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Kim MH, Lim SH. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Glaucoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101368. [PMID: 36291577 PMCID: PMC9599265 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that decompose extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. MMPs are thought to play important roles in cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration, apoptosis, and host defense. MMPs are distributed in almost all intraocular tissues and are involved in physiological and pathological mechanisms of the eye. MMPs are also associated with glaucoma, a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the eyes. MMP activity affects intraocular pressure control and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, which are the pathological mechanisms of glaucoma. It also affects the risk of glaucoma development based on genetic pleomorphism. In addition, MMPs may affect the treatment outcomes of glaucoma, including the success rate of surgical treatment and side effects on the ocular surface due to glaucoma medications. This review discusses the various relationships between MMP and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Premier Eye Center, Suseong-ro 197, Suseong-Gu, Daegu 42153, Korea
| | - Su-Ho Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Veterans Health Service Medical Center, 60 Wolgok-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42835, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-630-7572
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2
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Tsugeno Y, Sato T, Watanabe M, Higashide M, Furuhashi M, Umetsu A, Suzuki S, Ida Y, Hikage F, Ohguro H. All Trans-Retinoic Acids Facilitate the Remodeling of 2D and 3D Cultured Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090463. [PMID: 36135009 PMCID: PMC9495389 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A derivative, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), is known to be a potent regulator of the growth and differentiation of various types of cells. In the present study, the unidentified effects of ATRA on superficial and vertical spreading conjunctival scarring were examined. The study involved the use of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human conjunctival fibroblast (HconF) cells in the presence or absence of TGF-β2. The effects of ATRA (1 μM) on superficial or vertical spreading conjunctival scarring were evaluated by the barrier function by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC dextran permeability measurements and real-time metabolic analysis, as well as the physical properties, namely, the size and stiffness, of 3D spheroids, respectively. In addition, the expressions of several related molecules, including extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, ECM modulators including a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and ER stress-related factors, were examined. ATRA significantly induced (1) an increase in TEER values and a decrease in FITC dextran permeability, respectively, in the 2D monolayers, and (2) relatively and substantially increased the size and stiffness, respectively, of the 3D spheroids. These ATRA-induced effects were further enhanced in the TGF-β2-treated cells, whereas the TGF-β2-induced enhancement in glycolytic capacity was canceled by the presence of ATRA. Consistent with these physical and morphological effects, the mRNA expressions of several molecules were significantly but differently induced between 2D and 3D cultures by ATRA, although the presence of TGF-β2 did not substantially affect these gene expression levels. The findings reported in this study indicate that ATRA may exacerbate both superficial and vertical conjunctival fibrosis spreading independently of TGF-β2-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tsugeno
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Departments of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Megumi Higashide
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Araya Umetsu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Soma Suzuki
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ida
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hikage
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohguro
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-116-112-111; Fax: +81-116-136-575
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Watanabe M, Sato T, Tsugeno Y, Higashide M, Furuhashi M, Umetsu A, Suzuki S, Ida Y, Hikage F, Ohguro H. All-trans Retinoic Acids Synergistically and Beneficially Affect In Vitro Glaucomatous Trabecular Meshwork (TM) Models Using 2D and 3D Cell Cultures of Human TM Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179912. [PMID: 36077314 PMCID: PMC9456377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein on the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells that were treated with transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2). In the presence of 5 ng/mL TGF-β2, the effects of ATRA on the following were observed: (1) the barrier function of the 2D HTM monolayers, as determined by trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextran permeability measurements; (2) a Seahorse cellular bio-metabolism analysis; (3) physical properties, including the size and stiffness, of 3D spheroids; (4) the gene expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, ECM modulators including tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tight junction (TJ)-related molecules, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-related factors. ATRA significantly inhibited the TGF-β2-induced increase in the TEER values and FITC dextran permeability of the 2D monolayers, while an ATRA monotreatment induced similar effects as TGF-β2. A real-time metabolic analysis revealed that ATRA significantly inhibited the TGF-β2-induced shift in metabolic reserve from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in 2D HTM cells, whereas ATRA alone did not induce significant metabolic changes. In contrast, ATRA induced the formation of substantially downsized and softer 3D spheroids in the absence and presence of TGF-β2. The different effects induced by ATRA toward 2D and 3D HTM cells were also supported by the qPCR analysis of several proteins as above. The findings reported here indicate that ATRA may induce synergistic and beneficial effects on TGF-β2-treated 2D- and 3D-cultured HTM cells; those effects varied significantly between the 2D and 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Watanabe
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Departments of Cellular Physiology and Signal Transduction, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuri Tsugeno
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Megumi Higashide
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Masato Furuhashi
- Departments of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Araya Umetsu
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Soma Suzuki
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ida
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hikage
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohguro
- Departments of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-611-2111
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Fan RH, Liu CG, Zhang Z, Xing MQ, Han YM, Zhou T, Wang XY, Wang C. Metabolomics analysis of Semen Cuscutae protection of kidney deficient model rats using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114432. [PMID: 34715580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine syndrome "Kidney yang deficiency" is a kind of chronic kidney disease. With the development of society, the incidence of chronic kidney disease is increasing year by year, which also brings great economic pressure to people. Semen Cuscutae is an important traditional Chinese medicine to tonify liver and kidney, mainly used to tonify deficiency of liver and kidney, spleen and kidney deficiency and diarrhea. Although there are a lot of research at the molecular and cellular level to study the Semen Cuscutae on the treatment of Kidney yang deficiency syndrome, but there's no comprehensive research complete with metabolomics method from plasma, feces and urine metabolites aspects. The purpose of this study is to find the potential differential biomarkers of the Kidney yang deficiency model and blank group rats in plasma, urine and feces, and to investigate the mechanism of Semen Cuscutae in the treatment of Kidney yang deficiency syndrome. In this study, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was used to identify potential biomarkers. Through the analysis of metabolic profiles of plasma, urine, and feces, as well as multivariate statistical analysis and pathway analysis, the therapeutic mechanism of Semen Cuscutae for Kidney yang deficiency syndrome was described. The results showed that there were 69 differential metabolites in plasma, 93 differential metabolites in feces and 62 differential metabolites in urine, and the changes of the levels of these biomarkers showed that Semen Cuscutae had a good therapeutic effect on Kidney yang deficiency syndrome. Through the analysis of the channel, the metabolite changes mainly affected the steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, sheath lipid metabolism and biosynthesis of tyrosine, phenylalanine metabolism, retinol metabolism,taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, lysine degradation and vitamin B6 metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism. Therefore, the results suggested that Semen Cuscutae could exert a good therapeutic effect by reversing the levels of some biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hua Fan
- Department of Health Inspection, College of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 11034, China.
| | - Chen-Guang Liu
- Department of Health Inspection, College of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 11034, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Health Inspection, College of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 11034, China
| | - Mei-Qi Xing
- Department of Health Inspection, College of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 11034, China
| | - Yu-Mo Han
- Department of Health Inspection, College of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 11034, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Health Inspection, College of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 11034, China
| | - Xin-Yue Wang
- Department of Health Inspection, College of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 11034, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Health Inspection, College of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 11034, China
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Liang L, Wang X, Zheng Y, Liu Y. All‑trans‑retinoic acid modulates TGF‑β‑induced apoptosis, proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix synthesis of conjunctival fibroblasts by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2929-2935. [PMID: 31322252 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival fiber generation is implicated in a wide spectrum of ocular diseases. Conjunctival wound healing is characterized by inflammation followed by re‑epithelialization, synthesis of new extracellular matrix (ECM), wound contraction and subconjunctival scar formation. The primary cause for the failure of glaucoma filtration surgery results from the excessive scarring of the filtering bleb. All‑trans‑retinoic acid (ATRA), a derivative of vitamin A, is a potent regulator of ECM synthesis, growth and differentiation. Following a previous study, which revealed that ATRA could inhibit transforming growth factor‑β‑induced human conjunctival fibroblast (HConF)‑mediated collagen gel contraction, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of ATRA on HConF migration, apoptosis, proliferation and ECM synthesis. To achieve this, the present study used Transwell migration, wound healing and Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. In addition, the present study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of ATRA in mediating resistance to conjunctival scar formation. ATRA treatment resulted in an increased level of HConF apoptosis, reduced proliferation and migration, decreased collagen I and fibronectin expression, and decreased phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Thus, the present study showed a role for ATRA in inhibiting HConF migration, proliferation and ECM synthesis, and in promoting HConF apoptosis through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet‑sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R. China
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Bama ES, Grace VMB, Sundaram V, Jesubatham PD. Synergistic effect of co-treatment with all- trans retinoic acid and 9- cis retinoic acid on human lung cancer cell line at molecular level. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:159. [PMID: 30944806 PMCID: PMC6441431 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in treating cancers with ATRA is the limited availability inside the cell and resistance developed in prolonged treatment. We made an attempt for co-treatment of human NSCLC cell lines (A549) with ATRA and its isomeric precursor (9cisRA). In this study, the growth inhibitory effect of ATRA, 9cisRA and combination of both were tested in A549 cells by MTT and Trypan blue assays. As the effects of retinoid are mediated through their receptors, their gene expression levels were analyzed by RT-PCR. The target gene receptor, RAR-β protein expression, was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. The cancer cell (A549) growth inhibitory effect was significantly (p ≤ 0.001) enhanced in combination treatment when compared with the result of individual treatments. The mRNA expression levels of both RAR-β and RXR-β were found to be increased in co-treatment (band density of 0.75 and 0.806, respectively) when compared with 9cisRA treatment (0.25 and 0.112) and ATRA treatment (0.01 and 0.081). A concomitant enhancement in the target RAR-β protein expression was observed in co-treated cells when compared with individual treatments. We thus conclude that the co-treatment had increased the availability of ATRA, by isomerization of the 9cisRA which then resulted in an increased expression of both RAR-β and RXR-β receptors and the target protein RAR-β which in turn inhibited lung cancer cell growth. Our study results have explored the mechanism of synergistic effect of co-treatment with ATRA and 9cisRA and further preclinical studies are necessary to validate the application of co-treatment of retinoid in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Sathya Bama
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114 India
| | - V. M. Berlin Grace
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114 India
| | - Viswanathan Sundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114 India
| | - Perinba Dansiha Jesubatham
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 114 India
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Liu Y, Kimura K, Orita T, Suzuki K, Teranishi S, Mori T, Sonoda KH. Inhibition by a retinoic acid receptor γ agonist of extracellular matrix remodeling mediated by human Tenon fibroblasts. Mol Vis 2015; 21:1368-77. [PMID: 26788029 PMCID: PMC4704771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Scar formation is most frequently responsible for the failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. Retinoic acids are vitamin A derivatives that play diverse roles in development, immunity, and tissue repair. The effects of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ agonist R667 on the contractility of human Tenon fibroblasts (HTFs) cultured in a three-dimensional collagen gel as well as on intraocular pressure (IOP) in a rat model of glaucoma filtration surgery were investigated. METHODS HTFs were cultured in a type I collagen gel, the contraction of which was evaluated by measurement of the gel diameter. The release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) into culture supernatants was assessed with immunoblot analysis and gelatin zymography. Phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) was examined with immunoblot analysis, and production of fibronectin and type I collagen was measured with immunoassays. RESULTS R667 inhibited transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced collagen gel contraction mediated by HTFs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, whereas an RARα agonist inhibited this process to a lesser extent and an RARβ agonist had no effect. TGF-β1-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 release, FAK phosphorylation, and fibronectin and type I collagen production in HTFs were also attenuated by R667. Furthermore, R667 lowered IOP in rats after glaucoma filtration surgery. CONCLUSIONS R667 inhibited TGF-β1-induced contraction and extracellular matrix synthesis in HTFs. Such effects might have contributed to the lowering of IOP by R667 in a rat model of glaucoma filtration surgery. RARγ agonists might thus prove effective for inhibition of scar formation after such surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Orita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Teranishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuya Mori
- Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Mao S, Zhang J. The emerging role of hepatocyte growth factor in renal diseases. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 36:303-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1080275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mizuno S, Ikebuchi F, Fukuta K, Kato T, Matsumoto K, Adachi K, Abe T, Nakamura T. Recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), but not rat HGF, elicits glomerular injury and albuminuria in normal rats via an immune complex-dependent mechanism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 38:192-201. [PMID: 21251050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has the therapeutic potential to improve renal fibrosis and proteinuria in rodents with chronic kidney disease. In contrast, long-term administration of human HGF to normal rats reportedly elicits proteinuria. Thus, the role of HGF during proteinuria remains contentious. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate that human HGF is antigenic to rodents and that immune complex formation causes proteinuria. 2. We administered either human or rat HGF to normal rats for 28 days. Albuminuria was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The renal phenotypes of the two HGF treatments were examined using histological techniques. 3. Administration of human HGF (1 mg/kg per day, i.v.) to rats led to severe albuminuria and glomerular hypertrophy in association with increased blood levels of anti-human HGF IgG and IgG deposition in mesangial areas. Furthermore, an immune complex between human HGF and anti-human HGF IgG stimulated the production of proteinuric cytokines (including transforming growth factor-β) in rat cultured mesangial cells. In contrast, treatment of healthy rats with rat HGF for 4 weeks caused neither mesangial IgG deposition nor elevated anti-HGF IgG in the blood. Overall, rat HGF did not provoke albuminuria. 4. We conclude that human HGF produces pseudotoxic effects in normal rat kidneys via an immune complex-mediated pathway, whereas syngenic HGF is safe due to less deposition of glomerular IgG. Our results affirm the safety of the repeated use of syngenic HGF for the treatment of chronic organ diseases, such as renal fibrosis and liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Mizuno
- Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, OsakaSaito Laboratory, Research & Development, Kringle Pharma Inc., IbarakiKringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, SuitaDivision of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Kanazawa University Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa, Japan
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Liu T, Peng Y, Jia C, Fang X, Li J, Zhong W. Hepatocyte growth factor-modified adipose tissue-derived stem cells improve erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Growth Factors 2015; 33:282-9. [PMID: 26339935 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2015.1077825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ1-Smad signaling pathway is closely related to various tissues fibrosis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to antagonize TGFβ1-Smad signaling and may improve kidney tissue fibrosis in diabetic models. Penile fibrosis is a pathological condition which occurs during diabetic erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the treatment of ED in diabetic rats with a combination of HGF and adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC). In this diabetes model, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. Three months later, the diabetic rats were divided into a negative control(NC) group, an ADSC-treated group and an ADSC + HGF-treated group while normal rats were assigned into a sham group. Rats in the sham and NC groups were injected in the corpus cavernosum with phosphate-buffered saline, while rats in the other groups were injected with either ADSC or ADSC + HGF. One month later, erectile function was examined in each group and penile tissues were collected for experiments. The expression of smooth muscle actin (SMA) and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) was analyzed by Western blotting. The smooth muscle and collagen deposition in corpus cavernosum was evaluated by Masson staining, while endothelial changes were assessed immunohistochemically. Cell apoptosis was detected by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The results revealed that ADSC alone can significantly improve erectile function in diabetic rats, but in combination with HGF the improvement was more prominent, showing higher content of smooth muscle and endothelial cells and lower cell apoptotic index in corpus cavernosum. Treatment with HGF can significantly enhance the beneficial effect of ADSC on erectile function in diabetic rats, and this effect might be closely related to the down-regulation of TGFβ1-Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- a Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College , Wuhu , China
| | - Yifeng Peng
- a Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College , Wuhu , China
| | - Chao Jia
- a Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College , Wuhu , China
| | - Xiang Fang
- a Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College , Wuhu , China
| | - Jing Li
- a Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College , Wuhu , China
| | - Wan Zhong
- a Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College , Wuhu , China
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11
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Rankin AC, Hendry BM, Corcoran JP, Xu Q. An in vitro model for the pro-fibrotic effects of retinoids: mechanisms of action. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1177-89. [PMID: 23992207 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Retinoids, including all-trans retinoic acid (tRA), have dose-dependent pro-fibrotic effects in experimental kidney diseases. To understand and eventually prevent such adverse effects, it is important to establish relevant in vitro models and unravel their mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Fibrogenic effects of retinoids were assessed in NRK-49F renal fibroblasts using picro-Sirius red staining for collagens and quantified by spectrophotometric analysis of the eluted stain. Other methods included RT-qPCR, immunoassays and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity assays. KEY RESULTS With or without TGF-β1, tRA was dose-dependently pro-fibrotic, notably increasing collagen accumulation. tRA and TGF-β1 additively suppressed expression of mRNA for MMP2, 3 and 13 and suppressed MMP activity. tRA, in the presence of TGF-β1, induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) mRNA and they additively induced PAI-1 protein expression. A PAI-1 inhibitor, a pan-retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist and a pan-retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonist each partially prevented the pro-fibrotic effect of tRA. The dose-dependent pro-fibrotic effects of a pan-RXR agonist were similar to those of tRA. A pan-RAR agonist showed weaker, less dose-dependent pro-fibrotic effects and the pro-fibrotic effects of RARα and RARβ-selective agonists were even smaller. An RARγ-selective agonist did not affect fibrogenesis. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS An in vitro model for the pro-fibrotic effects of retinoids was established in NRK-49F cells. It was associated with reduced MMP activity and increased PAI-1 expression, and was probably mediated by RXR and RAR. To avoid or antagonize the pro-fibrotic activity of tRA, further studies on RAR isotype-selective agonists and PAI-1 inhibitors might be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Rankin
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Yi X, Li X, Zhou Y, Ren S, Wan W, Feng G, Jiang X. Hepatocyte growth factor regulates the TGF-β1-induced proliferation, differentiation and secretory function of cardiac fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:381-90. [PMID: 24840640 PMCID: PMC4094591 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast (CF) proliferation and transformation into myofibroblasts play important roles in cardiac fibrosis during pathological myocardial remodeling. In this study, we demonstrate that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an antifibrotic factor in the process of pulmonary, renal and liver fibrosis, is a negative regulator of cardiac fibroblast transformation in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). HGF expression levels were significantly reduced in the CFs following treatment with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 48 h. The overexpression of HGF suppressed the proliferation, transformation and the secretory function of the CFs following treatment with TGF-β1, as indicated by the attenuated expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I and III, whereas the knockdown of HGF had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, we identified that the phosphorylation of c-Met, Akt and total protein of TGIF was significantly inhibited by the knockdown of HGF, but was significantly enhanced by HGF overexpression. Collectively, these results indicate that HGF activates the c-Met-Akt-TGIF signaling pathway, inhibiting CF proliferation and transformation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shan Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Gaoke Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University and Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Levy G, Malik M, Britten J, Gilden M, Segars J, Catherino WH. Liarozole inhibits transforming growth factor-β3--mediated extracellular matrix formation in human three-dimensional leiomyoma cultures. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:272-281.e2. [PMID: 24825427 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of liarozole on transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) expression, TGF-β3 controlled profibrotic cytokines, and extracellular matrix formation in a three-dimensional (3D) leiomyoma model system. DESIGN Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis in a cell line evaluated in a three-dimensional culture. SETTING Laboratory study. PATIENT(S) None. INTERVENTION(S) Treatment of leiomyoma and myometrial cells with liarozole and TGF-β3 in a three-dimensional culture system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting to assess fold gene and protein expression of TGF-β3 and TGF-β3 regulated fibrotic cytokines: collagen 1A1 (COL1A1), fibronectin, and versican before and after treatment with liarozole, and confirmatory immunohistochemical stains of treated three-dimensional cultures. RESULT(S) Both TGF-β3 gene and protein expression were elevated in leiomyoma cells compared with myometrium in two-dimensional and 3D cultures. Treatment with liarozole decreased TGF-β3 gene and protein expression. Extracellular matrix components versican, COL1A1, and fibronectin were also decreased by liarozole treatment in 3D cultures. Treatment of 3D cultures with TGF-β3 increased gene expression and protein production of COL1A1, fibronectin, and versican. CONCLUSION(S) Liarozole decreased TGF-β3 and TGF-β3-mediated extracellular matrix expression in a 3D uterine leiomyoma culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Levy
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Minnie Malik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joy Britten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Melissa Gilden
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James Segars
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William H Catherino
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Excessive collagen deposition causes hypertrophic scarring after dermal wound repair. It can be functionally and cosmetically debilitating to many patients. A direct approach to the control of scar tissue formation is pharmacological regulation of collagen synthesis and deposition. Some studies reported that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays an important role in scar formation. Hepatocyte growth factor can improve tissue fibrosis and reverse the imbalance of collagen metabolism. However, an in vivo study has not been reported concerning the use of HGF in controlling hypertrophy of skin scar until now. METHODS The authors tested the ability of HGF to reduce hypertrophic scar formation in a rabbit ear model. After the placement of three 5-mm dermal wounds on each ear, New Zealand white rabbits received HGF subcutaneously in the left ear at 4 time points on postwounding days 15, 30, 45, and 90. The left ear of each animal served as a control without HGF treatment. Scars were harvested at postoperative 6 months and scar hypertrophy quantified by measurement of the scar elevation index. RESULTS The experimental data showed that treatment of scars with HGF decreased scar formation. The HGF treatment resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the scar elevation index (P < .01). CONCLUSION The authors' results indicate the potential use of HGF to treat hypertrophic scarring, which shows important significance for antiscarring therapy.
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15
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Chade AR, Stewart NJ, Peavy PR. Disparate effects of single endothelin-A and -B receptor blocker therapy on the progression of renal injury in advanced renovascular disease. Kidney Int 2013; 85:833-44. [PMID: 24352153 PMCID: PMC3972340 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that chronic specific endothelin (ET)-A receptor blockade therapy would reverse renal dysfunction and injury in advanced experimental renovascular disease. To test this, unilateral renovascular disease was induced in 19 pigs and after 6 weeks, single-kidney hemodynamics and function was quantified in vivo using computed-tomography. All pigs with renovascular disease were divided such that 7 were untreated, 7 were treated with ET-A blockers, and 5 were treated with ET-B blockers. Four weeks later, all pigs were re-studied in vivo, then euthanized and ex vivo studies performed on the stenotic kidney to quantify microvascular density, remodeling, renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. RBF, GFR, and redox status were significantly improved in the stenotic kidney after ET-A but not ET-B blockade. Furthermore, only ET-A blockade therapy reversed renal microvascular rarefaction and diminished remodeling, which was accompanied by a marked decreased in renal inflammatory and fibrogenic activity. Thus, ET-A but not ET-B blockade ameliorated renal injury in pigs with advanced renovascular disease by stimulating microvascular proliferation and decreasing the progression of microvascular remodeling, renal inflammation and fibrosis in the stenotic kidney. These effects were functionally consequential since ET-A blockade improved single kidney microvascular endothelial function, RBF, and GFR, and decreased albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- 1] Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA [3] Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nicholas J Stewart
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Patrick R Peavy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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16
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Zsippai A, Szabó PM, Szabó DR, Nagy Z, Patócs A, Rácz K, Igaz P. In silico analysis of pathways affected by differentially expressed microRNA in adrenocortical tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:1011-9. [PMID: 23812403 DOI: 10.3275/9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA are involved in the pathogenesis of several tumors, and several studies have been performed on the microRNA profile of adrenocortical tumors to date. The pathways affected by these microRNA, however, have not been analyzed yet by a systematic approach. AIM To perform an in silico bioinformatics analysis of microRNA commonly altered in at least two studies and to decipher the pathways affected by microRNA in adrenocortical tumors. METHODS Datasets on microRNA and mRNA expression have been retrieved from 5 and 3 studies, respectively. MicroRNA mRNA targets have been identified by our tissue specific target prediction pipeline, and mRNA have been subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS Thirty- nine microRNA were identified as commonly altered in two studies. Altogether 49,817 mRNA targets have been found for these microRNA. One-hundred and seventy-eight significant pathways associating with these have been identified and were found in all studies. We have selected 12 pathways involving retinoic acid signaling (lipopolysaccharide/ interleukin-1 mediated inhibition of retinoic X receptor (RXR) function, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α/RXRα activation, retinoic A receptor activation and PPAR signaling pathways) and cell cycle alterations (aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 signaling, integrin signaling, G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation, cyclins and cell cycle regulation and cell cycle control of chromosomal replication pathways) as these have been also established in our previous study on the functional genomics meta-analysis of adrenocortical tumors. Several microRNA have been identified that could affect these pathways. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNA might affect several pathogenic pathways in adrenocortical tumors. Validation studies are required to confirm the biological relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zsippai
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Szentkirályi str. 46, Hungary
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17
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The controversial role of retinoic acid in fibrotic diseases: analysis of involved signaling pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:226-43. [PMID: 23344030 PMCID: PMC3565260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases, such as liver, pulmonary and renal fibrosis, are common end-stage conditions and represent a major global health problem. Furthermore, effective therapeutic measures are presently unavailable. Extracellular matrix accumulation is the most prominent characteristic in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. Retinoic acid, including all-trans retinoic acid, 9-cis and 13-cis retinoic acid, play important roles in various physiological processes, such as in embryonic development, reproduction, vision, cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation. Present studies report that retinoic acid treatment may affect various processes involved in the onset and progression of fibrotic disease. However, the therapeutic effects of retinoic acid in such diseases remain controversial. Several reports indicate that retinoic acid positively affects the progression of fibrosis and alleviates the accumulation of the extracellular matrix, whereas other studies report the opposite; that retinoic acid exacerbates fibrosis and induces extracellular matrix accumulation. Signaling pathways might be an important influencing factor and differences in signaling events might be responsible for the contradictory role of retinoic acid in fibrotic diseases. Since there was no review available that investigated the role of retinoic acid and the signaling pathways involved, we retrospectively studied the literature and provide a comprehensive analysis of retinoic acid’s role in fibrotic diseases, and provide an overview of the signal transduction pathways involved in its pathogenesis.
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18
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Xu Q, Kopp JB. Retinoid and TGF-β families: crosstalk in development, neoplasia, immunity, and tissue repair. Semin Nephrol 2012; 32:287-94. [PMID: 22835460 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms are profibrotic cytokines, par excellence, and have complex multifunctional effects on many systems, depending on the biologic setting. Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives that also have diverse effects in development, physiology, and disease. The interactions between these classes of molecules are, not surprisingly, highly complex and are dependent on the tissue, cellular, and molecular settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihe Xu
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Koukourakis MI. Radiation damage and radioprotectants: new concepts in the era of molecular medicine. Br J Radiol 2012; 85:313-30. [PMID: 22294702 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/16386034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionising radiation results in mutagenesis and cell death, and the clinical manifestations depend on the dose and the involved body area. Reducing carcinogenesis in patients treated with radiotherapy, exposed to diagnostic radiation or who are in certain professional groups is mandatory. The prevention or treatment of early and late radiotherapy effects would improve quality of life and increase cancer curability by intensifying therapies. Experimental and clinical data have given rise to new concepts and a large pool of chemical and molecular agents that could be effective in the protection and treatment of radiation damage. To date, amifostine is the only drug recommended as an effective radioprotectant. This review identifies five distinct types of radiation damage (I, cellular depletion; II, reactive gene activation; III, tissue disorganisation; IV, stochastic effects; V, bystander effects) and classifies the radioprotective agents into five relevant categories (A, protectants against all types of radiation effects; B, death pathway modulators; C, blockers of inflammation, chemotaxis and autocrine/paracrine pathways; D, antimutagenic keepers of genomic integrity; E, agents that block bystander effects). The necessity of establishing and funding central committees that guide systematic clinical research into evaluating the novel agents revealed in the era of molecular medicine is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Koukourakis
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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20
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Lakatos HF, Thatcher TH, Kottmann RM, Garcia TM, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. The Role of PPARs in Lung Fibrosis. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:71323. [PMID: 17710235 PMCID: PMC1940051 DOI: 10.1155/2007/71323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a group of disorders characterized by accumulation of scar tissue in the lung interstitium, resulting in loss of alveolar function, destruction of normal lung architecture, and respiratory distress. Some types of fibrosis respond to corticosteroids, but for many there are no effective treatments. Prognosis varies but can be poor. For example, patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have a median survival of only 2.9 years. Prognosis may be better in patients with some other types of pulmonary fibrosis, and there is variability in survival even among individuals with biopsy-proven IPF. Evidence is accumulating that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play important roles in regulating processes related to fibrogenesis, including cellular differentiation, inflammation, and wound healing. PPARα agonists, including the hypolidipemic fibrate drugs, inhibit the production of collagen by hepatic stellate cells and inhibit liver, kidney, and cardiac fibrosis in animal models. In the mouse model of lung fibrosis induced by bleomycin, a PPARα agonist significantly inhibited the fibrotic response, while PPARα knockout mice developed more serious fibrosis. PPARβ/δ appears to play a critical role in regulating the transition from inflammation to
wound healing. PPARβ/δ agonists inhibit lung fibroblast proliferation and enhance the antifibrotic properties of PPARγ agonists. PPARγ ligands oppose the profibrotic effect of TGF-β, which induces differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, a critical effector cell in fibrosis.
PPARγ ligands, including the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs, effectively inhibit lung fibrosis in vitro and in animal models. The clinical availability of potent and selective PPARα and PPARγ agonists should facilitate rapid development of successful treatment strategies based on current and ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather F. Lakatos
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Thomas H. Thatcher
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- *Thomas H. Thatcher:
| | - R. Matthew Kottmann
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tatiana M. Garcia
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Richard P. Phipps
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Patricia J. Sime
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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The role of TGF-β and epithelial-to mesenchymal transition in diabetic nephropathy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:131-9. [PMID: 21757394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pro-sclerotic cytokine widely associated with the development of fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Central to the underlying pathology of tubulointerstitial fibrosis is epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), or the trans-differentiation of tubular epithelial cells into myofibroblasts. This process is accompanied by a number of key morphological and phenotypic changes culminating in detachment of cells from the tubular basement membrane and migration into the interstitium. Ultimately these cells reside as activated myofibroblasts and further exacerbate the state of fibrosis. A large body of evidence supports a role for TGF-β and downstream Smad signalling in the development and progression of renal fibrosis. Here we discuss a role for TGF-β as the principle effector in the development of renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy, focusing on the role of the TGF-β1 isoform and its downstream signalling intermediates, the Smad proteins. Specifically we review evidence for TGF-β1 induced EMT in both the proximal and distal regions of the nephron and describe potential therapeutic strategies that may target TGF-β1 activity.
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22
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Role of transforming growth factor-β1 in the process of fibrosis of denervated skeletal muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:77-82. [PMID: 21336728 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the biological function of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) during fibrosis in denervated skeletal muscle, we recruited sciatic nerve injury model of SD rats in which denervated gastrocnemius was isolated for analysis. At different time points after operation, denervated muscle was examined by several methods. Masson trichrome staining showed morphological changes of denervated skeletal muscle. Quantitative RT-PCR detected the rapid increase of TGF-β1 expression at mRNA level after nerve injury. It was found that a peak of TGF-β1 mRNA expression appeared one week post-operation. The expression of collagen I (COL I) mRNA was up-regulated in the nerve injury model as well, and reached highest level two weeks post-injury. Immunoblot revealed similar expression pattern of TGF-β1 and COL I in denervated muscles at protein level. In addition, we found that the area of the gastrocnemius muscle fiber was decreased gradually along with increased interstitital fibrosis. Interestingly, this pathological change could be prevented, at least partly, by local injection of TGF-β1 antibodies, which could be contributed to the reduced production of COL I by inhibiting function of TGF-β1. Taken together, in this study, we demonstrated that the expression of TGF-β1 was increased significantly in denervated skeletal muscle, which might play a crucial role during muscle fibrosis after nerve transection.
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Liu X, Lü L, Tao BB, Zhou AL, Zhu YC. Amelioration of glomerulosclerosis with all-trans retinoic acid is linked to decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and α-smooth muscle actin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:70-8. [PMID: 21206504 PMCID: PMC4003321 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) on renal morphology and function as well as on renal plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression and plasmin activity in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy. METHODS Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were given 5/6 nephrectomy or sham operation. Renal function was measured 2 weeks later. The nephrectomized rats were assigned to groups matched for proteinuria and treated with vehicle or atRA (5 or 10 mg/kg by gastric gavage once daily) for the next 12 weeks. Rats with sham operation were treated with vehicle. At the end of the treatments, kidneys were collected for histological examination, Western blot analysis, and enzymatic activity measurements. RESULTS The 5/6 nephrectomy promoted hypertension, renal dysfunction, and glomerulosclerosis. These changes were significantly reduced in the atRA-treated group. The expressions of PAI-1 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were significantly increased in the vehicle-treated nephrectomized rats. Treatment with atRA significantly reduced the expressions of PAI-1 and α-SMA. However, plasmin activity remained unchanged following atRA treatment. CONCLUSION Treatment with atRA ameliorates glomerulosclerosis and improves renal function in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy. This is associated with a decrease in PAI-1 and α-SMA, but not with a change in plasmin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University Nantong Medical College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Lei Lü
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bei-bei Tao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ai-ling Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nantong University Nantong Medical College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yi-chun Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wen X, Li Y, Liu Y. Opposite action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in regulating renal inflammation: functional switch by its ligand. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29981-8. [PMID: 20663893 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonists, a new class of antidiabetic agents, have been shown to possess antiinflammatory activity. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which PPARγ agonists inhibit proinflammatory cytokine expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells. Both natural and synthetic PPARγ agonists potently inhibited RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression induced by TNF-α in mesangial cells, which was dependent on NF-κB signaling. However, PPARγ agonists had little effect on TNF-α-triggered IκBα phosphorylation and its subsequent degradation, p65 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation. In the absence of PPARγ ligand, TNF-α induced a physical interaction between nuclear p65 and PPARγ, as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation. Such an interaction was mediated by the C-terminal region of p65. Activation of PPARγ by its agonist prevented PPARγ·p65 complex formation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that TNF-α induced p65 binding to the cis-acting κB elements in rat RANTES promoter, whereas disruption of PPARγ·p65 by its agonist blocked p65 interaction with its cognate κB sites. Knockdown of PPARγ via siRNA strategy completely abolished TNF-α-mediated p65 binding to κB sites and negated RANTES induction, suggesting that unliganded PPARγ is obligatory for NF-κB signaling. Consistently, overexpression of PPARγ in the absence of its ligand sensitized mesangial cells to TNF-α stimulation. These results uncover a paradoxical action of the unliganded and ligand-activated PPARγ in regulating NF-κB signaling and demonstrate PPARγ ligand as a molecular switch that controls its ability to modulate inflammatory responses in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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25
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Hills CE, Willars GB, Brunskill NJ. Proinsulin C-peptide antagonizes the profibrotic effects of TGF-beta1 via up-regulation of retinoic acid and HGF-related signaling pathways. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:822-31. [PMID: 20197308 PMCID: PMC5417534 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel signaling roles for C-peptide have recently been discovered with evidence that it can ameliorate complications of type 1 diabetes. Here we sought to identify new pathways regulated by C-peptide of relevance to the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. Microarray analysis was performed to identify genes regulated by either C-peptide and/or TGF-beta1 in a human proximal tubular cell line, HK-2. Expression of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), cellular retinoic acid-binding protein II (CRABPII), vimentin, E-cadherin, Snail, and beta-catenin was assessed by immunoblotting. The cellular localization of vimentin and beta-catenin was determined by immunocytochemistry. Changes in cell morphology were assessed by phase contrast microscopy. Gene expression profiling demonstrated differential expression of 953 and 1458 genes after C-peptide exposure for 18 h or 48 h, respectively. From these, members of the antifibrotic retinoic acid (RA)- and HGF-signaling pathways were selected. Immunoblotting demonstrated that C-peptide increased RARbeta, CRABPII, and HGF. We confirmed a role for RA in reversal of TGF-beta1-induced changes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, including expression changes in Snail, E-cadherin, vimetin, and redistribution of beta-catenin. Importantly, these TGF-beta1-induced changes were inhibited by C-peptide. Further, effects of TGF-beta1 on Snail and E-cadherin expression were blocked by HGF, and inhibitory effects of C-peptide were removed by blockade of HGF activity. This study identifies a novel role for HGF as an effector of C-peptide, possibly via an RA-signaling pathway, highlighting C-peptide as a potential therapy for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Hills
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, College of Medicine Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Xu Q, Hendry BM, Maden M, Lu H, Wong YF, Rankin AC, Noor M, Kopp JB. Kidneys of Alb/TGF-beta1 transgenic mice are deficient in retinoic acid and exogenous retinoic acid shows dose-dependent toxicity. Nephron Clin Pract 2010; 114:e127-32. [PMID: 20110732 DOI: 10.1159/000276587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alb/TGF-beta(1) transgenic mice overexpress active transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) in the liver, leading to increased circulating levels of the cytokine and progressive renal fibrosis. This study was designed to explore if exogenous all-trans retinoic acid (tRA) prevents renal fibrosis in this animal model. METHODS The retinoid profile in kidney and liver of wild-type and Alb/TGF-beta(1) transgenic mice was examined by high-performance liquid chromatography and slow-release pellets containing different amounts of tRA were implanted subcutaneously to treat the Alb/TGF-beta(1) transgenic mice, starting at 1 week of age; mice were sacrificed 2 weeks later. RESULTS Kidneys of 3-week-old wild-type mice had abundant tRA, which was completely absent in kidneys of the transgenic mice. Low doses of tRA (6-10.7 mg/kg/day) failed to affect renal fibrosis although it tended to suppress the mRNA expression of some molecular markers of fibrosis and retinal dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2), a gene encoding a key tRA-synthesising enzyme. These tendencies disappeared, mortality tended to increase and RALDH2 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNAs significantly increased in the medium-dose group (12.7-18.8 mg/kg/day). High doses (20.1-27.4 mg/kg/day) showed even higher toxicity with increased renal fibrosis and significant mortality. CONCLUSIONS Alb/TGF-beta(1) transgenic mice are characterised by depletion of endogenous renal tRA. Exogenous tRA dose-dependently increases mortality and kidney fibrosis, which is associated with dose-dependent regulation of renal RALDH2 and CTGF mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihe Xu
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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Yen-Ping Ho J, Man WC, Wen Y, Polan ML, Shih-Chu Ho E, Chen B. Transforming growth interacting factor expression in leiomyoma compared with myometrium. Fertil Steril 2009; 94:1078-83. [PMID: 19524896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of transforming growth interacting factor (TGIF), a Smad transcriptional corepressor, in leiomyoma and matched myometrial tissue samples and the effect of TGIF overexpression in myometrial cells. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING Tertiary university hospital. PATIENT(S) Uterine leiomyoma and myometrial tissues from 16 patients. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The distribution of TGIF in leiomyoma and myometrial tissues by immunohistochemistry stain, mRNA, and protein expression levels by real-time quantitative polymerase chain-reaction (QPCR) and Western blot. Transcriptional regulation of TGIF in myometrial cells with overexpressed TGIF. RESULT(S) Although TGIF is present in the smooth muscle cells of the leiomyoma and the myometrium, it is not found in the extracellular matrix. The TGIF mRNA and protein expressions were statistically significantly higher in the leiomyoma compared with the matched, unaffected myometrial tissues in both phases of the menstrual cycle. There were no differences in mRNA or protein expression throughout the menstrual cycle. Overexpression of TGIF protein in myometrial cells statistically significantly suppressed up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) induced by TGF-beta1 treatment. CONCLUSION(S) Expression of TGIF is increased in leiomyoma compared with myometrium. This increase in TGIF expression is not affected by endogenous ovarian hormones. Thus, TGIF is a potential repressor of TGF-beta pathways in myometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yen-Ping Ho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5317, USA
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Schnaper HW, Jandeska S, Runyan CE, Hubchak SC, Basu RK, Curley JF, Smith RD, Hayashida T. TGF-beta signal transduction in chronic kidney disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:2448-65. [PMID: 19273211 DOI: 10.2741/3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a central stimulus of the events leading to chronic progressive kidney disease, having been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrogenesis. The fact that it mediates these varied events suggests that multiple mechanisms play a role in determining the outcome of TGF-beta signaling. Regulation begins with the availability and activation of TGF-beta and continues through receptor expression and localization, control of the TGF-beta family-specific Smad signaling proteins, and interaction of the Smads with multiple signaling pathways extending into the nucleus. Studies of these mechanisms in kidney cells and in whole-animal experimental models, reviewed here, are beginning to provide insight into the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction and its potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H William Schnaper
- Division of Kidney Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E Chicago Ave.; Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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Liu X, Lü L, Tao BB, Zhu YC. All-trans retinoic acid inhibits the increases in fibronectin and PAI-1 induced by TGF-beta1 and Ang II in rat mesangial cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:1035-41. [PMID: 18718172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of all-trans RA (atRA) on the increases in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibronectin that are induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells. METHODS Subconfluent glomerular mesangial cells were serum-starved for 48 h and pretreated with atRA with subsequent stimulation of TGF-beta1 and Ang II. Protein expressions of cell-associated fibronectin and PAI-1 in glomerular mesangial cells were evaluated by Western blot analysis. mRNA expression of RA receptors in glomerular mesangial cells was examined by RT-PCR. RESULTS Retinoic acid receptor-alpha, -gamma (RAR-alpha, -gamma) and retinoid X receptor-alpha, -beta, -gamma (RXR-alpha, -beta, -gamma) mRNA were expressed in rat glomerular mesangial cells. atRA pretreatment effectively reduced fibronectin expression in glomerular mesangial cells stimulated with TGF-beta 1 or Ang II for 48 h. TGF-beta 1 stimulated PAI-1 expression reached a maximum at 5 h. atRA didn't affect the early (5 h) PAI-1 induction by TGF-beta 1, but markedly attenuated the sustained (48 h) PAI-1 induction. atRA also decreased the prolonged effect of Ang II on PAI-1 expression. CONCLUSION These results indicate that atRA inhibits the increases in fibronectin that are induced by TGF-beta1 and Ang II in cultured glomerular mesangial cells. The data also suggest that this effect of atRA is associated with a change in PAI-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China
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Ferraccioli G, Romano G. Renal interstitial cells, proteinuria and progression of lupus nephritis: new frontiers for old factors. Lupus 2008; 17:533-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203307088002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial cells, inflammatory-immune cells, tubular cells and endothelial cells of the peritubular capillaries have arisen as possible major players of the nephron damage in lupus nephritis. Increased ICAM-1, Von Willebrand factor, soluble endothelial protein C receptors and decreased ADAMS-13 point to a diffuse vascular damage. Albuminuria elicits a rapid generation of hydrogen peroxide in proximal tubular cells along with nuclear factor-kB activation, endothelin-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) upregulation. TGF-β1 enhances epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. Albuminuria also enhances the expression of macrophage chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, thus leading to increased interstitial inflammation. TGF-β1 and thrombospondin-1, a putative activator of TGF-β, induce apoptosis of peritubular capillaries, as well as of glomerular endothelial cells. All these events can be counteracted by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which is expressed by the epithelial tubular cells and stimulates the growth of epithelial cells (mitogen), enhances the motility of epithelial cells (motogen), induces renal epithelial tubule regeneration (morphogen) and enhances angiogenesis (angiogen). The balance between TGF-β1 and HGF could be a key to define the prognostic value of kidney histopathology at baseline and during follow-up, in lupus nephritis. Therapeutic strategies aiming at altering the biological balance in the patients are at hand to test and prove the experimental evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ferraccioli
- Division of Rheumatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - G Romano
- Nephrology Unit, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Zhang J, Yang J, Liu Y. Role of Bcl-xL induction in HGF-mediated renal epithelial cell survival after oxidant stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2008; 1:242-253. [PMID: 18784816 PMCID: PMC2480566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to promote renal epithelial cell survival by dual mechanisms involving Bad phosphorylation and Bcl-xL induction. However, it remains elusive as to the relative contributions of these two events to HGF-mediated cytoprotection. Here we investigated the role and mechanism of HGF in protecting renal epithelial cells from death induced by oxidant stress both in vitro and in vivo. Simultaneous incubation of human kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells (HKC-8) with HGF failed to protect them from oxidant stress-induced cell death, even though it was capable of inducing endogenous Akt and Bad phosphorylation. However, pre-incubation of HKC-8 cells with HGF for 48 hours dramatically promoted their survival and prevented caspase-3 cleavage and activation induced by H(2)O(2). A close association between Bcl-xL induction and effective cytoprotection by HGF was observed in HKC-8 cells after H(2)O(2) treatment. Furthermore, ectopic expression of exogenous Bcl-xL via adenoviral vector prevented H(2)O(2)-triggered caspase-3 activation. In a mouse model of acute kidney injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion, pre-administration of HGF expression vector drastically prevented apoptosis and largely preserved kidney function, whereas much less protective effect was observed when HGF gene was given immediately after ischemic injury. These results suggest that Bcl-xL induction plays an imperative role in mediating HGF cytoprotection of renal epithelial cells after death challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
The cause of renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy is widely believed to be phenotypic switching of fibroblasts to an activated state. However, emerging evidence suggests that diabetes also alters the phenotype of normal, non-fibroblast kidney cells, such as mesangial cells, tubular epithelial cells, and bone marrow-derived progenitors. Experiments have shown that cytokines, high glucose, and advanced glycation end products induce profibrotic changes in kidney cell phenotype by the processes of myofibroblast transdifferentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. As a result, differentiated kidney cells become reprogrammed to secrete and accumulate extracellular matrix. This revised view implies that inhibiting phenotypic transitions in nonfibroblasts might limit fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Simonson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Tsoutsou PG, Koukourakis MI. Radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis: Mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis and implications for future research. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:1281-93. [PMID: 17126203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiation pneumonitis and subsequent radiation pulmonary fibrosis are the two main dose-limiting factors when irradiating the thorax that can have severe implications for patients' quality of life. In this article, the current concepts about the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis are presented. The clinical course of fibrosis, a postulated acute inflammatory stage, and a late fibrotic and irreversible stage are discussed. The interplay of cells and the wide variety of molecules orchestrating the immunologic response to radiation, their interactions with specific receptors, and the cascade of events they trigger are elucidated. Finally, the implications of this knowledge with respect to the therapeutic interventions are critically presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelagia G Tsoutsou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Liu Y, Yokota H. Artificial ants deposit pheromone to search for regulatory DNA elements. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:221. [PMID: 16942615 PMCID: PMC1586019 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of transcription-factor binding motifs (DNA sequences) can be formulated as a combinatorial problem, where an efficient algorithm is indispensable to predict the role of multiple binding motifs. An ant algorithm is a biology-inspired computational technique, through which a combinatorial problem is solved by mimicking the behavior of social insects such as ants. We developed a unique version of ant algorithms to select a set of binding motifs by considering a potential contribution of each of all random DNA sequences of 4- to 7-bp in length. Results Human chondrogenesis was used as a model system. The results revealed that the ant algorithm was able to identify biologically known binding motifs in chondrogenesis such as AP-1, NFκB, and sox9. Some of the predicted motifs were identical to those previously derived with the genetic algorithm. Unlike the genetic algorithm, however, the ant algorithm was able to evaluate a contribution of individual binding motifs as a spectrum of distributed information and predict core consensus motifs from a wider DNA pool. Conclusion The ant algorithm offers an efficient, reproducible procedure to predict a role of individual transcription-factor binding motifs using a unique definition of artificial ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Medicine, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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