of SC5b-9 in human sera was abolished in the presence of a recombinant truncated soluble form of complement receptor type 1, thus confirming the role of C3/C5 convertases in the activation process. Poloxamer 188-mediated complement activation is an intrinsic property of these macromolecules and was independent of the degree of sample polydispersity, as opposed to other non-polymeric constituents. Poloxamer 188 preparations also contained unsaturated chains of diblock copolymers capable of generating SC5b-9 in human sera; this effect was terminated following the removal of double bonds by catalytic hydrogenation. By quasi-elastic light scattering, we established interaction between poloxamer and lipoproteins; interestingly, poloxamer-induced rise in SC5b-9 was significantly suppressed when serum HDL and LDL cholesterol levels were increased above normal to mimic two relevant clinical situations. This observation was consistent with previously reported data from patients with abnormal or elevated lipid profiles where no or poor complement activation by poloxamer 188 occurred. Our findings could provide the basis of novel approaches to the prevention of poloxamer-mediated complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moein Moghimi
- Molecular Targeting and Polymer Toxicology Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewis Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Kabanov AV, Okano T. Challenges in polymer therapeutics: state of the art and prospects of polymer drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 519:1-27. [PMID: 12675205 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47932-x_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Kabanov
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
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Takáts Z, Vékey K, Hegedüs L. Qualitative and quantitative determination of poloxamer surfactants by mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:805-810. [PMID: 11344541 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Poloxamers are polyethylene-polypropylene glycol linear co-polymers. A simple matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) method has been developed for the determination of the average molecular weight of poloxamers. The molecular mass of five standard poloxamers determined by MALDI closely corresponds to that specified by the manufacturers, and no mass distribution effects were observed. Quantitation of distributions based on the molecular mass envelope using electrospray (ES) ionization was unsuccessful. To overcome this problem, quantitation was based on fragment ions (m/z 45 and 59) which gave reproducible signals using a very high orifice voltage ( approximately 200 eV). Poloxamer concentrations were determined accurately with a good linear response using the standard addition method. We believe that the use of very small fragment ions for quantitation of polymers may become a widely applicable general technique.
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MESH Headings
- Calibration
- Molecular Weight
- Ophthalmic Solutions/analysis
- Poloxamer/analysis
- Poloxamer/chemistry
- Reproducibility of Results
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/standards
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/standards
- Surface-Active Agents/analysis
- Surface-Active Agents/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Takáts
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Hungary.
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Moghimi SM, Hunter AC. Poloxamers and poloxamines in nanoparticle engineering and experimental medicine. Trends Biotechnol 2000; 18:412-20. [PMID: 10998507 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(00)01485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poloxamers and poloxamine nonionic surfactants have diverse applications in various biomedical fields ranging from drug delivery and medical imaging to management of vascular diseases and disorders. Although this is a progressive, rapidly advancing field in biotechnology, the future will depend on the recognition and rectification of a range of toxicity issues, which have to be addressed but have frequently been ignored until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Moghimi
- The Molecular Targeting and Polymer Toxicology Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Cockcroft Building, University of Brighton, BN2 4GJ., Brighton, UK.
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