1
|
Bhattarai P, Lu W, Hardikar A, Dey S, Gaikwad AV, Shahzad AM, Chia C, Williams A, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition is an active process in smokers and patients with early COPD contributing to pulmonary arterial pathology. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00767-2023. [PMID: 38348240 PMCID: PMC10860200 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00767-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported pulmonary arterial remodelling in smokers and patients with early COPD, which can be attributed to endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). In this study, we aimed to evaluate if EndMT is an active mechanism in smokers and COPD. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for the EndMT biomarkers CD31, N-cadherin, vimentin and S100A4 was done on lung resection tissue from 49 subjects. These comprised 15 nonsmoker controls (NC), six normal lung function smokers (NLFS), nine patients with small airway disease (SAD), nine current smokers with mild-moderate COPD (COPD-CS) and 10 ex-smokers with COPD (COPD-ES). Pulmonary arteries were analysed using Image ProPlus software v7.0. Results We noted reduced junctional CD31+ endothelial cells (p<0.05) in the intimal layer of all smoking groups compared to NC. We also observed increased abundance of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin (p<0.05) and vimentin (p<0.001) in all smoking groups and across all arterial sizes versus NC, except for N-cadherin in large arteries in COPD-CS. The abundance of S100A4 correlated with arterial thickness (small: r=0.29, p=0.05; medium: r=0.33, p=0.03; large: r=0.35, p=0.02). Vimentin in the small arterial wall negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (r= -0.35, p=0.02) and forced expiratory flow rate at 25-75% of forced vital capacity (r= -0.34, p=0.03), while increased cytoplasmic CD31 abundance in the intimal layer of medium and large arteries negatively correlated with predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (medium: r= -0.35, p=0.04; large: r= -0.39, p=0.03). Conclusion This is the first study showing the acquisition of mesenchymal traits by pulmonary endothelial cells from NLFS, SAD and mild-moderate COPD patients through EndMT. This informs on the potential early origins of pulmonary hypertension in smokers and patients with early COPD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Affan Mahmood Shahzad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrew Williams
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
MacLean MR, Fanburg B, Hill N, Lazarus HM, Pack TF, Palacios M, Penumatsa KC, Wring SA. Serotonin and Pulmonary Hypertension; Sex and Drugs and ROCK and Rho. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4103-4118. [PMID: 36036567 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is often referred to as a "happy hormone" as it maintains good mood, well-being, and happiness. It is involved in communication between nerve cells and plays a role in sleeping and digestion. However, too much serotonin can have pathogenic effects and serotonin synthesis is elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is characterized by elevated pulmonary pressures, right ventricular failure, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular remodeling; serotonin has been shown to be associated with these pathologies. The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin in the periphery of the body is tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). TPH1 expression and serotonin synthesis are elevated in pulmonary artery endothelial cells in patients with PAH. The serotonin synthesized in the pulmonary arterial endothelium can act on the adjacent pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), adventitial macrophages, and fibroblasts, in a paracrine fashion. In humans, serotonin enters PASMCs cells via the serotonin transporter (SERT) and it can cooperate with the 5-HT1B receptor on the plasma membrane; this activates both contractile and proliferative signaling pathways. The "serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary hypertension" arose when serotonin was associated with PAH induced by diet pills such as fenfluramine, aminorex, and chlorphentermine; these act as indirect serotonergic agonists causing the release of serotonin from platelets and cells through the SERT. Here the role of serotonin in PAH is reviewed. Targeting serotonin synthesis or signaling is a promising novel alternative approach which may lead to novel therapies for PAH. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-16, 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R MacLean
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Barry Fanburg
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicolas Hill
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Krishna C Penumatsa
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) describes heterogeneous population of patients with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure >20 mm Hg. Rarely, PH presents as a primary disorder but is more commonly part of a complex phenotype associated with comorbidities. Regardless of the cause, PH reduces life expectancy and impacts quality of life. The current clinical classification divides PH into 1 of 5 diagnostic groups to assign treatment. There are currently no pharmacological cures for any form of PH. Animal models are essential to help decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, to assign genotype-phenotype relationships to help identify new therapeutic targets, and for clinical translation to assess the mechanism of action and putative efficacy of new therapies. However, limitations inherent of all animal models of disease limit the ability of any single model to fully recapitulate complex human disease. Within the PH community, we are often critical of animal models due to the perceived low success upon clinical translation of new drugs. In this review, we describe the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of existing animal models developed to gain insight into the molecular and pathological mechanisms and test new therapeutics, focusing on adult forms of PH from groups 1 to 3. We also discuss areas of improvement for animal models with approaches combining several hits to better reflect the clinical situation and elevate their translational value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Vineet Agrawal
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allan Lawrie
- Dept of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK & Insigneo institute for in silico medicine, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sebastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu XH, Ma JL, Ding D, Ma YJ, Wei YP, Jing ZC. Experimental animal models of pulmonary hypertension: Development and challenges. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:207-216. [PMID: 35333455 PMCID: PMC9240731 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is clinically divided into 5 major types, characterized by elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), finally leading to right heart failure and death. The pathogenesis of this arteriopathy remains unclear, leaving it impossible to target pulmonary vascular remodeling and reverse the deterioration of right ventricular (RV) function. Different animal models have been designed to reflect the complex mechanistic origins and pathology of PH, roughly divided into 4 categories according to the modeling methods: non‐invasive models in vivo, invasive models in vivo, gene editing models, and multi‐means joint modeling. Though each model shares some molecular and pathological changes with different classes of human PH, in most cases the molecular etiology of human PH is poorly known. The appropriate use of classic and novel PH animal models is essential for the hunt of molecular targets to reverse severe phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Wu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Ling Ma
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Medical Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Ma
- Medical Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Peng Wei
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Jing
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The Roles of S100A4 and the EGF/EGFR Signaling Axis in Pulmonary Hypertension with Right Ventricular Hypertrophy. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010118. [PMID: 35053115 PMCID: PMC8773074 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure caused by the accumulation of mesenchymal-like cells in the pulmonary vasculature. PH can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and, ultimately, heart failure and death. In PH etiology, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has emerged as a critical process governing the conversion of endothelial cells into mesenchymal cells, and S100A4, EGF, and EGFR are implicated in EndMT. However, a potential role of S100A4, EGF, and EGFR in PH has to date not been elucidated. We therefore quantified S100A4, EGF, and EGFR in patients suffering from chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH). To determine specificity for unilateral heart disease, the EndMT biomarker signature was further compared between PH patients presenting with RVH and patients suffering from aortic valve stenosis (AVS) with left ventricular hypertrophy. Reduced S100A4 concentrations were found in CTEPH and iPAH patients with RVH. Systemic EGF was increased in CTEPH but not in iPAH, while AVS patients displayed slightly diminished EGF levels. EGFR was downregulated in all patient groups when compared to healthy controls. Longitudinal data analysis revealed no effect of surgical therapies on EndMT markers. Pulmonary thrombo-endarterectomized samples were devoid of S100A4, while S100A4 tissue expression positively correlated with higher grades of Heath–Edwards histopathological lesions of iPAH-derived lung tissue. Histologically, EGFR was not detectable in CTEPH lungs or in iPAH lesions. Together, our data suggest an intricate role for S100A4 and EGF/EGFR in PH with right heart pathology.
Collapse
|
6
|
Vitry G, Paulin R, Grobs Y, Lampron MC, Shimauchi T, Lemay SE, Tremblay E, Habbout K, Awada C, Bourgeois A, Nadeau V, Paradis R, Breuils-Bonnet S, Roux-Dalvai F, Orcholski M, Potus F, Provencher S, Boucherat O, Bonnet S. Oxidized DNA Precursors Cleanup by NUDT1 Contributes to Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:614-627. [PMID: 33021405 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202003-0627oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening condition characterized by abnormally elevated pulmonary pressures and right ventricular failure. Excessive proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is one of the most important drivers of vascular remodeling in PAH, for which available treatments have limited effectiveness.Objectives: To gain insights into the mechanisms leading to the development of the disease and identify new actionable targets.Methods: Protein expression profiling was conducted by two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in isolated PASMCs from controls and patients with PAH. Multiple molecular, biochemical, and pharmacologic approaches were used to decipher the role of NUDT1 (nudrix hyrolase 1) in PAH.Measurements and Main Results: Increased expression of the detoxifying DNA enzyme NUDT1 was detected in cells and tissues from patients with PAH and animal models. In vitro, molecular or pharmacological inhibition of NUDT1 in PAH-PASMCs induced accumulation of oxidized nucleotides in the DNA, irresolvable DNA damage (comet assay), disruption of cellular bioenergetics (Seahorse), and cell death (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay). In two animal models with established PAH (i.e., monocrotaline and Sugen/hypoxia-treated rats), pharmacological inhibition of NUDT1 using (S)-Crizotinib significantly decreased pulmonary vascular remodeling and improved hemodynamics and cardiac function.Conclusions: Our results indicate that, by overexpressing NUDT1, PAH-PASMCs hijack persistent oxidative stress in preventing incorporation of oxidized nucleotides into DNA, thus allowing the cell to escape apoptosis and proliferate. Given that NUDT1 inhibitors are under clinical investigation for cancer, they may represent a new therapeutic option for PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Vitry
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Roxane Paulin
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine and
| | - Yann Grobs
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Marie-Claude Lampron
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Tsukasa Shimauchi
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Sarah-Eve Lemay
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Eve Tremblay
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Karima Habbout
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Charifa Awada
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Alice Bourgeois
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Valérie Nadeau
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Renée Paradis
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Sandra Breuils-Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | | | - Mark Orcholski
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - François Potus
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine and
| | - Olivier Boucherat
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine and
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Quebec, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dignam JP, Scott TE, Kemp-Harper BK, Hobbs AJ. Animal models of pulmonary hypertension: Getting to the heart of the problem. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:811-837. [PMID: 33724447 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, pulmonary hypertension (PH) remains a fatal disease due to the development of right ventricular (RV) failure. At present, no treatments targeted at the right ventricle are available, and RV function is not widely considered in the preclinical assessment of new therapeutics. Several small animal models are used in the study of PH, including the classic models of exposure to either hypoxia or monocrotaline, newer combinational and genetic models, and pulmonary artery banding, a surgical model of pure RV pressure overload. These models reproduce selected features of the structural remodelling and functional decline seen in patients and have provided valuable insight into the pathophysiology of RV failure. However, significant reversal of remodelling and improvement in RV function remains a therapeutic obstacle. Emerging animal models will provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing the transition from adaptive remodelling to a failing right ventricle, aiding the hunt for druggable molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Dignam
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tara E Scott
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian J Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Inhibitory effects of RAGE-aptamer on development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. J Cardiol 2020; 78:12-16. [PMID: 33386219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a transmembrane receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, is overexpressed in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and is implicated in the etiology of PAH. Recently, we reported that RAGE-aptamer, a short and single-stranded DNA directed against RAGE, inhibited an inappropriate increase in cultured PASMCs in PAH. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of RAGE-aptamer in monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were assigned to either an untreated control group, a group that received continuous subcutaneous administration of RAGE-aptamer immediately after monocrotaline injection, or a group that received control-aptamer immediately after monocrotaline injection. All rats survived 21 days after injection of monocrotaline and control-aptamer or RAGE-aptamer. Injection of monocrotaline with continuous subcutaneous delivery of control-aptamer resulted in higher right ventricular systolic pressure compared with controls. This increase was attenuated by continuous subcutaneous delivery of RAGE-aptamer. The proportion of small pulmonary arteries with full muscularization was greater in the monocrotaline and control-aptamer group than in the control group. Continuous subcutaneous delivery of RAGE-aptamer significantly reduced the percentage of small pulmonary arteries with full muscularization. CONCLUSIONS Continuous subcutaneous delivery of RAGE-aptamer suppresses development of monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. Inhibition of RAGE ameliorates muscularization of small pulmonary arteries. Treatment with RAGE-aptamer might be a new therapeutic option for PAH.
Collapse
|
9
|
Steffes LC, Froistad AA, Andruska A, Boehm M, McGlynn M, Zhang F, Zhang W, Hou D, Tian X, Miquerol L, Nadeau K, Metzger RJ, Spiekerkoetter E, Kumar ME. A Notch3-Marked Subpopulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Is the Cell of Origin for Occlusive Pulmonary Vascular Lesions. Circulation 2020; 142:1545-1561. [PMID: 32794408 PMCID: PMC7578108 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.045750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease characterized by profound vascular remodeling in which pulmonary arteries narrow because of medial thickening and occlusion by neointimal lesions, resulting in elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. Therapies targeting the neointima would represent a significant advance in PAH treatment; however, our understanding of the cellular events driving neointima formation, and the molecular pathways that control them, remains limited. METHODS We comprehensively map the stepwise remodeling of pulmonary arteries in a robust, chronic inflammatory mouse model of pulmonary hypertension. This model demonstrates pathological features of the human disease, including increased right ventricular pressures, medial thickening, neointimal lesion formation, elastin breakdown, increased anastomosis within the bronchial circulation, and perivascular inflammation. Using genetic lineage tracing, clonal analysis, multiplexed in situ hybridization, immunostaining, deep confocal imaging, and staged pharmacological inhibition, we define the cell behaviors underlying each stage of vascular remodeling and identify a pathway required for neointima formation. RESULTS Neointima arises from smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and not endothelium. Medial SMCs proliferate broadly to thicken the media, after which a small number of SMCs are selected to establish the neointima. These neointimal founder cells subsequently undergoing massive clonal expansion to form occlusive neointimal lesions. The normal pulmonary artery SMC population is heterogeneous, and we identify a Notch3-marked minority subset of SMCs as the major neointimal cell of origin. Notch signaling is specifically required for the selection of neointimal founder cells, and Notch inhibition significantly improves pulmonary artery pressure in animals with pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS This work describes the first nongenetically driven murine model of pulmonary hypertension (PH) that generates robust and diffuse occlusive neointimal lesions across the pulmonary vascular bed and does so in a stereotyped timeframe. We uncover distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying medial thickening and neointima formation and highlight novel transcriptional, behavioral, and pathogenic heterogeneity within pulmonary artery SMCs. In this model, inflammation is sufficient to generate characteristic vascular pathologies and physiological measures of human PAH. We hope that identifying the molecular cues regulating each stage of vascular remodeling will open new avenues for therapeutic advancements in the treatment of PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea C Steffes
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (L.C.S., R.J.M., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Research (L.C.S., F.Z., R.J.M., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Alexis A Froistad
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research (A.A.F., M.M., W.Z., D.H., K.N., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Adam Andruska
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Mario Boehm
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research (M.B.)
| | - Madeleine McGlynn
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research (A.A.F., M.M., W.Z., D.H., K.N., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Research (L.C.S., F.Z., R.J.M., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research (A.A.F., M.M., W.Z., D.H., K.N., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - David Hou
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research (A.A.F., M.M., W.Z., D.H., K.N., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Lucile Miquerol
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille, Marseille, France (L.M.)
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research (A.A.F., M.M., W.Z., D.H., K.N., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Ross J Metzger
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Research (L.C.S., F.Z., R.J.M., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Maya E Kumar
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (L.C.S., R.J.M., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Research (L.C.S., F.Z., R.J.M., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Asthma and Allergy Research (A.A.F., M.M., W.Z., D.H., K.N., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (A.A.F., A.A., M.B., M.M., D.H., X.T., K.N., E.S., M.E.K.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Al-Hilal TA, Keshavarz A, Kadry H, Lahooti B, Al-Obaida A, Ding Z, Li W, Kamm R, McMurtry IF, Lahm T, Nozik-Grayck E, Stenmark KR, Ahsan F. Pulmonary-arterial-hypertension (PAH)-on-a-chip: fabrication, validation and application. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3334-3345. [PMID: 32749432 PMCID: PMC7592346 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00605j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently used animal and cellular models for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) only partially recapitulate its pathophysiology in humans and are thus inadequate in reproducing the hallmarks of the disease, inconsistent in portraying the sex-disparity, and unyielding to combinatorial study designs. Here we sought to deploy the ingenuity of microengineering in developing and validating a tissue chip model for human PAH. We designed and fabricated a microfluidic device to emulate the luminal, intimal, medial, adventitial, and perivascular layers of a pulmonary artery. By growing three types of pulmonary arterial cells (PACs)-endothelial, smooth muscle, and adventitial cells, we recreated the PAH pathophysiology on the device. Diseased (PAH) PACs, when grown on the chips, moved of out their designated layers and created phenomena similar to the major pathologies of human PAH: intimal thickening, muscularization, and arterial remodeling and show an endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Flow-induced stress caused control cells, grown on the chips, to undergo morphological changes and elicit arterial remodeling. Our data also suggest that the newly developed chips can be used to elucidate the sex disparity in PAH and to study the therapeutic efficacy of existing and investigational anti-PAH drugs. We believe this miniaturized device can be deployed for testing various prevailing and new hypotheses regarding the pathobiology and drug therapy in human PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taslim A Al-Hilal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, 1300 Coulter Dr., Amarillo, 79119 Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang W, Ma K, Liu J, Li F. Ginkgo bilobaextract may alleviate viral myocarditis by suppression of S100A4 and MMP‐3. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2083-2092. [PMID: 31359441 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Outpatient Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Ke Ma
- Outpatient Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- Outpatient Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Feng Li
- Outpatient Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun Jilin China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang M, Zhang Y, Pang W, Zhai Z, Wang C. Circulating biomarkers in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Pulm Circ 2019; 9:2045894019844480. [PMID: 30942132 PMCID: PMC6552358 DOI: 10.1177/2045894019844480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a serious condition characterized with chronic organized thrombi that obstruct the pulmonary vessels, leading to pulmonary hypertension (PH) and ultimately right heart failure. Although CTEPH is the only form of PH that can be cured with surgical intervention, not all patients with CTEPH will be deemed operable. Some CTEPH patients still have a poor prognosis. Therefore, the determination of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of CTEPH is of great importance for the early intervention to improve prognosis of patients with CTEPH. Several markers related to multiple mechanisms of CTEPH have been recently identified as circulating diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in these patients. However, the existing literature review of biomarkers of CTEPH is relatively sparse. In this article, we review recent advances in circulating biomarkers of CTEPH and describe future applications of these biomarkers in the management of CTEPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- 1 Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,4 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- 2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,4 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Pang
- 2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,4 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China.,5 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenguo Zhai
- 2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,4 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- 1 Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,3 Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,4 National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China.,5 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prasad K. AGE-RAGE Stress in the Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension and its Treatment. Int J Angiol 2019; 28:71-79. [PMID: 31384104 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1687818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare and fatal disease characterized by elevation of pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 25 mm Hg. There are five groups of PH: (1) pulmonary artery (PA) hypertension (PAH), (2) PH due to heart diseases, (3) PH associated with lung diseases/hypoxia, (4) PH associated with chronic obstruction of PA, and (5) PH due to unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of group 1 have been studied in detail; however, those for groups 2 to 5 are not that well known. PH pathology is characterized by smooth muscle cells (SMC) proliferation, muscularization of peripheral PA, accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), plexiform lesions, thromboembolism, and recanalization of thrombi. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) and its receptor (RAGE) and soluble RAGE (sRAGE) appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of PH. AGE and its interaction with RAGE induce vascular hypertrophy through proliferation of vascular SMC, accumulation of ECM, and suppression of apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by interaction of AGE and RAGE modulates SMC proliferation, attenuate apoptosis, and constricts PA. Increased stiffness in the artery due to vascular hypertrophy, and vasoconstriction due to ROS resulted in PH. The data also suggest that reduction in consumption and formation of AGE, suppression of RAGE expression, blockage of RAGE ligand binding, elevation of sRAGE levels, and antioxidants may be novel therapeutic targets for prevention, regression, and slowing of progression of PH. In conclusion, AGE-RAGE stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of PH and the therapeutic targets should be the AGE-RAGE axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carman BL, Predescu DN, Machado R, Predescu SA. Plexiform Arteriopathy in Rodent Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1133-1144. [PMID: 30926336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As time progresses, our understanding of disease pathology is propelled forward by technological advancements. Much of the advancements that aid in understanding disease mechanics are based on animal studies. Unfortunately, animal models often fail to recapitulate the entirety of the human disease. This is especially true with animal models used to study pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a disease with two distinct phases. The first phase is defined by nonspecific medial and adventitial thickening of the pulmonary artery and is commonly reproduced in animal models, including the classic models (ie, hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and monocrotaline lung injury model). However, many animal models, including the classic models, fail to capture the progressive, or second, phase of PAH. This is a stage defined by plexogenic arteriopathy, resulting in obliteration and occlusion of the small- to mid-sized pulmonary vessels. Each of these two phases results in severe pulmonary hypertension that directly leads to right ventricular hypertrophy, decompensated right-sided heart failure, and death. Fortunately, newly developed animal models have begun to address the second, more severe, side of PAH and aid in our ability to develop new therapeutics. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation emerges as a central molecular mediator of plexiform lesions in both experimental models and human disease. Therefore, this review will focus on plexiform arteriopathy in experimental animal models of PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Carman
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dan N Predescu
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roberto Machado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sanda A Predescu
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Braumann S, Thottakara T, Stücker S, Reischmann-Düsener S, Krämer E, Groß J, Hirt MN, Doroudgar S, Carrier L, Friedrich FW. S100A4 as a Target of the E3-Ligase Asb2β and Its Effect on Engineered Heart Tissue. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1292. [PMID: 30283351 PMCID: PMC6157440 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: S100A4 has recently emerged as an important player in cardiac disease, affecting phenotype development in animal models of myocardial infarction and pathological cardiac hypertrophy, albeit it is unclear whether S100A4 exerts a detrimental or beneficial function. The goal of the current study was to analyze S100A4 expression in models of cardiac pathology, investigate its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and furthermore examine the functional effects of S100A4 levels in a 3D model of engineered heart tissue (EHT). Methods and Results: S100A4 mRNA and protein levels were analyzed in different models of cardiac pathology via quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, showing a higher S100A4 steady-state protein concentration in hearts of Mybpc3-knock-in (KI) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) mice. COS-7 cells co-transfected with plasmids encoding mutant (MUT) Asb2β lacking the E3 ligase activity in combination with V5-tagged S100A4 plasmid presented higher S100A4-V5 protein steady-state concentrations than cells co-transfected with the Asb2β wild type (WT) plasmid. This effect was blunted by treatment with the specific proteasome inhibitor epoxomicin. Adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6)-mediated S100A4 overexpression in a 3D model of EHT did not affect contractile parameters. Immunofluorescence analysis showed a cytosolic and partly nuclear expression pattern of S100A4. Gene expression analysis in EHTs overexpressing S100A4-V5 showed markedly lower steady-state concentrations of genes involved in cardiac fibrosis and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusion: We showed that S100A4 protein level is higher in cardiac tissue of Mybpc3-KI HCM mice probably as a result of a lower degradation by the E3 ligase Asb2β. While an overexpression of S100A4 did not alter contractile parameters in EHTs, downstream gene expression analysis points toward modulation of signaling cascades involved in fibrosis and hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Braumann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tilo Thottakara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Stücker
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Reischmann-Düsener
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Krämer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Groß
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, German
| | - Marc N Hirt
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shirin Doroudgar
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, German
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix W Friedrich
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Crucial role of RAGE in inappropriate increase of smooth muscle cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203046. [PMID: 30180189 PMCID: PMC6122782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary vascular remodeling of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by an inappropriate increase of vascular cells. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a type I single-pass transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is involved in a broad range of hyperproliferative diseases. RAGE is also implicated in the etiology of PAH and is overexpressed in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) in patients with PAH. We examined the role of RAGE in the inappropriate increase of PASMCs in patients with PAH. Methods and results PASMCs were obtained from 12 patients with PAH including 9 patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and 3 patients with heritable PAH (HPAH) (2 patients with BMPR2 mutation and one patient with SMAD9 mutation) who underwent lung transplantation. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining revealed that RAGE and S100A8 and A9, ligands of RAGE, were overexpressed in IPAH and HPAH-PASMCs in the absence of any external growth stimulus. PDGF-BB (10 ng/mL) up-regulated the expression of RAGE in IPAH and HPAH-PASMCs. PAH-PASMCs are hyperplastic in the absence of any external growth stimulus as assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. This result indicates overgrowth characterized by continued growth under a condition of no growth stimulation in PAH-PASMCs. PDGF-BB stimulation caused a higher growth rate of PAH-PASMCs than that of non-PAH-PASMCs. AS-1, an inhibitor of TIR domain-mediated RAGE signaling, significantly inhibited overgrowth characterized by continued growth under a condition of no growth stimulation in IPAH and HPAH-PASMCs (P<0.0001). Furthermore, AS-1 significantly inhibited PDGF-stimulated proliferation of IPAH and HPAH-PASMCs (P<0.0001). Conclusions RAGE plays a crucial role in the inappropriate increase of PAH-PASMCs. Inhibition of RAGE signaling may be a new therapeutic strategy for PAH.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bonniaud P, Fabre A, Frossard N, Guignabert C, Inman M, Kuebler WM, Maes T, Shi W, Stampfli M, Uhlig S, White E, Witzenrath M, Bellaye PS, Crestani B, Eickelberg O, Fehrenbach H, Guenther A, Jenkins G, Joos G, Magnan A, Maitre B, Maus UA, Reinhold P, Vernooy JHJ, Richeldi L, Kolb M. Optimising experimental research in respiratory diseases: an ERS statement. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:13993003.02133-2017. [PMID: 29773606 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02133-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models are critical for the understanding of lung health and disease and are indispensable for drug development. However, the pathogenetic and clinical relevance of the models is often unclear. Further, the use of animals in biomedical research is controversial from an ethical perspective.The objective of this task force was to issue a statement with research recommendations about lung disease models by facilitating in-depth discussions between respiratory scientists, and to provide an overview of the literature on the available models. Focus was put on their specific benefits and limitations. This will result in more efficient use of resources and greater reduction in the numbers of animals employed, thereby enhancing the ethical standards and translational capacity of experimental research.The task force statement addresses general issues of experimental research (ethics, species, sex, age, ex vivo and in vitro models, gene editing). The statement also includes research recommendations on modelling asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, lung infections, acute lung injury and pulmonary hypertension.The task force stressed the importance of using multiple models to strengthen validity of results, the need to increase the availability of human tissues and the importance of standard operating procedures and data quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bonniaud
- Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,INSERM U866, Dijon, France
| | - Aurélie Fabre
- Dept of Histopathology, St Vincent's University Hospital, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS UMR 7200, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.,Labex MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mark Inman
- Dept of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St Joseph's Health Care MDCL 4011, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania Maes
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Dept of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Stampfli
- Dept of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St Joseph's Health Care MDCL 4011, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Dept of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University
| | - Stefan Uhlig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine And Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Département de Médecine nucléaire, Plateforme d'imagerie préclinique, Centre George-François Leclerc (CGFL), Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, DHU FIRE, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1152, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universitary Hospital Giessen, Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Respiratory Research Unit, City Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guy Joos
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Institut du thorax, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Maitre
- Hôpital H Mondor, AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Service de Pneumologie et de Pathologie Professionnelle, DHU A-TVB, Université Paris Est - Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich A Maus
- Hannover School of Medicine, Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Juanita H J Vernooy
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Richeldi
- UOC Pneumologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Kolb
- Dept of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St Joseph's Health Care MDCL 4011, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang M, Feng Z, Huang R, Sun C, Xu Z. Characteristics of Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in a Novel Model of Shunt-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1624-1632. [PMID: 29554080 PMCID: PMC5870112 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing a shunt-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) model in mice would be of great scientific value, but no such models have been reported to date. Here, we established a shunt-associated PAH in mice to investigate the characteristics of pulmonary vascular remodeling, which provides a new platform for the in-depth study of PAH associated with congenital heart disease (CHD). MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty mice were randomly divided into the heavy shunt group (n=32), the small shunt group (n=32), the sham operation group (n=8), and the control group (n=8). The septum of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava was cut directly to create a heavy abdominal aortocaval shunt. Pulmonary artery pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy index, and lung tissue morphology were evaluated in the 4th, 6th, 8th, and 12th weeks in the shunt groups. RESULTS Shunt-associated PAH by abdominal aortocaval shunt in mice was successfully established. The shunt patency rate was significantly higher in the heavy shunt group. Significant differences were observed between the heavy shunt group and other groups in terms of pulmonary artery pressure and the right ventricular hypertrophy index. Tissue sections revealed a thickened pulmonary intimal layer and muscular layer and stenosis of the lumen in the shunt groups. Immunofluorescent assay results showed significant proliferations of PAH smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, consistent with the clinical pulmonary vascular remodeling seen in human patients with severe PAH. CONCLUSIONS Shunt-associated PAH established by directly cutting the septum between the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava is a stable and reliable model for research on PAH associated with CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong Universtiy School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyu Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong Universtiy School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong Universtiy School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Chongrui Sun
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong Universtiy School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhuoming Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong Universtiy School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bonnet S, Provencher S, Guignabert C, Perros F, Boucherat O, Schermuly RT, Hassoun PM, Rabinovitch M, Nicolls MR, Humbert M. Translating Research into Improved Patient Care in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:583-595. [PMID: 27649290 PMCID: PMC5440916 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201607-1515pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bonnet
- 1 Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- 1 Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- 3 INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France.,4 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- 3 INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France.,4 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Boucherat
- 1 Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ralph Theo Schermuly
- 5 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Paul M Hassoun
- 6 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Mark R Nicolls
- 8 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,9 VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Marc Humbert
- 3 INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, Paris, France.,4 Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France.,10 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire Sévère, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Thorax Innovation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fei F, Qu J, Li C, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang S. Role of metastasis-induced protein S100A4 in human non-tumor pathophysiologies. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:64. [PMID: 29204268 PMCID: PMC5702147 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A4, an important member of the S100 family of proteins, is best known for its significant role in promoting cancer progression and metastasis. In addition to its expression in tumors, upregulation of S100A4 expression has been associated with various non-tumor pathophysiology processes. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of S100A4 remain unclear. Activated “host” cells (fibroblasts, immunocytes, vascular cells, among others) secrete S100A4 into the extracellular space in various non-tumor human disorders, where it executes its biological functions by interacting with intracellular target proteins. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions in different non-tumor pathophysiologies vary, and S100A4 is likely one of the cross-linking factors that acts as common intrinsic constituents of biological mechanisms. Numerous studies have indicated that the S100A4-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition plays a vital role in the occurrence and development of various non-tumor pathophysiologies. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition can be categorized into three general subtypes based on the phenotype and function of the output cells. S100A4 regulates tissue fibrosis associated with the type II epithelial–mesenchymal transition via various signaling pathways. Additionally, S100A4 stimulates fibroblasts to secrete fibronectin and collagen, thus forming the structural components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and stimulating their deposition in tissues, contributing to the formation of a pro-inflammatory niche. Simultaneously, S100A4 enhances the motility of macrophages, neutrophils, and leukocytes and promotes the recruitment and chemotaxis of these inflammatory cells to regulate inflammation and immune functions. S100A4 also exerts a neuroprotective pro-survival effect on neurons by rescuing them from brain injury and participates in angiogenesis by interacting with other target molecules. In this review, we summarize the role of S100A4 in fibrosis, inflammation, immune response, neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and some common non-tumor diseases as well as its possible involvement in molecular pathways and potential clinical value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fei
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,Departments of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Qu
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,Departments of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 People's Republic of China.,Departments of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China.,Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Departments of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Departments of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sztuka K, Jasińska-Stroschein M. Animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 6126 animals. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:201-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
22
|
Santos-Ribeiro D, Mendes-Ferreira P, Maia-Rocha C, Adão R, Leite-Moreira AF, Brás-Silva C. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Basic knowledge for clinicians. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 109:550-561. [PMID: 27595464 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive syndrome based on diverse aetiologies, which is characterized by a persistent increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and overload of the right ventricle, leading to heart failure and death. Currently, none of the available treatments is able to cure pulmonary arterial hypertension; additional research is therefore needed to unravel the associated pathophysiological mechanisms. This review summarizes current knowledge related to this disorder, and the several experimental animal models that can mimic pulmonary arterial hypertension and are available for translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Santos-Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Mendes-Ferreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Maia-Rocha
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Adão
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino F Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Brás-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Reimann S, Fink L, Wilhelm J, Hoffmann J, Bednorz M, Seimetz M, Dessureault I, Troesser R, Ghanim B, Klepetko W, Seeger W, Weissmann N, Kwapiszewska G. Increased S100A4 expression in the vasculature of human COPD lungs and murine model of smoke-induced emphysema. Respir Res 2015; 16:127. [PMID: 26483185 PMCID: PMC4612429 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is a common cause of death in industrialized countries often induced by exposure to tobacco smoke. A substantial number of patients with COPD also suffer from pulmonary hypertension that may be caused by hypoxia or other hypoxia-independent stimuli - inducing pulmonary vascular remodeling. The Ca2+ binding protein, S100A4 is known to play a role in non-COPD-driven vascular remodeling of intrapulmonary arteries. Therefore, we have investigated the potential involvement of S100A4 in COPD induced vascular remodeling. Methods Lung tissue was obtained from explanted lungs of five COPD patients and five non-transplanted donor lungs. Additionally, mice lungs of a tobacco-smoke-induced lung emphysema model (exposure for 3 and 8 month) and controls were investigated. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of S100A4 and RAGE mRNA was performed from laser-microdissected intrapulmonary arteries. S100A4 immunohistochemistry was semi-quantitatively evaluated. Mobility shift assay and siRNA knock-down were used to prove hypoxia responsive elements (HRE) and HIF binding within the S100A4 promoter. Results Laser-microdissection in combination with real-time PCR analysis revealed higher expression of S100A4 mRNA in intrapulmonary arteries of COPD patients compared to donors. These findings were mirrored by semi-quantitative analysis of S100A4 immunostaining. Analogous to human lungs, in mice with tobacco-smoke-induced emphysema an up-regulation of S100A4 mRNA and protein was observed in intrapulmonary arteries. Putative HREs could be identified in the promoter region of the human S100A4 gene and their functionality was confirmed by mobility shift assay. Knock-down of HIF1/2 by siRNA attenuated hypoxia-dependent increase in S100A4 mRNA levels in human primary pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Interestingly, RAGE mRNA expression was enhanced in pulmonary arteries of tobacco-smoke exposed mice but not in pulmonary arteries of COPD patients. Conclusions As enhanced S100A4 expression was observed in remodeled intrapulmonary arteries of COPD patients, targeting S100A4 could serve as potential therapeutic option for prevention of vascular remodeling in COPD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0284-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reimann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ludger Fink
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology and Cytology, UEGP, Forsthausstrasse 1, 35578, Wetzlar, Germany.
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Julia Hoffmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.
| | - Mariola Bednorz
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Seimetz
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Isabel Dessureault
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Roger Troesser
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Bahil Ghanim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Werner Seeger
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hofmann AD, Friedmacher F, Takahashi T, Gosemann JH, Puri P. Increased pulmonary vascular expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in experimental congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:746-9. [PMID: 25783380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH) continues to be a major cause of high mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin protein family. Recently, RAGE has been implicated in mediating pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and vascular remodeling in experimental PH. RAGE has been reported to be highly upregulated in lung tissue of patients with severe PH. We designed this study to investigate the hypothesis that RAGE expression is increased in nitrofen-induced CDH. METHODS Pregnant rats were exposed to nitrofen or vehicle on D9. Fetuses were sacrificed on D21 and divided into nitrofen (n=16) and control group (n=16). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and confocal immunofluorescence were performed. MAIN RESULTS Pulmonary RAGE gene expression levels were significantly increased in nitrofen-induced CDH compared to controls (p<0.003). Western blotting and confocal microscopy revealed increased pulmonary RAGE protein expression in CDH compared to controls. CONCLUSION This study provides striking evidence of increased gene and protein expression of RAGE in the pulmonary vasculature of nitrofen-induced CDH, suggesting that increased expression of RAGE may play a role in the pathogenesis of PH in nitrofen-induced CDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro D Hofmann
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florian Friedmacher
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Toshiaki Takahashi
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan-Hendrik Gosemann
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Prem Puri
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science and Conway Institute of Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bloodworth NC, West JD, Merryman WD. Microvessel mechanobiology in pulmonary arterial hypertension: cause and effect. Hypertension 2015; 65:483-9. [PMID: 25534705 PMCID: PMC4326545 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Bloodworth
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (N.C.B., W.D.M.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (J.D.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - James D West
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (N.C.B., W.D.M.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (J.D.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - W David Merryman
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (N.C.B., W.D.M.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (J.D.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vitali SH, Hansmann G, Rose C, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Scheid A, Mitsialis SA, Kourembanas S. The Sugen 5416/hypoxia mouse model of pulmonary hypertension revisited: long-term follow-up. Pulm Circ 2015; 4:619-29. [PMID: 25610598 DOI: 10.1086/678508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist, Sugen 5416 (SU5416), and chronic hypoxia is known to cause pronounced pulmonary hypertension (PH) with angioobliterative lesions in rats and leads to exaggerated PH in mice as well. We sought to determine whether weekly SU5416 injections during 3 weeks of hypoxia leads to long-term development of angioobliterative lesions and sustained or progressive PH in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were injected with SU5416 (SuHx) or vehicle (VehHx) weekly during 3 weeks of exposure to 10% oxygen. Echocardiographic and invasive measures of hemodynamics and pulmonary vascular morphometry were performed after the 3-week hypoxic exposure and after 10 weeks of recovery in normoxia. SuHx led to higher right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure and RV hypertrophy than VehHx after 3 weeks of hypoxia. Ten weeks after hypoxic exposure, RV systolic pressure decreased but remained elevated in SuHx mice compared with VehHx or normoxic control mice, but RV hypertrophy had resolved. After 3 weeks of hypoxia and 10 weeks of follow-up in normoxia, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was significantly decreased, indicating decreased systolic RV function. Very few angioobliterative lesions were found at the 10-week follow-up time point in SuHx mouse lungs. In conclusion, SU5416 combined with 3 weeks of hypoxia causes a more profound PH phenotype in mice than hypoxia alone. PH persists over 10 weeks of normoxic follow-up in SuHx mice, but significant angioobliterative lesions do not occur, and neither PH nor RV dysfunction worsens. The SuHx mouse model is a useful adjunct to other PH models, but the search will continue for a mouse model that better recapitulates the human phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally H Vitali
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ; SHV and GH contributed equally to this work
| | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA ; Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany ; SHV and GH contributed equally to this work
| | - Chase Rose
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angeles Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette Scheid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - S Alex Mitsialis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stella Kourembanas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a proliferative disorder associated with enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. The sustainability of this phenotype requires the activation of pro-survival transcription factor like the signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3). Using multidisciplinary and translational approaches, we and others have demonstrated that STAT3 activation in both human and experimental models of PAH accounts for the modulation of the expression of several proteins already known as implicated in PAH pathogenesis, as well as for signal transduction to other transcription factors. Furthermore, recent data demonstrated that STAT3 could be therapeutically targeted in different animal models and some molecules are actually in clinical trials for cancer or PAH treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- Vascular Biology Research Group; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Paulin
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
The effects of superoxide dismutase mimetic MnTMPyP on the altered blood–brain barrier integrity in experimental preeclampsia with or without seizures in rats. Brain Res 2014; 1563:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
31
|
Fujiu K, Nagai R. Fibroblast-mediated pathways in cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 70:64-73. [PMID: 24492068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions, cardiac fibroblasts are the primary producers of extracellular matrix and supply a mechanical scaffold for efficacious heart contractions induced by cardiomyocytes. In the hypertrophic heart, cardiac fibroblasts provide a pivotal contribution to cardiac remodeling. Many growth factors and extracellular matrix components secreted by cardiac fibroblasts induce and modify cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Recent evidence revealed that cardiomyocyte-cardiac fibroblast communications are complex and multifactorial. Many growth factors and molecules contribute to cardiac hypertrophy via different roles that include induction of hypertrophy and the feedback hypertrophic response, fine-tuning of adaptive hypertrophy, limitation of left ventricular dilation, and modification of interstitial changes. This review focuses on recent work and topics and provides a mechanistic insight into cardiomyocyte-cardiac fibroblast communication in cardiac hypertrophy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Myocyte-Fibroblast Signalling in Myocardium ".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative (TSBMI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative R&D on Science and Technology (FIRST Program), Tokyo, Japan; Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dempsie Y, Maclean MR. Role of the serotonin transporter in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:749-57. [PMID: 24410605 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.6.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a disease in which pulmonary arterial pressure is raised, leading to right heart failure. Survival is poor despite current therapeutic strategies. The 'serotonin hypothesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension' arose in the 1960s following an 'epidemic' of pulmonary arterial hypertension in women taking the indirect serotinergic agonist aminorex as an anorexigen. In the 1980s, the hypothesis was revisited following the occurrence of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with the use of fenfluramines as anorexigens; these are also indirect serotinergic agents. Research has identified changes in serotonin synthesis, serotonin receptor activation and serotonin uptake via the serotonin transporter in experimental and clinical pulmonary arterial hypertension. This review will discuss our current understanding of this serotonin hypothesis with particular reference to the role of the serotonin transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Dempsie
- Integrative and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Farmer DGS, Ewart MA, Mair KM, Kennedy S. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) attenuates haemodynamic changes to chronic hypoxia in the mouse. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:7-14. [PMID: 24417910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The calgranulin-like protein MTS1/S100A4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) have recently been implicated in mediating pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and vascular remodelling in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH). Here, the effects of RAGE antagonism upon 2 weeks of hypobaric hypoxia (10% O2)-induced PH in mice were assessed. Treatment with sRAGE was protective against hypobaric hypoxia-induced increases in right ventricular pressure but distal pulmonary vascular remodelling was unaffected. Intralobar pulmonary arteries from hypobaric hypoxic mice treated with sRAGE showed protection against a hypoxia-induced reduction in compliance. However, a combination of sRAGE and hypoxia also dramatically increased the force of contractions to KCl and 5-HT observed in these vessels. The acute addition of sRAGE to the organ bath produced a small, sustained contraction in intralobar pulmonary vessels and produced a synergistic enhancement of the maximal force of contraction in subsequent concentration-response curves to 5-HT. sRAGE had no effect on 5-HT-induced proliferation of Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (CCL39), used since they have a similar pharmacological profile to mouse pulmonary fibroblasts but, surprisingly, produced a marked increase in hypoxia-induced proliferation. These data implicate RAGE as a modulator of both vasoreactivity and of proliferative processes in the response of the pulmonary circulation to chronic-hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G S Farmer
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Marie-Ann Ewart
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Kirsty M Mair
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Kennedy
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Colvin KL, Yeager ME. Animal Models of Pulmonary Hypertension: Matching Disease Mechanisms to Etiology of the Human Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4. [PMID: 25705569 PMCID: PMC4334132 DOI: 10.4172/2161-105x.1000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently a great deal of progress has been made in our understanding of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Research from the past 30 years has resulted in newer treatments that provide symptomatic improvements and delayed disease progression. Unfortunately, the cure for patients with this lethal syndrome remains stubbornly elusive. With the relative explosion of scientific literature regarding PH, confusion has arisen regarding animal models of the disease and their correlation to the human condition. This short review uniquely focuses on the clear and present need to better correlate mechanistic insights from existing and emerging animal models of PH to specific etiologies and histopathologies of human PH. A better understanding of the pathologic processes in various animal models and how they relate to the human disease should accelerate the development of newer and more efficacious therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelley L Colvin
- Deptartment of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, USA ; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, USA ; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, USA
| | - Michael E Yeager
- Deptartment of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, USA ; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, USA ; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Maarman G, Lecour S, Butrous G, Thienemann F, Sliwa K. A comprehensive review: the evolution of animal models in pulmonary hypertension research; are we there yet? Pulm Circ 2013; 3:739-56. [PMID: 25006392 PMCID: PMC4070827 DOI: 10.1086/674770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disorder that develops as a result of remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and is characterized by narrowing/obliteration of small pulmonary arteries, leading to increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Subsequently, PH increases the right ventricular afterload, which leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually right ventricular failure. The pathophysiology of PH is not fully elucidated, and current treatments have only a modest impact on patient survival and quality of life. Thus, there is an urgent need for improved treatments or a cure. The use of animal models has contributed extensively to the current understanding of PH pathophysiology and the investigation of experimental treatments. However, PH in current animal models may not fully represent current clinical observations. For example, PH in animal models appears to be curable with many therapeutic interventions, and the severity of PH in animal models is also believed to correlate poorly with that observed in humans. In this review, we discuss a variety of animal models in PH research, some of their contributions to the field, their shortcomings, and how these have been addressed. We highlight the fact that the constant development and evolution of animal models will help us to more closely model the severity and heterogeneity of PH observed in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Maarman
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ghazwan Butrous
- Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute, Kent Enterprise Hub, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Friedrich Thienemann
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa (HICRA), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Meloche J, Pflieger A, Vaillancourt M, Paulin R, Potus F, Zervopoulos S, Graydon C, Courboulin A, Breuils-Bonnet S, Tremblay E, Couture C, Michelakis ED, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Role for DNA damage signaling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2013; 129:786-97. [PMID: 24270264 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.006167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with sustained inflammation known to promote DNA damage. Despite these unfavorable environmental conditions, PAH pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) exhibit, in contrast to healthy PASMCs, a pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic phenotype, sustained in time by the activation of miR-204, nuclear factor of activated T cells, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α. We hypothesized that PAH-PASMCs have increased the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a critical enzyme implicated in DNA repair, allowing proliferation despite the presence of DNA-damaging insults, eventually leading to PAH. METHODS AND RESULTS Human PAH distal pulmonary arteries and cultured PAH-PASMCs exhibit increased DNA damage markers (53BP1 and γ-H2AX) and an overexpression of PARP-1 (immunoblot and activity assay), in comparison with healthy tissues/cells. Healthy PASMCs treated with a clinically relevant dose of tumor necrosis factor-α harbored a similar phenotype, suggesting that inflammation induces DNA damage and PARP-1 activation in PAH. We also showed that PARP-1 activation accounts for miR-204 downregulation (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and the subsequent activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor of activated T cells and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α in PAH-PASMCs, previously shown to be critical for PAH in several models. These effects resulted in PASMC proliferation (Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and WST1 assays) and resistance to apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Annexin V assays). In vivo, the clinically available PARP inhibitor ABT-888 reversed PAH in 2 experimental rat models (Sugen/hypoxia and monocrotaline). CONCLUSIONS These results show for the first time that the DNA damage/PARP-1 signaling pathway is important for PAH development and provide a new therapeutic target for this deadly disease with high translational potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolyane Meloche
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, IUCPQ Research Centre, Québec, Canada (J.M., A.P., M.V., F.P., C.G., A.C., S.B.-B., E.T., C.C., S.P., S.B.); and Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (R.P., S.Z., E.D.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension in human patients can result from increased pulmonary vascular tone, pressure transferred from the systemic circulation, dropout of small pulmonary vessels, occlusion of vessels with thrombi or intimal lesions, or some combination of all of these. Different animal models have been designed to reflect these different mechanistic origins of disease. Pulmonary hypertension models may be roughly grouped into tone-related models, inflammation-related models, and genetic models with unusual or mixed mechanism. Models of tone generally use hypoxia as a base, and then modify this with either genetic modifications (SOD, NOS, and caveolin) or with drugs (Sugen), although some genetic modifications of tone-related pathways can result in spontaneous pulmonary hypertension (Hph-1). Inflammation-related models can use either toxic chemicals (monocrotaline, bleomycin), live pathogens (stachybotrys, schistosomiasis), or genetic modifications (IL-6, VIP). Additional genetic models rely on alterations in metabolism (adiponectin), cell migration (S100A4), the serotonin pathway, or the BMP pathway. While each of these shares molecular and pathologic symptoms with different classes of human pulmonary hypertension, in most cases the molecular etiology of human pulmonary hypertension is unknown, and so the relationship between any model and human disease is unclear. There is thus no best animal model of pulmonary hypertension; instead, investigators must select the model most related to the specific pathology they are studying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James West
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tajsic T, Morrell NW. Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis in pulmonary hypertension. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:295-317. [PMID: 23737174 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a multifactorial disease characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). Central to the pathobiology of this disease is the process of vascular remodelling. This process involves structural and functional changes to the normal architecture of the walls of pulmonary arteries (PAs) that lead to increased muscularization of the muscular PAs, muscularization of the peripheral, previously nonmuscular, arteries of the respiratory acinus, formation of neointima, and formation of plexiform lesions. Underlying or contributing to the development of these lesions is hypertrophy, proliferation, migration, and resistance to apoptosis of medial cells and this article is concerned with the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these processes. In the first part of the article we focus on the concept of smooth muscle cell phenotype and the difficulties surrounding the identification and characterization of the cell/cells involved in the remodelling of the vessel media and we review the general mechanisms of cell hypertrophy, proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Then, in the larger part of the article, we review the factors identified thus far to be involved in PH intiation and/or progression and review and discuss their effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) the predominant cells in the tunica media of PAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tajsic
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
von Gise A, Archer SL, Maclean MR, Hansmann G. The first Keystone Symposia Conference on pulmonary vascular isease and right ventricular dysfunction: Current concepts and future therapies. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:275-7. [PMID: 24015328 PMCID: PMC3757822 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.114751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
40
|
Cevik NG, Orhan N, Yilmaz CU, Arican N, Ahishali B, Kucuk M, Kaya M, Toklu AS. The effects of hyperbaric air and hyperbaric oxygen on blood-brain barrier integrity in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1531:113-21. [PMID: 23920007 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment yields conflicting results on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity under various pathological conditions and the effects of HBO on healthy brain is poorly understood. In this experimental study, the effects of HBO on BBB integrity were investigated in comparison with hyperbaric air (HBA) in intact rats. Four sessions of HBA or HBO were applied to intact rats in 24h. BBB integrity was functionally and structurally evaluated by determining extravasation of Evans blue (EB) dye and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracers. In immunohistochemical evaluation, relative staining intensity for occludin, a tight junction (TJ) protein, and aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water-channel protein, was detected in the barrier type of microvessels of brain by image analysis. BBB permeability to EB dye significantly increased in animals in HBO treatment group compared to those in HBA and control groups (p<0.05). The immunoreactivity of occludin, a tight junction protein, remained essentially unaltered in capillaries of hippocampus in all groups. In animals exposed to HBO, AQP4 immunoreactivity significantly increased in parietal cortex compared to those in HBA and control groups (p<0.01). Ultrastructurally, frequent vesicles containing HRP reaction products were observed in capillary endothelial cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats subjected to both HBA and HBO. Our results indicate that the HBO administration to intact rats increased BBB permeability to both EB and HRP while HBA increased only HRP extravasation in these animals. The results of this study suggest that HBA also impairs the BBB integrity in intact rats as well as HBO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Gunes Cevik
- Department of Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Spatiotemporal expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is regulated by the Ca2+-signal transducer S100A4 in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70057. [PMID: 23922901 PMCID: PMC3726393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study investigated whether S100A4 plays a potential role in the formation of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Methods and Results The thoracic aortas of male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0.5 M CaCl2 or normal saline (NaCl). Animals were euthanized at specified time-points (2, 4, and 10 weeks post-TAA induction). The treated aortic segments were harvested, and mRNA levels, protein expressions and immunohistochemistry of MMP-2, MMP-9 and S100A4 were analyzed. The A7r5 cell lines were used for an in vitro study. Experiments were also performed using human TAA samples for comparison. Localized aneurysmal dilation was observed in the CaCl2-treated segments. The transcription levels of S100A4 and MMPs were elevated in CaCl2-treated segments versus controls, and a significant correlation between S100A4 and expression of MMPs was observed across all time-points. Immunohistochemical studies revealed similar expression pattern of S100A4 and MMP proteins, as well as co-localization of S100A4 with the cell lineage markers (αSMA and CD68) and inflammatory markers (MMPs and NF-κB P65 subunit). The proliferative ability of A7r5 cells after transfection with S100A4 siRNA was suppressed, and down-regulation of S100A4 inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in vitro. Increased expression of S100A4 was observed in all layers of the aorta wall in human TAA specimens. Serum concentrations of S100A4 determined by ELISA were found to be significantly increased in TAA patients. Conclusions This study established the important roles of S100A4 and MMPs in the development of TAA.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Vascular walls change their dimension and mechanical properties in response to injury such as balloon angioplasty and endovascular stent implantation. Placement of bare metal stents induces neointimal proliferation/restenosis which progresses through different phases of repair with time involving a cascade of cellular reactions. These phases just like wound healing comprise distinct steps consisting of thrombosis, inflammation, proliferation, and migration followed by remodelling. It is noteworthy that animals show a rapid progression of healing after stent deployment compared with man. During stenting, endothelial cells are partially to completely destroyed or crushed along with medial wall injury and stretching promoting activation of platelets, and thrombus formation accompanied by inflammatory reaction. Macrophages and platelets play a central role through the release of cytokines and growth factors that induce vascular smooth muscle cell accumulation within the intima. Smooth muscle cells undergo complex phenotypic changes including migration and proliferation from the media towards the intima, and transition from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype; the molecular mechanisms responsible for this change are highlighted in this review. Since studies in animals and man show that smooth muscle cells play a dominant role in restenosis, drugs like rapamycin and paclitaxel have been coated on stent with polymers to allow local slow release of drugs, which have resulted in dramatic reduction of restenosis that was once the Achilles' heel of interventional cardiologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Chaabane
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet -1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dickinson MG, Bartelds B, Borgdorff MAJ, Berger RMF. The role of disturbed blood flow in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension: lessons from preclinical animal models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L1-14. [PMID: 23624788 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00031.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive pulmonary vasoproliferative disorder characterized by the development of unique neointimal lesions, including concentric laminar intima fibrosis and plexiform lesions. Although the histomorphology of neointimal lesions is well described, the pathogenesis of PAH and neointimal development is largely unknown. After three decades of PAH pathobiology research the focus has shifted from vasoconstriction towards a mechanism of cancer-like angioproliferation. In this concept the role of disturbed blood flow is seen as an important trigger in the development of vascular remodeling. For instance, in PAH associated with congenital heart disease, increased pulmonary blood flow (i.e., systemic-to-pulmonary shunt) is an essential trigger for the occurrence of neointimal lesions and PAH development. Still, questions remain about the exact role of these blood flow characteristics in disease progression. PAH animal models are important for obtaining insight in new pathobiological processes and therapeutical targets. However, as for any preclinical model the pathophysiological mechanism and clinical course has to be comparable to the human disease that it mimics. This means that animal models mimicking human PAH ideally are characterized by: a hit recognized in human disease (e.g., altered pulmonary blood flow), specific vascular remodeling resembling human neointimal lesions, and disease progression that leads to right ventriclular dysfunction and death. A review that underlines the current knowledge of PAH due to disturbed flow is still lacking. In this review we will summarize the current knowledge obtained from PAH animal models associated with disturbed pulmonary blood flow and address questions for future treatment strategies for PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Dickinson
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Division of Pediatric Cardiology Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Malenfant S, Neyron AS, Paulin R, Potus F, Meloche J, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Signal transduction in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2013; 3:278-93. [PMID: 24015329 PMCID: PMC3757823 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a unique disease. Properly speaking, it is not a disease of the lung. It can be seen more as a microvascular disease occurring mainly in the lungs and affecting the heart. At the cellular level, the PAH paradigm is characterized by inflammation, vascular tone imbalance, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis and the presence of in situ thrombosis. At a clinical level, the aforementioned abnormal vascular properties alter physically the pulmonary circulation and ventilation, which greatly influence the right ventricle function as it highly correlates with disease severity. Consequently, right heart failure remains the principal cause of death within this cohort of patients. While current treatment modestly improve patients' conditions, none of them are curative and, as of today, new therapies are lacking. However, the future holds potential new therapies that might have positive influence on the quality of life of the patient. This article will first review the clinical presentation of the disease and the different molecular pathways implicated in the pathobiology of PAH. The second part will review tomorrow's future putative therapies for PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Malenfant
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Neyron
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Roxane Paulin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - François Potus
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jolyane Meloche
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits seizure activity and protects blood–brain barrier integrity in kindled rats with cortical dysplasia. Life Sci 2013; 92:289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
Genetically modified mouse models have unparalleled power to determine the mechanisms behind different processes involved in the molecular and physiologic etiology of various classes of human pulmonary hypertension (PH). Processes known to be involved in PH for which there are extensive mouse models available include the following: (1) Regulation of vascular tone through secreted vasoactive factors; (2) regulation of vascular tone through potassium and calcium channels; (3) regulation of vascular remodeling through alteration in metabolic processes, either through alteration in substrate usage or through circulating factors; (4) spontaneous vascular remodeling either before or after development of elevated pulmonary pressures; and (5) models in which changes in tone and remodeling are primarily driven by inflammation. PH development in mice is of necessity faster and with different physiologic ramifications than found in human disease, and so mice make poor models of natural history of PH. However, transgenic mouse models are a perfect tool for studying the processes involved in pulmonary vascular function and disease, and can effectively be used to test interventions designed against particular molecular pathways and processes involved in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mita Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yu CC, Tsai CH, Hsu HI, Chang YC. Elevation of S100A4 expression in buccal mucosal fibroblasts by arecoline: involvement in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55122. [PMID: 23383075 PMCID: PMC3561403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S100A4, a member of the calcium-binding proteins, is dramatically elevated in a variety of fibrotic diseases. Areca quid chewing is the most important etiological factor in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). OSF has been considered as a pre-cancerous condition of oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the critical role of S100A4 expression in the pathogenesis of OSF both in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/Principal Finding Thirty OSF tissues from areca quid chewers and ten normal buccal mucosa samples without areca quid chewing were analyzed by using immunohistochemistry for S100A4 expression in vivo. Collagen gel contraction capability and expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1)/MMP9 in arecoline-stimulated BMFs with S100A4 knockdown was presented in vitro. Initially, S100A4 expression was higher in areca quid chewing-associated OSF specimens than normal buccal mucosa specimens (p = 0.001). Arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, led to dose- and time-dependent elevation of S100A4 expression in normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts BMFs (p<0.05). The additions of pharmacological agents rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor), PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), and Bay117082 (NF-κB inhibitor) were found to inhibit arecoline-induced S100A4 expression (p<0.05) in BMFs. Down-regulation of S100A4 by lentiviral infection significantly reversed arecoline-induced collagen gel contraction and TIMP1/MMP9 expression. Conclusion/Significance These results suggest that S100A4 expression is significantly up-regulated in OSF specimens. Arecoline-induced S100A4 expression was down-regulated by rapamycin, PD98059, and Bay117082. Targeting S100A4 might be a potential therapeutic target for OSF through TIMP1/MMP9 down-regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Yu
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hung Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Hsu
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Chang
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nubile M, Lanzini M, Calienno R, Mastropasqua R, Curcio C, Mastropasqua A, Agnifili L, Mastropasqua L. S100 A and B expression in normal and inflamed human limbus. Mol Vis 2013; 19:146-52. [PMID: 23378728 PMCID: PMC3559090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the expression of S100 A and B family proteins in normal human limbus and to analyze modification of the expression in inflammatory conditions. METHODS The total expression of members of the S100 family and the expression of A4, A8, A9, and B individually were evaluated in nine normal human corneal limbi, collected from cadaver healthy donors, in particular in the limbal epithelial crypts (LECs), and in five inflamed limbi obtained from enucleated eyes. S100 protein distribution was determined with immunohistochemistry staining analysis. RESULTS Cytoplasmic expression of total S100 proteins was observed in 100% of LECs; in contrast, the inflamed tissues were completely negative, and faint positivity was observed in only one case. Moreover, cytoplasmic expression of S100 A4 and A9 was uniformly found in the entire LECs in all samples analyzed, while S100 A8 positivity was observed in only 44.4% of cases and only in the cells localized in the central area of the LEC. Positivity for S100 B was not observed in all samples analyzed. CONCLUSIONS As reported in the literature, normal limbal epithelial cells show strong expression of S100 proteins. A novel finding of this study was the expression for the limbal epithelial crypts. In particular, S100 A4 and A9, which are normally involved in regulating a wide range of biologic effects, including cell motility, survival, and differentiation, are the most expressed members in healthy limbal crypts. In inflamed tissues, expression of S100 proteins was dramatically decreased. S100 proteins, and in particular S100 A4 and S100 A9, can be useful as markers of early changes in stem cell niches due to inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Nubile
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Manuela Lanzini
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Roberta Calienno
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Curcio
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Luca Agnifili
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mastropasqua
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Meloche J, Courchesne A, Barrier M, Carter S, Bisserier M, Paulin R, Lauzon-Joset JF, Breuils-Bonnet S, Tremblay É, Biardel S, Racine C, Courture C, Bonnet P, Majka SM, Deshaies Y, Picard F, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Critical role for the advanced glycation end-products receptor in pulmonary arterial hypertension etiology. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e005157. [PMID: 23525442 PMCID: PMC3603259 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.005157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vasculopathy characterized by enhanced pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. This results in both increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. Recent studies have shown the implication of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2)/peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in PAH. STAT3 activation induces BMPR2 downregulation, decreasing PPARγ, which both contribute to the proproliferative and antiapoptotic phenotype seen in PAH. In chondrocytes, activation of this axis has been attributed to the advanced glycation end‐products receptor (RAGE). As RAGE is one of the most upregulated proteins in PAH patients' lungs and a strong STAT3 activator, we hypothesized that by activating STAT3, RAGE induces BMPR2 and PPARγ downregulation, promoting PAH‐PASMC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Methods and Results In vitro, using PASMCs isolated from PAH and healthy patients, we demonstrated that RAGE is overexpressed in PAH‐PASMC (6‐fold increase), thus inducing STAT3 activation (from 10% to 40% positive cells) and decrease in BMPR2 and PPARγ levels (>50% decrease). Pharmacological activation of RAGE in control cells by S100A4 recapitulates the PAH phenotype (increasing RAGE by 6‐fold, thus activating STAT3 and decreasing BMPR2 and PPARγ). In both conditions, this phenotype is totally reversed on RAGE inhibition. In vivo, RAGE inhibition in monocrotaline‐ and Sugen‐induced PAH demonstrates therapeutic effects characterized by PA pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy decrease (control rats have an mPAP around 15 mm Hg, PAH rats have an mPAP >40 mm Hg, and with RAGE inhibition, mPAP decreases to 20 and 28 mm Hg, respectively, in MCT and Sugen models). This was associated with significant improvement in lung perfusion and vascular remodeling due to decrease in proliferation (>50% decrease) and BMPR2/PPARγ axis restoration (increased by ≥60%). Conclusion We have demonstrated the implications of RAGE in PAH etiology. Thus, RAGE constitutes a new attractive therapeutic target for PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolyane Meloche
- Pulmonary Hypertension Group of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Many secreted polypeptide regulators of angiogenesis are devoid of signal peptides. These proteins are released through nonclassical pathways independent of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. In most cases, the nonclassical protein export is induced by stress. It usually serves to stimulate repair or inflammation in damaged tissues. We review the secreted signal peptide-less regulators of angiogenesis and discuss the mechanisms and biological significance of their unconventional export.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| |
Collapse
|