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Lee WS, Abel ED, Kim J. New Insights into IGF-1 Signaling in the Heart. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38713091 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00003.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling has multiple physiological roles in cellular growth, metabolism, and aging. Myocardial hypertrophy, cell death, senescence, fibrosis, and electrical remodeling are hallmarks of various heart diseases and contribute to the progression of heart failure. This review highlights the critical role of IGF-1 and its cognate receptor in cardiac hypertrophy, aging, and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - E Dale Abel
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Qiu Y, Pan X, Chen Y, Xiao J. Hallmarks of exercised heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 164:126-135. [PMID: 34914934 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of exercise in humans on the heart have been well recognized for many years. Long-term endurance exercise training can induce physiologic cardiac hypertrophy with normal or enhanced heart function, and provide protective benefits in preventing heart failure. The heart-specific responses that occur during exercise are complex and highly variable. This review mainly focuses on the current understanding of the structural and functional cardiac adaptations to exercise as well as molecular pathways and signaling proteins responsible for these changes. Here, we summarize eight tentative hallmarks that represent common denominators of the exercised heart. These hallmarks are: cardiomyocyte growth, cardiomyocyte fate reprogramming, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, mitochondrial remodeling, epigenetic alteration, enhanced endothelial function, quiescent cardiac fibroblast, and improved cardiac metabolism. A major challenge is to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms for cardio-protective effects of exercise, and to identify therapeutic targets for heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiu
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Iswandi CP, van den Berg VJ, Simsek S, van Velzen D, Boekel ET, Cornel JH, de Boer S, de Mulder M, Akkerhuis KM, Boersma E, Umans VA, Kardys I. IGF-1 is not related to long-term outcome in hyperglycemic acute coronary syndrome patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2021; 18:14791641211047436. [PMID: 34851758 PMCID: PMC8743970 DOI: 10.1177/14791641211047436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has been associated with both protective and detrimental effects on the development of ischemic heart disease. The relationship between IGF-1 levels and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IGF-1 admission levels in hyperglycemic ACS patients and: (1) MACE over a 5 years follow-up, (2) type 2 diabetes at discharge, and (3) post-ACS myocardial infarct size and dysfunction. METHODS This was a post hoc analysis of the BIOMArCS-2 randomized controlled trial. From July 2008 to February 2012, 276 ACS patients with admission plasma glucose level between 140 and 288 mg/dL were included. Records of the composite of all-cause mortality and recurrent non-fatal myocardial infarction were obtained during 5 years follow-up. Venous blood samples were collected on admission. IGF-1 was measured batchwise after study completion. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed to diagnose type 2 diabetes, whereas infarct size and left ventricular function were assessed by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) imaging, 6 weeks post-ACS. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of MACE was 24% at 5 years follow-up. IGF-1 was not independently associated with MACE (HR:1.00 (95%CI:0.99-1.00), p = 0.29). Seventy-eight patients (28%) had type 2 diabetes at discharge, and the highest quartile of IGF-1 levels was associated with the lowest incidence of diabetes (HR:0.40 (95%CI:0.17-0.95), p = 0.037). IGF-1 levels were not associated with post-ACS myocardial infarct size and dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS IGF-1 carries potential for predicting type 2 diabetes, rather than long-term cardiovascular outcomes and post-ACS myocardial infarct size and dysfunction, in hyperglycemic ACS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindya P Iswandi
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Victor J van den Berg
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Suat Simsek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Daan van Velzen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Edwin Ten Boekel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Hein Cornel
- Department of Cardiology, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Sanneke de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Maarten de Mulder
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Martijn Akkerhuis
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric Boersma
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Victor A Umans
- Department of Cardiology, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, Netherlands
| | - Isabella Kardys
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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PCOS and Depression: Common Links and Potential Targets. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:3106-3123. [PMID: 34642910 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PCOS or polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that occurs during the reproductive age in females. It manifests in the form of a wide range of symptoms including (but not limited to) hirsutism, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, obesity, acne vulgaris, infertility, alopecia, and insulin resistance. The incidence of depression in PCOS population is increasing as compared to the general population. Increased depression in PCOS significantly alters the quality of life (QOL) of affected females. Also, self-esteem is found to be low in both depression and PCOS. The loss in self-esteem in such patients can be largely attributed to the associated factors including (but not limited to) obesity, acne, androgenic alopecia, and hirsutism. The reason behind the occurrence of depression in PCOS remains elusive to date. Literature suggests that there is an overlap of clinical symptoms between depression and PCOS. As the symptoms overlap, there is a possibility of common associations between depression, PCOS, and PCOS-associated abnormalities including insulin resistance (IR), obesity, CVD, and androgen excess. Studies demonstrate that depression is an inflammatory disorder marked with increased levels of inflammatory markers. On the other hand, PCOS is also regarded as a pro-inflammatory state that is characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory markers. Thus, there is a possibility of an inflammatory relationship existing between depression and PCOS. It is also possible that the inflammatory markers in PCOS can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leading to the development of depression. Through the present review, we have attempted to shed light on common associations/shared links between depression and PCOS with respect to the levels of cortisol, androgen, vitamin D, neurotransmitters, monoaminoxidase (MAO), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Tracking down common associations between depression and PCOS will help find potential drug therapies and improve the QOL of females with depression in PCOS.
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Schüler R, Markova M, Osterhoff MA, Arafat A, Pivovarova O, Machann J, Hierholzer J, Hornemann S, Rohn S, Pfeiffer AFH. Similar dietary regulation of IGF-1- and IGF-binding proteins by animal and plant protein in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3499-3504. [PMID: 33686453 PMCID: PMC8354897 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased animal but not plant protein intake has been associated with increased mortality in epidemiological studies in humans and with reduced lifespan in animal species. Protein intake increases the activity of the IGF-1 system which may provide a link to reduced lifespan. We, therefore, compared the effects of animal versus plant protein intake on circulating levels of IGF-1 and the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-2 over a 6-week period. Thirty seven participants with type 2 diabetes consumed isocaloric diets composed of either 30% energy (EN) animal or plant protein, 30% EN fat and 40% EN carbohydrates for 6 weeks. The participants were clinically phenotyped before and at the end of the study. Both diets induced similar and significant increases of IGF-1 which was unaffected by the different amino acid compositions of plant and animal protein. Despite improvements of insulin sensitivity and major reductions of liver fat, IGFBP2 decreased with both diets while IGFBP-1 was not altered. We conclude that animal and plant protein similarly increase IGF-1 bioavailability while improving metabolic parameters and may be regarded as equivalent in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Schüler
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mariya Markova
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin A Osterhoff
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayman Arafat
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Section of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hierholzer
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Academic Teaching Hospital, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Silke Hornemann
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
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Feng J, Wu Y, Chen W, Li J, Wang X, Chen Y, Yu Y, Shen Z, Zhang Y. Sustained release of bioactive IGF-1 from a silk fibroin microsphere-based injectable alginate hydrogel for the treatment of myocardial infarction. J Mater Chem B 2019; 8:308-315. [PMID: 31808500 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01971e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Low circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) have been correlated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases in humans. In this work, an injectable alginate hydrogel containing silk fibroin (SF) microspheres with the capability to sustain the release of IGF-1 was prepared to induce myocardial repair after myocardial infarction (MI). First, IGF-1 was physically adsorbed onto SF microspheres prepared by the coaxial needle system, and these IGF-1-containing microspheres were subsequently encapsulated into sodium alginate solutions at different concentrations (1.0-2.5%). Finally, this solution was crosslinked with 0.68% calcium gluconate solution to prepare the composite injectable hydrogel. The composite hydrogel prepared using a sodium alginate solution at a concentration of 1.5% could promote proliferation of H9C2 cardiomyocytes and reduce the cellular apoptosis rate under hypoxic conditions. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that SF microspheres as microcarriers could effectively enhance the sustained release of IGF-1 from the hydrogels, causing the composite hydrogel to possess a better sustained release ability than the system without the SF microspheres. Moreover, echocardiography, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and Masson trichrome staining results indicated that an intramyocardial injection of the composite hydrogel into the peripheral region of a MI rat model could reduce the infarct size and improve the cardiac function after 28 days. The applications of such a composite hydrogel may comprise a powerful platform in cardiac tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China and The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China
| | - Weiqian Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China
| | - Yueqiu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China
| | - Yunsheng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P. R. China. and Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215007, P. R. China
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Steffensen LB, Conover CA, Oxvig C. PAPP-A and the IGF system in atherosclerosis: what's up, what's down? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1039-H1049. [PMID: 31518159 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00395.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a metalloproteinase with a well-established role in releasing bioactive insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) from IGF-binding protein-2, -4, and -5 by proteolytic processing of these. The IGF system has repeatedly been suggested to be involved in the pathology of atherosclerosis, and both PAPP-A and IGF-1 are proposed biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this disease. Several experimental approaches based on atherosclerosis mouse models have been undertaken to obtain causative and mechanistic insight to the role of these molecules in atherogenesis. However, reports seem conflicting. The literature suggests that PAPP-A is detrimental, while IGF-1 is beneficial. This raises important questions that need to be addressed. Here we summarize the various studies and discuss potential underlying explanations for this seemingly inconsistency with the objective of better understanding complexities and limitations when manipulating the IGF system in mouse models of atherosclerosis. A debate clarifying what's up and what's down is highly warranted going forward with the ultimate goal of improving atherosclerosis therapy by targeting the IGF system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse B Steffensen
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Yao J, Ke J, Zhou Z, Tan G, Yin Y, Liu M, Chen J, Wu W. Combination of HGF and IGF-1 promotes connexin 43 expression and improves ventricular arrhythmia after myocardial infarction through activating the MAPK/ERK and MAPK/p38 signaling pathways in a rat model. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2019; 9:346-354. [PMID: 31555539 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2019.07.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background In this study, we hypothesized that the combination of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) alters the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) and results in a reduced frequency of induced ventricular arrhythmia in rats after myocardial infarction (MI) and explored the preliminary mechanisms involved. Methods Cardiomyocytes were cultured in vitro in medium with PBS, HGF, IGF-1, GFs (HGF + IGF-1), HGF + p38 inhibitor, HGF + ERK inhibitor, IGF-1 + p38 inhibitor or IGF-1 + ERK inhibitor. The expression of Cx43 was tested by real-time PCR and Western blotting after 48 hours. MI was induced in 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups and received an injection of PBS, HGF, IGF-1 or GFs into the infarct border zone two weeks after MI. Six weeks after injection, the expression levels of Cx43 and programmed stimulation-induced ventricular arrhythmias were examined. Results In vitro, the expression of Cx43 mRNA and the Cx43 protein in cardiomyocytes was higher in the HGF, IGF-1, and GFs groups than in the PBS group. GFs had a combinatorial effect on the Cx43 mRNA level but not on the Cx43 protein level. There was a significant reduction in Cx43 mRNA and Cx43 protein levels in the IGF-1 + p38 inhibitor group and IGF-1 + ERK inhibitor group compared to the IGF-1 group. In vivo, programmed stimulation significantly decreased the frequency of ventricular arrhythmia in the GFs, HGF and IGF-1 groups, and this effect was accompanied by increased immunohistochemical staining for Cx43, myocardial Cx43 protein levels and Cx43 mRNA levels in the infarct border zone of the left ventricle compared with those in the PBS group. The combinatorial effect of GFs on Cx43 expression was only observed at the mRNA level. Conclusions Both HGF and IGF-1 enhanced the expression of Cx43 and improved induced ventricular arrhythmia in rats with MI. Both synergistic and antagonistic effects of HGF and IGF-1 were not observed. In addition, IGF-1 may function through the MAPK/p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways to regulate Cx43 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jierong Yao
- Department of Interventional Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou 515000, China
| | - Jianting Ke
- Nephrology Department, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Zhijuan Zhou
- Department of Interventional Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Guangyi Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Nanhai People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yuelan Yin
- Department of Interventional Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Mao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Interventional Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Interventional Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Interventional Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
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Maximus PS. Insulin like growth factor 1 is linked to higher cardiovascular risk score in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2613-2618. [PMID: 31405684 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a peptide that shares sequence homology with insulin and has endocrine, paracrine and autocrine functions, acts on endothelial cells, and stimulates angiogenesis. IGF1 also affects renal hemodynamics both directly and indirectly by interacting with the renin-angiotensin system. OBJECTIVE The study aimed at detecting a relation between age-adjusted IGF1 (AAIGF1) and cardiovascular risk score in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. DESIGN Patients were 90 females and 42 males with different stages of CKD ranging from 0 to 4. After taking a consent, serum IGF1 was recorded and adjusted for the age of the patient using the IGF1 score equation: {[(log IGF-1 + 0.00625xage)-2.555]/0.104}. Both univariate and multivariate regression analyses of AAIGF1 to different metabolic parameters and microvascular complications of type 2 DM were done. A ROC curve for CV risk score was issued. RESULTS AAIGF1 showed a significant bidirectional change with the stage of CKD. Univariate analysis was done including cardiovascular parameters in relations to AAIGF1. A significant positive correlation was found between AAIGF1 and CV risk score (B = 0.036, p = 0.003), SBP (B = 0.030, P = 0.004) and DBP (B = 0.071, P = 0.000), with a reciprocal relation to EF (B = -0.050, P = 0.016). Multivariate regression showed a significant correlation between AAIGF1 and age, HOMAIR, HOMAB, Uric acid. A ROC curve with AUC of 0.675, P = 0.003, showed that AAIGF1 of approximately -1.7 is a cut off for intermediate CV risk (10 year risk score >7.5%). CONCLUSION AAIGF1 shows a bidirectional relation to the grade of chronic kidney disease in adults with type 2 DM. A cut off point for AAIGF1 was set to indicate intermediate CV risk score, which can encourage using AAIGF1 as a prognostic marker for higher CV risk score. Medications that modulate IGF1 level can affect CV risk.
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Abstract
Non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. For this reason, a tremendous effort is being made worldwide to effectively circumvent these afflictions, where insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is being proposed both as a marker and as a central cornerstone in these diseases, making it an interesting molecule to focus on. Firstly, at the initiation of metabolic deregulation by overfeeding, IGF1 is decreased/inhibited. Secondly, such deficiency seems to be intimately related to the onset of MetS and establishment of vascular derangements leading to atherosclerosis and finally playing a definitive part in cerebrovascular and myocardial accidents, where IGF1 deficiency seems to render these organs vulnerable to oxidative and apoptotic/necrotic damage. Several human cohort correlations together with basic/translational experimental data seem to confirm deep IGF1 implication, albeit with controversy, which might, in part, be given by experimental design leading to blurred result interpretation.
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Fiorentino TV, Marini MA, Succurro E, Andreozzi F, Perticone M, Hribal ML, Sciacqua A, Perticone F, Sesti G. One-Hour Postload Hyperglycemia: Implications for Prediction and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3131-3143. [PMID: 30020454 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recently, a value of 1-hour postload glucose concentration (1-h-PG) ≥155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/L) in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) has been found to be associated with an increased risk for future type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this review, we analyze the implication of 1-h-PG determination in prediction of T2DM and cardiovascular disease. DESIGN A literature search was performed using MEDLINE. We included all English studies published up to February 2018 in peer-reviewed journals that examined the relationship between 1-h-PG and diabetes, cardiometabolic alterations, organ damage, and cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Several longitudinal studies have consistently shown that 1-h-PG ≥155 mg/dL can recognize individuals at increased risk for future T2DM among subjects with NGT. Additionally, we describe the pathophysiological abnormalities associated with 1-h-PG ≥155 mg/dL including impaired insulin sensitivity, β-cell dysfunction, and increased glucose intestinal absorption, which are known to be involved in T2DM pathogenesis. Importantly, numerous studies have demonstrated that a value of 1-h-PG ≥155 mg/dL in individuals with NGT is not only linked to an increased risk for future T2DM, but also able to identify those having a worse cardiovascular phenotype and an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although 1-h-PG determination is not currently recommended by the American Diabetes Association for identifying high-risk individuals, the available evidence indicates that a value of 1-h-PG ≥155 mg/dL may be a useful tool to recognize, among subjects with NGT, those at increased risk of T2DM and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vanessa Fiorentino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Elena Succurro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Perticone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marta Letizia Hribal
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Perticone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, Italy
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12
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Strazhesko ID, Tkacheva ON, Akasheva DU, Dudinskaya EN, Plokhova EV, Pykhtina VS, Kruglikova AS, Brailova NV, Sharashkina NV, Kashtanova DA, Isaykina OY, Pokrovskaya MS, Vygodin VA, Ozerova IN, Skvortsov DA, Boytsov SA. Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, Insulin Resistance, and Leukocyte Telomere Length as Determinants of Arterial Aging in Subjects Free of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Genet 2017; 8:198. [PMID: 29375617 PMCID: PMC5770739 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased arterial stiffness (AS), intima-media thickness (IMT), and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques (PP) have been considered as important aspects of vascular aging. It is well documented that the cardiovascular system is an important target organ for growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in humans, and GH /IGF-1 deficiency significantly increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The telomere length of peripheral blood leukocytes (LTL) is a biomarker of cellular senescence and that has been proposed as an independent predictor of (CVD). The aim of this study is to determine the role of GH/IGF-1, LTL and their interaction cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in the vascular aging. Methods: The study group included 303 ambulatory participants free of known CVD (104 males and 199 females) with a mean age of 51.8 ± 13.3 years. All subjects had one or more CVRF [age, smoking, arterial hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, fasting hyperglycemia, insulin resistance-HOMA (homeostatic model assessment) >2.5, or high glycated hemoglobin]. The study sample was divided into the two groups according to age as "younger" (m ≤ 45 years, f ≤ 55 years) and "older" (m > 45 years, f > 55 years). IMT and PP were determined by ultrasonography, AS was determined by measuring the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (c-f PWV) using the SphygmoCor system (AtCor Medical). LTL was determined by PCR. Serum IGF-1 and GH concentrations we measured by immunochemiluminescence analysis. Results: Multiple linear regression analysis with adjustment for CVRF indicated that HOMA, GH, IGF-1, and LTL had an independent relationship with all the arterial wall parameters investigated in the younger group. In the model with c-f PWV as a dependent variable, p < 0.001 for HOMA, p = 0.03 for GH, and p = 0.004 for LTL. In the model with IMT as a dependent variable, p = 0.0001 for HOMA, p = 0.044 for GH, and p = 0.004 for IGF-1. In the model with the number of plaques as a dependent variable, p = 0.0001 for HOMA, and p = 0.045 for IGF-1. In the older group, there were no independent significant associations between GH/IGF-1, LTL, HOMA, and arterial wall characteristics. Conclusions: GH/IGF-1, IR, HOMA, and LTL were the important parameters of arterial aging in younger healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina D Strazhesko
- Department of Clinical Cardiology and Molecular Genetics, Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Age-associated Diseases, Medical Scientific and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga N Tkacheva
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dariga U Akasheva
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Obesity, Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N Dudinskaya
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Plokhova
- Department of Cardiology, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of the Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina S Pykhtina
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Kruglikova
- Department of Aging and Age-associated Diseases Prevention, Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Brailova
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Sharashkina
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A Kashtanova
- Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olesya Y Isaykina
- Department of Primary Prevention of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in the Healthcare System, Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya S Pokrovskaya
- Biobank, Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Vygodin
- Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Laboratory of Biostatistics, Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina N Ozerova
- Department of Biochemical Markers of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Federal State Institution National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Skvortsov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A Boytsov
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in cardiac aging. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1931-1938. [PMID: 28847512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in most developed countries. Aging is associated with enhanced risk of CVD. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) binds to its cognate receptor, IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and exerts pleiotropic effects on cell growth, differentiation, development, and tissue repair. Importantly, IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling is implicated in cardiac aging and longevity. Cardiac aging is an intrinsic process that results in cardiac dysfunction, accompanied by molecular and cellular changes. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the link between the IGF-1/IGF-1R system and cardiac aging. The biological effects of IGF-1R and insulin receptor will be discussed and compared. Furthermore, we describe data regarding how deletion of IGF-1R in cardiomyocytes of aged knockout mice may delay the development of senescence-associated myocardial pathologies. This article is part of a Special issue entitled Cardiac adaptations to obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, edited by Professors Jan F.C. Glatz, Jason R.B. Dyck and Christine Des Rosiers.
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14
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Sivasubramaniyam T, Schroer SA, Li A, Luk CT, Shi SY, Besla R, Dodington DW, Metherel AH, Kitson AP, Brunt JJ, Lopes J, Wagner KU, Bazinet RP, Bendeck MP, Robbins CS, Woo M. Hepatic JAK2 protects against atherosclerosis through circulating IGF-1. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93735. [PMID: 28724798 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered both a metabolic and inflammatory disease; however, the specific tissue and signaling molecules that instigate and propagate this disease remain unclear. The liver is a central site of inflammation and lipid metabolism that is critical for atherosclerosis, and JAK2 is a key mediator of inflammation and, more recently, of hepatic lipid metabolism. However, precise effects of hepatic Jak2 on atherosclerosis remain unknown. We show here that hepatic Jak2 deficiency in atherosclerosis-prone mouse models exhibited accelerated atherosclerosis with increased plaque macrophages and decreased plaque smooth muscle cell content. JAK2's essential role in growth hormone signalling in liver that resulted in reduced IGF-1 with hepatic Jak2 deficiency played a causal role in exacerbating atherosclerosis. As such, restoring IGF-1 either pharmacologically or genetically attenuated atherosclerotic burden. Together, our data show hepatic Jak2 to play a protective role in atherogenesis through actions mediated by circulating IGF-1 and, to our knowledge, provide a novel liver-centric mechanism in atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharini Sivasubramaniyam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Stephanie A Schroer
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology
| | - Cynthia T Luk
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Sally Yu Shi
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Rickvinder Besla
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
| | - David W Dodington
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex P Kitson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jara J Brunt
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science
| | - Joshua Lopes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
| | - Kay-Uwe Wagner
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle P Bendeck
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clinton S Robbins
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science.,Department of Immunology.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Kundi H, Gok M, Kiziltunc E, Cetin M, Ornek E. Association of IGF-1 with coronary collateral circulation in stable coronary artery disease. Biomark Med 2017; 11:527-534. [PMID: 28685580 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between coronary collateral circulation (CCC) grade and serum IGF-1 levels in patients diagnosed with stable coronary artery disease. Methods: Totally, 190 consecutive patients with stable coronary artery disease who underwent coronary angiography were included in this study. Results: The patients with good CCC had significantly higher IGF-1 levels compared with the poor ones. On the contrary, hs-CRP was significantly lower in the good CCC group. We also demonstrated that IGF-1 level was significantly related with the grade of CCC. Conclusion: We believe that measurement of IGF-1 level may help clinicians for predicting CCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Kundi
- Cardiology Department, Ankara Numune Education & Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Gok
- Cardiology Department, Ankara Numune Education & Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emrullah Kiziltunc
- Cardiology Department, Ankara Numune Education & Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cetin
- Cardiology Department, Ankara Numune Education & Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ender Ornek
- Cardiology Department, Ankara Numune Education & Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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16
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Unsal Sac R, Tasar MA, Tiras U, Savas Erdeve S, Dallar Bilge Y. A CHILD WITH LARON SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH VASCULITIS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2016; 12:465-468. [PMID: 31149133 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2016.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Levels of insulin-like growth factor-I are characteristically low in Laron syndrome which is a factor that has important roles on vascular health and development. Congenital insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency was reported to be associated with some vascular disorders. However, vasculitis diseases and Laron Syndrome association has not been reported in English literature up to date. Patient We report the case of a two and a half years old Turkish girl, who was diagnosed as Laron syndrome when she was 12 months old. She presented with acute vasculitis lesions. Her physical examination and laboratory studies did not reveal a specific infectious agent or also an autoimmune disease was not detected. Her lesions disappeared during hospitalization without a complication. Conclusion Since insulin-like growth factor-I reduces endothelial cell oxidative stress and maintains the structural integrity of vessels, some common mechanisms might be responsible for the occurrence of vasculitis in this patient with Laron syndome. The role of insulin-like growth factor-I and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I treatment choice in vasculitis diseases is a matter of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Unsal Sac
- Ministry of Health Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Dept. of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M A Tasar
- Ministry of Health Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Dept. of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - U Tiras
- Acıbadem Maslak Hospital - Pediatrics Clinics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Savas Erdeve
- "Dr. Sami Ulus" Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital, Dept. of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Y Dallar Bilge
- Ministry of Health Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Dept. of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Shimizu I, Minamino T. Physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 97:245-62. [PMID: 27262674 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 611] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The heart must continuously pump blood to supply the body with oxygen and nutrients. To maintain the high energy consumption required by this role, the heart is equipped with multiple complex biological systems that allow adaptation to changes of systemic demand. The processes of growth (hypertrophy), angiogenesis, and metabolic plasticity are critically involved in maintenance of cardiac homeostasis. Cardiac hypertrophy is classified as physiological when it is associated with normal cardiac function or as pathological when associated with cardiac dysfunction. Physiological hypertrophy of the heart occurs in response to normal growth of children or during pregnancy, as well as in athletes. In contrast, pathological hypertrophy is induced by factors such as prolonged and abnormal hemodynamic stress, due to hypertension, myocardial infarction etc. Pathological hypertrophy is associated with fibrosis, capillary rarefaction, increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cellular dysfunction (impairment of signaling, suppression of autophagy, and abnormal cardiomyocyte/non-cardiomyocyte interactions), as well as undesirable epigenetic changes, with these complex responses leading to maladaptive cardiac remodeling and heart failure. This review describes the key molecules and cellular responses involved in physiological/pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Division of Molecular Aging and Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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18
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Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Shai SY, Danchuk S, Tang R, Snarski P, Li Z, Lobelle-Rich P, Wang M, Wang D, Yu H, Korthuis R, Delafontaine P. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Deficiency in Macrophages Accelerates Atherosclerosis and Induces an Unstable Plaque Phenotype in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Circulation 2016; 133:2263-78. [PMID: 27154724 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.021805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that systemic infusion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and reduces atherosclerotic burden in apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-deficient mice. Monocytes/macrophages express high levels of IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) and play a pivotal role in atherogenesis, but the potential effects of IGF-1 on their function are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS To determine mechanisms whereby IGF-1 reduces atherosclerosis and to explore the potential involvement of monocytes/macrophages, we created monocyte/macrophage-specific IGF1R knockout (MΦ-IGF1R-KO) mice on an Apoe(-/-) background. We assessed atherosclerotic burden, plaque features of stability, and monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions. Phenotypic changes of IGF1R-deficient macrophages were investigated in culture. MΦ-IGF1R-KO significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion formation, as assessed by Oil Red O staining of en face aortas and aortic root cross-sections, and changed plaque composition to a less stable phenotype, characterized by increased macrophage and decreased α-smooth muscle actin-positive cell population, fibrous cap thinning, and decreased collagen content. Brachiocephalic artery lesions of MΦ-IGF1R-KO mice had histological features implying plaque vulnerability. Macrophages isolated from MΦ-IGF1R-KO mice showed enhanced proinflammatory responses on stimulation by interferon-γ and oxidized low-density lipoprotein and elevated antioxidant gene expression levels. Moreover, IGF1R-deficient macrophages had decreased expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 and reduced lipid efflux. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that macrophage IGF1R signaling suppresses macrophage and foam cell accumulation in lesions and reduces plaque vulnerability, providing a novel mechanism whereby IGF-1 exerts antiatherogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.).
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Shaw-Yung Shai
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Svitlana Danchuk
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Richard Tang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patricia Snarski
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Zhaohui Li
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patricia Lobelle-Rich
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Meifang Wang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Derek Wang
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Hong Yu
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Ronald Korthuis
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- From Departments of Medicine (Y.H., S.S., S.D., P.S., Z.L., P.D.) and Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (Y.H., S.S., M.W., D.W., H.Y., R.K.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia; and Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA (S.-Y.S., R.T., P.L.-R.)
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19
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Katz LEL, Gralewski KA, Abrams P, Brar PC, Gallagher PR, Lipman TH, Brooks LJ, Koren D. Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 are related to cardiovascular disease biomarkers in obese adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17:77-86. [PMID: 25491378 PMCID: PMC4608856 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-1 have been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and pathophysiology in adults, but there are limited data in youth. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between IGF and IGFBP-1 with traditional and non-traditional CVD risk factors including inflammatory markers and body composition in an obese pediatric cohort. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING The study was carried out at a university children's hospital. SUBJECTS Sixty-one obese non-diabetic adolescents. OUTCOMES Fasting IGF-I, IGFBP-1, lipoprotein profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and total adiponectin as well as insulin sensitivity measures, blood pressure (BP), and anthropometrics. RESULTS IGFBP-1 was negatively associated with insulin sensitivity measures, body mass index (BMI), and diastolic BP in males. IGF-I was negatively associated with hsCRP (r = -0.479, p < 0.0005), and IGFBP-1 was positively associated with adiponectin (r = 0.545, p < 0.0005). The IGF-I/CRP and IGFBP-1/adiponectin associations remained significant when controlling for both BMI and insulin sensitivity index (SI ). Both IGF-I and IGFBP-1 were negatively associated with waist circumference (r = -0.327 and r = -0.275, respectively) and sagittal abdominal diameter (r = -0.333 and r = -0.371, respectively), while IGFBP-1 was negatively associated with fat mass (r = -0.347, p = 0.01) as well as neck circumference and fat-free mass in males. Controlling for BMI z-score and SI , IGFBP-1 remained negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.706, p = 0.001 and neck circumference (r = -0.548, p = 0.15) in males. CONCLUSIONS IGF-I and IGFBP-1 associate with CVD risk markers and may add to clinical assessments of cardiometabolic dysfunction in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine E Levitt Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin A Gralewski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pamela Abrams
- St. Luke's University Health Network, Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Preneet C Brar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul R Gallagher
- Biostatistics Core, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Clinical and Translation Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Terri H Lipman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lee J Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology of and Sleep Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dorit Koren
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Section of Adult and Pediatric Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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20
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Desai NA, Patel SS. Increased insulin-like growth factor-1 in relation to cardiovascular function in polycystic ovary syndrome: friend or foe? Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:801-7. [PMID: 26288196 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1075497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is very high and conventional risk factors only partially explain excessive risk of developing CVD in patients of PCOS. The pathophysiology of PCOS is very unique, and several hormonal and metabolic changes occur. Several observations suggest that serum IGF-1 levels decrease in insulin resistance, which results in IGF-1 deficiency. In patient of PCOS, close relationships have been demonstrated between insulin resistance and serum IGF-1 levels. Hyperinsulinemic insulin resistance results in a general augmentation of steroidogenesis and LH release in PCOS. The action of IGF-1 varies in different tissues possibly via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. The increase or decrease in IGF-1 in different tissues results in differential outcomes. Several studies suggest that lowered circulating IGF-1 levels play important role in the initiation of the cardiac hypertrophic response which results in the risk of cardiovascular disease. While recent results suggests that individual with elevated IGF-1 is protected against cardiovascular disease. Thus IGF-1 shows versatile pleiotropic actions. This review provides a current perspective on increased level of IGF-1 in PCOS and also adds to the current controversy regarding the roles of IGF-1 in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Ajaykumar Desai
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Snehal S Patel
- a Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
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Giustina A, Berardelli R, Gazzaruso C, Mazziotti G. Insulin and GH-IGF-I axis: endocrine pacer or endocrine disruptor? Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:433-43. [PMID: 25118998 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis may play a role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in synergism with insulin. IGF-1 can directly stimulate glucose transport into the muscle through either IGF-1 or insulin/IGF-1 hybrid receptors. In severely decompensated diabetes including diabetic ketoacidosis, plasma levels of IGF-1 are low and insulin delivery into the portal system is required to normalize IGF-1 synthesis and bioavailability. Normalization of serum IGF-1 correlated with the improvement of glucose homeostasis during insulin therapy providing evidence for the use of IGF-1 as biomarker of metabolic control in diabetes. Taking apart the inherent mitogenic discussion, diabetes treatment using insulins with high affinity for the IGF-1 receptor may act as an endocrine pacer exerting a cardioprotective effect by restoring the right level of IGF-1 in bloodstream and target tissues, whereas insulins with low affinity for the IGF-1 receptor may lack this positive effect. An excessive and indirect stimulation of IGF-1 receptor due to sustained and chronic hyperinsulinemia over the therapeutic level required to overtake acute/chronic insulin resistance may act as endocrine disruptor as it may possibly increase the cardiovascular risk in the short and medium term and mitogenic/proliferative action in the long term. In conclusion, normal IGF-1 may be hypothesized to be a good marker of appropriate insulin treatment of the subject with diabetes and may integrate and make more robust the message coming from HbA1c in terms of prediction of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giustina
- Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia - A.O. Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy,
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Repeated remote ischemic conditioning attenuates left ventricular remodeling via exosome-mediated intercellular communication on chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2014; 178:239-46. [PMID: 25464262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) by repeated treatment of transient limb ischemia is a clinically applicable method for protecting the heart against injury at the time of reperfusion. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated RIC on cardiac dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS At 4weeks after MI, rats were separated into the untreated (UT) group or the RIC-treated group. RIC treatment was performed by 5cycles of 5min of bilateral hindlimb ischemia and 5min of reperfusion once a day for 4weeks. Despite comparable MI size, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly improved in the RIC group compared with the UT group. Furthermore, the LVEF in the RIC group was improved, although not significantly, after treatment. RIC treatment also prevented the deterioration of LV diastolic function. MI-induced LV interstitial fibrosis in the boundary region and oxidant stress were significantly attenuated by RIC treatment. MicroRNA-29a (miR-29a), a key regulator of tissue fibrosis, was highly expressed in the exosomes and the marginal area of the RIC group. Even in the differentiated C2C12-derived exosomes, miR-29a expression was significantly increased under hypoxic condition. As well as miR-29a, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) was highly expressed both in the exosomes and remote non-infarcted myocardium of the RIC group. IGF-1R expression was also increased in the C2C12-derived exosomes under hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Repeated RIC reduces adverse LV remodeling and oxidative stress by MI. Exosome-mediated intercellular communication may contribute to the beneficial effect of RIC treatment.
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The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 in development of coronary no-reflow and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ADVANCES IN INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY 2014; 10:12-7. [PMID: 24799921 PMCID: PMC4007291 DOI: 10.5114/pwki.2014.41460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has atheroprotective effects via reduction in oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, pro-inflammatory signaling, and endothelial dysfunction. AIM We hypothesized that low levels of IGF-1 may be associated with the severity and extent of coronary artery disease and development of the coronary no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and investigated the role of the IGF-1 molecule in the coronary no-reflow phenomenon and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with acute STEMI in a tertiary hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted among 113 patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for STEMI, of whom 49 patients developed the no-reflow phenomenon. Coronary no-reflow was defined as Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 2 or less after intervention. Insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were measured in both groups. The severity and extent of CAD were evaluated according to the Gensini and Syntax scores. RESULTS Although IGF-1 levels were lower in the no-reflow group, there was not a statistically significant difference between the no-reflow group and the control group (116.65 ±51.72 vs. 130.82 ±48.76, p = 0.130). Gensini and Syntax scores were higher in the no-reflow group. There was no association between Gensini and Syntax scores and IGF-1 levels (r = -0.071, r = 0.479, r = -0.158, p = 0.113). CONCLUSIONS In this study, IGF-1 levels were not statistically different between patients developing the no-reflow phenomenon and controls. There was no association between development of the no-reflow phenomenon and severity of CAD or IGF-1 levels. Nevertheless, large scale studies are needed to verify these results.
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Troncoso R, Ibarra C, Vicencio JM, Jaimovich E, Lavandero S. New insights into IGF-1 signaling in the heart. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:128-37. [PMID: 24380833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling regulates contractility, metabolism, hypertrophy, autophagy, senescence, and apoptosis in the heart. IGF-1 deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas cardiac activation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) protects from the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet and myocardial infarction. IGF-1R activates multiple pathways through its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and through coupling to heterotrimeric G protein. These pathways involve classic second messengers, phosphorylation cascades, lipid signaling, Ca(2+) transients, and gene expression. In addition, IGF-1R triggers signaling in different subcellular locations including the plasma membrane, perinuclear T tubules, and also in internalized vesicles. In this review, we provide a fresh and updated view of the complex IGF-1 scenario in the heart, including a critical focus on therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Troncoso
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile
| | - Cristián Ibarra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA.
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Sesti G, Mannino GC, Andreozzi F, Greco A, Perticone M, Sciacqua A, Marini MA, Perticone F. A polymorphism at IGF1 locus is associated with carotid intima media thickness and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. Atherosclerosis 2013; 232:25-30. [PMID: 24401213 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether IGF-1 has a protective or a detrimental role in vascular homeostasis remains unsettled. There is evidence that the C/T polymorphism rs35767 near the promoter region of the IGF1 gene located in chromosome 12 is associated with plasma IGF-1 levels. We investigated the effects of this polymorphism on circulating IGF-1 levels, carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) and endothelial-dependent vasodilation. METHODS Two samples of adult nondiabetic Whites were studied. Sample 1 comprised 1124 individuals in whom cIMT was measured by ultrasonography. Sample 2 included 162 drug-naïve hypertensive individuals in whom endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation were assessed by intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (ACh), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), respectively. IGF-1 was determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay. rs35767 polymorphism was screened using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS In sample 1, IGF-1 levels were higher in subjects carrying the T allele compared with CC carriers (178 ± 78 vs. 166 ± 60 ng/mL, respectively; P = 0.007 adjusted for age, gender, and BMI). cIMT was lower in subjects carrying the T allele compared with CC carriers (0.71 ± 0.20 vs. 0.76 ± 0.22 mm, respectively; P < 0.0001 adjusted for age, gender, and BMI). In sample 2, maximally ACh-stimulated forearm blood flow was higher in subjects carrying the T allele compared with CC carriers (343 ± 191 vs. 281 ± 125%, respectively; P = 0.02 adjusted for age, gender, and BMI). CONCLUSION Subjects carrying the T allele exhibited significantly higher levels of circulating IGF-1, lower values of cIMT, and higher endothelium-dependent vasodilatation compared with CC carriers. These findings support the idea that IGF-1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Gaia Chiara Mannino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Annalisa Greco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Maria Perticone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Angela Sciacqua
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Maria A Marini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Francesco Perticone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
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Sonntag WE, Deak F, Ashpole N, Toth P, Csiszar A, Freeman W, Ungvari Z. Insulin-like growth factor-1 in CNS and cerebrovascular aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:27. [PMID: 23847531 PMCID: PMC3698444 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an important anabolic hormone that decreases with age. In the past two decades, extensive research has determined that the reduction in IGF-1 is an important component of the age-related decline in cognitive function in multiple species including humans. Deficiency in circulating IGF-1 results in impairment in processing speed and deficiencies in both spatial and working memory. Replacement of IGF-1 or factors that increase IGF-1 to old animals and humans reverses many of these cognitive deficits. Despite the overwhelming evidence for IGF-1 as an important neurotrophic agent, the specific mechanisms through which IGF-1 acts have remained elusive. Recent evidence indicates that IGF-1 is both produced by and has important actions on the cerebrovasculature as well as neurons and glia. Nevertheless, the specific regulation and actions of brain- and vascular-derived IGF-1 is poorly understood. The diverse effects of IGF-1 discovered thus far reveal a complex endocrine and paracrine system essential for integrating many of the functions necessary for brain health. Identification of the mechanisms of IGF-1 actions will undoubtedly provide critical insight into regulation of brain function in general and the causes of cognitive decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Yousefzadeh G, Masoomi M, Emadzadeh A, Shahesmaeili A, Sheikhvatan M. The association of insulin-like growth factor-1 with severity of coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2013; 14:416-20. [PMID: 23160066 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e328358c7c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lin HL, Ueng KC, Wang HL, Chen TP, Yang SF, Chu SC, Hsieh YS. The impact of IGF-I gene polymorphisms on coronary artery disease susceptibility. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 27:162-9. [PMID: 23423640 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) was the second leading cause of death for the past 3 years in Taiwan. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is considered a new risk factor of CAD because investigations show that the levels and bioactivity of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 (where IGFBP is insulin-like growth factor-binding protein) may be involved in elevating the risk of CAD. This study investigated the relationships among IGF-I +1770, IGF-I +6093, and IGFBP-3 -202 genetic polymorphisms and CAD in the Taiwanese population. METHODS A total of 581 subjects, including 390 non-CAD controls and 191 patients with CAD, were recruited and the isolated DNA was subjected to real-time polymerase chain to evaluate the effects of these three polymorphic variants on CAD. RESULTS Our results showed a significant association between the IGF-I +1770 gene polymorphism and increased risk of CAD. Furthermore, CAD patients with a minimum of one mutant C allele, T/C or C/C, in IGF-I +1770 gene polymorphism had significantly high blood pressure including systolic blood pressure (SBP; P = 0.025) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; P = 0.004), compared to CAD patients with T/T homozygotes. Moreover, CAD patients with a minimum of one mutant A allele, G/A or A/A, in the IGF-I +6093 gene polymorphism had a 1.695-fold elevated risk of congestive heart failure (CHF), compared to CAD patients with the G/G homozygote. CONCLUSIONS Polymorphism of IGF-I +1770 was associated with increased CAD risk. In CAD patients, the contributions of IGF-I +1770 and +6093 could be through the effect on blood pressure in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Perticone F, Sciacqua A, Tassone EJ, Miceli S, Maio R, Addesi D, Falbo T, Arturi F, Sesti G. One-hour post-load plasma glucose and IGF-1 in hypertensive patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:1325-31. [PMID: 23078161 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In normoglucose-tolerant subjects (NGT), 1-h post-load plasma glucose value ≥155 mg/dL, during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), is associated with an increased risk of type-2 diabetes (T2D) and subclinical organ damage. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) and T2D. Moreover, hypertensives have different degrees of IR and different levels of IGF-1. Actually, there are no data supporting the association between post-load glucose and IGF-1; thus, the aim of the study was to investigate this relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS We enrolled 1126 never-treated hypertensive subjects who underwent an OGTT and clinical characterization. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the Matsuda index. IGF-1 was measured by a sensitive immunoradiometric assay. RESULTS Among participants, 764 had NGT, 263 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 99 had T2D. According to the 1-h post-load plasma glucose cut-off point of 155 mg/dL, we divided NGT subjects into NGT < 155 mg/dL and NGT ≥ 155 mg/dL. NGT ≥ 155 in comparison with NGT < 155 had significantly reduced insulin sensitivity and IGF-1 levels. At multiple regression analysis, IGF-1 was the major determinant of 1-h post-load glucose in NGT ≥ 155 subjects, IGT and diabetics, accounting for 20·9%, 17·7% and 15·5% of its variation in the respective models. CONCLUSIONS In hypertensive NGT ≥ 155 subjects, IGF-1 results strongly associated with 1-h post-load glucose, similarly to that observed in IGT and diabetics. This finding has clinical relevance because both low IGF-1 levels and 1-h post-load glucose in NGT subjects are associated with subclinical organ damage, an independent predictor of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Perticone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Puche JE, Castilla-Cortázar I. Human conditions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) deficiency. J Transl Med 2012; 10:224. [PMID: 23148873 PMCID: PMC3543345 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a polypeptide hormone produced mainly by the liver in response to the endocrine GH stimulus, but it is also secreted by multiple tissues for autocrine/paracrine purposes. IGF-I is partly responsible for systemic GH activities although it possesses a wide number of own properties (anabolic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions). IGF-I is a closely regulated hormone. Consequently, its logical therapeutical applications seems to be limited to restore physiological circulating levels in order to recover the clinical consequences of IGF-I deficiency, conditions where, despite continuous discrepancies, IGF-I treatment has never been related to oncogenesis. Currently the best characterized conditions of IGF-I deficiency are Laron Syndrome, in children; liver cirrhosis, in adults; aging including age-related-cardiovascular and neurological diseases; and more recently, intrauterine growth restriction. The aim of this review is to summarize the increasing list of roles of IGF-I, both in physiological and pathological conditions, underlying that its potential therapeutical options seem to be limited to those proven states of local or systemic IGF-I deficiency as a replacement treatment, rather than increasing its level upper the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E Puche
- Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), School of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inma Castilla-Cortázar
- Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), School of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
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Iso H, Maruyama K, Ikehara S, Yamagishi K, Tamakoshi A. Cellular growth factors in relation to mortality from cardiovascular disease in middle-aged Japanese: the JACC study. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:154-60. [PMID: 22858286 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limited evidence has been available on the relationships of cellular growth factors with cardiovascular disease in population-based samples. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study under a large prospective cohort study (JACC study) where a total of 39,242 subjects aged 40-79 years provided serum sample. We measured cellular growth factors [insulin-like growth factors I, II and binding protein-3 (IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1)] among cases and controls, matched for sex, age, area of residence and year of serum storage. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS During the follow-up for 9 years, there were 233 deaths from total stroke (49 subarachnoid hemorrhages, 55 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, 71 ischemic strokes), and 97 deaths from coronary heart disease. The multivariable odds ratio (95%CI) of intraparenchymal hemorrhage associated with a 1-SD increment of IGF-I (men:4 8 ng/ml, women: 61 ng/ml) was 0.31 (0.14-0.71). That of ischemic stroke associated with a 1-SD increment of TGF-β1 (men: 8.0 ng/ml, women: 10.9 ng/ml) was 0.58 (0.34-0.98). Serum IGF-II and IGFBP-3 were not associated with mortality from any outcomes. In conclusion, IGF-I was inversely associated with mortality from intraparenchymal hemorrhage while TGF-β1 was so with ischemic stroke, suggesting potential roles of cellular proliferation in the development or prognosis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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Giannoulis MG, Martin FC, Nair KS, Umpleby AM, Sonksen P. Hormone replacement therapy and physical function in healthy older men. Time to talk hormones? Endocr Rev 2012; 33:314-77. [PMID: 22433122 PMCID: PMC5393154 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Improving physical function and mobility in a continuously expanding elderly population emerges as a high priority of medicine today. Muscle mass, strength/power, and maximal exercise capacity are major determinants of physical function, and all decline with aging. This contributes to the incidence of frailty and disability observed in older men. Furthermore, it facilitates the accumulation of body fat and development of insulin resistance. Muscle adaptation to exercise is strongly influenced by anabolic endocrine hormones and local load-sensitive autocrine/paracrine growth factors. GH, IGF-I, and testosterone (T) are directly involved in muscle adaptation to exercise because they promote muscle protein synthesis, whereas T and locally expressed IGF-I have been reported to activate muscle stem cells. Although exercise programs improve physical function, in the long-term most older men fail to comply. The GH/IGF-I axis and T levels decline markedly with aging, whereas accumulating evidence supports their indispensable role in maintaining physical function integrity. Several studies have reported that the administration of T improves lean body mass and maximal voluntary strength in healthy older men. On the other hand, most studies have shown that administration of GH alone failed to improve muscle strength despite amelioration of the detrimental somatic changes of aging. Both GH and T are anabolic agents that promote muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy but work through separate mechanisms, and the combined administration of GH and T, albeit in only a few studies, has resulted in greater efficacy than either hormone alone. Although it is clear that this combined approach is effective, this review concludes that further studies are needed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of combined hormone replacement therapy in older men before the medical rationale of prescribing hormone replacement therapy for combating the sarcopenia of aging can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Finbarr C. Martin
- Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust (F.C.M.), and Institute of Gerontology (F.C.M.), King's College, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | | | - A. Margot Umpleby
- Department of Human Metabolism, Diabetes, and Metabolic Medicine (A.M.U.), Postgraduate Medical School, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sonksen
- St. Thomas' Hospital and King's College (P.S.), London SE1 7EW, United Kingdom; and Southampton University (P.S.), SO17 1BJ, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Anwar A, Shai SY, Delafontaine P. Aging, atherosclerosis, and IGF-1. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:626-39. [PMID: 22491965 PMCID: PMC3348497 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine growth factor that circulates at high levels in the plasma and is expressed in most cell types. IGF-1 has major effects on development, cell growth and differentiation, and tissue repair. Recent evidence indicates that IGF-1 reduces atherosclerosis burden and improves features of atherosclerotic plaque stability in animal models. Potential mechanisms for this atheroprotective effect include IGF-1-induced reduction in oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, proinflammatory signaling, and endothelial dysfunction. Aging is associated with increased vascular oxidative stress and vascular disease, suggesting that IGF-1 may exert salutary effects on vascular aging processes. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive update on IGF-1's ability to modulate vascular oxidative stress and to limit atherogenesis and the vascular complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- Tulane University Heart & Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Abstract
Growth factors regulated by specific macronutrients have been shown to promote aging and accelerate mortality in the majority of the organisms studied. In particular, the enzymes activated by growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in mammals and their orthologs in simple model organisms represent perhaps the best-understood proteins involved in the aging process. Dietary restriction, which reduces the level of insulin-like growth factor-1 and of other growth factors, has been associated with protection from diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, and deficiencies in growth hormone signaling and insulin-like growth factor-1 are strongly associated with protection from cancer and diabetes in both mice and humans; however, their role in cardiac function and cardiovascular diseases is controversial. Here, we review the link between growth factors, cardiac function, and heart disease with focus on the cardioprotective and sensitizing effect of growth factors in both model organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fontana
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Ungvari Z, Csiszar A. The emerging role of IGF-1 deficiency in cardiovascular aging: recent advances. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012; 67:599-610. [PMID: 22451468 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on cardiovascular protective effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, provides a landscape of molecular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular alterations in patients and animal models with congenital and adult-onset IGF-1 deficiency, and explores the link between age-related IGF-1 deficiency and the molecular, cellular, and functional changes that occur in the cardiovascular system during aging. Microvascular protection conferred by endocrine and paracrine IGF-1 signaling, its implications for the pathophysiology of cardiac failure and vascular cognitive impairment, and the role of impaired cellular stress resistance in cardiovascular aging considered here are based on emerging knowledge of the effects of IGF-1 on Nrf2-driven antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Chisalita SI, Dahlström U, Arnqvist HJ, Alehagen U. Increased IGF1 levels in relation to heart failure and cardiovascular mortality in an elderly population: impact of ACE inhibitors. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165:891-8. [PMID: 21976623 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are conflicting results regarding the association of circulating IGF1 with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. We assessed the relationship between IGF1 levels and heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and CV mortality in an elderly population taking into account the possible impact of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 851 persons aged 66-81 years, in a rural Swedish municipality, were subjected to medical history, clinical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and fasting plasma samples. They were then followed for 8 years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Patients on ACE inhibitors had higher IGF1 levels compared with those without ACE inhibitors. In patients on ACE inhibitors, higher IGF1 values were found in patients with an ejection fraction (EF) <40% compared with EF ≥40%, in patients with higher proBNP levels in quartile 4 vs 1, and in patients with IHD when compared to those without ACE inhibitors (P<0.001). In patients without ACE inhibitors, no relationship was found between IGF1 levels and HF or IHD. In multivariate regression, only ACE inhibitors, ECG changes characteristic for IHD, and gender had a significant impact on IGF1. Patients with higher IGF1 levels in quintiles 4 and 5 compared to quintiles 1 and 2 had a 50% higher risk for CV death (P=0.03). This was significant after adjustment for well-known CV risk factors and ACE inhibitors (P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our results show that treatment with ACE inhibitors in an elderly population is associated with increased IGF1 levels, especially in patients with impaired cardiac function or IHD. High IGF1 levels tend to be associated with an increased risk for CV mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona I Chisalita
- Department of Acute Healthcare, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
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Akanji AO, Smith RJ. The insulin-like growth factor system, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease risk. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2011; 10:3-13. [PMID: 22103319 DOI: 10.1089/met.2011.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a combination of metabolic and clinical features that aggregate in individuals and increase cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk considerably. It is believed, although sometimes controversially, that the underlying basis for this syndrome is insulin resistance (IR) and accompanying compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have significant homology and interact with differing affinity with the same receptors. Therefore, their actions can be complementary, and this becomes particularly significant clinico-pathologically when their circulating levels are altered. This review of currently available information attempts to answer the following questions: (1) Is there any evidence for changes in the components of the IGF system in individuals with established CVD or with increased CVD risk as with the metabolic syndrome? (2) What are the underlying mechanisms for interactions, if any, between insulin and the IGF system, in the genesis of CVD? (3) Can knowledge of the pathophysiological changes in the IGF system observed in macrosomic newborn infants and growth hormone (GH)-treated children and adults explain some of the observations in relation to the IGF system and the metabolic syndrome? (4) Can the experimental and clinical evidence adduced from the foregoing be useful in designing novel therapies for the prevention, treatment, and assignment of prognosis in metabolic syndrome-associated disease, particularly ischemic heart disease? To answer these questions, we have performed a literature review using bibliographies from PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar published within the last 10 years. We suggest that IGF-1 levels are reduced consistently in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and its components and in those with ischemic CVD. Such changes are also seen with GH deficiency in which these changes are partially reversible with GH treatment. Furthermore, changes are seen in levels and interactions of IGF-binding proteins in these disorders, and some of these changes appear to be independent of IGF-binding capability and could potentially impact on risk for the metabolic syndrome and CVD. The promising therapeutic implications of these observations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayomi O Akanji
- Diabetes & Endocrinology Unit, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Martha S, Pantam N, Thungathurthi S, Rao VLN, Devarakonda K. Study of insulin resistance in relation to serum IGF-I levels in subjects with different degrees of glucose tolerance. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2011; 28:54-9. [PMID: 19902049 PMCID: PMC2772007 DOI: 10.4103/0973-3930.43100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We studied the correlations between fasting and post-lunch serum IGF-I concentrations, and insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 12 nondiabetic subjects, 09 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 18 patients with newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes of either sex (mean age, 46 years) were recruited. None of the participants received any drug treatment at the commencement of the study. Fasting as well as post-lunch blood samples were collected from all the subjects and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were analyzed. RESULTS Fasting serum IGF-I concentrations were negatively correlated with fasting serum glucose, insulin, C-peptide, triglycerides, total LDL and VLDL cholesterol, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and age. Fasting serum IGF-I concentrations were positively correlated with fasting blood HDL cholesterol and homeostatic model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S) in only diabetic subjects. Post-lunch serum IGF-I concentrations were positively correlated with HDL and LDL cholesterol. Correlations with HOMA-S with these metabolic anthropometric variables were of similar magnitude and direction as that of IGF-I concentrations. IGF-I concentrations were significantly lower in the subjects with World Health Organization-defined metabolic syndrome compared with the subjects without metabolic syndrome (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that IGF-I could be a useful marker in the insulin resistance syndrome. The post-lunch low-IGF-I levels help in better identification of subjects at risk for type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
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Abstract
IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) plays a unique role in the cell protection of multiple systems, where its fine-tuned signal transduction helps to preserve tissues from hypoxia, ischaemia and oxidative stress, thus mediating functional homoeostatic adjustments. In contrast, its deprivation results in apoptosis and dysfunction. Many prospective epidemiological surveys have associated low IGF-1 levels with late mortality, MI (myocardial infarction), HF (heart failure) and diabetes. Interventional studies suggest that IGF-1 has anti-atherogenic actions, owing to its multifaceted impact on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases. The metabolic ability of IGF-1 in coupling vasodilation with improved function plays a key role in these actions. The endothelial-protective, anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic activities of IGF-1 exert critical effects in preventing both vascular damage and mechanisms that lead to unstable coronary plaques and syndromes. The pro-survival and anti-inflammatory short-term properties of IGF-1 appear to reduce infarct size and improve LV (left ventricular) remodelling after MI. An immune-modulatory ability, which is able to suppress 'friendly fire' and autoreactivity, is a proposed important additional mechanism explaining the anti-thrombotic and anti-remodelling activities of IGF-1. The concern of cancer risk raised by long-term therapy with IGF-1, however, deserves further study. In the present review, we discuss the large body of published evidence and review data on rhIGF-1 (recombinant human IGF-1) administration in cardiovascular disease and diabetes, with a focus on dosage and safety issues. Perhaps the time has come for the regenerative properties of IGF-1 to be assessed as a new pharmacological tool in cardiovascular medicine.
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Perkel D, Naghi J, Agarwal M, Morrissey RP, Phan A, Willix RD, Schwarz ER. The potential effects of IGF-1 and GH on patients with chronic heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2011; 17:72-8. [PMID: 21454724 DOI: 10.1177/1074248411402078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is an important health concern with almost a quarter million deaths each year despite advances in medical therapy. Improvement of cardiac function has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with HF. There has been recent interest in the growth hormone (GH) / insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway as a potential therapeutic target for patients with HF. Insulin-like growth factor 1 has been shown to augment cardiac function ex vivo and in animals. It was hypothesized that IGF-1/IGF-binding protein 3 levels might be able to provide prognostic benefits in patients with heart disease. Initial observational studies have shown significant benefits from GH supplementation including improved ejection fraction, increased exercise tolerance, and decreased New York Heart Association functional class. These results, however, were not replicated in randomized, controlled trials. Patients with advanced stages of HF might develop cachexia associated with a state of significant GH resistance. The lack of response to GH supplementation may be secondary to a deficiency in IGF-1, the effector hormone. Hypothetically, this group of patients could benefit from direct IGF-1 supplementation. Combined therapy with GH and IGF-1 is appealing; however, future trials in patients with advanced HF are warranted to prove this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perkel
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Succurro E, Arturi F, Grembiale A, Iorio F, Laino I, Andreozzi F, Sciacqua A, Hribal ML, Perticone F, Sesti G. Positive association between plasma IGF1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in adult nondiabetic subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163:75-80. [PMID: 20356932 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Low IGF1 levels have been associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. It is unknown however whether IGF1 mediates the atherosclerotic process by modulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) independently from confounders. To address this issue, we evaluated the association between IGF1 levels and HDL-C in nondiabetic subjects. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was used in the context of the CAtanzaro MEtabolic RIsk factors Study. One thousand and four participants (aged 20-69 years), for whom HDL-C and IGF1 measurements were available, were eligible for the study. RESULTS After adjusting for gender and age, IGF1 levels were positively correlated with HDL-C, and negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), triglyceride, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). In a logistic regression model adjusted for age and gender, IGF1 in the lowest tertile (<125 ng/ml) was associated with an increased risk of having low HDL-C (odds ratio (OR) 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-3.0; P=4x10(-5)) compared with the highest tertile (>186 ng/ml). When BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HOMA index were added to the model, IGF1 remained significantly associated with increased risk of low HDL-C (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.01-2.31; P=0.04). A stepwise multivariate regression analysis in a model including age, gender, BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, IGF1, HOMA, and BP showed that the variables significantly associated with HDL-C were gender (P<0.0001), triglycerides (P<0.0001), total cholesterol (P<0.0001), BMI (P<0.0001), IGF1 levels (P<0.0001), and HOMA (P=0.001), accounting for 32.6% of its variation. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that IGF1 may be an independent modulator for HDL-C in nondiabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Succurro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna-Graecia of Catanzaro, Via Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Higashi Y, Sukhanov S, Anwar A, Shai SY, Delafontaine P. IGF-1, oxidative stress and atheroprotection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21:245-54. [PMID: 20071192 PMCID: PMC2848911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which early endothelial dysfunction and subintimal modified lipoprotein deposition progress to complex, advanced lesions that are predisposed to erosion, rupture and thrombosis. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role not only in initial lesion formation but also in lesion progression and destabilization. Although most growth factors are thought to promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, thereby increasing neointima, recent animal studies indicate that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 exerts both pleiotropic anti-oxidant effects and anti-inflammatory effects, which together reduce atherosclerotic burden. This review discusses the effects of IGF-1 in models of vascular injury and atherosclerosis, emphasizing the relationship between oxidative stress and potential atheroprotective actions of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Higashi
- Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL 48, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Ghanem. Amelioration of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Insulin like Growth Factor-1 Gene Expression and Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 in Liver Tissue of Insulin Resistant Rats Treated With L-Carnitine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3844/ajbbsp.2010.195.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abbas A, Grant PJ, Kearney MT. Role of IGF-1 in glucose regulation and cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 6:1135-49. [PMID: 18793116 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.8.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IGF-1 is a peptide hormone that is expressed in most tissues. It shares significant structural and functional similarities with insulin, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Recombinant human IGF-1 has been used in Type 2 diabetes to improve insulin sensitivity and aid glycemic control. There is evidence supporting IGF-1 as a vascular protective factor and it may also be beneficial in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Further understanding of the effects of IGF-1 signaling in health and disease may lead to novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroze Abbas
- BHF Clinical Research Fellow, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Brevetti G, Colao A, Schiano V, Pivonello R, Laurenzano E, Di Somma C, Lombardi G, Chiariello M. IGF system and peripheral arterial disease: relationship with disease severity and inflammatory status of the affected limb. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69:894-900. [PMID: 18410545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IGF-1 and its binding proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We designed this study to unravel the relationship of the IGF system with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). DESIGN Case-control, cross-sectional study. MEASUREMENTS Serum levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and acid labile subunit (ALS) were measured in 96 PAD patients and 89 controls. In 28 patients who underwent peripheral angiography, C-reactive protein (CRP), IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and ALS were measured in blood from femoral vein of the affected limb and aorta. RESULTS Compared to controls, PAD patients showed lower levels of IGFBP-3 (3569 +/- 115 vs. 3106 +/- 107 microg/l, P < 0.01), and ALS (12.2 +/- 0.5 vs. 8.3 +/- 0.5 mg/l, P < 0.01). In PAD, concentrations of IGFBP-3 and ALS were significantly lower in patients with ankle/brachial index less than median than in those with a less severe PAD. In the affected limb, CRP venous-arterial difference correlated negatively with that of IGF-1 (rho = -0.57, P < 0.01), and positively with that of IGFBP-3 (rho = 0.63, P < 0.01). At multivariate analysis, a high transfemoral gradient of CRP was independently associated with a low transfemoral gradient of IGF-1 (beta coefficient = -0.48, P < 0.01), and a high transfemoral gradient of IGFBP-3 (beta coefficient = 0.22, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that the systemic levels of IGF axis components are associated with the presence and severity of PAD, and that the inflammatory status of the ischaemic limb affects the transfemoral concentrations of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. Due to the importance of IGF axis in modulating atherosclerotic plaque progression, our data may contribute to a better understanding of PAD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Brevetti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Kanazawa I, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto M, Yamauchi M, Kurioka S, Yano S, Sugimoto T. Serum DHEA-S level is associated with the presence of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr J 2008; 55:667-75. [PMID: 18493102 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k07e-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) to various parameters for atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. The levels of DHEA-S and IGF-I are known to decrease with aging and thereby might be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. One hundred forty-eight men and 106 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes were assessed in a cross-sectional study. Serum DHEA-S and IGF-I concentrations were measured and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and ultrasonographically-evaluated intima-media thickness (IMT) were assessed. Although simple regression analysis showed that log(DHEA-S) and IGF-I in men and log(DHEA-S) in women were significantly and inversely correlated with baPWV and IMT, only log(DHEA-S) in women was still significantly and inversely correlated with these atherosclerotic parameters after multiple regression analysis was adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, BMI, HbA(1C), systolic blood pressure, LDL-Cholesterol (C), serum creatinine, and smoking (Brinkman index). Serum DHEA-S level seemed to be associated with atherosclerosis in diabetic postmenopausal women independent of age, body stature, diabetic status, and other atherosclerotic risk factors, and might be a useful addition to other parameters for assessing the risk of atherosclerosis in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Kanazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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The association of insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with incident coronary heart disease in women: findings from the prospective British Women's Heart and Health Study. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201:198-204. [PMID: 18295769 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of insulin-like-growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. METHODS Prospective (4 year) case-control study nested within the British Women's Heart and Health Study. With 167 cases and 333 controls. Serum IGF-1 concentrations (on serum stored at -80 degrees C for a median of 4 years) were determined using a two-site immunoenzymometric assay. RESULTS Among both cases and controls IGF-1 was inversely correlated with waist:hip ratio, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, CRP, triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure, and was positively correlated with HDL-C levels. The confounder-adjusted (age, socioeconomic position, smoking and physical activity) relative risk ratio for a 1 standard deviation (S.D.) increase in IGF-1 was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.12) and additional adjustment for metabolic risk factors (waist:hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin and C-reactive protein) attenuated this to 0.98 (95% CI: 0.80, 1.21). There was no evidence of non-linear associations and the risk of CHD was similar across quarters of the distribution of IGF-1. CONCLUSIONS Despite associations with established CHD risk factors in this, and other studies, our findings suggest that higher IGF-1 levels are not associated with CHD in older British women. The contradictory evidence to date in this area highlights the need for further large-scale prospective studies and use of genetic epidemiology studies to determine the nature of the association between IGF-1 and CHD.
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Ezzat VA, Duncan ER, Wheatcroft SB, Kearney MT. The role of IGF-I and its binding proteins in the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:198-211. [PMID: 18269635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes have an excessive risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); this increased risk is not fully explained by traditional risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidaemias. There is now compelling evidence to suggest that abnormalities of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and one of its binding proteins, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), occur in insulin-resistant states and may be significant factors in the pathophysiology of CVD. We reviewed articles and relevant bibliographies following a systematic search of MEDLINE for English language articles between 1966 and the present, using an initial search strategy combining the MeSH terms: IGF, diabetes and CVD. Our aim was first to review the role of IGF-I in vascular homeostasis and to explore the mechanisms by which it may exert its effects. We also present an overview of the physiology of the IGF-binding proteins, and finally, we sought to summarize the evidence to date describing the changes in the insulin/IGF-I/IGFBP-1 axis that occur in type 2 diabetes and CVD; in particular, we have focused on the potential vasculoprotective effects of both IGF-I and IGFBP-1. We conclude that this system represents an interesting and novel therapeutic target in the prevention of CVD in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne A Ezzat
- Cardiovascular Division, The James Black Centre, Kings College London, Denmark Hill Campus, London, UK
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Boquist S, Ruotolo G, Skoglund-Andersson C, Tang R, Björkegren J, Bond MG, de Faire U, Brismar K, Hamsten A. Correlation of serum IGF-I and IGFBP-1 and -3 to cardiovascular risk indicators and early carotid atherosclerosis in healthy middle-aged men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:51-8. [PMID: 17803702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 are putative mediators in cardiovascular disease. The present study examined (i) the correlations of circulating IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 to established cardiovascular risk factors and signs of early atherosclerosis as reflected by ultrasound measurement of common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and (ii) whether serum concentrations of these analytes are modulated during alimentary lipaemia. DESIGN Cross-sectional clinical study. PATIENTS A biobank and clinical database based on 96 healthy Caucasian men, aged 50 years, with an apolipoprotein (apo) E3/E3 genotype, who had originally undergone investigations of postprandial lipoprotein metabolism was used for the study. MEASUREMENTS Total IGF-I, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 were determined in serum by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Free IGF-I was measured by a commercial two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). RESULTS In multivariate analyses, fasting serum free IGF-I correlated inversely with IMT and accounted for 5% of the variation in multiple R(2). When fasting serum IGFBP-1 was entered in the models instead of IGF-I, IGFBP-1 correlated positively with IMT and accounted for 6% of the variation in IMT. IGFBP-3 and total IGF-I were unrelated to IMT. There were no associations between free IGF-I and cardiovascular risk factors, whereas IGFBP-1 behaved like a component of the insulin resistance syndrome. Serum free IGF-I increased and IGFBP-1 decreased postprandially. CONCLUSION The data indicate that serum free IGF-I and IGFBP-1 are implicated in early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boquist
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Akanji AO, Suresh CG, Al-Radwan R, Fatania HR. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 levels in Arab subjects with coronary heart disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2007; 67:553-9. [PMID: 17763192 DOI: 10.1080/00365510601173153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I, IGF-II) and their binding protein (IGFBP-3) may be risk markers for coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aimed to assess the levels and determinants of the serum levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 in Arab patients with established CHD. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two groups of subjects were matched for age, gender, BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR): (i) CHD (n = 105), median age 51.0 (range 40.0-60.0) years; (ii) controls (n = 97) aged 49.0 (range 37.0-60.0) years. We measured fasting serum levels of glucose and lipoproteins (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, apo B), insulin, HOMA-IR, IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 and compared the results between groups. The effects of body mass and the metabolic syndrome (MS) on IGF levels were also examined, and linear correlations were sought between the various parameters. RESULTS The levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 were significantly lower (all p<0.01) for the CHD group than for the control group. These differences were not influenced by BMI or with the presence of MS. In CHD, there were no significant correlations between levels of IGF-I and IGF-II and age, BMI, WHR, lipoprotein concentrations and insulin sensitivity, although IGFBP-3 had weakly significant relationships with some of the lipoproteins. CONCLUSIONS Levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP3 are reduced in male Arab patients with CHD, and did not appear influenced by traditional CHD risk factors such as age, BMI, insulin sensitivity and presence of MS. Perturbations in the IGF/IGFBP-3 axis may be potential additional targets for pharmacological manipulation in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Akanji
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
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