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Ji T, Liu Y, Li Y, Li C, Han Y. Viral vector-based therapeutic HPV vaccines. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:199. [PMID: 39196444 PMCID: PMC11358221 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Replication-defective viral vector vaccines have several advantages over conventional subunit vaccines, including potent antibody responses, cellular responses critical for eliminating pathogen-infected cells, and the induction of highly immunogenic and durable immune responses without adjuvants. The Human papillomavirus (HPV), a microorganism with over 200 genotypes, plays a crucial role in inducing human tumors, with the majority of HPV-related malignancies expressing HPV proteins. Tumors associated with HPV infection, most of which result from HPV16 infection, include those affecting the cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, and oropharynx. In recent years, the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines utilizing viral vectors for the treatment of premalignant lesions or tumors caused by HPV infection has experienced rapid growth, with numerous research pipelines currently underway. Simultaneously, screening for optimal antigens requires more basic research and more optimized methods. In terms of preclinical research, we present the various models used to assess vaccine efficacy, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. Further, we present current research status of therapeutic vaccines using HPV viral vectors, especially the indications, initial efficacy, combination drugs, etc. In general, this paper summarizes current viral vector therapeutic HPV vaccines in terms of HPV infection, antigen selection, vectors, efficacy evaluation, and progress in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuchuan Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yutong Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanfen Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyan Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Tekin B, Cubilla AL, Cheville JC, Smith CY, Jenkins SM, Dasari S, Enninga EAL, Norgan AP, Menon S, Whaley RD, Hernandez LH, Jimenez RE, Garcia JJ, Thompson RH, Leibovich BC, Karnes RJ, Boorjian SA, Pagliaro LC, Erickson LA, Guo R, Gupta S. High-risk human papilloma virus status & outcomes for penile squamous cell carcinoma: A single institution experience. Hum Pathol 2024; 150:9-19. [PMID: 38909709 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is a paucity of data on North American cohorts of patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC). Herein, we aimed to assess the sensitivity of various modalities to identify human papillomavirus (HPV) status, determine the prevalence of high-risk HPV-positivity, and evaluate the prognostic impact of relevant clinicopathologic variables. METHODS Patients with pSCC (n = 121) consecutively treated with partial/total penectomy (2000-2022) at a single institution were included. HPV status (based on immunohistochemistry [IHC], in situ hybridization [ISH], and panviral metagenomic sequencing [PMS]), histologic features, and outcomes were reviewed. Outcome events included death due to disease and progression. RESULTS The majority of patients were white (105/121, 86.8%). Thirty-seven (30.6%) were high-risk HPV-positive, and morphologic evaluation had a sensitivity of 97.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86.2-99.5) for predicting high-risk HPV status compared to IHC/ISH/PMS. Disease progression was more common among high-risk HPV-negative compared to high-risk HPV-positive patients (HR 2.74, CI 1.12-8.23, P = 0.03). Moreover, among high-risk HPV-negative patients, those with moderate-poorly differentiated tumors had increased disease-specific mortality (32.6%, CI 17.1-48.1) compared to those with well-differentiated tumors (0%). Among high-risk HPV-positive patients, those with basaloid morphology had lower disease-specific mortality (0% vs 14.4%, CI 0.0-33.1). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate high-risk HPV-positivity in approximately one-third of patients with pSCC. Morphologic evaluation alone had a high sensitivity in correctly determining HPV status. Our results suggest that high-risk HPV status and morphologic features (differentiation in high-risk HPV-negative, and basaloid subtype in high-risk HPV-positive pSCC) may have prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Tekin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay.
| | - John C Cheville
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Carin Y Smith
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MM, USA.
| | - Sarah M Jenkins
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MM, USA.
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | | | - Andrew P Norgan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Santosh Menon
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rumeal D Whaley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | | | - Rafael E Jimenez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Joaquin J Garcia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Lance C Pagliaro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Lori A Erickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Ruifeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Sounak Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Mikalsen MP, Simonsen GS, Sørbye SW. Impact of HPV Vaccination on the Incidence of High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN2+) in Women Aged 20-25 in the Northern Part of Norway: A 15-Year Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:421. [PMID: 38675803 PMCID: PMC11054067 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV), the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection globally, is a key risk factor for high-grade cervical lesions and cervical cancer. Since 2009, HPV vaccination has been part of the national immunization program for girls in 7th grade in Norway (women born 1997 and later). This study aimed to assess the impact of HPV vaccination on the incidence of high-grade cervical precursors (CIN2+) among women aged 20-25 in Troms and Finnmark over a 15-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this time series study, we analyzed cervical screening data from 15,328 women aged 20-25 in Troms and Finnmark, collected between 2008 and 2022. Statistical methods, including linear and logistic regression, were employed to evaluate changes in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and worse (CIN2+) incidence and compare risks between vaccine-offered cohorts and pre-vaccine cohorts. RESULTS The incidence of CIN2+ initially increased from 31 cases per year in 2008 to 110 cases in 2018, then significantly decreased to 44 cases per year by 2022 (p < 0.01). Women in pre-vaccine cohorts had a substantially higher risk of CIN2+ (OR 9.02, 95% CI 5.9-13.8) and CIN3+ (OR 19.6, 95% CI 7.3-52.6). Notably, no vaccinated women with CIN2+ tested positive for HPV types 16 or 18. Furthermore, none of the 13 cervical cancer cases recorded during the study were from the vaccinated cohorts. INTERPRETATION The findings suggest a significant reduction in the incidence of high-grade cervical precursors following the introduction of the HPV vaccine in Norway's national immunization program, highlighting its effectiveness in cervical cancer prevention among young women in Northern Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Pettersen Mikalsen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (M.P.M.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Gunnar Skov Simonsen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; (M.P.M.); (G.S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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Hrudka J, Hojný J, Prouzová Z, Kendall Bártů M, Čapka D, Zavillová N, Matěj R, Waldauf P. High tumour mutational burden is associated with strong PD-L1 expression, HPV negativity, and worse survival in penile squamous cell carcinoma: an analysis of 165 cases. Pathology 2024; 56:357-366. [PMID: 38161143 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) is a rare tumour with a variable prognosis. More prognostic markers linked to mutational signatures and the tumour immune microenvironment are needed. A cohort made up of 165 invasive pSCC was retrospectively analysed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue, focusing on tumour mutational burden (TMB), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, microsatellite instability (MSI), the number of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) expressing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), HPV status determined by p16 immunohistochemistry, and several traditional histopathological variables. High TMB (>10 mut/Mb) was associated with high PD-L1 expression (TPS 50-100%), and HPV-negative status. High PD-L1 expression was linked to HPV negativity, a high number of intratumoural CTLA4+ cells, and brisk lymphocytic infiltrate. High TMB was a significant predictor of shorter overall survival (OS) in both univariate and multivariate analysis when using a median cut-off value of 4.3 mut/Mb, but not when using an arbitrary cut-off of 10 mut/Mb. Low CTLA4+ cell infiltration at the tumour invasion front was a marker of shorter OS and cancer-specific survival in both univariate and multivariate analysis. PD-L1 expression had no significant impact on prognosis. Only two cases were MSI high. The results support the hypothesis of two aetiological pathways in pSCC cancerogenesis: (1) SCC linked to HPV infection characterised by low TMB, less common PD-L1 expression, and a lower number of TILs; and (2) SCC linked to chronic inflammation leading to a high number of acquired mutations (high TMB), HPV negativity, increased neoantigen production (i.e., PD-L1), and high immune cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrudka
- Department of Pathology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Hojný
- Department of Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Prouzová
- Department of Pathology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kendall Bártů
- Department of Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Čapka
- Department of Urology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicolette Zavillová
- Department of Urology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Matěj
- Department of Pathology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Waldauf
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
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Sanchez DF, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Alemany L, Cañete-Portillo S, Lloveras B, Clavero O, Rodríguez I, Quint W, Muñoz N, de Sanjosé S, Bosch FX, Cubilla AL. Detection of variable genotypes in common human papillomavirus-associated invasive penile squamous cell carcinomas: a study of 177 human papillomavirus-positive cases. Hum Pathol 2023; 139:65-72. [PMID: 37429448 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is detected in 30-50% of invasive penile carcinomas, and it is frequently associated with basaloid and warty morphological features. Based on this heterogeneity and different clinical behaviors, we hypothesized a variation in their HPV genotypic composition. To test this, we evaluated 177 HPV-positive cases: basaloid (114), warty-basaloid (28), and warty (condylomatous) (35) invasive carcinomas. HPV DNA detection and genotyping was performed using the SPF-10/DEIA/LiPA25 system. Nineteen HPV genotypes were detected. High-risk HPVs predominated (96%), and low-risk HPVs were rarely present. Most common genotype was HPV16 followed by HPVs 33 and 35. According to the genotypes identified, 93% of the cases would be covered with current vaccination programs. There was a significant variation in the distribution of HPV16 and non-HPV16 genotypes according to histological subtype. HPV16 was significantly frequent in basaloid (87%) and was less frequent in warty carcinomas (61%). This molecular difference, along with their distinctive macro-microscopic and prognostic features, makes basaloid and warty carcinomas unique. The gradual decreasing frequency of HPV16 demonstrated in basaloid, warty-basaloid, and warty carcinomas suggest that the basaloid cell, present in those types in decreasing proportions, may be responsible for the differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Sanchez
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción 1228, Paraguay; Translational Oncogenomics Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK
| | | | - Laia Alemany
- Institut Català D'Oncologia, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | | | | | - Omar Clavero
- Institut Català D'Oncologia, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Ingrid Rodríguez
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción 1228, Paraguay; Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 2111, Paraguay
| | - Wim Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk 2288, Netherlands
| | - Nubia Muñoz
- National Cancer Institute of Colombia, Bogotá 111511-110411001, Colombia
| | - Silvia de Sanjosé
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | | | - Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción 1228, Paraguay; Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo 2111, Paraguay.
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Robles-Silva C, Hidalgo L, Vera-Kellet C. Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia: a Disease That Should Be Recognized. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:2205-2206. [PMID: 36988868 PMCID: PMC10361939 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonel Hidalgo
- Department of Dermatology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Vera-Kellet
- Department of Dermatology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Connective Tissue Diseases Unit, Department of Dermatology, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4686. Macul, Santiago, Chile.
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Naushad N, Deb AA, Agag AA, Serag HA, Sangar VK. Prognostic Markers and Trials in Penile Cancer. UROLOGY RESEARCH & PRACTICE 2023; 49:138-146. [PMID: 37877863 PMCID: PMC10346112 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2023.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
New tumor biomarkers open the potential for designing personalized therapy for penile squamous cell carcinoma. Despite the initial promising results of some biomarkers, controversy remains due to contradictory studies. Further robust research work is required before incorporating biomarkers in the personalized management of penile cancer. This narrative review aims to highlight some of the most commonly and recently investigated biomarkers of penile cancer and to summarize the ongoing registered clinical trials for the management of penile cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naufal Naushad
- Department of Urology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Abdalla A. Deb
- Department of Urology, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Ayman A. Agag
- Department of Urology, Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley, UK
| | - Hosam A. Serag
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vijay K. Sangar
- Department of Urology, Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Clinicopathological characteristics of carcinoma penis over 10 years in a tertiary-level oncology center in Nepal: a retrospective study of 380 cases. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:589-596. [PMID: 36454449 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was done to find out the clinicopathological characteristics of carcinoma penis in Nepali population and to evaluate various risk factors that predict its inguinal lymph node metastasis. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at the Urology Unit, Department of Surgical Oncology at BP Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal. Case notes of biopsy-proven penile cancer, from January 2012 to December 2021, who underwent some form of surgical intervention were included. RESULTS A total of 380 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 55.92 ± 13.81 years. At presentation, 78.5% had clinically node-positive disease. The most common treatment for the primary tumor was partial amputation of the penis (74.2%). Bilateral inguinal lymph node dissections were done in 370 cases. The most common histology was the usual SCC in 94.2% of cases and 69% were well differentiated. T3 was the most common staging in 49.4% cases. Pathologically nodal negative status was found in 58% cases. In univariate analysis, factors like duration of symptoms (≥ 6 months), high-risk histopathology (basaloid/sarcomatoid variant), increased T-stage, poorly differentiated tumor, and the presence of PNI or LVI were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Penile cancer is a common cancer in developing countries such as Nepal. The majority of the patients present late. Early recognition and prompt treatment are required to improve the overall outcome.
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Penile intraepithelial neoplasia: Distribution of subtypes, HPV genotypes and p16 INK4a in 84 international cases. Hum Pathol 2023; 131:1-8. [PMID: 36427594 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are few pathologic or molecular studies of penile precancerous lesions, and the majority refers to lesions associated with invasive carcinomas. Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN) is classified in two morphologically and distinctive molecular groups, non-HPV and HPV-related with special subtypes. The primary purpose of this international series was to classify PeIN morphologically, detect HPV genotypes and determine their distribution according to PeIN subtypes. A secondary aim was to evaluate the p16INK4a immunostaining as a possible HPV surrogate for high-risk HPV infection in penile precancerous lesions. Samples consisted of 84 PeIN cases, part of a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 1095 penile carcinomas designed to estimate the HPV DNA prevalence in penile cancers using PCR and p16INK4a immunostaining. Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN) was classified in HPV-related (basaloid, warty-basaloid, warty, hybrid, and mixed subtypes) and non-HPV-related (differentiated), the former being the most frequent. PeIN subtypes were differentiated (non-HPV-related) and basaloid, warty-basaloid, warty, hybrid and mixed (HPV-related). Basaloid PeIN was the most commonly diagnosed subtype, and HPV16 was the most frequent HPV genotype detected. Warty-basaloid and warty PeIN showed a more heterogeneous genotypic composition. Most HPV genotypes were high-risk but low-risk HPV genotypes were also present in a few cases (4%). A single HPV genotype was detected in 82% of HPV positive cases. In contrast, multiple genotypes were detected in the remaining 18% of cases. The findings in this study support the paradigm that penile in situ neoplasia, like its invasive counterparts, is HPV dependent or independent and has distinctive morphological subtypes readily identified in routine practice. Considering that HPV16 is clearly the predominant type, and that the three available vaccines have HPV16, all of them will be suitable for vaccination programs; the price of the vaccines will be probably the main determinant to choose the vaccine.
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK. Human Papilloma Virus-Infected Cells. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:213-226. [PMID: 38159229 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with infection of different tissues, such as the cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, oropharynx, throat, tonsils, back of the tongue, skin, the lungs, among other tissues. HPV infection may or may not be associated with the development of cancer, where HPVs not related to cancer are defined as low-risk HPVs and are associated with papillomatosis disease. In contrast, high-risk HPVs (HR-HPVs) are associated with developing cancers in areas that HR-HPV infects, such as the cervix. In general, infection of HPV target cells is regulated by specific molecules and receptors that induce various conformational changes of HPV capsid proteins, allowing activation of HPV endocytosis mechanisms and the arrival of the HPV genome to the human cell nucleus. After the transcription of the HPV genome, the HPV genome duplicates exponentially to lodge in a new HPV capsid, inducing the process of exocytosis of HPV virions and thus releasing a new HPV viral particle with a high potential of infection. This infection process allows the HPV viral life cycle to conclude and enables the growth of HPV virions. Understanding the entire infection process has been a topic that researchers have studied and developed for decades; however, there are many things to still understand about HPV infection. A thorough understanding of these HPV infection processes will allow new potential treatments for HPV-associated cancer and papillomatosis. This chapter focuses on HPV infection, the process that will enable HPV to complete its HPV life cycle, emphasizing the critical role of different molecules in allowing this infection and its completion during the HPV viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Winkelmann R, Bankov K, Döring C, Cinatl J, Grothe S, Rothweiler F, Michaelis M, Schmitt C, Wild PJ, Demes M, Cinatl J, Vallo S. Increased HRD score in cisplatin resistant penile cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1352. [PMID: 36564761 PMCID: PMC9789628 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION Penile cancer is a rare disease in demand for new therapeutic options. Frequently used combination chemotherapy with 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin (CDDP) in patients with metastatic penile cancer mostly results in the development of acquired drug resistance. Availability of cell culture models with acquired resistance against standard therapy could help to understand molecular mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance and to identify candidate treatments for an efficient second line therapy. METHODS We generated a cell line from a humanpapilloma virus (HPV) negative penile squamous cell carcinoma (UKF-PEC-1). This cell line was subject to chronic exposure to chemotherapy with CDDP and / or 5-FU to induce acquired resistance in the newly established chemo-resistant sublines (PEC-1rCDDP2500, adapted to 2500 ng/ml CDDP; UKF-PEC-1r5-FU500, adapted to 500 ng/ml 5- FU; UKF-PEC1rCDDP2500/r5-FU500, adapted to 2500 ng/ml CDDP and 500 ng/ml 5 -FU). Afterwards cell line pellets were formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded and subject to sequencing as well as testing for homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). Additionally, exemplary immunohistochemical stainings for p53 and gammaH2AX were applied for verification purposes. Finally, UKF-PEC-1rCDDP2500, UKF-PEC-1r5-FU500, UKF-PEC1rCDDP2500/r5-FU500, and UKF-PEC-3 (an alternative penis cancer cell line) were tested for sensitivity to paclitaxel, docetaxel, olaparib, and rucaparib. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The chemo-resistant sublines differed in their mutational landscapes. UKF-PEC-1rCDDP2500 was characterized by an increased HRD score, which is supposed to be associated with increased PARP inhibitor and immune checkpoint inhibitor sensitivity in cancer. However, UKF-PEC-1rCDDP2500 did not display sensitivity to PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Winkelmann
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Bankov
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Grothe
- Dr. Petra Joh Forschungshaus, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany ,grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Rothweiler
- Dr. Petra Joh Forschungshaus, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany ,grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Michaelis
- grid.9759.20000 0001 2232 2818School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Christina Schmitt
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Peter J. Wild
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany ,grid.417999.b0000 0000 9260 4223Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Melanie Demes
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Dr. Petra Joh Forschungshaus, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany ,grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Vallo
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany ,grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany ,Urologie an der Zeil, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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Kristiansen S, Bjartling C, Torbrand C, Grelaud D, Lindström M, Svensson Å, Forslund O. Increased prevalence of human papillomavirus in fresh tissue from penile cancers compared to non-malignant penile samples: a case-control study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1227. [PMID: 36443686 PMCID: PMC9703753 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HPV has been detected in approximately 50% of invasive penile cancers but with a large span between 24 and 89%, most likely due to different types of tumors and various methods for HPV analysis. Most studies of HPV in penile cancer have been performed using paraffin-embedded tissue, argued to be at risk for contaminated HPV analysis. Viral activity of HPV, by the use of HPV mRNA expression is well studied in cervical cancer, but seldom studied in penile cancer. The aim was to determine prevalence of HPV types in fresh tissue of penile cancers compared to non-malignant age-matched penile controls. Additional aims were to analyze the viral expression and copy numbers of HPV16-positive tumors and 10 mm adjacent to the tumor. METHODS Fresh tissue from penile cancer cases was biopsied inside the tumor and 10 mm outside the tumor. Controls were males circumcised for non-malignant reasons, biopsied at surgery. PCR and Luminex assays were used for identification of HPV types. HPV16-positive samples were investigated for copy numbers and expression of HPV16-mRNA. RESULTS Among tumors (n = 135) and age-matched controls (n = 105), HPV was detected in 38.5% (52/135) and 11.4% (12/105), respectively (p < 0.001), adjusted odds ratio 12.8 (95% confidence interval 4.9-33.6). High-risk HPV types were found in 35.6% (48/135) of tumors and 4.8% (5/105) of controls (p < 0.001). Among tumors and controls, HPV16 was present in 27.4% (37/135) and 1% (1/105), respectively (p < 0.001). Among HPV16-positive penile cancers, mean HPV16 viral copy/cell was 74.4 (range 0.00003-725.4) in the tumor and 1.6 (range 0.001-14.4) 10 mm adjacent from the tumor. HPV16-mRNA analysis of the tumors and 10 mm adjacent from the tumors demonstrated viral activity in 86.5% (32/37) and 21.7% (5/23), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HPV was significantly higher in penile cancer (38.5%) than among age-matched non-malignant penile samples (11.4%). HPV16 predominates (27.4%) in penile tumors. HPV16 expression was more common in penile cancer than in adjacent healthy tissue, strongly suggesting an etiological role for HPV16 in the development of penile cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinja Kristiansen
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Jan Waldenströmsgata 16, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carina Bjartling
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christian Torbrand
- grid.413823.f0000 0004 0624 046XLund University, Department of Urology, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden ,grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Lund University, Institution of Translational Medicine, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Diane Grelaud
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Pathology, Skane University Hospital and Regional Laboratories, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Lindström
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Pathology, Skane University Hospital and Regional Laboratories, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åke Svensson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Jan Waldenströmsgata 16, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Forslund
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Lund University, Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Sweden ,grid.426217.40000 0004 0624 3273Clinical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Office for Medical Services Region Skane, Kristianstad, Sweden
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13
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Straub Hogan MM, Spieker AJ, Orejudos M, Gheit T, Herfs M, Tommasino M, Sanchez DF, Fernandez-Nestosa MJ, Pena MDCR, Gordetsky JB, Epstein JI, Canete-Portillo S, Gellert LL, Prieto Granada CN, Magi-Galluzzi C, Cubilla AL, Giannico GA. Pathological characterization and clinical outcome of penile intraepithelial neoplasia variants: a North American series. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1101-1109. [PMID: 35190664 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) is classified as human papillomavirus (HPV)- and non-HPV-related. This classification is associated with distinct morphologic subtypes. The natural history and prognosis of PeIN subtypes are not well known. This study aims to evaluate clinicopathological features, HPV status, and outcome of PeIN subtypes. Eighty-two lesions from 64 patients with isolated PeIN were retrospectively reviewed. Mean age was 59 years. Lesions were multicentric in 34% of patients and affected glans (33%), shaft (26%), and foreskin (20%). Histologically, 22% of patients had coexisting lesions, classified as hybrid and mixed. HPV-related PeIN (97%) included basaloid (59%), warty (8%), warty-basaloid (8%), hybrid (19%) and mixed (3%) types. P16 and HPV positivity occurred in 99% and 82% of lesions, respectively. HPV 16 was more common in basaloid PeIN. Multiple genotypes were detected in 35%, more commonly in hybrid PeIN (P = 0.051). Positive margins occurred in 63% of excisions. PeIN recurred in 48% of excisions and 30% of overall repeated procedures, and progression to invasive carcinoma occurred in 2%. At follow-up, 86% of patients had no evidence of disease and 12% were alive with disease. Lichen sclerosus occurred in non-HPV and HPV-related PeIN (100% and 47%).In conclusion, HPV-related and, more specifically basaloid PeIN were the predominant types and preferentially associated with HPV 16. While PeIN had a high recurrence rate, there was a slow and infrequent progression to invasive or metastatic carcinoma with multimodal treatments. Additional studies are needed to understand biology and natural history of PeIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Straub Hogan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrew J Spieker
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Orejudos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Diego F Sanchez
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
- School of Medicine, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | | | - Jennifer B Gordetsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Giovanna A Giannico
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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14
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Deng X, Liu Y, Zhan X, Chen T, Jiang M, Jiang X, Chen L, Fu B. Trends in Incidence, Mortality, and Survival of Penile Cancer in the United States: A Population-Based Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:891623. [PMID: 35785206 PMCID: PMC9248743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.891623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the trends in incidence and mortality, and explore any change in survival of penile cancer in the United States. Methods We obtained data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2000-2018) utilizing the SEER Stat software. The joinpoint regression was used to analyze the secular trend of incidence and incidence-based mortality (IBM) stratified by age, race, and summary stage. The 5-year relative survival rate was also calculated. Result The age-adjusted rates of penile cancer patients were 0.38 (0.37-0.39) and 0.21 (0.2-0.21) for overall incidence and IBM, respectively. The 5-year relative survival rates were 67.7%, 66.99%, and 65.67% for the calendar periods of 2000-2004, 2005-2009, and 2010-2014, respectively. No significant changes in incidence by era were observed from 2000 to 2018 [annual percentage change (APC) = 0.5%, p = 0.064]. The IBM rate of penile cancer showed an initial significant increase from 2000 to 2002 (APC = 78.6%, 95% CI, -1.7-224.6) followed by a deceleration rate of 4.6% (95% CI, 3.9-5.3) during 2002 to 2018. No significant improvement in 5-year relative survival was observed. The trends by age, race, and summary stage in incidence and IBM were significantly different. Conclusion This study, using population-level data from the SEER database, showed an increasing trend in IBM and no significant improvement in the 5-year relative survival rate. Meanwhile, the incidence of penile cancer exhibited a relatively stable trend during the study period. These results might be due to the lack of significant progress in the treatment and management of penile cancer patients in the United States in recent decades. More efforts, like increasing awareness among the general population and doctors, and centralized management, might be needed in the future to improve the survival of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxi Deng
- Department of Urology, Jiu Jiang No.1 People’s Hospital, Jiujiang, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangpeng Zhan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinhao Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Luyao Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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15
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Chaux A, Sanchez DF, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Cañete-Portillo S, Rodríguez IM, Giannico GA, Cubilla AL. The dual pathogenesis of penile neoplasia: The heterogeneous morphology of human papillomavirus-related tumors. Asian J Urol 2022; 9:349-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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16
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Winkelmann R, Bankov K, von der Grün J, Cinatl J, Wild PJ, Vallo S, Demes M. The routine use of LCD-Array hybridisation technique for HPV subtyping in the diagnosis of penile carcinoma compared to other methods. BMC Urol 2022; 22:10. [PMID: 35093044 PMCID: PMC8801096 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-00962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is performed in cervival cancer and is required for classification of some head and neck cancers. In penile cancer a statement on HPV association of the carcinoma is required. In most cases p16 immunohistochemistry as a surrogate marker is applied in this setting. Since differing clinical outcomes for HPV positive and HPV negative tumors are described we await HPV testing to be requested more frequently by clinicians, also in the context of HPV vaccination, where other HPV subtypes are expected to emerge. METHOD Therefore, a cohort of archived, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) penile neoplasias was stained for p16 and thereafter tested for HPV infection status via PCR based methods. Additionally to Sanger sequencing, we chose LCD-Array technique (HPV 3.5 LCD-Array Kit, Chipron; LCD-Array) for the detection of HPV in our probes expecting a less time consuming and sensitive HPV test for our probes. RESULTS We found that LCD-Array is a sensitive and feasible method for HPV testing in routine diagnostics applicable to FFPE material in our cohort. Our cohort of penile carcinomas and carcinomas in situ was associated with HPV infection in 61% of cases. We detected no significant association between HPV infection status and histomorphological tumor characteristics as well as overall survival. CONCLUSIONS We showed usability of molecular HPV testing on a cohort of archived penile carcinomas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating LCD-Array technique on a cohort of penile neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Winkelmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Katrin Bankov
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens von der Grün
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter J Wild
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Vallo
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Melanie Demes
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Curti RRDJ, Castilha EP, Bonaldo ALL, Okuyama NCM, Trugilo KP, Guembarovski RL, Couto-Filho JD, Watanabe MAE, de Oliveira KB. Development of cervical intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer is not influenced by SOD2 RS4880 polymorhism. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 230:153742. [PMID: 34959097 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Some of the more than 200 known HPV types are essential for cervical cancer development, the third type of cancer most incident in the female population. However, for the malignant transformation occur, some cofactors are needed, as the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be neutralized by the antioxidant system. The SOD2 enzyme, encoded by the same name gene, is found in mitochondria and is part of the first line of defense against oxidative stress damage. Genetic polymorphisms can act by altering the efficiency of the enzyme, among which the most studied is the rs4880. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association of this polymorphism with HPV infection and the development of low and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL) and cervical cancer, in 407 women attended by the public health system in Brazil. HPV detection in cervical secretion samples was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and blood samples were used for polymorphism genotyping through PCR followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). PCR and restriction products were subjected to 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HPV negative group (control) included 158 women and the HPV positive group (case) 249 women. The infected group was divided into No Lesion (n = 90), LSIL (n = 20), HSIL (n = 67) and cervical cancer (n = 72). The data found on socio-epidemiological characteristics and habits corroborated with data found in the literature. The distribution of genotypes in the control group was 51.9% women TC, 29.8% TT and 18.3% CC. In the case group, the distribution was 55.0% women TC, 26.1% TT and 18.9% CC. This is the first study evaluating the influence of SOD2 rs4880 polymorphism on HPV infection, the development of cervical intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer in a Brazilian population, although additional studies are needed to corroborate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Roberta de Jaime Curti
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86.057-970 Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eliza Pizarro Castilha
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86.057-970 Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Labbate Bonaldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86.057-970 Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nádia Calvo Martins Okuyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86.057-970 Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kleber Paiva Trugilo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86.057-970 Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Laboratory of Study and Application of DNA Polymorphism, Department of Pathological Science, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karen Brajão de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86.057-970 Paraná, Brazil.
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18
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Giuliani E, Rollo F, Donà MG, Garbuglia AR. Human Papillomavirus Oral Infection: Review of Methodological Aspects and Epidemiology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111411. [PMID: 34832567 PMCID: PMC8625118 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has recently gained great attention because of its involvement in the development of a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The role of specific Alpha-HPVs in this regard has been well established, whereas the contribution of other genera is under investigation. Despite their traditional classification as “cutaneous” types, Beta and Gamma HPVs are frequently detected in oral samples. Due to the lack of a standardized protocol, a large variety of methodologies have been used for oral sample collection, DNA extraction, HPV detection and genotyping. Laboratory procedures influence the evaluation of oral HPV prevalence, which largely varies also according to the population characteristics, e.g., age, gender, sexual behavior, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status. Nevertheless, oral infection by Beta and Gamma HPVs seems to be even more common than Alpha-HPVs. The latter is 5–7% in the general population, and increases up to 30% approximately in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Despite major advances in the evaluation of oral HPV prevalence, its natural history is still little understood, especially for Beta and Gamma HPVs. The latest technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), can be exploited to gain new insights into oral HPV, and to improve the identification of novel HPV types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Giuliani
- Scientific Direction, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Rollo
- Pathology Department, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Gabriella Donà
- STI/HIV Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0652665393
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, INMI Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
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19
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Hansel DE. A 25 year perspective on advances in the pathologic assessment and diagnosis of urologic cancers. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:582-594. [PMID: 34215506 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, diagnostic categories in genitourinary pathology have changed dramatically. Prostate cancer reporting incorporated numerous new variant categories, recognized the importance of intraductal carcinoma, and introduced the concept of Grade Groups. Pathologic diagnosis of bladder cancer not only added new variant categories, but also modified the grading of non-invasive urothelial neoplasms and refined staging definitions. Kidney cancer classification expanded from a handful of diagnostic categories to a broad array of additional cancer types defined by unique immunohistochemical and molecular findings. Segregation of penile carcinoma by human papillomavirus status more accurately reflected pathogenesis and helped improve prediction of cancer behavior. Testicular pathology research advanced understanding of germ cell tumor subtypes and their impact on patient outcomes. Finally, adrenal gland pathology has evolved to incorporate a broader recognition of morphological variation and risk factors associated with tumor progression. Taken together, changes in pathology over the past quarter century have revolutionized our approach to genitourinary cancers. This review seeks to highlight some of the many significant changes in genitourinary pathology that have occurred during the past 25 years and emphasize impacts on clinical outcomes or therapy, as relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna E Hansel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
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20
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Park I, Koh SH, Lee HJ. Warty (condylomatous) carcinoma of the back: a case report. J Surg Case Rep 2021; 2021:rjab173. [PMID: 33976764 PMCID: PMC8099459 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Warty carcinoma (WC), known as condylomatous carcinoma, generally derives from genito-urethral area. Its symbolic lesion is the exophytic and verruciform mass associated with human papillomavirus infection. A 90-year-old female presented with growing cauliflower-like mass in her back. A wide excision was performed for two masses. It was finally confirmed as WC throughout histopathological findings—arborescent papillomatosis, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. The patient was an ordinary housewife and there was no recurrence and any postoperative complication 6 month after the surgery. Accordingly, careful physical examination and history-taking as well as wide-excision securing safety margin are essential, especially for senile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilou Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gwangmyeong Sungae General Hospital, Gwangmyeong, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Koh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Gwangmyeong Sungae General Hospital, Gwangmyeong, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Gwangmyeong Sungae General Hospital, Gwangmyeong, Korea
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21
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Kim SK, Kim JH, Han JH, Cho NH, Kim SJ, Kim SI, Choo SH, Kim JS, Park B, Kwon JE. TERT promoter mutations in penile squamous cell carcinoma: high frequency in non-HPV-related type and association with favorable clinicopathologic features. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1125-1135. [PMID: 33635430 PMCID: PMC7954710 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Penile carcinoma is a rare malignant neoplasm with a largely unknown molecular pathogenesis. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERT-p) mutations have been detected in several types of human malignancies. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of TERT-p mutations in penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and their associations with clinicopathologic features. Methods In this retrospective study, Sanger sequencing was performed to detect TERT-p mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 37 patients with penile SCC, 16 patients with cutaneous SCC, and 4 patients with non-neoplastic penile/skin tissue. The expression of p16INK4a and Ki-67 was investigated via immunohistochemistry. Associations of TERT-p mutation with clinicopathological factors, immunohistochemical results, and clinical outcome were statistically analyzed. Results Recurrent TERT-p mutations were identified in 18 out of 37 (48.6%) penile SCCs, including all 3 carcinoma in situ cases. TERT-p mutations were significantly more frequent in non-human papilloma virus (HPV)-related penile SCC types than in non-HPV-related penile SCC based on both histologic classification and p16INK4a immunoreactivity. Furthermore, TERT-p mutation was associated with a low histologic grade, low mitotic count, absence of necrosis, low Ki-67/MIB-1 labeling index, and absence of lymph node or distant metastasis. Conclusion Our study shows TERT-p mutations are the most frequent somatic mutations in penile SCC. In addition, TERT-p mutations are far more frequent in non-HPV-related penile SCC than in HPV-related penile SCC, indicating TERT-p mutations may have a role in tumorigenesis distinct from HPV-related penile SCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03514-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyum Kim
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Han
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Joong Kim
- Department of Urology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Il Kim
- Department of Urology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Ho Choo
- Department of Urology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Kim
- Office of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Ajou Research Institute for Innovation, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumhee Park
- Office of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Ajou Research Institute for Innovation, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Aldakak L, Huber VM, Rühli F, Bender N. Sex difference in the immunogenicity of the quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus vaccine: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2021; 39:1680-1686. [PMID: 33637386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological differences between males and females in response to viral vaccines are well known. This the first review to examine them for the Human Papilloma Virus. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the immunogenicity of the Quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine qHPVV. We searched Medline, Embase, and CENTRAL for trials published until September 17, 2019. Inclusion criteria were 3-doses and reporting geometric mean titers (GMTs). We performed random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regression separated by age group and sex. RESULTS Our search yielded 1809 unique studies. 334 full texts were screened and data from 18 studies were extracted. Females had higher pooled geometric mean titers than males in all age groups. Log transformed GMTs in male children (<16) years were: against HPV6: 6·62 (95% CI 6·29-6·94; I2 = 86·0%), against HPV11: 7·07 (95% CI 6·90-7·23; I2 = 63.1%), against HPV16: 8·53 (95% CI 8·28-8·78; I2 = 73·0%), and against HPV18 7·21 (95% CI 7·08-7·34; I2 = 26·4%). In females: against HPV6 7·10 (95% CI 6·79-7·41; I2 = 96·6%), HPV11: 7·32 (95% CI 7·15-7·50; I2 = 90·6%), HPV16: 8·71 (95% CI 8·52-8·91; I2 = 90·2%), and HPV18 7·35 (95% CI 7·11-7·58; I2 = 92·7%). In the meta-regression, the sexual difference was significant for HPV6 (p = 0·022) with a similar tendency for HPV11 (p = 0·066) and HPV18 (p = 0·079). Immunogenicity was significantly higher in children (<16) than in adults (p < 0·001). CONCLUSION Females have higher antibody titers against HPV after receiving the qHPVV than do males. The difference is bigger in low-risk HPV strains. Adjusting the doses and schedules for each sex should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lafi Aldakak
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vera Maria Huber
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Bender
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Shim TN, Harwood CA, Marsh SG, Gotch FM, Quint W, de Koning MN, Francis N, Jameson C, Freeman A, Minhas S, Muneer A, Dinneen M, Bunker CB. The prevalence of human leucocyte antigen and human papillomavirus DNA in penile intraepithelial neoplasia in England 2011-2012. Int J STD AIDS 2021; 32:388-395. [PMID: 33576716 DOI: 10.1177/0956462420970727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) is unclear but human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and polymorphisms in human leucocyte antigen (HLA). OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence of HPV DNA and HLA in PeIN. METHODS Adult Caucasian men with a clinical and histological diagnosis of PeIN, that is, Bowenoid papulosis (BP), Bowen's disease of penis (BDP) and erythroplasia of Queyrat (EQ) were selected and phenotyped from the clinical records. DNA was extracted from blood and paraffin-embedded sections for HLA and HPV typing, respectively. Human leucocyte antigen allele frequencies were compared with those derived from the UK-based Caucasian population. RESULTS Seventy-two cases of PeIN (20 BP, 34 BDP and 18 EQ) were studied. Human papillomavirus DNA was identified in 65/72 (90.2%) PeIN; Alphapapillomavirus types were detected in 62/72 (85%) followed by Betapapillomavirus types in 9/72 (12.5%) and cutaneous types in 7/72 (9.7%); HPV16 was the most prevalent genotype at 35/72 (48.6%) followed by HPV33 at 7/72 (9.7%); multiple infections were seen in 18/72 (25%) PeIN. HLA-C*15 (Bonferroni corrected p = 0.049) confers susceptibility to PeIN, whereas HLA-DQA1*01 (corrected p = 0.02) protects against PeIN. HPV16-associated PeIN cases showed no statistically significant association with HLA genotype after multiple corrections. CONCLUSION Human papillomavirus is involved in the pathogenesis of PeIN. Immunogenotype may play a role in the pathogenesis of PeIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Ngee Shim
- Dermatology Department, University College Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Center for Cutaneous Research and Cell Biology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Steven Ge Marsh
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute and University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Wim Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Nick Francis
- Pathology Department, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Charles Jameson
- Pathology Department, 4919University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Pathology Department, 4919University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Suks Minhas
- Andrology Centre and the Institute of Urology, 4919University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Asif Muneer
- Andrology Centre and the Institute of Urology, 4919University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael Dinneen
- Urology Department, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christopher B Bunker
- Dermatology Department, University College Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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24
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Medeiros-Fonseca B, Cubilla A, Brito H, Martins T, Medeiros R, Oliveira P, Gil da Costa RM. Experimental Models for Studying HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Penile Cancer: New Tools for An Old Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030460. [PMID: 33530343 PMCID: PMC7865362 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Penile cancer is an uncommon and understudied malignancy that is most commonly diagnosed in developing countries. Therapeutic advances have been slow, in part due to the lack of in vitro and in vivo models for testing new drugs before performing clinical trials. Recently, this difficulty has been partly overcome and multiple new pre-clinical models were reported. These important developments will help develop new therapies for penile cancer patients. The present review summarizes and discusses the available data concerning the pre-clinical models of penile cancer and their uses. Comparisons are drawn between different models, allowing researchers to choose the most adequate setting for their experiments. The remaining gaps in this array of penile cancer models are also discussed, in particular the lack of models for studying metastatic disease and cell lines representing tumors associated with human papillomavirus. Abstract Penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy that occurs most frequently in developing countries. Two pathways for penile carcinogenesis are currently recognized: one driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and another HPV-independent route, associated with chronic inflammation. Progress on the clinical management of this disease has been slow, partly due to the lack of preclinical models for translational research. However, exciting recent developments are changing this landscape, with new in vitro and in vivo models becoming available. These include mouse models for HPV+ and HPV− penile cancer and multiple cell lines representing HPV− lesions. The present review addresses these new advances, summarizing available models, comparing their characteristics and potential uses and discussing areas that require further improvement. Recent breakthroughs achieved using these models are also discussed, particularly those developments pertaining to HPV-driven cancer. Two key aspects that still require improvement are the establishment of cell lines that can represent HPV+ penile carcinomas and the development of mouse models to study metastatic disease. Overall, the growing array of in vitro and in vivo models for penile cancer provides new and useful tools for researchers in the field and is expected to accelerate pre-clinical research on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Medeiros-Fonseca
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.M.-F.); (T.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Antonio Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay;
| | - Haissa Brito
- Maranhão Tumour and DNA Biobank (BTMA), Post-graduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - Tânia Martins
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.M.-F.); (T.M.); (P.O.)
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedicine Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.M.-F.); (T.M.); (P.O.)
- Veterinary Sciences Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (B.M.-F.); (T.M.); (P.O.)
- Maranhão Tumour and DNA Biobank (BTMA), Post-graduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-9132728000
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25
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Thomas A, Kölling F, Haferkamp A, Tsaur I. [Quality of care criteria in the treatment of penile cancer]. Urologe A 2021; 60:186-192. [PMID: 33452551 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-020-01429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penile cancer is a rare malignancy and the wide range of quality of care associated with it often results in inferior oncologic and functional treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVES Assessment of the current healthcare situation in clinical routine and identification of the relevant key features and reference values for quality of care. MATERIALS AND METHODS Search for relevant peer-reviewed articles and published congress abstracts in Medline, Embase and other databases as well as Google web search engine. RESULTS Key quality features of penile cancer management include organ-sparing surgery of the primary tumor, invasive inguinal lymph node staging and systemic treatment. Adherence to treatment guidelines is currently low. Centralization of care has already led to a considerable improvement in the quality of care in some areas and increasing conformity with the guidelines' recommendations. CONCLUSION Centralization of care and networks based on this can significantly improve patient outcomes. Thus, reference values for core parameters of quality cancer care can be generated and validated. Moreover, organ-sparing surgery, invasive lymph node staging and systemic therapy should be increasingly utilized. As a reference value, 90% adherence to the guidelines for these three features is recommended. However, before centralization of care can be introduced, aspects relevant to practical implementation must be addressed, such as the reimbursement of travel costs for those affected, infrastructure costs and instruments to measure quality of life and patient satisfaction after centralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thomas
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland.
| | - F Kölling
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - A Haferkamp
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - I Tsaur
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
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26
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Bedir R, Suntur M, Semerci O. Primary Cutaneous Myxoid Spindle Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Scalp: A Case Report. Turk Patoloji Derg 2021; 37:67-70. [PMID: 32701165 PMCID: PMC10508921 DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2020.01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are the second most frequent type of non-melanoma skin cancer. A 78-year-old man with a slow-growing but large nodular lesion on his scalp presented to the hospital. The nodular lesion was excised. Histologically, the lesion was diagnosed as a primary cutaneous myxoid spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma, which is the subject of this case report. Extracellular mucin production is an even less common finding in SCC. We also aim to discuss the histological and immunohistochemical findings for distinguishing MSC SCC from other primary cutaneous and metastatic spindle cell neoplasms with myxoid stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Bedir
- Department of Pathology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Mehpare Suntur
- Department of Pathology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
| | - Orhan Semerci
- Department of Pathology, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, School of Medicine, Rize, Turkey
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27
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Reyes ME, Borges H, Adjao MS, Vijayakumar N, Spiess PE, Schabath MB. Novel Prognostic Models for Patients With Penile Carcinoma. Cancer Control 2020; 27:1073274820924728. [PMID: 32397742 PMCID: PMC7223867 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820924728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although penile carcinoma is a rare malignancy, there is still an unmet need to identify prognostic factors associated with poor survival. In this study, we utilized demographic and clinical information to identify the most informative variables associated with overall survival in patients with penile cancer. From a full model including all covariates found to be statistically significant in univariable analyses, we identified a parsimonious reduced model containing tumor site (penis glans: hazard ratio [HR] = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.28-0.85 and penis not otherwise specified: HR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25-0.84), undetermined tumor differentiation (HR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27-0.86), and TNM stage III/IV (HR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.68-4.75). When all of the covariates from the full model were subjected to classification and regression tree analysis, we identified 6 novel risk groups. Of particular interest, we found marriage was associated with substantial improvement in survival among men with the same stage and disease site. Specifically, among single/widowed/divorced men with TNM stage 0-II and prepuce/penis corpus/overlapping lesions had worse survival (5-year survival = 18.2%) versus married men (5-year survival = 62.5%). Since marital status is linked to social support, these findings warrant a deeper investigation into the relationships between disease prognosis and social support in patients with penile carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Reyes
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heloise Borges
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Muhamed Said Adjao
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nisha Vijayakumar
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philippe E Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matthew B Schabath
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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28
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Medeiros-Fonseca B, Mestre VF, Estêvão D, Sánchez DF, Cañete-Portillo S, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Casaca F, Silva S, Brito H, Félix A, Medeiros R, Colaço B, Oliveira PA, Bastos MM, Nelson PS, Vakar-Lopez F, Gaivão I, Brito L, Lopes C, Cubilla AL, Gil da Costa RM. HPV16 induces penile intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma in transgenic mice: first mouse model for HPV-related penile cancer. J Pathol 2020; 251:411-419. [PMID: 32488868 DOI: 10.1002/path.5475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Penile cancer is an under-studied disease that occurs more commonly in developing countries and 30-50% of cases show high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Therapeutic advances are slow, largely due to the absence of animal models for translational research. Here, we report the first mouse model for HPV-related penile cancer. Ten-week-old mice expressing all the HPV16 early genes under control of the cytokeratin 14 (Krt14) gene promoter and matched wild-type controls were exposed topically to dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) or vehicle for 16 weeks. At 30 weeks of age, mice were sacrificed for histological analysis. Expression of Ki67, cytokeratin 14, and of the HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 was confirmed using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR, respectively. HPV16-transgenic mice developed intraepithelial lesions including condylomas and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN). Lesions expressed cytokeratin 14 and the HPV16 oncogenes E6 and E7 and showed deregulated cell proliferation, demonstrated by Ki67-positive supra-basal cells. HPV16-transgenic mice exposed to DMBA showed increased PeIN incidence and squamous cell carcinoma. Malignant lesions showed varied histological features closely resembling those of HPV-associated human penile cancers. Wild-type mice showed no malignant or pre-malignant lesions even when exposed to DMBA. These observations provide the first experimental evidence to support the etiological role of HPV16 in penile carcinogenesis. Importantly, this is the first mouse model to recapitulate key steps of HPV-related penile carcinogenesis and to reproduce morphological and molecular features of human penile cancer, providing a unique in vivo tool for studying its biology and advancing basic and translational research. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica F Mestre
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Estêvão
- Grupo de Oncologia Molecular e Patologia Viral, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diego F Sánchez
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Sofía Cañete-Portillo
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - Fátima Casaca
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Silva
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Haissa Brito
- Biobanco de Tumores e DNA do Maranhão, PPGSAD, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Ana Félix
- Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, IPO-Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Grupo de Oncologia Molecular e Patologia Viral, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Serviço de Virologia, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro - Núcleo Regional do Norte, Porto, Portugal.,CEBIMED, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Colaço
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Peter S Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Funda Vakar-Lopez
- LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gaivão
- CECAV and Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luciane Brito
- Biobanco de Tumores e DNA do Maranhão, PPGSAD, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Botelho Moniz Análises Clínicas (BMAC), Porto, Portugal.,Grupo de Patologia Experimental, Ci-IPOP, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio L Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación and Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Grupo de Oncologia Molecular e Patologia Viral, CI-IPOP, IPO-Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biobanco de Tumores e DNA do Maranhão, PPGSAD, Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil.,LEPABE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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29
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The International Society of Urological Pathology Consultation on Molecular Pathology of Urogenital Cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:859-861. [PMID: 32341239 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 Consultation Conference on the molecular pathology of urogenital cancers was organized by the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) to have an understanding of the current use of molecular-genetic markers and to make recommendations on their application in prostate, bladder, renal, testicular, and penile cancer. This brief introductory article describes the organization of this conference and provides its rationale and main findings.
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30
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Risk factors and molecular characterization of penile cancer: impact on prognosis and potential targets for systemic therapy. Curr Opin Urol 2020; 30:202-207. [PMID: 31895076 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a comprehensive summary of risk factors, molecular machinery as well as potential therapeutic targets with a particular focus on literature published in the last 2 years on prognosis and treatment of penile cancer (PeCa). RECENT FINDINGS E2F, LAMC2, MAML2, ID1 and IGFBP2 proteins were demonstrated to play a critical role for aggressive tumor behavior and might predict poor survival in PeCa. PD-L1 axis was confirmed as a promising pathway to serve as a therapeutic target. A number of genetic alterations were illuminated. In clinical testing, pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor dacomitinib provided promising results in chemo-naïve and EGFR monoantibody nimotuzumab in chemotherapy-failed PeCa patients. SUMMARY Knowledge of prognosis-relevant altered molecular pathways in PeCa is expanding paving the way for identification of potential therapeutic targets. Multicenter clinical trials in the setting of centralized PeCa care are warranted to foster effective marker-based individualized treatment strategies.
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31
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Sharma P, Gautam SD, Rajendra S. Importance of investigating high-risk human papillomavirus in lymph node metastasis of esophageal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2729-2739. [PMID: 32550750 PMCID: PMC7284187 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus has been suggested as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Tumor human papillomavirus status has been reported to confer a favorable prognosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma. The size of the primary tumor and degree of lymphatic spread determines the prognosis of esophageal carcinomas. Lymph node status has been found to be a predictor of recurrent disease as well as 5-year survival in esophageal malignancies. In human papillomavirus driven cancers, e.g. cervical, anogenital, head and neck cancers, associated lymph nodes with a high viral load suggest metastatic lymph node involvement. Thus, human papillomavirus could potentially be useful as a marker of micro-metastases. To date, there have been no reported studies regarding human papillomavirus involvement in lymph nodes of metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma. This review highlights the importance of investigating human papillomavirus in lymph node metastasis of esophageal adenocarcinoma based on data derived from other human papillomavirus driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Gastro-Intestinal Viral Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shweta Dutta Gautam
- Gastro-Intestinal Viral Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shanmugarajah Rajendra
- Gastro-Intestinal Viral Oncology Group, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital, South Western Sydney Local Health Network, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales 2200, Australia
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32
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Yu YB, Wang YH, Yang XC, Zhao Y, Wang ML, Liang Y, Niu HT. The relationship between human papillomavirus and penile cancer over the past decade: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:375-380. [PMID: 31134917 PMCID: PMC6628743 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_39_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to play an important role in the development of penile cancer (PeCa), but their relationship remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate their relationship. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for case-control studies and cross-sectional studies using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or paraffin-embedded (PE) PeCa tissues to detect HPV (published between January 1, 2007, and December 29, 2017; no language restrictions). Twenty-two studies were identified, and 1664 cases were available for analysis. The combined HPV infectious risk of PeCa is 51.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 43.0%–60.0%). The three most common subtypes of HPV were HPV16 (28.5%), HPV18 (2.3%), and HPV6 (2.3%). The virus was relevantly associated with basaloid (85.5%, 95% CI: 77.2%–93.8%) and warty (50.0%, 95% CI: 35.2%–64.8%) carcinomas. The invasiveness of PeCa was not associated with HPV (χ2 = 0.181, df = 1, P < 0.671). HPV infection in PeCa tended to be moderately differentiated (54.4%, 95% CI: 47.7%–61.1%). This study found that almost half of PeCa patients are associated with HPV. The most commonly associated genotype is HPV16, but several other genotypes were also detected. In addition to types 6 and 11, other single low-risk HPV infections have been found to contribute to PeCa to a lesser degree. HPV-positive tumors tend to exhibit warty and/or basaloid features, corresponding to a moderate histological grade. The role of HPV in PeCa should be revisited to provide evidence for the development of PeCa in the presence of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Yu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yong-Hua Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xue-Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mei-Lan Wang
- The Nursing Department, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hai-Tao Niu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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Martins VDCA, Cunha IW, Figliuolo G, Rondon HHDMF, de Souza PM, Torres Silva FL, Torres Silva GL, de Souza Bastos M, de Castro DB, Santana MF, Ramasawmy R, Levi JE, Torres KL. Presence of HPV with overexpression of p16INK4a protein and EBV infection in penile cancer-A series of cases from Brazil Amazon. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232474. [PMID: 32374757 PMCID: PMC7202603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, penile cancer (PC) is not uncommon. The highest incidence of PC is in the North and Northeast of the country. In addition to phimosis, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Baar Virus (EBV) infections are also related as risk factors for PC. The overexpression of p16INK4a is a surrogate sensitive marker of HPV infection in PC. OBJECTIVES To correlate p16INK4a overexpression and HPV infection status with EBV infection in a series of PC patients from the Amazon region. METHODS Tumor tissues from 47 PC cases were analyzed for the presence of HPV and EBV DNA by PCR. All PC patients were diagnosed between 2013 and 2018 at a public reference cancer center hospital in Manaus, Amazonas-Brazil. HPV was genotyped using E7 HPV16/HPV18 type-specific real-time PCR and the PapilloCheck® HPV-Screening assay. p16INK4a expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using the automated Ventana® BenchMark Ultra. RESULTS The mean age of patients at the time of diagnosis was 57.4 years ±SD 17.8 ranging from 20 to 90 years old. Most of the patients (64%) came from rural areas of the Amazonas State. Thirty patients had phimosis (64%). Among the patients with phimosis, 43% (13/30) underwent circumcision, three during childhood and 10 in adulthood. 60% of the patients were smokers or ex-smokers. HPV infection was observed in 45% (21/47) of cases. HPV16 was detected in 13 patients (61%). Other HPV types detected were HPV 6, 11, 42, 51, 53, 68 and 44/55. EBV infection was observed in 30% (14/47) of the patients with PC. Co-infection with HPV and EBV was observed in 28% (6/21) cases. p16INK4a was only investigated in 26 samples. The p16INK4a overexpression was observed exclusively in HPV 16 positive cases and four HPV negative cases. In the survival analysis, the follow-up time was 35.4 months/patient. The mortality rate during the follow up time was 38%. CONCLUSIONS p16INK4a positivity presented a high correlation to HPV 16 DNA detection, reinforcing its use as a surrogate marker for HPV-driven cancers. Infection with EBV was quite frequent and its role in epithelial penile oncogenesis needs to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valquíria do Carmo Alves Martins
- Department of Education and Research, Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Isabela Werneck Cunha
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Rede D’OR- São Luiz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Figliuolo
- Department of Education and Research, Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Michele de Souza Bastos
- Department of Virology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Daniel Barros de Castro
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Technical Advisory, Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Monique Freire Santana
- Department of Education and Research, Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Virology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Virology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Levi
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia Luz Torres
- Department of Education and Research, Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Janecka-Widła A, Mucha-Małecka A, Majchrzyk K, Halaszka K, Przewoźnik M, Słonina D, Biesaga B. Active HPV infection and its influence on survival in head and neck squamous-cell cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1677-1692. [PMID: 32372145 PMCID: PMC7256081 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose HPV is involved in the development of some head and neck squamous-cell carcinomas (HNSCC). It was suggested that only transcriptionally active virus can induce carcinogenesis, therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze the frequency of active HPV infection, virus type, and its prognostic role in HNSCC patients. Methods Status of active HPV infection was assessed for 155 HNSCC patients based on p16 expression and HPV DNA presence. Univariate and multivariate analyses with Cox proportional regression model were performed to select independent prognostic factors. Results Active HPV infection was detected in 20.65% of patients. We identified 16.0, 40.9 and 1.7% of HPV positive oral cavity, oropharyngeal, and laryngeal cancer cases, respectively. HPV16 was dominant (81.25%) followed by HPV35 (9.38%) and double infections with HPV16 and 35 (6.25%) or HPV35 and 18 (3.12%). Patients with active HPV infection demonstrated significantly higher survival than HPV negative ones (OS 80.89% vs. 37.08%, p = 0.000; DFS 93.0% vs. 53.35%, p = 0.000, respectively). Longer OS and DFS were maintained for infected patients when oropharyngeal and non-oropharyngeal cases were analyzed separately. Interestingly, all patients infected with other than HPV16 types survived 5 years without cancer progression. In the analyzed group of 155 patients the strongest independent favourable prognostic factor for both OS and DFS was HPV presence. Conclusions High prevalence of HPV-driven HNSCC (mostly within oropharynx) was detected, with HPV16 type the most frequent, followed by HPV35 and HPV18. The presence of active HPV infection improved survival of both oropharyngeal and non-oropharyngeal cancer patients and should be taken into account in treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janecka-Widła
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna Mucha-Małecka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kaja Majchrzyk
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Halaszka
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Przewoźnik
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dorota Słonina
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland.,Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Biesaga
- Department of Tumour Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Cracow Branch, Cracow, Poland.,Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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35
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Tanaka K, Kandori S, Nitta S, Chihara I, Kojo K, Nagumo Y, Kimura T, Kojima T, Kawai K, Okuyama A, Higashi T, Nishiyama H. Characteristics of penile cancer in Japan: An analysis of nationwide hospital-based cancer registry data. Int J Urol 2020; 27:538-542. [PMID: 32307745 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with penile cancer in Japan using the nationwide hospital-based cancer registry database. METHODS Using hospital-based cancer registry data, we described the distribution of age, pathology, tumor-node-metastases classification, and first-course treatment in patients treated between 2012 and 2015. We compared the patterns of first-line treatment between elderly and non-elderly patients. RESULTS A total of 1012 patients were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma among 1773 patients with penile tumors who registered under topography code C60. The median age at diagnosis was 74 years, and 85.9% of patients were aged >60 years. The most common pathology was usual-type squamous cell carcinoma (91.9%), followed by verrucous carcinoma (5.0%), sarcomatoid carcinoma (1.1%), papillary carcinoma (0.7%), basaloid carcinoma (0.6%), adenosquamous carcinoma (0.4%), warty carcinoma (0.2%) and mixed carcinoma (0.1%). A total of 61.3% of patients were diagnosed with localized disease. In contrast, the proportions of patients with lymph node and distant metastases were 27.5% and 2.1% at diagnosis, respectively. The proportion of patients who were treated with chemotherapy as the first-course treatment was significantly lower among elderly patients (≥80 years) with clinical stage III (27.6% vs 7.1%, P = 0.0312) and clinical stage IV (53.2% vs 14.3%, P = 0.0086). CONCLUSIONS Most penile cancer patients in Japan are diagnosed with usual-type squamous cell carcinoma, and those with human papilloma virus-related squamous cell carcinomas are <1%. Chemotherapy for advanced penile cancer is administered less in Japanese elderly (≥80 years) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shuya Kandori
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nitta
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ichiro Chihara
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kojo
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nagumo
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kimura
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kojima
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koji Kawai
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ayako Okuyama
- Centre for Cancer Registries, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Higashi
- Centre for Cancer Registries, Center for Cancer Control and Information Services, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishiyama
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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36
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Report From the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consultation Conference on Molecular Pathology of Urogenital Cancers V. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:e80-e86. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Bule YP, Silva J, Carrilho C, Campos C, Sousa H, Tavares A, Medeiros R. Human papillomavirus prevalence and distribution in self-collected samples from female university students in Maputo. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020; 149:237-246. [PMID: 32086940 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and distribution among female university students in Maputo, Mozambique, and evaluate the determinants of HPV infection. METHODS A cross-sectional study among 504 female university students between February and April 2017. Cervicovaginal self-collected samples were analyzed for HPV genotypes by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and AnyplexTM II HPV28 Detection kit (Seegene® ). RESULTS The prevalence of any HPV genotype was 28.6% (144/504). Single and multiple HPV infections were detected in 76 (15.1%) and 68 (13.5%) participants, respectively. Prevalence of high-risk HPV was significantly higher than that of low-risk HPV (P<0.001). HPV16 was the most frequent genotype, followed by HPV58, HPV66, HPV52, HPV18, HPV56, HPV61, and HPV70. The prevalence of genotypes covered by the bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccine was 14.3%, 15.9%, and 23.4%, respectively. Number of sexual partners over lifetime and in the past 12 months was associated with HPV infection (P<0.001 and P=0.039, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of HPV genotype-specific prevalence among young women is important to set up strategies for HPV vaccination. The findings suggest that introduction of the nonavalent HPV vaccine might be the way forward in the present low-resource setting. In addition, self-sampling was useful for HPV detection and genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Priscilla Bule
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jani Silva
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Carrilho
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.,Pathology Service, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Carla Campos
- Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Tavares
- Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology & Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.,LPCC, Research Department - Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPPC - NRN), Porto, Portugal
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38
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Abstract
The incidence of penile cancer in central Europe and North America is low, and patients often present at a late stage of the disease. The diagnosis can very often be made by visual examination of the primary tumor. Its morphology, size, and location as well as the inguinal lymph nodes are of clinical interest. The removal of (micro)metastatic lymph nodes is decisive for the prognosis. These cannot be diagnosed clinically or by imaging with sufficient reliability, which makes invasive lymph node staging necessary. Penile cancer can only be cured by surgery in patients with localized cancer and early stage regional lymph node metastasis. The primary tumor, including metastatic lymph nodes, must be completely excised as early as possible. If indicated, organ preservation must be performed with strict adherence of safety margins. Optimal lymph node management is crucial for long-term survival.
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39
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Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Guimerà N, Sanchez DF, Cañete-Portillo S, Lobatti A, Velazquez EF, Jenkins D, Quint W, Cubilla AL. Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Associated Lesions: LCM-PCR Study of 87 Lesions in 8 Patients. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:265-272. [PMID: 31735112 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919887802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) is currently classified in human papillomavirus (HPV)- and non-HPV-related subtypes with variable HPV genotypes. PeINs are frequently associated with other intraepithelial lesions in the same specimen. The aim of this study was to detect and compare HPV genotypes in PeINs and associated lesions using high-precision laser capture microdissection-polymerase chain reaction and p16INK4a immunostaining. We evaluated resected penile specimens from 8 patients and identified 33 PeINs and 54 associated lesions. The most common subtype was warty PeIN, followed by warty-basaloid and basaloid PeIN. Associated lesions were classical condylomas (17 cases), atypical classical condylomas (2 cases), flat condylomas (9 cases), atypical flat condylomas (6 cases), flat lesions with mild atypia (12 cases), and squamous hyperplasia (8 cases). After a comparison, identical HPV genotypes were found in PeIN and associated lesions in the majority of the patients (7 of 8 patients). HPV16 was the most common genotype present in both PeIN and corresponding associated lesion (50% of the patients). Nonspecific flat lesions with mild atypia, classical condylomas, and atypical condylomas were the type of associated lesions most commonly related to HPV16. Other high-risk HPV genotypes present in PeIN and associated nonspecific flat lesion with mild atypia were HPV35 and HPV39. In this study of HPV in the microenvironment of penile precancerous lesions, we identified identical high-risk HPV genotypes in PeIN and classical, flat, or atypical condylomas and, specially, in nonspecific flat lesions with mild atypia. It is possible that some of these lesions represent hitherto unrecognized precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wim Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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40
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Iorga L, Dragos Marcu R, Cristina Diaconu C, Maria Alexandra Stanescu A, Pantea Stoian A, Liviu Dorel Mischianu D, Surcel M, Bungau S, Constantin T, Boda D, Fekete L, Gabriel Bratu O. Penile carcinoma and HPV infection (Review). Exp Ther Med 2019; 20:91-96. [PMID: 32518604 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile carcinoma is a relatively frequent health issue in the developing countries such as Africa, Asia and South America, usually affecting men aged between 50 and 70 years. It is a highly treatable disease in its early stages, but has serious physical and psychological consequences. Usually, penile carcinoma is located in the penile glans, in approximately half the cases, with the most frequent histological type being squamous cell carcinoma with its microscopic subtypes. A large number of risk factors have been reported for this disease, having a multifactorial etiology, HPV infection being one of the most important factors involved in its appearance. Out of the HPV DNA positive genital cancers HPV-16 is the most frequently found type in men, followed by HPV-18. The evolution of penile cancer includes two independent carcinogenic pathways, related or unrelated to HPV infection. There is limited data available in literature regarding HPV-related neoplasia, as well as on the efficacy of vaccination in men, with studies still ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Iorga
- Urology Department, Emergency University Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Dragos Marcu
- Urology Department, Emergency University Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.,'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia Cristina Diaconu
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Internal Medicine Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 014461 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Anca Pantea Stoian
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dan Liviu Dorel Mischianu
- Urology Department, Emergency University Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.,'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunology Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Traian Constantin
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.,Urology Department, 'Prof. Th Burghele' Clinical Hospital, 050652 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laszlo Fekete
- Dermamed Private Clinic, 211 E60 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Gabriel Bratu
- Urology Department, Emergency University Central Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania.,'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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41
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Bernichon E, Espenel S, Méry B, Trone JC, Rehalia-Blanchard A, He YM, Rancoule C, Magné N. [HPV: Carcinogenic implications and preventive measures]. Presse Med 2019; 48:756-766. [PMID: 31307878 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human oncogenic papillomaviruses (HPV) have an increasingly prominent role in the genesis of many cancers. The oncogenic mechanisms associated with HPV are now better known and make it possible to explain the etiopathogenesis of the association. HPV status is now sought for certain cancers and conditions both prognosis and management of patients. Preventive antiviral vaccination has become a real public health issue and aims to effectively reduce the prevalence of cervical, anal and oropharynx cancer, HPV-associated. However, vaccination against HPV still lags behind. The purpose of this review is to redefine the involvement of HPV in several cancers as well as current therapeutic challenges of HPV-related cancers, notably in term of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bernichon
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département d'oncologie médicale, 108 bis, avenue Albert-Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez cedex, France
| | - Sophie Espenel
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département de radiothérapie, 108 bis, avenue Albert-Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez cedex, France; Laboratoire de radiobiologie cellulaire et moléculaire de Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822, 165, chemin du grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921 Oullins cedex, France
| | - Benoite Méry
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département d'oncologie médicale, 108 bis, avenue Albert-Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez cedex, France; Laboratoire de radiobiologie cellulaire et moléculaire de Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822, 165, chemin du grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921 Oullins cedex, France
| | - Jane-Chloé Trone
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département de radiothérapie, 108 bis, avenue Albert-Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez cedex, France
| | - Amel Rehalia-Blanchard
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département de radiothérapie, 108 bis, avenue Albert-Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez cedex, France
| | - Yuan Ming He
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département de radiothérapie, 108 bis, avenue Albert-Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez cedex, France
| | - Chloé Rancoule
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département de radiothérapie, 108 bis, avenue Albert-Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez cedex, France; Laboratoire de radiobiologie cellulaire et moléculaire de Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822, 165, chemin du grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921 Oullins cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Magné
- Institut de cancérologie Lucien-Neuwirth, département de radiothérapie, 108 bis, avenue Albert-Raimond, BP 60008, 42271 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez cedex, France; Laboratoire de radiobiologie cellulaire et moléculaire de Lyon Sud, CNRS UMR 5822, 165, chemin du grand Revoyet, BP 12, 69921 Oullins cedex, France.
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42
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Updates in the molecular epidemiology and systemic approaches to penile cancer. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:403-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Human Papillomavirus awareness and vaccine acceptability among men who have sex with men from mainland China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8763. [PMID: 31217451 PMCID: PMC6584641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductions in persistent HPV infection and related diseases occurrence have been proved among vaccinated males. However, little was known on awareness of HPV and the vaccine in males, especially in high-risk subgroups such as men who have sex with men (MSM), in China. A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in MSM from 10 selected cities in mainland China. HPV awareness and vaccination acceptability were investigated through interviews and questionnaires. In total, 3057 eligible participants aged 18 years older from 10 cities were investigated. Only 20.6% (629/3057) of them had ever heard of HPV and 4.8% (146/3057) had heard of HPV vaccine. Factors that potentially influence willingness for HPV vaccination were found to be safety of the vaccine (54.2%, 1656/3057) and severity of HPV infection (52.3%, 1599/3057). After education, 97.8% (2882/2946) of participants would like to pay for HPV vaccination, and only a minority of them (2.5%, 75/2946) would like to afford more than 2000 RMB. Our results showed that the awareness on HPV and the vaccine were quite poor among MSM in mainland China. To promote the application of HPV vaccination in male populations, appropriate information delivery and education on HPV infection and health should be enhanced as well as in females.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Penile cancer represents a rarity in daily clinical practice. OBJECTIVES The aim is to identify global differences concerning the incidence, social and risk factors. METHODS The past and current epidemiologic literature is analyzed concerning incidence rates and risk factors. The latter are discussed concerning their potential with regard to disease prevention. RESULTS Globally, incidence rates of penile cancer range from low to nonexistent. Distinct differences are found when comparing industrialized countries with emerging and developing countries. Phimosis seems to be a crucial risk factor in the formation of penile cancer. Additionally, chronic inflammatory diseases of the penis were found to be associated with a higher risk. CONCLUSIONS Preventive measures should be considered in relation to the rarity of the disease, especially in the valuation of circumcision during early childhood. Regular clinical examination of the penis is a sensible measure of early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Colberg
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - C van der Horst
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - K-P Jünemann
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - C M Naumann
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Campus Kiel, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland.
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45
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Schneede P, Schlenker B. [Human papillomavirus and penile cancer : Thinking about measures for prevention]. Urologe A 2019; 57:413-417. [PMID: 29484460 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-018-0597-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two major pathways of penile carcinogenesis are known: human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced penile cancer and HPV-negative cancers associated with chronic dermatoses. Therefore, modern measures for prevention of penile cancer may for example include prophylactic HPV vaccination. The resulting B‑cell-mediated immunity to HPV capsid proteins is effective protection against future HPV infections. Contrarily when treating existing HPV infections or HPV-associated cancers an antigen-specific T‑cell immunity is necessary. To date, screening and treatment of precancerous lesions to prevent penile cancer are not established in the German health care program and the highly expected therapeutic HPV vaccines are still on the horizon. In this article, we focus on possible strategies to prevent HPV-related penile cancer on different levels of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schneede
- Urologische Klinik, Klinikum Memmingen, Bismarckstraße 23, 87700, Memmingen, Deutschland.
| | - B Schlenker
- Klinikum der Universität München, Großhadern, München, Deutschland
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46
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Challenging the prognostic impact of the new WHO and TNM classifications with special emphasis on HPV status in penile carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:211-221. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bada M, Berardinelli F, Nyiràdy P, Varga J, Ditonno P, Battaglia M, Chiodini P, De Nunzio C, Tema G, Veccia A, Antonelli A, Cindolo L, Simeone C, Puliatti S, Micali S, Schips L. Adherence to the EAU guidelines on Penile Cancer Treatment: European, multicentre, retrospective study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:921-926. [PMID: 30825028 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines for penile cancer (PC) are exclusively based on retrospective studies and have low grades of recommendation. The aim of this study was to assess the adherence to guidelines by investigating the management strategies for primary tumours and inguinal lymph nodes. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical charts of 176 PC patients who underwent surgery in eight European centres from 2010 to 2016. The stage and grade were assessed according to the 2009 AJCC-UICC TNM classification system. To assess adherence rates, we compared theoretical and practical adherence to the EAU guidelines. RESULTS Overall, 176 patients were enrolled. Partial amputation was the most frequent surgical approach (39%). 53.7% of tumours were stage Tis-T1b and the remaining 46.3% were stage T2-T4. Palpable lymph nodes were detected in 30.1% of patients and 45.1% underwent lymphadenectomy (LY). A sizeable group of tumours (43.2%) were N0. For primary treatment, adherence to the EAU guidelines was good (66%). In non-adherent cases, reasons for discrepancy were patient's choice (17%), surgeon's preference (36%), and other causes (47%). For LY, the guideline adherence was 70%, with either patient's or surgeon's choice or other causes accounting for discrepancy in 28, 20, and 52% of non-adherent cases, respectively. CONCLUSION Adherence to the EAU guidelines for PC was quite high across the eight European centres involved in the study. This notwithstanding, strategies for further improvement should be developed and evenly adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maida Bada
- Department of Urology, S. Pio da Pietrelcina Hospital, ASL 2 Abruzzo, Vasto, Italy.
| | | | - Peter Nyiràdy
- Department of Urology, Hospital of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judith Varga
- Department of Urology, Hospital of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pasquale Ditonno
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Urology and Andrology Unit II, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Battaglia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Urology and Andrology Unit II, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Chiodini
- Department of Medical Statistics Unit, Second University, Naples, Italy
| | - Cosimo De Nunzio
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Tema
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Cindolo
- Department of Urology, S. Pio da Pietrelcina Hospital, ASL 2 Abruzzo, Vasto, Italy
| | - Claudio Simeone
- Department of Urology, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Puliatti
- Department of Urology, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Micali
- Department of Urology, Baggiovara Hospital, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Luigi Schips
- Department of Urology, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Sichero L, Giuliano AR, Villa LL. Human Papillomavirus and Genital Disease in Men: What We Have Learned from the HIM Study. Acta Cytol 2019; 63:109-117. [PMID: 30799416 DOI: 10.1159/000493737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is currently recognized that in addition to the major impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in females, HPV causes considerable disease in men at the genitals, anal canal, and oropharynx. Specifically, genital HPV infections may progress to genital warts and penile carcinoma. Although studies concerning the natural history of HPV infections and associated neoplasias have mainly focused on women, during the last 2 decades considerable attention has been given in further understanding these infections in men. The HIM (HPV infection in men) Study, the only prospective multicenter study of male HPV natural history, consisted of a large prospective international cohort study in which men from Brazil, the United States, and Mexico were enrolled. The design and protocols of this study allowed unraveling crucial information regarding the relationship between HPV infection and clinical consequences in men, and associated risk factors at each of the anatomic sites where HPV is known to cause cancer in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sichero
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Immunization and Infection Research in Cancer, and the Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Luisa Lina Villa
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,
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49
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Schlenker B, Schneede P. The Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Penile Cancer Prevention and New Therapeutic Agents. Eur Urol Focus 2019; 5:42-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Olesen TB, Sand FL, Rasmussen CL, Albieri V, Toft BG, Norrild B, Munk C, Kjær SK. Prevalence of human papillomavirus DNA and p16 INK4a in penile cancer and penile intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2018; 20:145-158. [PMID: 30573285 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30682-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous meta-analyses have examined human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA prevalence in penile cancer, none, to our knowledge, have assessed pooled HPV DNA prevalence in penile intraepithelial neoplasia or p16INK4a percent positivity in penile cancer and penile intraepithelial neoplasia. Therefore, we aimed to examine the prevalence of HPV DNA and p16INK4a positivity in penile cancer and penile intraepithelial neoplasia worldwide. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library until July 24, 2017, for English-language articles published from Jan 1, 1986, onwards reporting the prevalence of HPV DNA and p16INK4a positivity, either alone or in combination, in at least five cases of penile cancer or penile intraepithelial neoplasia. Only studies that used PCR or hybrid capture for the detection of HPV DNA and immunohistochemical staining or methylation for the detection of p16INK4a were included. Data were extracted and subsequently crosschecked, and inconsistencies were discussed to reach consensus. Using random-effects models, we estimated the pooled prevalence and 95% CI of HPV DNA and p16INK4a positivity in penile cancer and penile intraepithelial neoplasia, stratifying by histological subtype and HPV DNA or p16INK4a detection method. Type-specific prevalence of HPV6, HPV11, HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, and HPV45 in penile cancer was estimated. FINDINGS Our searches identified 1836 non-duplicate records, of which 73 relevant papers (71 studies) were found to be eligible. The pooled HPV DNA prevalence in penile cancer (52 studies; n=4199) was 50·8% (95% CI 44·8-56·7; I2=92·6%, pheterogeneity<0·0001). A high pooled HPV DNA prevalence was seen in basaloid squamous cell carcinomas (84·0%, 95% CI 71·0-93·6; I2=48·0%, pheterogeneity=0·0197) and in warty-basaloid carcinoma (75·7%, 70·1-81·0; I2=0%, pheterogeneity=0·52). The predominant oncogenic HPV type in penile cancer was HPV16 (68·3%, 95% CI 58·9-77·1), followed by HPV6 (8·1%, 4·0-13·7) and HPV18 (6·9%, 2·9-12·4). The pooled HPV DNA prevalence in penile intraepithelial neoplasia (19 studies; n=445) was 79·8% (95% CI 69·3-88·6; I2=83·2%, pheterogeneity<0·0001). The pooled p16INK4a percent positivity in penile cancer (24 studies; n=2295) was 41·6% (95% CI 36·2-47·0; I2=80·6%, pheterogeneity<0·0001), with a high pooled p16INK4a percent positivity in HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma (85·8%, 95% CI 72·1-95·4; I2=56·4%, pheterogeneity=0·0011) as compared with non-HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma (17·1%, 7·9-29·1; I2=78·3%, pheterogeneity<0·0001). Moreover, among HPV-positive cases of penile cancer, the p16INK4a percent positivity was 79·6% (95% CI 65·7-90·7; I2=89·9%, pheterogeneity<0·0001), compared with 18·5% (9·6-29·6; I2=89·3%, pheterogeneity<0·0001) in HPV-negative penile cancers. The pooled p16INK4a percent positivity in penile intraepithelial neoplasia (six studies; n=167) was 49·5% (95% CI 18·6-80·7). INTERPRETATION A large proportion of penile cancers and penile intraepithelial neoplasias are associated with infection with HPV DNA (predominantly HPV16), emphasising the possible benefits of HPV vaccination in men and boys. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bech Olesen
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle, and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Freja Lærke Sand
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle, and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Vanna Albieri
- Unit of Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bodil Norrild
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Munk
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle, and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Krüger Kjær
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle, and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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