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Ratra D, Ozdek S, Raviselvan M, Elchuri S, Sharma T. Approach to inherited retinal diseases. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:2305-2315. [PMID: 35791111 PMCID: PMC9426075 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_314_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a group of phenotypically diverse disorders with varied genetic mutations, which result in retinal degeneration leading to visual impairment. When a patient presents to a clinician who is not an IRD expert, establishing a correct diagnosis can be challenging. The patient and the family members are often anxious about further vision loss. They are eager to know the prognosis and chance of further worsening of the vision. It is important for every eye specialist to educate himself/herself about the basics of IRD. It would help to familiarize oneself about how to approach a patient with an IRD. An early and accurate diagnosis can help predict the vision loss and also help the patient plan his/her education and choose appropriate career choices. An updated knowledge about the genetic mutations, mode of inheritance, and possible therapies would empower the eye specialist to help his/her patients. This article gives a broad plan of how to approach a patient with IRD with regards to characterization and diagnosis of the disorder, visual rehabilitation, and possible therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanashree Ratra
- Department of Vitreoretinal Diseases, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengul Ozdek
- School of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Munispriyan Raviselvan
- Department of Vitreoretinal Diseases, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sailaja Elchuri
- Department of Nanotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tarun Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Botto C, Rucli M, Tekinsoy MD, Pulman J, Sahel JA, Dalkara D. Early and late stage gene therapy interventions for inherited retinal degenerations. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100975. [PMID: 34058340 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inherited and age-related retinal degeneration is the hallmark of a large group of heterogeneous diseases and is the main cause of untreatable blindness today. Genetic factors play a major pathogenic role in retinal degenerations for both monogenic diseases (such as retinitis pigmentosa) and complex diseases with established genetic risk factors (such as age-related macular degeneration). Progress in genotyping techniques and back of the eye imaging are completing our understanding of these diseases and their manifestations in patient populations suffering from retinal degenerations. It is clear that whatever the genetic cause, the majority of vision loss in retinal diseases results from the loss of photoreceptor function. The timing and circumstances surrounding the loss of photoreceptor function determine the adequate therapeutic approach to use for each patient. Among such approaches, gene therapy is rapidly becoming a therapeutic reality applicable in the clinic. This massive move from laboratory work towards clinical application has been propelled by the advances in our understanding of disease genetics and mechanisms, gene delivery vectors, gene editing systems, and compensatory strategies for loss of photoreceptor function. Here, we provide an overview of existing modalities of retinal gene therapy and their relevance based on the needs of patient populations suffering from inherited retinal degenerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Botto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Marco Rucli
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Müge Defne Tekinsoy
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Pulman
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, United States; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, F-75012, Paris, France; Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Deniz Dalkara
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France.
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Metabolic and Redox Signaling of the Nucleoredoxin-Like-1 Gene for the Treatment of Genetic Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051625. [PMID: 32120883 PMCID: PMC7084304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of cone photoreceptor function in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) severely impacts the central and daily vision and quality of life of patients affected by this disease. The loss of cones follows the degeneration of rods, in a manner independent of the causing mutations in numerous genes associated with RP. We have explored this phenomenon and proposed that the loss of rods triggers a reduction in the expression of rod-derived cone viability factor (RdCVF) encoded by the nucleoredoxin-like 1 (NXNL1) gene which interrupts the metabolic and redox signaling between rods and cones. After providing scientific evidence supporting this mechanism, we propose a way to restore this lost signaling and prevent the cone vision loss in animal models of RP. We also explain how we could restore this signaling to prevent cone vision loss in animal models of the disease and how we plan to apply this therapeutic strategy by the administration of both products of NXNL1 encoding the trophic factor RdCVF and the thioredoxin enzyme RdCVFL using an adeno-associated viral vector. We describe in detail all the steps of this translational program, from the design of the drug, its production, biological validation, and analytical and preclinical qualification required for a future clinical trial that would, if successful, provide a treatment for this incurable disease.
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Cell Death Pathways in Mutant Rhodopsin Rat Models Identifies Genotype-Specific Targets Controlling Retinal Degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1637-1652. [PMID: 29911255 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited neurological disorders characterized by rod photoreceptor cell death, followed by secondary cone cell death leading to progressive blindness. Currently, there are no viable treatment options for RP. Due to incomplete knowledge of the molecular signaling pathways associated with RP pathogenesis, designing therapeutic strategies remains a challenge. In particular, preventing secondary cone photoreceptor cell loss is a key goal in designing potential therapies. In this study, we identified the main drivers of rod cell death and secondary cone loss in the transgenic S334ter rhodopsin rat model, tested the efficacy of specific cell death inhibitors on retinal function, and compared the effect of combining drugs to target multiple pathways in the S334ter and P23H rhodopsin rat models. The primary driver of early rod cell death in the S334ter model was a caspase-dependent process, whereas cone cell death occurred though RIP3-dependent necroptosis. In comparison, rod cell death in the P23H model was via necroptotic signaling, whereas cone cell loss occurred through inflammasome activation. Combination therapy of four drugs worked better than the individual drugs in the P23H model but not in the S334ter model. These differences imply that treatment modalities need to be tailored for each genotype. Taken together, our data demonstrate that rationally designed genotype-specific drug combinations will be an important requisite to effectively target primary rod cell loss and more importantly secondary cone survival.
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Froebel BR, Trujillo AJ, Sullivan JM. Effects of Pathogenic Variations in the Human Rhodopsin Gene (hRHO) on the Predicted Accessibility for a Lead Candidate Ribozyme. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3576-3591. [PMID: 28715844 PMCID: PMC5516567 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The mutation-independent strategy for hammerhead ribozyme (hhRz) or RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene therapeutics to treat autosomal dominant diseases is predicated on the hypothesis that a single therapeutic would equivalently suppress all/most of the diverse mutant mRNAs in patients with the disease phenotype. However, the hypothesis has not been formally tested. We address this through a comprehensive bioinformatics study of how mutations affect target mRNA structure accessibility for a single lead hhRz therapeutic (725GUC↓), designed against human rod rhodopsin mRNA (hRHO), for patients with hRHO mutations that cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Methods A total of 199 in silico coding region mutations (missense, nonsense, insert, deletion, indel) were made in hRHO mRNA based on Human Gene Mutation Database and Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Each mRNA was folded with MFold, SFold, and OligoWalk algorithms and subjected to a bioinformatics model called multiparameter prediction of RNA accessibility. Predicted accessibility of each mutant over both a broad local region and the explicit lead ribozyme annealing site were compared quantitatively to wild-type hRHO mRNA. Results Accessibility of the 725GUC↓ site is sensitive to some mutations. For single nucleotide missense mutations, proximity of the mutation to the hhRz annealing site increases the impact on predicted accessibility, but some distant mutations also influence accessibility. Conclusions A mutation-independent strategy appears viable in this specific context but certain mutations could significantly influence ribozyme or RNAi efficacy through impact on accessibility at the target annealing site/region. This possibility must be considered in applications of this gene therapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau R Froebel
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States 3The Ross Eye Institute of University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Alexandria J Trujillo
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States 4Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States
| | - Jack M Sullivan
- Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, New York, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States 3The Ross Eye Institute of University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States 4Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States 5Department of Physiology/Biophysics, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States 6Neuroscience Program, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States 7The RNA Institute, University at Albany-State University of New York, Albany, New York, United States
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Retinal histopathology in eyes from patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa caused by rhodopsin mutations. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015. [PMID: 26202387 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the histopathology in donor eyes from patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP) caused by p.P23H, p.P347T and p.P347L rhodopsin ( RHO ) gene mutations. METHODS Eyes from a 72-year-old male (donor 1), an 83-year-old female (donor 2), an 80-year-old female (donor 3), and three age-similar normal eyes were examined macroscopically, by scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography imaging. Perifoveal and peripheral pieces were processed for microscopy and immunocytochemistry with markers for photoreceptor cells. RESULTS DNA analysis revealed RHO mutations c.68C>A (p.P23H) in donor 1, c.1040C>T (p.P347L) in donor 2 and c.1039C>A (p.P347T) in donor 3. Histology of the ADRP eyes showed retinas with little evidence of stratified nuclear layers in the periphery and a prominent inner nuclear layer present in the perifoveal region in the p.P23H and p.P347T eyes, while it was severely atrophic in the p.P347L eye. The p.P23H and p.P347T mutations cause a profound loss of rods in both the periphery and perifovea, while the p.P347L mutation displays near complete absence of rods in both regions. All three rhodopsin mutations caused a profound loss of cones in the periphery. The p.P23H and p.P347T mutations led to the presence of highly disorganized cones in the perifovea. However, the p.P347L mutation led to near complete absence of cones also in the perifovea. CONCLUSIONS Our results support clinical findings indicating that mutations affecting residue P347 develop more severe phenotypes than those affecting P23. Furthermore, our results indicate a more severe phenotype in the p.P347L retina as compared to the p.P347T retina.
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Fernandez-San Jose P, Blanco-Kelly F, Corton M, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Gimenez A, Avila-Fernandez A, Garcia-Sandoval B, Lopez-Molina MI, Hernan I, Carballo M, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Ayuso C. Prevalence of Rhodopsin mutations in autosomal dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa in Spain: clinical and analytical review in 200 families. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:e38-44. [PMID: 25408095 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to determine the prevalence of mutations in the RHO gene in Spanish families with autosomal dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa (adRP), to assess genotype-phenotype correlations and to establish an accurate diagnostic algorithm after 23 years of data collection. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two hundred patients were analysed through a combination of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, single-strand conformation polymorphism, genotyping microarray and Sanger sequencing of the RHO gene. RESULTS Overall, 42 of 200 Spanish adRP families were mutated for RHO (21.0%). Twenty-seven different RHO mutations were detected; seven of them were novel. A genotype-phenotype correlation was established with clinical data from 107 patients. The most prevalent p.Pro347Leu mutation, responsible for 4.5% (9/200) of all mutated adRP families, was associated with a phenotype of early onset and severe course diffuse RP. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study provides a wide spectrum of mutations in the RHO gene in Spanish patients with adRP. Also, the prevalence of mutations is similar to that reported in European population. Genotyping microarray followed by RHO sequencing is proposed as a first step in molecular diagnosis of adRP Spanish families. An increasing understanding of causal RHO alleles in adRP facilitates disease diagnosis and prognosis, especially for the prevalent p.Pro347Leu mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernandez-San Jose
- Department of Genetics; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- Department of Genetics; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Corton
- Department of Genetics; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Maria-Jose Trujillo-Tiebas
- Department of Genetics; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Ascension Gimenez
- Department of Genetics; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Almudena Avila-Fernandez
- Department of Genetics; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Blanca Garcia-Sandoval
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Maria-Isabel Lopez-Molina
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
| | - Inma Hernan
- Molecular Genetics Unit; Hospital de Terrassa; Terrassa Barcelona Spain
| | - Miguel Carballo
- Molecular Genetics Unit; Hospital de Terrassa; Terrassa Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Riveiro-Alvarez
- Department of Genetics; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- Department of Genetics; Health Research Institute Fundacion Jimenez Diaz; University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM); Madrid Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER; ISCIII; Madrid Spain
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Ozaki T, Ishiguro SI, Hirano S, Baba A, Yamashita T, Tomita H, Nakazawa M. Inhibitory peptide of mitochondrial μ-calpain protects against photoreceptor degeneration in rhodopsin transgenic S334ter and P23H rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71650. [PMID: 23951212 PMCID: PMC3739725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial μ-calpain and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-dependent photoreceptor cell death has been seen in several rat and mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Previously, we demonstrated that the specific peptide inhibitor of mitochondrial μ-calpain, Tat-µCL, protected against retinal degeneration following intravitreal injection or topical eye-drop application in Mertk gene-mutated Royal College of Surgeons rats, one of the animal models of RP. Because of the high rate of rhodopsin mutations in RP patients, the present study was performed to confirm the protective effects of Tat-µCL against retinal degeneration in rhodopsin transgenic S334ter and P23H rats. We examined the effects of intravitreal injection or topical application of the peptide on retinal degeneration in S334ter and P23H rats by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, electroretinogram (ERG), immunohistochemistry for AIF, and histological staining. In S334ter rats, we found that intravitreal injection or topical application of the peptide prevented photoreceptor cell death from postnatal (PN) 15 to 18 days, the time of early-stage retinal degeneration. Topical application of the peptide also delayed attenuation of ERG responses from PN 28 to 56 days. In P23H rats, topical application of the peptide protected against photoreceptor cell death and nuclear translocation of AIF on PN 30, 40, and 50 days, as the primary stages of degeneration. We observed that topical application of the peptide inhibited the thinning of the outer nuclear layer and delayed ERG attenuations from PN 30 to 90 days. Our results demonstrate that the mitochondrial μ-calpain and AIF pathway is involved in early-stage retinal degeneration in rhodopsin transgenic S334ter and P23H rats, and inhibition of this pathway shows curative potential for rhodopsin mutation-caused RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Ozaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hirosaki University Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Sei-ichi Ishiguro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hirosaki University Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hirosaki University Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ayaka Baba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hirosaki University Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Iwate University Faculty of Agriculture, Morioka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Iwate University Graduate School of Engineering, Morioka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Chang S, Vaccarella L, Olatunji S, Cebulla C, Christoforidis J. Diagnostic challenges in retinitis pigmentosa: genotypic multiplicity and phenotypic variability. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:267-75. [PMID: 22131872 PMCID: PMC3131734 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795860116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of inherited retinal disorders. Diagnosis can be challenging as more than 40 genes are known to cause non-syndromic RP and phenotypic expression can differ significantly resulting in variations in disease severity, age of onset, rate of progression, and clinical findings. We describe the clinical manifestations of RP, the more commonly known causative gene mutations, and the genotypic-phenotypic correlation of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie Chang
- Retina Division, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Stone EM, Luo X, Héon E, Lam BL, Weleber RG, Halder JA, Affatigato LM, Goldberg JB, Sumaroka A, Schwartz SB, Cideciyan AV, Jacobson SG. Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa caused by mutations in the MAK gene. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:9665-73. [PMID: 22110072 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the disease expression in autosomal recessive (ar) retinitis pigmentosa (RP) caused by mutations in the MAK (male germ cell-associated kinase) gene. METHODS Patients with RP and MAK gene mutations (n = 24; age, 32-77 years at first visit) were studied by ocular examination, perimetry, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS All but one MAK patient were homozygous for an identical truncating mutation in exon 9 and had Ashkenazi Jewish heritage. The carrier frequency of this mutation among 1207 unrelated Ashkenazi control subjects was 1 in 55, making it the most common cause of heritable retinal disease in this population and MAK-associated RP the sixth most common Mendelian disease overall in this group. Visual acuities could be normal into the eighth decade of life. Kinetic fields showed early loss in the superior-temporal quadrant. With more advanced disease, superior and midperipheral function was lost, but the nasal field remained. Only a central island was present at late stages. Pigmentary retinopathy was less prominent in the superior nasal quadrant. Rod-mediated vision was abnormal but detectable in the residual field; all patients had rod>cone dysfunction. Photoreceptor layer thickness was normal centrally but decreased with eccentricity. At the stages studied, there was no evidence of photoreceptor ciliary elongation. CONCLUSIONS The patterns of disease expression in the MAK form of arRP showed some resemblance to patterns described in autosomal dominant RP, especially the form caused by RP1 mutations. The similarity in phenotypes is of interest, considering that there is experimental evidence of interaction between Mak and RP1 in the photoreceptor cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Kaur J, Mencl S, Sahaboglu A, Farinelli P, van Veen T, Zrenner E, Ekström P, Paquet-Durand F, Arango-Gonzalez B. Calpain and PARP activation during photoreceptor cell death in P23H and S334ter rhodopsin mutant rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22181. [PMID: 21765948 PMCID: PMC3134478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases affecting photoreceptors and causing blindness. Many human cases are caused by mutations in the rhodopsin gene. An important question regarding RP pathology is whether different genetic defects trigger the same or different cell death mechanisms. To answer this question, we analysed photoreceptor degeneration in P23H and S334ter transgenic rats carrying rhodopsin mutations that affect protein folding and sorting respectively. We found strong activation of calpain and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in both mutants, concomitant with calpastatin down-regulation, increased oxidative DNA damage and accumulation of PAR polymers. These parameters were strictly correlated with the temporal progression of photoreceptor degeneration, mirroring earlier findings in the phosphodiesterase-6 mutant rd1 mouse, and suggesting execution of non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms. Interestingly, activation of caspases-3 and -9 and cytochrome c leakage-key events in apoptotic cell death--were observed only in the S334ter mutant, which also showed increased expression of PARP-1. The identification of the same metabolic markers triggered by different mutations in two different species suggests the existence of common cell death mechanisms, which is a major consideration for any mutation independent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasvir Kaur
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stine Mencl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ayse Sahaboglu
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pietro Farinelli
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Sciences Lund, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Theo van Veen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Sciences Lund, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eberhart Zrenner
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Per Ekström
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Sciences Lund, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Blanca Arango-Gonzalez
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Sakami S, Maeda T, Bereta G, Okano K, Golczak M, Sumaroka A, Roman AJ, Cideciyan AV, Jacobson SG, Palczewski K. Probing mechanisms of photoreceptor degeneration in a new mouse model of the common form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa due to P23H opsin mutations. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10551-67. [PMID: 21224384 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.209759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin, the visual pigment mediating vision under dim light, is composed of the apoprotein opsin and the chromophore ligand 11-cis-retinal. A P23H mutation in the opsin gene is one of the most prevalent causes of the human blinding disease, autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Although P23H cultured cell and transgenic animal models have been developed, there remains controversy over whether they fully mimic the human phenotype; and the exact mechanism by which this mutation leads to photoreceptor cell degeneration remains unknown. By generating P23H opsin knock-in mice, we found that the P23H protein was inadequately glycosylated with levels 1-10% that of wild type opsin. Moreover, the P23H protein failed to accumulate in rod photoreceptor cell endoplasmic reticulum but instead disrupted rod photoreceptor disks. Genetically engineered P23H mice lacking the chromophore showed accelerated photoreceptor cell degeneration. These results indicate that most synthesized P23H protein is degraded, and its retinal cytotoxicity is enhanced by lack of the 11-cis-retinal chromophore during rod outer segment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Sakami
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Yokoyama D, Machida S, Kondo M, Terasaki H, Nishimura T, Kurosaka D. Pharmacological dissection of multifocal electroretinograms of rabbits with Pro347Leu rhodopsin mutation. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2010; 54:458-66. [PMID: 21052910 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-010-0842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether photoreceptor degeneration in transgenic (Tg) rabbits carrying the Pro347Leu rhodopsin mutation alters the neural activity of the middle and inner retinal neurons. METHODS Multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs) were recorded from eight 12-week-old Tg rabbits both before and after intravitreal injection of the following: tetrodotoxin citrate (TTX), N-methyl-DL: -aspartic acid (NMDA), 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), and cis-2,3-piperidine-dicarboxylic acid (PDA). Digital subtraction of the mfERGs recorded after the drugs were administered from those recorded before was used to extract the components that were eliminated by these drugs. Eight agematched, wild-type (WT) rabbits were studied with the same protocol. RESULTS There was no reduction in the amplitude of the cone photoreceptor response of the mfERGs in Tg rabbits. Both the first positive and the first negative waves of the ON-bipolar cell responses were significantly larger in the Tg than in the WT rabbits. Late negative waves of the ON-bipolar cell response were recorded only in the WT rabbits. The first negative wave of the inner retinal responses was larger in the Tg than in the Wt rabbits. The late positive waves were seen mainly in the WT rabbits. CONCLUSIONS The ON-bipolar cell and inner retinal responses were altered at the early stage of photoreceptor degeneration in Tg rabbits despite the preservation of the cone photoreceptor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yokoyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Concepcion F, Chen J. Q344ter mutation causes mislocalization of rhodopsin molecules that are catalytically active: a mouse model of Q344ter-induced retinal degeneration. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10904. [PMID: 20532191 PMCID: PMC2880002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Q344ter is a naturally occurring rhodopsin mutation in humans that causes autosomal dominant retinal degeneration through mechanisms that are not fully understood, but are thought to involve an early termination that removed the trafficking signal, QVAPA, leading to its mislocalization in the rod photoreceptor cell. To better understand the disease mechanism(s), transgenic mice that express Q344ter were generated and crossed with rhodopsin knockout mice. Dark-reared Q344ter(rho+/-) mice exhibited retinal degeneration, demonstrating that rhodopsin mislocalization caused photoreceptor cell death. This degeneration is exacerbated by light-exposure and is correlated with the activation of transducin as well as other G-protein signaling pathways. We observed numerous sub-micrometer sized vesicles in the inter-photoreceptor space of Q344ter(rho+/-) and Q344ter(rho-/-) retinas, similar to that seen in another rhodopsin mutant, P347S. Whereas light microscopy failed to reveal outer segment structures in Q344ter(rho-/-) rods, shortened and disorganized rod outer segment structures were visible using electron microscopy. Thus, some Q344ter molecules trafficked to the outer segment and formed disc structures, albeit inefficiently, in the absence of full length wildtype rhodopsin. These findings helped to establish the in vivo role of the QVAPA domain as well as the pathways leading to Q344ter-induced retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Concepcion
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology and Department of Ophthalmology, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Audo I, Manes G, Mohand-Saïd S, Friedrich A, Lancelot ME, Antonio A, Moskova-Doumanova V, Poch O, Zanlonghi X, Hamel CP, Sahel JA, Bhattacharya SS, Zeitz C. Spectrum of rhodopsin mutations in French autosomal dominant rod-cone dystrophy patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:3687-700. [PMID: 20164459 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PURPOSE. To identify the prevalence of rhodopsin (RHO) mutations in French patients with autosomal dominant rod-cone dystrophies (adRPs). Methods. Detailed phenotypic characterization was performed, including precise family history, best corrected visual acuity with the ETDRS chart, slit lamp examination, kinetic and static perimetry, full-field and multifocal electroretinography (ERG), fundus autofluorescence imaging (FAF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). For genetic diagnosis, genomic DNA of 79 families was isolated by standard METHODS The coding exons and flanking intronic regions of RHO were PCR amplified, purified, and sequenced in the index patient. RESULTS. Of this French adRP sample, 16.5% carried an RHO mutation. Three different families showed a novel mutation (p. Leu88Pro, p.Met207Lys and p.Gln344Pro), while ten unrelated families showed recurrent, previously published mutations (p.Asn15Ser, p.Leu131Pro, p.Arg135Trp, p.Ser334GlyfsX21 and p.Pro347Leu). All mutations co-segregated with the phenotype within a family, and the novel mutations were not identified in control samples. CONCLUSIONS. This study revealed that the prevalence of RHO mutations in French adRP patients is in accordance with that in other studies from Europe. Most of the changes identified herein reflect recurrent mutations, within which p.Pro347Leu substitution is the most prevalent. Nevertheless, almost one fourth of the changes are novel, indicating that, although RHO is the first gene implicated and probably the most studied gene in RP, it is still important performing mutation analysis in RHO to detect novel changes. The detailed phenotype-genotype analyses in all available family members deliver the basis for therapeutic approaches in those families.
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Krebs MP, Holden DC, Joshi P, Clark CL, Lee AH, Kaushal S. Molecular mechanisms of rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa and the efficacy of pharmacological rescue. J Mol Biol 2009; 395:1063-78. [PMID: 19913029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Variants of rhodopsin, a complex of 11-cis retinal and opsin, cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a degenerative disease of the retina. Trafficking defects due to rhodopsin misfolding have been proposed as the most likely basis of the disease, but other potentially overlapping mechanisms may also apply. Pharmacological therapies for RP must target the major disease mechanism and contend with overlap, if it occurs. To this end, we have explored the molecular basis of rhodopsin RP in the context of pharmacological rescue with 11-cis retinal. Stable inducible cell lines were constructed to express wild-type opsin; the pathogenic variants T4R, T17M, P23A, P23H, P23L, and C110Y; or the nonpathogenic variants F220L and A299S. Pharmacological rescue was measured as the fold increase in rhodopsin or opsin levels upon addition of 11-cis retinal during opsin expression. Only Pro23 and T17M variants were rescued significantly. C110Y opsin was produced at low levels and did not yield rhodopsin, whereas the T4R, F220L, and A299S proteins reached near-wild-type levels and changed little with 11-cis retinal. All of the mutant rhodopsins exhibited misfolding, which increased over a broad range in the order F220L, A299S, T4R, T17M, P23A, P23H, P23L, as determined by decreased thermal stability in the dark and increased hydroxylamine sensitivity. Pharmacological rescue increased as misfolding decreased, but was limited for the least misfolded variants. Significantly, pathogenic variants also showed abnormal photobleaching behavior, including an increased ratio of metarhodopsin-I-like species to metarhodopsin-II-like species and aberrant photoproduct accumulation with prolonged illumination. These results, combined with an analysis of published biochemical and clinical studies, suggest that many rhodopsin variants cause disease by affecting both biosynthesis and photoactivity. We conclude that pharmacological rescue is promising as a broadly effective therapy for rhodopsin RP, particularly if implemented in a way that minimizes the photoactivity of the mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Krebs
- Department of Ophthalmology and the Charlie Mack Overstreet Laboratories for Retinal Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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19
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Weleber RG, Gregory-Evans K. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Disorders. Retina 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02598-0.50023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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20
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Zhang XL, Liu M, Meng XH, Fu WL, Yin ZQ, Huang JF, Zhang X. Mutational analysis of the rhodopsin gene in Chinese ADRP families by conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis. Life Sci 2005; 78:1494-8. [PMID: 16229860 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a very heterogeneous group of retinal degenerations, with multiple genes identified in each mode of inheritance. For autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (ADRP), the most common gene is the rhodopsin (RHO) gene, mutations in which contribute to about 25% of ADRP in Caucasian population. To investigate the frequency and pattern of RHO point mutations in Chinese patients with ADRP, we have screened the five coding exons and splice sites of the RHO gene in 50 unrelated probands from Chinese ADRP families and 100 normal controls to identify disease-associated mutations, using conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing. Two RHO mutations, Pro347Leu and Pro327 (1-bp del), were identified each in one family, thus the frequency of RHO mutations among ADRP families in this study is less than 14% (2/50=4%, 95% confidence interval: 1-14%), lower than that in Europe and North America, which may reflect an ethnic difference between Chinese and Caucasian populations. Loss of all phosphorylation sites at the C-terminus and a highly conserved sequence QVS(A)PA may occur because of Pro327(1-bp del). CSGE was found to be a sensitive, simple and practical method for the screening of a large number of samples under highly reproducible conditions, and could be utilized in routine molecular diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao L Zhang
- Center for Molecular Diagnosis and Gene Therapy, Affiliated South-West Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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Wang DY, Chan WM, Tam POS, Baum L, Lam DSC, Chong KKL, Fan BJ, Pang CP. Gene mutations in retinitis pigmentosa and their clinical implications. Clin Chim Acta 2005; 351:5-16. [PMID: 15563868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited progressive retinal diseases affecting about 1 in 3500 people worldwide. So far, there is no prevention or cure, with permanent visual loss or even blindness the ultimate consequence usually after midlife. The genetics of RP are complex. It can be sporadic, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked. Thirty-two genes are known to be associated with RP, sometimes the same gene gets involved in different inheritance traits. Some RP cases have a digenic cause. About 60% RP cases still have no known genetic cause. A large number of mutations cause RP, and they can be deletions, insertions, or substitutions that cause missense mutations or truncations. The RHO, RP1, and RPGR genes contribute the greatest number of known mutations causative of RP. But there is no single mutation that alone accounts for more than 10% of unrelated patients. Genetic testing for RP therefore requires screening for a group of genes. High-throughput and automated sequence detection technologies are essential. Due to the complexity in phenotype and genetics, and the fact that RP is untreatable, genetic testing for presymptomatic diagnosis of RP is controversial. Meanwhile, new genes are still to be identified, mostly by family linkage and sib-pair analysis. Research on gene therapy for RP requires information on gene mutations causative of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Oh KT, Oh DM, Weleber RG, Stone EM, Parikh A, White J, Deboer-Shields KA, Streb L, Vallar C. Genotype-phenotype correlation in a family with Arg135Leu rhodopsin retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88:1533-7. [PMID: 15548806 PMCID: PMC1772449 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.043653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the clinical characteristics and disease course of a large family with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) from an Arg135Leu change in rhodopsin. METHODS 29 patients in this family were evaluated. Goldmann visual fields were performed on 14 affected individuals, Ganzfeld electroretinography (ERG) on eight individuals (11-56 years), and blood samples collected on 10 individuals (11-58 years). Patient visual field data were compared with previously reported patients with different rhodopsin mutations using linear regression. RESULTS An Arg135Leu mutation was identified in rhodopsin. Distinct stages of clinical evolution were identified for this family ranging from normal, white dots, classic bone spicules and, finally, ending with extensive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy. 9/16 patients over the age of 20 years also demonstrated marked macular atrophy. All patients who underwent full field ERG testing demonstrated non-recordable ERGs. The overall regression model comparing solid angles of visual fields from patients with rhodopsin mutations (Pro23His, Pro347Ala, Arg135Leu) shows significant effects for age (p = 0.0005), mutation (p = 0.0014), and interaction between age and mutation (p = 0.018) with an R(2) of 0.407. CONCLUSIONS An Arg135Leu change in rhodopsin results in a severe form of RP that evolves through various fundus appearances that include white dots early in life and classic appearing RP later. This transmembrane change in rhodopsin proves to be more severe than in a family with an intradiscal change and a family with a cytoplasmic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Kalloniatis M, Fletcher EL. Retinitis pigmentosa: understanding the clinical presentation, mechanisms and treatment options. Clin Exp Optom 2004; 87:65-80. [PMID: 15040773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a leading cause of human blindness due to degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells. Causes of retinal degeneration include defects in the visual pigment, defects in the proteins important for photoreceptor function or in enzymes involved in initiating visual transduction. Despite the diversity of genetic mutations identified in inherited forms of retinal dystrophy, there is a common end result of photoreceptor death and functional blindness. In this review, pertinent anatomical and physiological pathways involved in RP and the underlying genetic mutations are outlined, including a discussion on the inheritance patterns revealed by advances in molecular biological techniques. Characteristics of progression rates of visual field loss and current management options will provide useful clinical guidelines for the management of patients with RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalloniatis
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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