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Alrefaie Z, Bashraheel J, Hammad HA, Ali SS, Alahmadi A. Hippocampal mitochondrial Ca ++ in experimentally induced Alzheimer's disease, link to calpains and impact of vitamin D3 supplementation. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101834. [PMID: 38033745 PMCID: PMC10682656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D impact on hippocampal mitochondrial Ca++ and calpains was not previously investigated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current work aimed to assess the alteration in hippocampal mitochondrial Ca++, ATP & ADP and hippocampal calpains' level in (AlCl3)-induced AD model, and the effect of 2 regimens of vitamin D supplementation on these alterations. METHODS Forty male Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups; control, AD (AlCl3100 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 42 days), AD and vitamin D co-treated group (AlCl3 as in AD group with vitamin D3 400 IU/kg/day, p.o. for 42 days) and AD, followed by vitamin D3 group (AlCl3 was given as in AD group for 42 days, then vitamin D3 for two weeks). AD was assessed by hippocampal levels of Aβ42, p-tau and spatial memory assessment in Morris water maze. Hippocampal mitochondrial Ca++, ATP and ADP levels besides to calpain-1 & 2 and cytochrome C were assessed in addition to CA1 histological examination. RESULTS AD animals showed impaired mitochondrial function as denoted by high Ca++ and decreased ATP and ADP and elevated calpain-1 & 2 and cytochrome C. Hippocampal CA1 region showed increased degenerated neurons and reduced thickness of its pyramidal layer. Vitamin D administration minimized the hippocampal mitochondrial impairement induced by AD and mitigated histological alterations even when supplemented post AD establishment. CONCLUSION Vitamin D administration to AD rats breaks the deleterious loop in the hippocampus that involves increased Ca++, calpain activation, mitochondrial failure, neuronal degeneration and AD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zienab Alrefaie
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana Bashraheel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam A. Hammad
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Soad S. Ali
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Merit University, Sohage, Egypt
| | - Ahlam Alahmadi
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ye X, Shao S, Wang Y, Su W. Ginsenoside Rg2 alleviates neurovascular damage in 3xTg-AD mice with Alzheimer's disease through the MAPK-ERK pathway. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102346. [PMID: 37805189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, and ginsenoside Rg2 (Rg2) is proven to inhibit AD's progression. This study investigates the potential benefits of Rg2 treatment on 3xTg-AD mice. Following 6 weeks of gavage treatment, Rg2-treated 3xTg-AD mice exhibited improved spatial recognition memory behaviors, regional cerebral blood flow, and histopathological injury of the hippocampus, which were observed through a Y-maze test, laser Doppler flowmetry, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Additionally, Rg2 treatment caused a decrease in the levels of amyloid beta 25-35, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, as well as a reduction in mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in 3xTg-AD mouse brains using quantitative real-time PCR. In particular, NeuN and CD31 levels were inhibited and GFAP level was elevated in 3xTg-AD mice that were observed through immunofluorescence, and these levels were all antagonized by Rg2, suggesting the effects of Rg2 on neurovascular damage, astrocyte activation, and neuronal loss. Furthermore, Western blot and qRT-PCR assays showed that Rg2 blocked the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in 3xTg-AD mice. By Western blot, the ratios of p-ERK/ERK and p-MAPK/MAPK in 3xTg-AD mice were upregulated by Rg2 treatment, suggesting the neuroprotective effects of Rg2 may be related to the MAPK-ERK pathway. In summary, this study demonstrated the potential of Rg2 to improve AD and provided a scientific basis for research on the biological mechanism of AD and the development of Rg2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ye
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Sen Shao
- Department of Neurology, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310023, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Wenwen Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cixi Seventh People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315000, China.
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3
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Alalwany RH, Hawtrey T, Morgan K, Morris JC, Donaldson LF, Bates DO. Vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms differentially protect neurons against neurotoxic events associated with Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1181626. [PMID: 37456522 PMCID: PMC10349181 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1181626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, the chronic and progressive deterioration of memory and cognitive abilities. AD can be pathologically characterised by neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, formed by the aberrant aggregation of β-amyloid and tau proteins, respectively. We tested the hypothesis that VEGF isoforms VEGF-A165a and VEGF-A165b, produced by differential splice site selection in exon 8, could differentially protect neurons from neurotoxicities induced by β-amyloid and tau proteins, and that controlling expression of splicing factor kinase activity could have protective effects on AD-related neurotoxicity in vitro. Using oxidative stress, β-amyloid, and tau hyperphosphorylation models, we investigated the effect of VEGF-A splicing isoforms, previously established to be neurotrophic agents, as well as small molecule kinase inhibitors, which selectively inhibit SRPK1, the major regulator of VEGF splicing. While both VEGF-A165a and VEGF-A165b isoforms were protective against AD-related neurotoxicity, measured by increased metabolic activity and neurite outgrowth, VEGF-A165a was able to enhance neurite outgrowth but VEGF-A165b did not. In contrast, VEGF-A165b was more effective than VEGF-A165a in preventing neurite "dieback" in a tau hyperphosphorylation model. SRPK1 inhibition was found to significantly protect against neurite "dieback" through shifting AS of VEGFA towards the VEGF-A165b isoform. These results indicate that controlling the activities of the two different isoforms could have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease, but their effect may depend on the predominant mechanism of the neurotoxicity-tau or β-amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roaa H. Alalwany
- Tumour and Vascular Biology Laboratories, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Centre for Cancer Sciences, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Hawtrey
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Morgan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lucy F. Donaldson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David O. Bates
- Tumour and Vascular Biology Laboratories, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Centre for Cancer Sciences, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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4
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Lie PPY, Yoo L, Goulbourne CN, Berg MJ, Stavrides P, Huo C, Lee JH, Nixon RA. Axonal transport of late endosomes and amphisomes is selectively modulated by local Ca 2+ efflux and disrupted by PSEN1 loss of function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj5716. [PMID: 35486730 PMCID: PMC9054012 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction and mistrafficking of organelles in autophagy- and endosomal-lysosomal pathways are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we reveal selective vulnerability of maturing degradative organelles (late endosomes/amphisomes) to disease-relevant local calcium dysregulation. These organelles undergo exclusive retrograde transport in axons, with occasional pauses triggered by regulated calcium efflux from agonist-evoked transient receptor potential cation channel mucolipin subfamily member 1 (TRPML1) channels-an effect greatly exaggerated by exogenous agonist mucolipin synthetic agonist 1 (ML-SA1). Deacidification of degradative organelles, as seen after Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) loss of function, induced pathological constitutive "inside-out" TRPML1 hyperactivation, slowing their transport comparably to ML-SA1 and causing accumulation in dystrophic axons. The mechanism involved calcium-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, which hyperphosphorylated dynein intermediate chain (DIC), reducing dynein activity. Blocking TRPML1 activation, JNK activity, or DIC1B serine-80 phosphorylation reversed transport deficits in PSEN1 knockout neurons. Our results, including features demonstrated in Alzheimer-mutant PSEN1 knockin mice, define a mechanism linking dysfunction and mistrafficking in lysosomal pathways to neuritic dystrophy under neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl P. Y. Lie
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lang Yoo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Chris N. Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Martin J. Berg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Philip Stavrides
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Chunfeng Huo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Corresponding author.
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5
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Juan SMA, Daglas M, Adlard P. Tau pathology, metal dyshomeostasis and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: an unexplored link paving the way for neurodegeneration. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:902-922. [PMID: 35293225 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI), commonly experienced by athletes and military personnel, causes changes in multiple intracellular pathways, one of which involves the tau protein. Tau phosphorylation plays a role in several neurodegenerative conditions including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder linked to repeated head trauma. There is now mounting evidence suggesting that tau phosphorylation may be regulated by metal ions (such as iron, zinc and copper), which themselves are implicated in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent work has also shown that a single TBI can result in age-dependent and region-specific modulation of metal ions. As such, this review explores the link between TBI, CTE, ageing and neurodegeneration with a specific focus on the involvement of (and interaction between) tau pathology and metal dyshomeostasis. The authors highlight that metal dyshomeostasis has yet to be investigated in the context of repeat head trauma or CTE. Given the evidence that metal dyshomeostasis contributes to the onset and/or progression of neurodegeneration, and that CTE itself is a neurodegenerative condition, this brings to light an uncharted link that should be explored. The development of adequate models of r-mTBI and/or CTE will be crucial in deepening our understanding of the pathological mechanisms that drive the clinical manifestations in these conditions and also in the development of effective therapeutics targeted towards slowing progressive neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M A Juan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 56369, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3052;
| | - Maria Daglas
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 56369, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Paul Adlard
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 56369, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
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Calpain Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Modulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1125-1149. [PMID: 34982393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is considered a significant challenge to understand the neuronal cell death mechanisms with a suitable cure for neurodegenerative disorders in the coming years. Calpains are one of the best-considered "cysteine proteases activated" in brain disorders. Calpain is an important marker and mediator in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. Calpain activation being the essential neurodegenerative factor causing apoptotic machinery activation, it is crucial to develop reliable and effective approaches to prevent calpain-mediated apoptosis in degenerating neurons. It has been recently seen that the "inhibition of calpain activation" has appeared as a possible therapeutic target for managing neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was conducted. The present article reviews the basic pathobiology and role of selective calpain inhibitors used in various neurodegenerative diseases as a therapeutic target.
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7
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Niu Y, Ji H. Current developments in extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1464-1473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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El Sayed NS, Kandil EA, Ghoneum MH. Probiotics Fermentation Technology, a Novel Kefir Product, Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in Streptozotocin-Induced Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5525306. [PMID: 34306309 PMCID: PMC8282381 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5525306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment. Gut microbiota dysfunction (dysbiosis) is implicated in the pathology of AD and is associated with several detrimental consequences, including neurotransmitter depletion, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and insulin resistance, which all contribute to the onset of AD. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Probiotics Fermentation Technology (PFT), a kefir product, in alleviating AD symptoms via regulation of the gut microbiota using a streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced AD mouse model and to compare its activity with simvastatin, which has been proven to effectively treat AD. Mice received one intracerebroventricular injection of STZ (3 mg/kg). PFT (100, 300, 600 mg/kg) and simvastatin (20 mg/kg) were administered orally for 3 weeks. PFT supplementation mitigated STZ-induced neuronal degeneration in the cortex and hippocampus, restored hippocampal acetylcholine levels, and improved cognition in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were accompanied by reductions in oxidative damage, proinflammatory cytokine expression, apoptosis, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Moreover, PFT hindered amyloid plaque accumulation via the enhancement of insulin-degrading enzyme. These beneficial effects were comparable to those produced by simvastatin. The results suggest that PFT can alleviate AD symptoms by regulating the gut microbiota and by inhibiting AD-related pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine S. El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esraa A. Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdooh H. Ghoneum
- Department of Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Khan MI, Hasan F, Mahmud KAHA, Adnan A. Viscoelastic Response of Neurofilaments: An Atomistic Simulation Approach. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040540. [PMID: 33917073 PMCID: PMC8067762 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Existent literature has limitations regarding the mechanical behavior of axonal cytoskeletal components in a high strain rate scenario, which is mainly due to limitations regarding the structure of some components such as tau protein and neurofilaments (NF). This study performs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on NFs to extract their strain rate-dependent behavior. It is found that they are highly stretchable and show multiple stages of unfolding. Furthermore, NFs show high tensile stiffness. Also, viscoelastic modeling shows that they correspond to simplified viscoelastic models. This study effectively enhances the existent axonal models focusing on axonal injury.
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Chavda V, Shah P, Patel SS, Bhadada S. Pre-exposure of voglibose exerts cerebroprotective effects through attenuating activation of the polyol pathway and inflammation. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2541-2552. [PMID: 33608957 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia induces activation of the polyol-sorbitol pathway, which is a major contributor to microvascular complications like stroke. The current study was designed to elucidate the therapeutic role of α-glucose inhibitor in chronic hyperglycemia-induced impaired polyol pathway and associated micro-complications. Male albino-Wistar rats (200-250 g) were treated with voglibose 10 mg kg-1 day-1 /p.o. for 2 weeks before middle cerebral artery occlusion; 72 hr after surgery, neurological score was evaluated and blood was collected for the assessment of various serum biochemical parameters like CRP, CK-MB, LDH, lipid profile, and blood glucose levels. In the end, brain samples were excised for determination of brain infarct volume, brain hemisphere weight difference, Na+-K+ ATPase activity oxidative stress-related parameters, aldose reductase activity, and gene expression studies. Results from the present study indicate that pre-treatment with voglibose showed significant improvement in lipid parameters but did not impact glucose levels. Voglibose has shown a statistically significant (p < .05) reduction in neurological score and brain infarct volume, and the difference in brain hemisphere weight as compared to the disease control group. Voglibose significantly (p < .05) improve all biochemical parameters and reduced Na+-K+ ATPase and aldose reductase activity. Moreover, voglibose produced a significant reduction in oxidative stress and down-regulation of TNF-α and BCl-2 gene expression which reduces the risk of factors related to stroke. In conclusion, the pleiotropic effect of voglibose on cerebrovascular complications may be due to inhibition of aldose reductase or anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Snehal S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shraddha Bhadada
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
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Zearalenone Induces Endothelial Cell Apoptosis through Activation of a Cytosolic Ca 2+/ERK1/2/p53/Caspase 3 Signaling Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030187. [PMID: 33806711 PMCID: PMC8001463 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that has been reported to damage various types of cells/tissues, yet its effects on endothelial cells (ECs) have never been investigated. Therefore, this study investigates the potential effects of ZEN using bovine aortic ECs (BAECs). In this study, we found that ZEN induced apoptosis of BAECs through increased cleavage of caspase 3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). ZEN also increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p53, and treatment with the ERK1/2 or p53 inhibitor reversed ZEN-induced EC apoptosis. Transfection of BAECs with small interfering RNA against ERK1/2 or p53 revealed ERK1/2 as an upstream target of p53 in ZEN-stimulated apoptosis. ZEN increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), yet treatment with the antioxidant did not prevent EC apoptosis. Similarly, blocking of estrogen receptors by specific inhibitors also did not prevent ZEN-induced apoptosis. Finally, chelation of cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) using BAPTA-AM or inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ channel using 2-APB reversed ZEN-induced EC apoptosis, but not by inhibiting ER stress using 4-PBA. Together, our findings demonstrate that ZEN induces EC apoptosis through an ERK1/2/p53/caspase 3 signaling pathway activated by Ca2+ release from the ER, and this pathway is independent of ROS production and estrogen receptor activation.
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12
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Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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13
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Akamine S, Okuzono S, Yamamoto H, Setoyama D, Sagata N, Ohgidani M, Kato TA, Ishitani T, Kato H, Masuda K, Matsushita Y, Ono H, Ishizaki Y, Sanefuji M, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Kang D, Kanba S, Nakabeppu Y, Sakai Y, Ohga S. GNAO1 organizes the cytoskeletal remodeling and firing of developing neurons. FASEB J 2020; 34:16601-16621. [PMID: 33107105 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001113r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) represents a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by infantile-onset intractable seizures and unfavorable prognosis of psychomotor development. To date, hundreds of genes have been linked to the onset of DEE. GNAO1 is a DEE-associated gene encoding the alpha-O1 subunit of guanine nucleotide-binding protein (GαO ). Despite the increasing number of reported children with GNAO1 encephalopathy, the molecular mechanisms underlying their neurodevelopmental phenotypes remain elusive. We herein present that co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry analyses identified another DEE-associated protein, SPTAN1, as an interacting partner of GαO . Silencing of endogenous Gnao1 attenuated the neurite outgrowth and calcium-dependent signaling. Inactivation of GNAO1 in human-induced pluripotent stem cells gave rise to anomalous brain organoids that only weakly expressed SPTAN1 and Ankyrin-G. Furthermore, GNAO1-deficient organoids failed to conduct synchronized firing to adjacent neurons. These data indicate that GαO and other DEE-associated proteins organize the cytoskeletal remodeling and functional polarity of neurons in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Akamine
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okuzono
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Setoyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sagata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Division of Integrated Signaling Systems, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.,Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology. Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Division of Oral Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiji Masuda
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsushita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ono
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Ishizaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sanefuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kanba
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Shah P, Chavda V, Patel S, Bhadada S, Ashraf GM. Promising Anti-stroke Signature of Voglibose: Investigation through In- Silico Molecular Docking and Virtual Screening in In-Vivo Animal Studies. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 20:223-235. [DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200726225457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Postprandial hyperglycemia considered to be a major risk factor for
cerebrovascular complications.
Objective:
The current study was designed to elucidate the beneficial role of voglibose via in-silico in
vitro to in-vivo studies in improving the postprandial glycaemic state by protection against strokeprone
type 2 diabetes.
Material and Methods:
In-Silico molecular docking and virtual screening were carried out with the
help of iGEMDOCK+ Pymol+docking software and Protein Drug Bank database (PDB). Based on the
results of docking studies, in-vivo investigation was carried out for possible neuroprotective action.
T2DM was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (90mg/kg, i.v.) to neonates. Six weeks after
induction, voglibose was administered at the dose of 10mg/kg p.o. for two weeks. After eight weeks,
diabetic rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, and after 72 hours of surgery,
neurological deficits were determined. The blood was collected for the determination of serum
glucose, CK-MB, LDH and lipid levels. Brains were excised for determination of brain infarct
volume, brain hemisphere weight difference, Na+-K+ ATPase activity, ROS parameters, NO levels,
and aldose reductase activity.
Results:
In-silico docking studies showed good docking binding score for stroke associated proteins,
which possibly hypotheses neuroprotective action of voglibose in stroke. In the present in-vivo study,
pre-treatment with voglibose showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum glucose and lipid levels.
Voglibose has shown significant (p<0.05) reduction in neurological score, brain infarct volume, the
difference in brain hemisphere weight. On biochemical evaluation, treatment with voglibose produced
significant (p<0.05) decrease in CK-MB, LDH, and NO levels in blood and reduction in Na+-K+
ATPase, oxidative stress, and aldose reductase activity in brain homogenate.
Conclusion:
In-silico molecular docking and virtual screening studies and in-vivo studies in MCAo
induced stroke, animal model outcomes support the strong anti-stroke signature for possible
neuroprotective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Snehal Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Shraddha Bhadada
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Kim HJ, Lee JS, Park JM, Lee S, Hong SJ, Park JS, Park KH. Fabrication of Nanocomposites Complexed with Gold Nanoparticles on Polyaniline and Application to Their Nerve Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30750-30760. [PMID: 32539331 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive materials can stimulate stem cells through electric shock and thereby contribute to the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Recently, polymer-metal complexes composed of polyaniline and gold nanoparticles have emerged as novel candidates for use in regenerative medicine. By mixing two different materials, such composites maximize the benefits while alleviating the disadvantages of using either material alone. Based on their excellent conductivity, these complexes can be applied to nerve regeneration using stem cells. In this study, we investigated a method for producing hybrid nanocomposites by complexing gold nanoparticles to polyaniline and tested the resultant composites in a model of nerve regeneration. We manipulated the shape, size, and electrical conductivity of the hybrid composites by compounding the component materials at various ratios. The most efficient nanocomposite was named conductive reinforced nanocomposites (CRNc's). When the CRNc was delivered directly to cells, no cytotoxicity was observed. After the intracellular delivery of the CRNc, the stem cells were electrically stimulated using an electroporator. As a result of performing mRNA-sequencing (Seq) analysis after electrical stimulation (ES) of the CRNc-internalized cells, it was confirmed that the CRNc-internalized cells have a pattern similar to that of the positive group-induced neuron cells. In particular, microtubule-associated protein 2 is more than twice that of the control group (negative control), and the nerve fiber protein is strongly expressed as in the positive control group. In addition, we verified that neural differentiation progressed by monitoring the growth of neurites from stem cells. Together, these findings show that the CRNc can be used to induce the formation of neuron-like cells by applying ES to stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sun Lee
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Park
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jun Hong
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Park
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 618, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Republic of Korea
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16
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Xu J, Feng J, Liu YD, Hu T, Li MJ, Li F. Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffold Carrying Neural-Cell Adhesion Molecule-Derived Mimetic-Peptide Transplantation Promotes Proliferation and Stimulates Neurite Extension by Modulating Tau Phosphorylation and Calpain/Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) in Neurons. Ann Transplant 2020; 25:e924093. [PMID: 32686658 PMCID: PMC7366790 DOI: 10.12659/aot.924093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-assembling peptide scaffolds have been extensively applied in tissue engineering. Many investigations have modified self-assembling peptide scaffolds by integrating functional motifs, with promising applications. This study aimed to generate a novel RADA16 self-assembling peptide scaffold integrating a neural-cell adhesion molecule-derived mimetic-peptide (SIDRVEPYSSTAQ) and evaluated the effects on neuron proliferation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A 37-amino-acids peptide of RADA16-activation motif containing neural-cell adhesion molecule-derived mimetic-peptide (SIDRVEPYSSTAQ) was synthesized and self-assembled into a scaffold. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord motor neurons (SCMN) were primarily isolated and identified. Neurons (DRG and SCMN) were divided into FRM, FRM-MP, and FRM-MP-LiCl groups. The adherence ability of neurons was evaluated using toluidine blue staining. Proliferation and apoptosis of neurons were assessed using CCK-8 and flow cytometry assay, respectively. Immunofluorescence assay was used to measure neurite extension. Western blot assay was used to assess GSK-3ß/p-GSK-3ß, Tau/p-Tau, and calpain expression in neurons. RESULTS FRM-MP-LiCl released multiple-peptide with higher efficiency. FRM-MP-LiCl significantly enhanced proliferation and inhibited apoptosis compared to FRM and FRM-MP groups (p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital (Puai Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jing Feng
- Nursing Department, Wuhan Fourth Hospital (Puai Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yu-dong Liu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital (Puai Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital (Puai Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Ming-jing Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital (Puai Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Wuhan Fourth Hospital (Puai Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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17
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The functional microscopic neuroanatomy of the human subthalamic nucleus. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3213-3227. [PMID: 31562531 PMCID: PMC6875153 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is successfully used as a surgical target for deep brain stimulation in the treatment of movement disorders. Interestingly, the internal structure of the STN is still incompletely understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate three-dimensional (3D) immunoreactivity patterns for 12 individual protein markers for GABA-ergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic as well as glutamatergic signaling. We analyzed the immunoreactivity using optical densities and created a 3D reconstruction of seven postmortem human STNs. Quantitative modeling of the reconstructed 3D immunoreactivity patterns revealed that the applied protein markers show a gradient distribution in the STN. These gradients were predominantly organized along the ventromedial to dorsolateral axis of the STN. The results are of particular interest in view of the theoretical underpinning for surgical targeting, which is based on a tripartite distribution of cognitive, limbic and motor function in the STN.
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18
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Duquette PM, Lamarche-Vane N. The calcium-activated protease calpain regulates netrin-1 receptor deleted in colorectal cancer-induced axon outgrowth in cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 152:315-332. [PMID: 31344270 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During development, neurons extend axons toward their appropriate synaptic targets to establish functional neuronal connections. The growth cone, a highly motile structure at the tip of the axon, is capable of recognizing extracellular guidance cues and translating them into directed axon outgrowth through modulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Netrin-1 mediates its attractive function through the receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) to promote axon outgrowth and guidance. The calcium-activated protease calpain is involved in the cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins, which plays an important role during adhesion turnover and cell migration. However, its function during neuronal development is less understood. Here we demonstrate that netrin-1 activated calpain in embryonic rat cortical neurons in an extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent manner. In addition, we found that netrin-1 stimulation led to an increase in calpain-1 localization in the axon, whereas its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin was decreased in the growth cones of cortical neurons by indirect immunofluorescence. Interestingly, calpain-1 was able to cleave DCC in vitro. Furthermore, netrin-1 induced the cleavage of the cytoskeletal proteins spectrin and focal adhesion kinase concomitantly with the intracellular domain of DCC in a calpain-dependent manner in embryonic rat cortical neurons. Cortical neurons over-expressing calpastatin or calpain-depleted neurons displayed increased basal axon length and were unresponsive to netrin-1 stimulation. Altogether, we propose a novel model whereby netrin-1/DCC-mediated axon outgrowth is modulated by calpain-mediated proteolysis of DCC and cytoskeletal targets in embryonic cortical neurons. Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M Duquette
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Lamarche-Vane
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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19
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Didonna A, Opal P. The role of neurofilament aggregation in neurodegeneration: lessons from rare inherited neurological disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31097008 PMCID: PMC6524292 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are well known to involve the accumulation of disease-specific proteins. Less well known are the accumulations of another set of proteins, neuronal intermediate filaments (NFs), which have been observed in these diseases for decades. NFs belong to the family of cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins (IFs) that give cells their shape; they determine axonal caliber, which controls signal conduction; and they regulate the transport of synaptic vesicles and modulate synaptic plasticity by binding to neurotransmitter receptors. In the last two decades, a number of rare disorders caused by mutations in genes that encode NFs or regulate their metabolism have been discovered. These less prevalent disorders are providing novel insights into the role of NF aggregation in the more common neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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20
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Wang X, Zheng W. Ca 2+ homeostasis dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on plasma membrane and cell organelles. FASEB J 2019; 33:6697-6712. [PMID: 30848934 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801751r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that Ca2+ is a vital factor in modulating the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In healthy neurons, Ca2+ concentration is balanced to maintain a lower level in the cytosol than in the extracellular space or certain intracellular compartments such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the lysosome, whereas this homeostasis is broken in AD. On the plasma membrane, the AD hallmarks amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau interact with ligand-gated or voltage-gated Ca2+-influx channels and inhibit the Ca2+-efflux ATPase or exchangers, leading to an elevated intracellular Ca2+ level and disrupted Ca2+ signal. In the ER, the disabled presenilin "Ca2+ leak" function and the direct implications of Aβ and presenilin mutants contribute to Ca2+-signal disorder. The enhanced ryanodine receptor (RyR)-mediated and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)-mediated Ca2+ release from the ER aggravates cytosolic Ca2+ disorder and triggers apoptosis; the down-regulated ER Ca2+ sensor, stromal interaction molecule (STIM), alleviates store-operated Ca2+ entry in plasma membrane, leading to spine loss. The increased transfer of Ca2+ from ER to mitochondria through mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) causes Ca2+ overload in the mitochondrial matrix and consequently opens the cellular damage-related channel, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). In this review, we discuss the effects of Aβ, tau and presenilin on neuronal Ca2+ signal, focusing on the receptors and regulators in plasma membrane and ER; we briefly introduce the involvement of MAM-mediated Ca2+ transfer and mPTP opening in AD pathogenesis.-Wang, X., Zheng, W. Ca2+ homeostasis dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on plasma membrane and cell organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Lemche E. Early Life Stress and Epigenetics in Late-onset Alzheimer's Dementia: A Systematic Review. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:522-602. [PMID: 30386171 PMCID: PMC6194433 DOI: 10.2174/1389202919666171229145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of life stress in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD) has been evinced in longitudinal cohort epidemiological studies, and endocrinologic evidence suggests involvements of catecholamine and corticosteroid systems in LOAD. Early Life Stress (ELS) rodent models have successfully demonstrated sequelae of maternal separation resulting in LOAD-analogous pathology, thereby supporting a role of insulin receptor signalling pertaining to GSK-3beta facilitated tau hyper-phosphorylation and amyloidogenic processing. Discussed are relevant ELS studies, and findings from three mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (JNK/SAPK pathway, ERK pathway, p38/MAPK pathway) relevant for mediating environmental stresses. Further considered were the roles of autophagy impairment, neuroinflammation, and brain insulin resistance. For the meta-analytic evaluation, 224 candidate gene loci were extracted from reviews of animal studies of LOAD pathophysiological mechanisms, of which 60 had no positive results in human LOAD association studies. These loci were combined with 89 gene loci confirmed as LOAD risk genes in previous GWAS and WES. Of the 313 risk gene loci evaluated, there were 35 human reports on epigenomic modifications in terms of methylation or histone acetylation. 64 microRNA gene regulation mechanisms were published for the compiled loci. Genomic association studies support close relations of both noradrenergic and glucocorticoid systems with LOAD. For HPA involvement, a CRHR1 haplotype with MAPT was described, but further association of only HSD11B1 with LOAD found; however, association of FKBP1 and NC3R1 polymorphisms was documented in support of stress influence to LOAD. In the brain insulin system, IGF2R, INSR, INSRR, and plasticity regulator ARC, were associated with LOAD. Pertaining to compromised myelin stability in LOAD, relevant associations were found for BIN1, RELN, SORL1, SORCS1, CNP, MAG, and MOG. Regarding epigenetic modifications, both methylation variability and de-acetylation were reported for LOAD. The majority of up-to-date epigenomic findings include reported modifications in the well-known LOAD core pathology loci MAPT, BACE1, APP (with FOS, EGR1), PSEN1, PSEN2, and highlight a central role of BDNF. Pertaining to ELS, relevant loci are FKBP5, EGR1, GSK3B; critical roles of inflammation are indicated by CRP, TNFA, NFKB1 modifications; for cholesterol biosynthesis, DHCR24; for myelin stability BIN1, SORL1, CNP; pertaining to (epi)genetic mechanisms, hTERT, MBD2, DNMT1, MTHFR2. Findings on gene regulation were accumulated for BACE1, MAPK signalling, TLR4, BDNF, insulin signalling, with most reports for miR-132 and miR-27. Unclear in epigenomic studies remains the role of noradrenergic signalling, previously demonstrated by neuropathological findings of childhood nucleus caeruleus degeneration for LOAD tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Lemche
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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22
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Mahaman YAR, Huang F, Kessete Afewerky H, Maibouge TMS, Ghose B, Wang X. Involvement of calpain in the neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:608-630. [PMID: 30260518 PMCID: PMC6585958 DOI: 10.1002/med.21534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common (60% to 80%) age‐related disease associated with dementia and is characterized by a deterioration of behavioral and cognitive capacities leading to death in few years after diagnosis, mainly due to complications from chronic illness. The characteristic hallmarks of the disease are extracellular senile plaques (SPs) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) with neuropil threads, which are a direct result of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing to Aβ, and τ hyperphosphorylation. However, many indirect underlying processes play a role in this event. One of these underlying mechanisms leading to these histological hallmarks is the uncontrolled hyperactivation of a family of cysteine proteases called calpains. Under normal physiological condition calpains participate in many processes of cells’ life and their activation is tightly controlled. However, with an increase in age, increased oxidative stress and other excitotoxicity assaults, this regulatory system becomes impaired and result in increased activation of these proteases involving them in the pathogenesis of various diseases including neurodegeneration like AD. Reviewed here is a pool of data on the implication of calpains in the pathogenesis of AD, the underlying molecular mechanism, and the potential of targeting these enzymes for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacoubou Abdoul Razak Mahaman
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Henok Kessete Afewerky
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tanko Mahamane Salissou Maibouge
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bishwajit Ghose
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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23
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Badanavalu MP, Srivatsan M. Nicotine is neuroprotective to neonatal neurons of sympathetic ganglion in rat. Auton Neurosci 2018; 216:25-32. [PMID: 30206032 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons of SCG are dependent on availability of nerve growth factor (NGF) for their survival. SCG neurons express nicotinic receptors (nAChR) whose expression levels are modulated by nicotine. Nicotine exerts multiple effects on neurons, including neuroprotection, through nAChR binding. Although sympathetic neurons express robust levels of nAChR, a possible neuroprotective role for nicotine in these neurons is not well-understood. Therefore we determined the effect of nicotine exposure on survival of SCG neurons during NGF withdrawal in a well-established cell culture system. NGF was withdrawn in rat neonatal SCG neuron cultures which were then treated with either 10 μM nicotine alone or with nAChR antagonists 0.1 μM α-bungarotoxin (antagonist for α7 subunit bearing nAChR) and 10 μM mecamylamine (non-specific antagonist for ganglionic nAChR) for 48 h. Apoptotic death was determined by TUNEL staining. Cell survival was also determined by MTS assay. Western blot analysis of ERK1/2 was also performed. Our results showed that exposure to 10 μM nicotine significantly reduced apoptotic cell death in SCG neurons resulting from NGF withdrawal as shown by fewer TUNEL positive cells. The MTS assay results also revealed that 10 μM nicotine concentration significantly increased cell survival thus indicating neuroprotective effect of nicotine against cell death resulting from NGF withdrawal. Nicotinic receptor antagonists (bungarotoxin & mecamylamine) attenuated the effect of nicotine's action of neuroprotection. Western blot analysis showed an increased expression of ERK1/2 in nicotine treated cultures suggesting nicotine provided neuroprotection in SCG neurons by increasing the expression of ERK1/2 through nicotinic receptor dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevappa P Badanavalu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, United States
| | - Malathi Srivatsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, United States.
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24
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Peripheral Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2256-2277. [PMID: 30008073 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are found to be influencing the peripheral tissues outside CNS. Recent developments in biomarkers for CNS have emerged with various diagnostic and therapeutic shortcomings. The role of central biomarkers including CSF-based and molecular imaging-based probes are still unclear for early diagnosis of major neurological diseases. Current trends show that early detection of neurodegenerative diseases with non-invasive methods is a major focus of researchers, and the development of biomarkers aiming peripheral tissues is in demand. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are known for the progressive loss in neural structures or functions, including the neural death. Various dysfunctions of metabolic and biochemical pathways are associated with early occurrence of neuro-disorders in peripheral tissues including skin, blood cells, and eyes. This article reviews the peripheral biomarkers explored for early detection of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases including blood cells, skin fibroblast, proteomics, saliva, olfactory, stomach and colon, heart and peripheral nervous system, and others. Graphical Abstract.
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25
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Ferbeyre G. Aberrant signaling and senescence associated protein degradation. Exp Gerontol 2018; 107:50-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Murata T, Yamaguchi M, Kohno S, Takahashi C, Kakimoto M, Sugimura Y, Kamihara M, Hikita K, Kaneda N. Regucalcin confers resistance to amyloid-β toxicity in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:349-360. [PMID: 29511612 PMCID: PMC5832982 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid‐β (Aβ), a primary component of amyloid plaques, has been widely associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The Ca2+‐binding protein regucalcin (RGN) plays multiple roles in maintaining cell functions by regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis, various signaling pathways, and gene expression systems. Here, we investigated the functional role of RGN against Aβ‐induced cytotoxicity in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. Overexpression of RGN reduced Aβ‐induced apoptosis by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. It also attenuated Aβ‐induced reactive oxygen species production and oxidative damage and decreased Aβ‐induced nitric oxide (NO) overproduction, upregulation of inducible NO synthase by nuclear factor‐κB, and nitrosative damage. Interestingly, the genetic disruption of RGN increased the susceptibility of neuronally differentiated PC12 cells to Aβ toxicity. Thus, RGN possesses antioxidant activity against Aβ‐induced oxidative and nitrosative stress and may play protective roles against Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiyasu Murata
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) CA USA
| | - Susumu Kohno
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University Ishikawa Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology Cancer Research Institute Kanazawa University Ishikawa Japan
| | - Mitsumi Kakimoto
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yukiko Sugimura
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Mako Kamihara
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Kiyomi Hikita
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Norio Kaneda
- Laboratory of Analytical Neurobiology Faculty of Pharmacy Meijo University Nagoya Japan
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Guo J, Cheng J, North BJ, Wei W. Functional analyses of major cancer-related signaling pathways in Alzheimer's disease etiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:341-358. [PMID: 28694093 PMCID: PMC5675793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disease and accounts for majority of human dementia. The hyper-phosphorylated tau-mediated intracellular neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid β-mediated extracellular senile plaque are characterized as major pathological lesions of AD. Different from the dysregulated growth control and ample genetic mutations associated with human cancers, AD displays damage and death of brain neurons in the absence of genomic alterations. Although various biological processes predominately governing tumorigenesis such as inflammation, metabolic alteration, oxidative stress and insulin resistance have been associated with AD genesis, the mechanistic connection of these biological processes and signaling pathways including mTOR, MAPK, SIRT, HIF, and the FOXO pathway controlling aging and the pathological lesions of AD are not well recapitulated. Hence, we performed a thorough review by summarizing the physiological roles of these key cancer-related signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis, comprising of the crosstalk of these pathways with neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque formation to impact AD phenotypes. Importantly, the pharmaceutical investigations of anti-aging and AD relevant medications have also been highlighted. In summary, in this review, we discuss the potential role that cancer-related signaling pathways may play in governing the pathogenesis of AD, as well as their potential as future targeted strategies to delay or prevent aging-related diseases and combating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Kulbe JR, Hall ED. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy-integration of canonical traumatic brain injury secondary injury mechanisms with tau pathology. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 158:15-44. [PMID: 28851546 PMCID: PMC5671903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a new neurodegenerative tauopathy labeled Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), has been identified that is believed to be primarily a sequela of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), often referred to as concussion, that occurs in athletes participating in contact sports (e.g. boxing, American football, Australian football, rugby, soccer, ice hockey) or in military combatants, especially after blast-induced injuries. Since the identification of CTE, and its neuropathological finding of deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, mechanistic attention has been on lumping the disorder together with various other non-traumatic neurodegenerative tauopathies. Indeed, brains from suspected CTE cases that have come to autopsy have been confirmed to have deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau in locations that make its anatomical distribution distinct for other tauopathies. The fact that these individuals experienced repetitive TBI episodes during their athletic or military careers suggests that the secondary injury mechanisms that have been extensively characterized in acute TBI preclinical models, and in TBI patients, including glutamate excitotoxicity, intracellular calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, free radical-induced oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, may contribute to the brain damage associated with CTE. Thus, the current review begins with an in depth analysis of what is known about the tau protein and its functions and dysfunctions followed by a discussion of the major TBI secondary injury mechanisms, and how the latter have been shown to contribute to tau pathology. The value of this review is that it might lead to improved neuroprotective strategies for either prophylactically attenuating the development of CTE or slowing its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R Kulbe
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States
| | - Edward D Hall
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, United States.
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29
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Litosh VA, Rochman M, Rymer JK, Porollo A, Kottyan LC, Rothenberg ME. Calpain-14 and its association with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1762-1771.e7. [PMID: 28131390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of intracellular, calcium-dependent cysteine proteases involved in a variety of regulatory processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-cycle progression, signal transduction, gene expression, and apoptosis. These enzymes have been implicated in a number of disease processes, notably for this review involving eosinophilic tissue inflammation, such as eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a chronic inflammatory disorder triggered by allergic hypersensitivity to food and associated with genetic variants in calpain 14 (CAPN14). Herein we review the genetic, structural, and biochemical properties of CAPN14 and its gene product CAPN14, and its emerging role in patients with EoE. The CAPN14 gene is localized at chromosome 2p23.1-p21 and is most homologous to CAPN13 (36% sequence identity), which is located 365 kb downstream of CAPN14. Structurally, CAPN14 has classical calpain motifs, including a cysteine protease core. In comparison with other human calpains, CAPN14 has a unique expression pattern, with the highest levels in the upper gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus. The CAPN14 gene is positioned in an epigenetic hotspot regulated by IL-13, a TH2 cytokine with increased levels in patients with EoE that has been shown to be a mediator of the disease. CAPN14 induces disruptive effects on the esophageal epithelium by impairing epithelial barrier function in association with loss of desmoglein-1 expression and has a regulatory role in repairing epithelial changes induced by IL-13. Thus CAPN14 is a unique protease with distinct tissue-specific expression and function in patients with EoE and is a potential therapeutic target for EoE and related eosinophilic and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A Litosh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey K Rymer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah C Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Chen S, Yan J, Deng HX, Long LL, Hu YJ, Wang M, Shang L, Chen D, Huang JF, Xiong K. Inhibition of calpain on oxygen glucose deprivation-induced RGC-5 necroptosis. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2016; 36:639-645. [PMID: 27752886 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of inhibition of calpain on retinal ganglion cell-5 (RGC-5) necroptosis following oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). RGC-5 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's-modified essential medium and necroptosis was induced by 8-h OGD. PI staining and flow cytometry were performed to detect RGC-5 necrosis. The calpain expression was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The calpain activity was tested by activity detection kit. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of calpain on RGC-5 necroptosis following OGD with or without N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal (ALLN) pre-treatment. Western blot was used to detect the protein level of truncated apoptosis inducing factor (tAIF) in RGC-5 cells following OGD. The results showed that there was an up-regulation of the calpain expression and activity following OGD. Upon adding ALLN, the calpain activity was inhibited and tAIF was reduced following OGD along with the decreased number of RGC-5 necroptosis. In conclusion, calpain was involved in OGD-induced RGC-5 necroptosis with the increased expression of its downstream molecule tAIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Hai-Xiao Deng
- Five-year Medicine Program, Grade 2013, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ling-Ling Long
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yong-Jun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Kurbatskaya K, Phillips EC, Croft CL, Dentoni G, Hughes MM, Wade MA, Al-Sarraj S, Troakes C, O’Neill MJ, Perez-Nievas BG, Hanger DP, Noble W. Upregulation of calpain activity precedes tau phosphorylation and loss of synaptic proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:34. [PMID: 27036949 PMCID: PMC4818436 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in calcium homeostasis are widely reported to contribute to synaptic degeneration and neuronal loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Elevated cytosolic calcium concentrations lead to activation of the calcium-sensitive cysteine protease, calpain, which has a number of substrates known to be abnormally regulated in disease. Analysis of human brain has shown that calpain activity is elevated in AD compared to controls, and that calpain-mediated proteolysis regulates the activity of important disease-associated proteins including the tau kinases cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and glycogen kinase synthase-3. Here, we sought to investigate the likely temporal association between these changes during the development of sporadic AD using Braak staged post-mortem brain. Quantification of protein amounts in these tissues showed increased activity of calpain-1 from Braak stage III onwards in comparison to controls, extending previous findings that calpain-1 is upregulated at end-stage disease, and suggesting that activation of calcium-sensitive signalling pathways are sustained from early stages of disease development. Increases in calpain-1 activity were associated with elevated activity of the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, itself a known calpain substrate. Activation of the tau kinases, glycogen-kinase synthase-3 and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 were also found to occur in Braak stage II-III brain, and these preceded global elevations in tau phosphorylation and the loss of post-synaptic markers. In addition, we identified transient increases in total amyloid precursor protein and pre-synaptic markers in Braak stage II-III brain, that were lost by end stage Alzheimer's disease, that may be indicative of endogenous compensatory responses to the initial stages of neurodegeneration. These findings provide insight into the molecular events that underpin the progression of Alzheimer's disease, and further highlight the rationale for investigating novel treatment strategies that are based on preventing abnormal calcium homeostasis or blocking increases in the activity of calpain or important calpain substrates.
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Jin N, Yin X, Gu J, Zhang X, Shi J, Qian W, Ji Y, Cao M, Gu X, Ding F, Iqbal K, Gong CX, Liu F. Truncation and Activation of Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-regulated Kinase 1A by Calpain I: A MOLECULAR MECHANISM LINKED TO TAU PATHOLOGY IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15219-37. [PMID: 25918155 PMCID: PMC4463463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation and dysregulation of exon 10 splicing of Tau are pivotally involved in pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and/or other tauopathies. Alternative splicing of Tau exon 10, which encodes the second microtubule-binding repeat, generates Tau isoforms containing three and four microtubule-binding repeats, termed 3R-Taus and 4R-Taus, respectively. Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) lies at the Down syndrome critical region of chromosome 21. Overexpression of this kinase may contribute to the early Tau pathology in Down syndrome via phosphorylation of Tau and dysregulation of Tau exon 10. Here, we report that Dyrk1A was truncated at the C terminus and was associated with overactivation of calpain I in AD brain. Calpain I proteolyzed Dyrk1A in vitro first at the C terminus and further at the N terminus and enhanced its kinase activity toward Tau via increased Vmax but not Km. C-terminal truncation of Dyrk1A resulted in stronger activity than its full-length protein in promotion of exon 10 exclusion and phosphorylation of Tau. Dyrk1A was truncated in kainic acid-induced excitotoxic mouse brains and coincided with an increase in 3R-Tau expression and phosphorylation of Tau via calpain activation. Moreover, truncation of Dyrk1A was correlated with an increase in the ratio of 3R-Tau/4R-Tau and Tau hyperphosphorylation in AD brain. Collectively, these findings suggest that truncation/activation of Dyrk1A by Ca(2+)/calpain I might contribute to Tau pathology via promotion of exon 10 exclusion and hyperphosphorylation of Tau in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Jin
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, the Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Xiaomin Yin
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, the Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, and
| | - Jianlan Gu
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, the Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, and
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- the Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Jianhua Shi
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, the Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, and
| | - Wei Qian
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, and
| | - Yuhua Ji
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Maohong Cao
- the Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated with Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Fei Ding
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- the Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, the Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314
| | - Fei Liu
- From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China, the Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314,
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Sui HJ, Zhang LL, Liu Z, Jin Y. Atorvastatin prevents Aβ oligomer-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting Tau cleavage. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:553-64. [PMID: 25891085 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The proteolytic cleavage of Tau is involved in Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunction and cell death. In this study, we investigated whether atorvastatin could prevent Tau cleavage and hence prevent Aβ1-42 oligomer (AβO)-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cortical neurons. METHODS Cultured rat hippocampal neurons were incubated in the presence of AβOs (1.25 μmol/L) with or without atorvastatin pretreatment. ATP content and LDH in the culture medium were measured to assess the neuronal viability. Caspase-3/7 and calpain protease activities were detected. The levels of phospho-Akt, phospho-Erk1/2, phospho-GSK3β, p35 and Tau proteins were measured using Western blotting. RESULTS Treatment of the neurons with AβO significantly decreased the neuronal viability, induced rapid activation of calpain and caspase-3/7 proteases, accompanied by Tau degradation and relatively stable fragments generated in the neurons. AβO also suppressed Akt and Erk1/2 kinase activity, while increased GSK3β and Cdk5 activity in the neurons. Pretreatment with atorvastatin (0.5, 1, 2.5 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited AβO-induced activation of calpain and caspase-3/7 proteases, and effectively diminished the generation of Tau fragments, attenuated synaptic damage and increased neuronal survival. Atorvastatin pretreatment also prevented AβO-induced decreases in Akt and Erk1/2 kinase activity and the increases in GSK3β and Cdk5 kinase activity. CONCLUSION Atorvastatin prevents AβO-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting calpain- and caspase-mediated Tau cleavage.
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Jin N, Yin X, Yu D, Cao M, Gong CX, Iqbal K, Ding F, Gu X, Liu F. Truncation and activation of GSK-3β by calpain I: a molecular mechanism links to tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8187. [PMID: 25641096 PMCID: PMC4313118 DOI: 10.1038/srep08187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau is pivotally involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is a primary tau kinase that is most implicated in tau pathology in AD. However, the exact molecular nature of GSK-3β involved in AD is unclear. In the present study, we found that GSK-3β was truncated at C-terminus and correlated with over-activation of calpain I in AD brain. Truncation of GSK-3β was positively correlated with tau hyperphosphorylation, tangles score and Braak stage in human brain. Calpain I proteolyzed GSK-3β in vitro at C-terminus, leading to an increase of its kinase activity, but keeping its characteristic to preferentially phosphorylate the protein kinase A-primed tau. Excitotoxicity induced by kainic acid (KA) caused GSK-3β truncation at C-terminus and hyperphosphorylation of tau in mouse brain. Inhibition of calpain prevented the KA-induced changes. These findings suggest that truncation of GSK-3β by Ca2+/calpain I markedly increases its activity and involvement of this mechanism probably is responsible for up-regulation of GSK-3β and consequent abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau and neurofibrillary degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Jin
- 1] Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China [2] Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Xiaomin Yin
- 1] Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China [2] Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Dian Yu
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Maohong Cao
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- 1] Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P. R. China [2] Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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Parrott MD, Winocur G, Bazinet RP, Ma DW, Greenwood CE. Whole-food diet worsened cognitive dysfunction in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang Y, Auyeung KK, Zhang X, Ko JK. Astragalus saponins modulates colon cancer development by regulating calpain-mediated glucose-regulated protein expression. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:401. [PMID: 25319833 PMCID: PMC4210535 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Glucose-regulated proteins (GRP) are induced in the cancer microenvironment to promote tumor survival, metastasis and drug resistance. AST was obtained from the medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus, which possesses anti-tumor and pro-apoptotic properties in colon cancer cells and tumor xenograft. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of GRP in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis during colon cancer development, with focus on the correlation between AST-evoked regulation of GRP and calpain activation. Methods The effects of AST on GRP and apoptotic activity were assessed in HCT 116 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Calpain activity was examined by using a fluorescence assay kit. Immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation were employed to determine the localization and association between calpains and GRP. GRP78 gene silencing was performed to confirm the importance of GRP in anticancer drug activities. The modulation of GRP and calpains was also studied in nude mice xenograft. Results ER stress-mediated apoptosis was induced by AST, as shown by elevation in both spliced XBP-1 and CHOP levels, with parallel up-regulation of GRP. The expression of XBP-1 and CHOP continued to increase after the peak level of GRP was attained at 24 h. Nevertheless, the initial increase in calpain activity as well as calpain I and II protein level was gradually declined at later stage of drug treatment. Besides, the induction of GRP was partly reversed by calpain inhibitors, with concurrent promotion of AST-mediated apoptosis. The knockdown of GRP78 by gene silencing resulted in higher sensitivity of colon cancer cells to AST-induced apoptosis and reduction of colony formation. The association between calpains and GRP78 had been confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation. Modulation of GRP and calpains by AST was similarly demonstrated in nude mice xenograft, leading to significant inhibition of tumor growth. Conclusions Our findings exemplify that calpains, in particular calpain II, play a permissive role in the modulation of GRP78 and consequent regulation of ER stress-induced apoptosis. Combination of calpain inhibitors and AST could exhibit a more pronounced pro-apoptotic effect. These results help to envisage a new therapeutic approach in colon cancer by targeting calpain and GRP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-401) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Specific calpain inhibition by calpastatin prevents tauopathy and neurodegeneration and restores normal lifespan in tau P301L mice. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9222-34. [PMID: 25009256 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1132-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau pathogenicity in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies is thought to involve the generation of hyperphosphorylated, truncated, and oligomeric tau species with enhanced neurotoxicity, although the generative mechanisms and the implications for disease therapy are not well understood. Here, we report a striking rescue from mutant tau toxicity in the JNPL3 mouse model of tauopathy. We show that pathological activation of calpains gives rise to a range of potentially toxic forms of tau, directly, and by activating cdk5. Calpain overactivation in brains of these mice is accelerated as a result of the marked depletion of the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin. When levels of this inhibitor are restored in neurons of JNPL3 mice by overexpressing calpastatin, tauopathy is prevented, including calpain-mediated breakdown of cytoskeletal proteins, cdk5 activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, formation of potentially neurotoxic tau fragments by either calpain or caspase-3, and tau oligomerization. Calpastatin overexpression also prevents loss of motor axons, delays disease onset, and extends survival of JNPL3 mice by 3 months to within the range of normal lifespan. Our findings support the therapeutic promise of highly specific calpain inhibition in the treatment of tauopathies and other neurodegenerative states.
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Suo SB, Qiu JD, Shi SP, Chen X, Liang RP. PSEA: Kinase-specific prediction and analysis of human phosphorylation substrates. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4524. [PMID: 24681538 PMCID: PMC3970127 DOI: 10.1038/srep04524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation catalysed by kinases plays crucial regulatory roles in intracellular signal transduction. With the increasing number of kinase-specific phosphorylation sites and disease-related phosphorylation substrates that have been identified, the desire to explore the regulatory relationship between protein kinases and disease-related phosphorylation substrates is motivated. In this work, we analysed the kinases' characteristic of all disease-related phosphorylation substrates by using our developed Phosphorylation Set Enrichment Analysis (PSEA) method. We evaluated the efficiency of our method with independent test and concluded that our approach is reliable for identifying kinases responsible for phosphorylated substrates. In addition, we found that Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) families are more associated with abnormal phosphorylation. It can be anticipated that our method might be helpful to identify the mechanism of phosphorylation and the relationship between kinase and phosphorylation related diseases. A user-friendly web interface is now freely available at http://bioinfo.ncu.edu.cn/PKPred_Home.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Bao Suo
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China [2] Department of Chemical Engineering, Pingxiang College, Pingxiang, 337055, China
| | - Shao-Ping Shi
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China [2] Department of Mathematics, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Ru-Ping Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
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McBrayer M, Nixon RA. Lysosome and calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: partners in crime. Biochem Soc Trans 2013; 41:1495-502. [PMID: 24256243 PMCID: PMC3960943 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset FAD (familial Alzheimer's disease) is caused by mutations of PS1 (presenilin 1), PS2 (presenilin 2) and APP (amyloid precursor protein). Beyond the effects of PS1 mutations on proteolytic functions of the γ-secretase complex, mutant or deficient PS1 disrupts lysosomal function and Ca2+ homoeostasis, both of which are considered strong pathogenic factors in FAD. Loss of PS1 function compromises assembly and proton-pumping activity of the vacuolar-ATPase on lysosomes, leading to defective lysosomal acidification and marked impairment of autophagy. Additional dysregulation of cellular Ca2+ by mutant PS1 in FAD has been ascribed to altered ion channels in the endoplasmic reticulum; however, rich stores of Ca2+ in lysosomes are also abnormally released in PS1-deficient cells secondary to the lysosomal acidification defect. The resultant rise in cytosolic Ca2+ activates Ca2+-dependent enzymes, contributing substantially to calpain overactivation that is a final common pathway leading to neurofibrillary degeneration in all forms of AD (Alzheimer's disease). In the present review, we discuss the close inter-relationships among deficits of lysosomal function, autophagy and Ca2+ homoeostasis as a pathogenic process in PS1-related FAD and their relevance to sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryKate McBrayer
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg NY 10962
| | - Ralph A. Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg NY 10962
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 1 Avenue, New York NY 10016
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 1 Avenue, New York NY 10016
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Rice RA, Berchtold NC, Cotman CW, Green KN. Age-related downregulation of the CaV3.1 T-type calcium channel as a mediator of amyloid beta production. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1002-11. [PMID: 24268883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a crippling neurodegenerative disease that largely affects aged individuals. Decades of research have highlighted age-related changes in calcium homeostasis that occur before and throughout the duration of the disease, and the contributions of such dysregulation to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. We report an age-related decrease in expression of the CaV3.1 T-type calcium channel at the level of messenger RNA and protein in both humans and mice that is exacerbated with the presence of Alzheimer's disease. Downregulating T-type calcium channels in N2a cells and the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, by way of pharmacologic inhibition with NNC-55-0396, results in a rapid increase in amyloid beta production via reductions in non-amyloidogenic processing, whereas genetic overexpression of the channel in human embryonic kidney cells expressing amyloid precursor protein produces complementary effects. The age-related decline in CaV3.1 expression may therefore contribute to a pro-amyloidogenic environment in the aging brain and represents a novel opportunity to intervene in the course of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Rice
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicole C Berchtold
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Mitew S, Kirkcaldie MTK, Dickson TC, Vickers JC. Neurites containing the neurofilament-triplet proteins are selectively vulnerable to cytoskeletal pathology in Alzheimer's disease and transgenic mouse models. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:30. [PMID: 24133416 PMCID: PMC3783838 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β plaque accumulation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with dystrophic neurite (DN) formation and synapse loss in principal neurons, but interneuron pathology is less clearly characterized. We compared the responses of neuronal processes immunoreactive for either neurofilament triplet (NF+) or calretinin (CR+) to fibrillar amyloid (Aβ) plaques in human end-stage and preclinical AD, as well as in APP/PS1 and Tg2576 transgenic mouse AD models. Neurites traversing the Aβ plaque core, edge, or periphery, defined as 50, 100, and 150% of the plaque diameter, respectively, in human AD and transgenic mouse tissue were compared to age-matched human and wild-type mouse controls. The proportion of NF+ neurites exhibiting dystrophic morphology (DN) was significantly larger than the proportion of dystrophic CR+ neurites in both human AD and transgenic mice (p < 0.01). Additionally, the number of NF+, but not CR+, DNs, correlated with Aβ plaque size. We conclude that CR+ interneurons appear to be more resistant than NF+ neurons to AD-mediated cytoskeletal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Mitew
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Ghahghaei A, Bathaie SZ, Kheirkhah H, Bahraminejad E. The protective effect of crocin on the amyloid fibril formation of Aβ42 peptide in vitro. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2013; 18:328-39. [PMID: 23737042 PMCID: PMC6275581 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aβ is the main constituent of the amyloid plaque found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. There are two common isoforms of Aβ: the more common form, Aβ40, and the less common but more amyloidogenic form, Aβ42. Crocin is a carotenoid from the stigma of the saffron flower and it has many medicinal properties, including antioxidant effects. In this study, we examined the potential of crocin as a drug candidate against Aβ42 amyloid formation. The thioflavin T-binding assay and electron microscopy were used to examine the effects of crocin on the extension and disruption of Aβ42 amyloids. To further investigate the relationship between crocin and Aβ42 structure, we analyzed peptide conformation using the ANS-binding assay and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. An increase in the thioflavin T fluorescence intensity upon incubation revealed amyloid formation in Aβ42. It was found that crocin has the ability to prevent amyloid formation by decreasing the fluorescence intensity. Electron microscopy data also indicated that crocin decreased the amyloid fibril content of Aβ. The ANS-binding assay showed that crocin decreased the hydrophobic area in incubated Aβ42. CD spectroscopy results also showed that the peptide undergoes a structural change to α-helical and β-turn. Our study shows that the anti-amyloidogenic effect of crocin may be exerted not only by the inhibition of Aβ amyloid formation but also by the disruption of amyloid aggregates. Therefore, crocin could be essential in the search for therapies inhibiting aggregation or disrupting aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Ghahghaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.
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43
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Schiefer IT, Tapadar S, Litosh V, Siklos M, Scism R, Wijewickrama GT, Chandrasena EP, Sinha V, Tavassoli E, Brunsteiner M, Fa' M, Arancio O, Petukhov P, Thatcher GRJ. Design, synthesis, and optimization of novel epoxide incorporating peptidomimetics as selective calpain inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6054-68. [PMID: 23834438 DOI: 10.1021/jm4006719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the calcium-dependent cysteine protease calpain 1 (Cal1) is implicated as a primary or secondary pathological event in a wide range of illnesses and in neurodegenerative states, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). E-64 is an epoxide-containing natural product identified as a potent nonselective, calpain inhibitor, with demonstrated efficacy in animal models of AD. By use of E-64 as a lead, three successive generations of calpain inhibitors were developed using computationally assisted design to increase selectivity for Cal1. First generation analogues were potent inhibitors, effecting covalent modification of recombinant Cal1 catalytic domain (Cal1cat), demonstrated using LC-MS/MS. Refinement yielded second generation inhibitors with improved selectivity. Further library expansion and ligand refinement gave three Cal1 inhibitors, one of which was designed as an activity-based protein profiling probe. These were determined to be irreversible and selective inhibitors by kinetics studies comparing full length Cal1 with the general cysteine protease papain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T Schiefer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
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Mikosik A, Foerster J, Jasiulewicz A, Frąckowiak J, Colonna-Romano G, Bulati M, Buffa S, Martorana A, Caruso C, Bryl E, Witkowski JM. Expression of calpain-calpastatin system (CCS) member proteins in human lymphocytes of young and elderly individuals; pilot baseline data for the CALPACENT project. Immun Ageing 2013; 10:27. [PMID: 23835405 PMCID: PMC3707750 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitous system of regulatory, calcium-dependent, cytoplasmic proteases - calpains - and their endogenous inhibitor - calpastatin - is implicated in the proteolytic regulation of activation, proliferation, and apoptosis of many cell types. However, it has not been thoroughly studied in resting and activated human lymphocytes yet, especially in relation to the subjects' ageing process. The CALPACENT project is an international (Polish-Italian) project aiming at verifying the hypothesis of the role of calpains in the function of peripheral blood immune cells of Polish (Pomeranian) and Italian (Sicilian) centenarians, apparently relatively preserved in comparison to the general elderly population. In this preliminary report we aimed at establishing and comparing the baseline levels of expression of μ- and m-calpain and calpastatin in various, phenotypically defined, populations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes for healthy elderly Sicilians and Poles, as compared to these values observed in young cohort. RESULTS We have found significant differences in the expression of both μ- and m-calpain as well as calpastatin between various populations of peripheral blood lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+), both between the age groups compared and within them. Interestingly, significantly higher amounts of μ- and m-calpains but not of calpastatin could be demonstrated in the CD4+CD28- and CD8+CD28- lymphocytes of old subjects (but not in the cells of young individuals), as compared to their CD28+ counterparts. Finally, decreased expression of both calpains in the elderly T cells is not related to the accumulation of effector/memory (CD45RO+) cells in the latter, as the expression of both calpains does not differ significantly between the naïve and memory T cells, while is significantly lower for elderly lymphocytes if both populations are taken separately. CONCLUSIONS Observed differences in the amounts of CCS member proteins between various populations of lymphocytes of young and elderly subjects may participate in the impaired proliferative activity of these cells in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mikosik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Foerster
- Department of Social and Clinical Gerontology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 7, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Frąckowiak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Giuseppina Colonna-Romano
- Department of Biopathology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Bulati
- Department of Biopathology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvio Buffa
- Department of Biopathology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Martorana
- Department of Biopathology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Caruso
- Department of Biopathology and Medical and Forensic Biotechnologies (DIBIMEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewa Bryl
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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45
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Jin P, Choi DY, Hong JT. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity improves cognitive function in Tg2576 mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 39:852-7. [PMID: 23013130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.12000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. Deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide is a defining pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is involved in memory impairment. Evidence suggests that activation of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is related to Aβ accumulation. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an ERK inhibitor (U0126) on amyloidogenesis and cognitive function in Tg2576 mice. 2. Tg2576 mice were injected with U0126 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (1% dimethyl sulphoxide in sterile saline) once a day for 7 days and then cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. In addition, immunostaining, western blot analysis, ELISA and enzyme activity assays were used to examine the degree of Aβ deposition in the brains of Tg2576 mice. 3. Our results showed that U0126 attenuated memory impairment and inhibited Aβ deposition in the brains of Tg2576 mice. Further experiments revealed that the inhibition of Aβ deposition by U0126 was due to a reduction in β-secretase and amyloid precursor protein expression in the brains of U0126-treated Tg2576 mice. 4. These results suggest that the ERK pathway is associated with Aβ accumulation and consequent memory dysfunction in Tg2576 mice and that inhibition of the ERK pathway may be an appropriate intervention in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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46
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Begcevic I, Kosanam H, Martínez-Morillo E, Dimitromanolakis A, Diamandis P, Kuzmanov U, Hazrati LN, Diamandis EP. Semiquantitative proteomic analysis of human hippocampal tissues from Alzheimer's disease and age-matched control brains. Clin Proteomics 2013; 10:5. [PMID: 23635041 PMCID: PMC3648498 DOI: 10.1186/1559-0275-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia affecting people over 65 years of age. The hallmarks of AD are the extracellular deposits known as amyloid β plaques and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, both of which are the principal players involved in synaptic loss and neuronal cell death. Tau protein and Aβ fragment 1-42 have been investigated so far in cerebrospinal fluid as a potential AD biomarkers. However, an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers which will capture disease in the early stages and with better specificity remains. High-throughput proteomic and pathway analysis of hippocampal tissue provides a valuable source of disease-related proteins and biomarker candidates, since it represents one of the earliest affected brain regions in AD. RESULTS In this study 2954 proteins were identified (with at least 2 peptides for 1203 proteins) from both control and AD brain tissues. Overall, 204 proteins were exclusively detected in AD and 600 proteins in control samples. Comparing AD and control exclusive proteins with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) literature-based proteome, 40 out of 204 AD related proteins and 106 out of 600 control related proteins were also present in CSF. As most of these proteins were extracellular/secretory origin, we consider them as a potential source of candidate biomarkers that need to be further studied and verified in CSF samples. CONCLUSIONS Our semiquantitative proteomic analysis provides one of the largest human hippocampal proteome databases. The lists of AD and control related proteins represent a panel of proteins potentially involved in AD pathogenesis and could also serve as prospective AD diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilijana Begcevic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hari Kosanam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Morillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Apostolos Dimitromanolakis
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Uros Kuzmanov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lili-Naz Hazrati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 60 Murray St., Box 32, Floor 6, Rm. L6-201, Toronto, ON, M5T 3L9, Canada
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Yuan
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, NY 10962, USA.
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48
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Jin N, Qian W, Yin X, Zhang L, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I, Gong CX, Liu F. CREB regulates the expression of neuronal glucose transporter 3: a possible mechanism related to impaired brain glucose uptake in Alzheimer's disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3240-56. [PMID: 23341039 PMCID: PMC3597642 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired brain glucose uptake and metabolism precede the appearance of clinical symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD). Neuronal glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) is decreased in AD brain and correlates with tau pathology. However, what leads to the decreased GLUT3 is yet unknown. In this study, we found that the promoter of human GLUT3 contains three potential cAMP response element (CRE)-like elements, CRE1, CRE2 and CRE3. Overexpression of CRE-binding protein (CREB) or activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase significantly increased GLUT3 expression. CREB bound to the CREs and promoted luciferase expression driven by human GLUT3-promoter. Among the CREs, CRE2 and CRE3 were required for the promotion of GLUT3 expression. Full-length CREB was decreased and truncation of CREB was increased in AD brain. This truncation was correlated with calpain I activation in human brain. Further study demonstrated that calpain I proteolysed CREB at Gln28–Ala29 and generated a 41-kDa truncated CREB, which had less activity to promote GLUT3 expression. Importantly, human brain GLUT3 was correlated with full-length CREB positively and with activation of calpain I negatively. These findings suggest that overactivation of calpain I caused by calcium overload proteolyses CREB, resulting in a reduction of GLUT3 expression and consequently impairing glucose uptake and metabolism in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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49
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Tau protein kinases: involvement in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:289-309. [PMID: 22742992 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tau phosphorylation is regulated by a balance between tau kinase and phosphatase activities. Disruption of this equilibrium was suggested to be at the origin of abnormal tau phosphorylation and thereby might contribute to tau aggregation. Thus, understanding the regulation modes of tau phosphorylation is of high interest in determining the possible causes at the origin of the formation of tau aggregates in order to elaborate protection strategies to cope with these lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Among the possible and specific interventions that reverse tau phosphorylation is the inhibition of certain tau kinases. Here, we extensively reviewed tau protein kinases, their physiological roles and regulation, their involvement in tau phosphorylation and their relevance to AD. We also reviewed the most common inhibitory compounds acting on each tau kinase.
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50
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Torres M, Jimenez S, Sanchez-Varo R, Navarro V, Trujillo-Estrada L, Sanchez-Mejias E, Carmona I, Davila JC, Vizuete M, Gutierrez A, Vitorica J. Defective lysosomal proteolysis and axonal transport are early pathogenic events that worsen with age leading to increased APP metabolism and synaptic Abeta in transgenic APP/PS1 hippocampus. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:59. [PMID: 23173743 PMCID: PMC3575255 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axonal pathology might constitute one of the earliest manifestations of Alzheimer disease. Axonal dystrophies were observed in Alzheimer's patients and transgenic models at early ages. These axonal dystrophies could reflect the disruption of axonal transport and the accumulation of multiple vesicles at local points. It has been also proposed that dystrophies might interfere with normal intracellular proteolysis. In this work, we have investigated the progression of the hippocampal pathology and the possible implication in Abeta production in young (6 months) and aged (18 months) PS1(M146L)/APP(751sl) transgenic mice. RESULTS Our data demonstrated the existence of a progressive, age-dependent, formation of axonal dystrophies, mainly located in contact with congophilic Abeta deposition, which exhibited tau and neurofilament hyperphosphorylation. This progressive pathology was paralleled with decreased expression of the motor proteins kinesin and dynein. Furthermore, we also observed an early decrease in the activity of cathepsins B and D, progressing to a deep inhibition of these lysosomal proteases at late ages. This lysosomal impairment could be responsible for the accumulation of LC3-II and ubiquitinated proteins within axonal dystrophies. We have also investigated the repercussion of these deficiencies on the APP metabolism. Our data demonstrated the existence of an increase in the amyloidogenic pathway, which was reflected by the accumulation of hAPPfl, C99 fragment, intracellular Abeta in parallel with an increase in BACE and gamma-secretase activities. In vitro experiments, using APPswe transfected N2a cells, demonstrated that any imbalance on the proteolytic systems reproduced the in vivo alterations in APP metabolism. Finally, our data also demonstrated that Abeta peptides were preferentially accumulated in isolated synaptosomes. CONCLUSION A progressive age-dependent cytoskeletal pathology along with a reduction of lysosomal and, in minor extent, proteasomal activity could be directly implicated in the progressive accumulation of APP derived fragments (and Abeta peptides) in parallel with the increase of BACE-1 and gamma-secretase activities. This retard in the APP metabolism seemed to be directly implicated in the synaptic Abeta accumulation and, in consequence, in the pathology progression between synaptically connected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Torres
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Jimenez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Victoria Navarro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Irene Carmona
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Davila
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Sevilla, c/ Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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