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Pradhan S, Ali SA, Rachamalla M, Niyogi S, Datusalia AK. Oral arsenite exposure induces inflammation and apoptosis in pulmonary tissue: acute and chronic evaluation in young and adult mice. Biometals 2024; 37:587-607. [PMID: 38267778 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a well-known environmental toxicant, and exposure to this metalloid is strongly linked with severe and extensive toxic effects in various organs including the lungs. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the acute and chronic effects of arsenite exposure on pulmonary tissue in young and adult mice. In brief, young and adult female Balb/C mice were exposed to 3 and 30 ppm arsenite daily via drinking water for 30 and 90 days. Subsequently, the animals were sacrificed and various histological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed using lung tissues. Our findings showed arsenite was found to cause dose-dependent pathological changes such as thickening of the alveolar septum, inflammatory cell infiltrations and lung fibrosis in young and adult mice. In addition, arsenite exposure significantly increased the expression of inflammatory markers NF-κB and TNF-α, indicating that arsenite-exposed mice suffered from severe lung inflammation. Moreover, the IHC analysis of fibrotic proteins demonstrated an increased expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, vimentin and collagen-I in the arsenite-exposed mice compared to the control mice. This was accompanied by apoptosis, which was indicated by the upregulated expression of caspase-3 in arsenite-exposed mice compared to the control. Adult mice were generally found to be more prone to arsenite toxicity during chronic exposure relative to their younger counterparts. Overall, our findings suggest that arsenite in drinking water may induce dose-dependent and age-dependent structural and functional impairment in the lungs through elevating inflammation and fibrotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samata Pradhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
| | - Syed Afroz Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Som Niyogi
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Ashok Kumar Datusalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India.
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, 226002, India.
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Fetsko AR, Sebo DJ, Budzynski LB, Scharbarth A, Taylor MR. IL-1β disrupts the initiation of blood-brain barrier development by inhibiting endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling. iScience 2024; 27:109651. [PMID: 38638574 PMCID: PMC11025013 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
During neuroinflammation, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) impacts blood-brain barrier (BBB) function by disrupting brain endothelial tight junctions, promoting vascular permeability, and increasing transmigration of immune cells. Here, we examined the effects of Il-1β on the in vivo initiation of BBB development. We generated doxycycline-inducible transgenic zebrafish to secrete Il-1β in the CNS. To validate the utility of our model, we showed Il-1β dose-dependent mortality, recruitment of neutrophils, and expansion of microglia. Using live imaging, we discovered that Il-1β causes a significant reduction in CNS angiogenesis and barriergenesis. To demonstrate specificity, we rescued the Il-1β induced phenotypes by targeting the zebrafish il1r1 gene using CRISPR-Cas9. Mechanistically, we determined that Il-1β disrupts the initiation of BBB development by decreasing Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional activation in brain endothelial cells. Given that several neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with inflammation, our findings support further investigation into the connections between proinflammatory cytokines, neuroinflammation, and neurovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R. Fetsko
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Dylan J. Sebo
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lilyana B. Budzynski
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alli Scharbarth
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Michael R. Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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3
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Mishra P, Singh SC, Ramadass B. Drug resistant epilepsy and ketogenic diet: A narrative review of mechanisms of action. World Neurosurg X 2024; 22:100328. [PMID: 38444870 PMCID: PMC10914588 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) poses a significant global challenge, impacting the well-being of patients. Anti-epileptic drugs often fail to effectively control seizures in individuals with DRE. This condition not only leads to persistent seizures but also induces neurochemical imbalances, elevating the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy and comorbidities. Moreover, patients experience mood and personality alterations, educational and vocational setbacks, social isolation, and cognitive impairments. Ketogenic diet has emerged as a valuable therapeutic approach for DRE, having been utilized since 1920. Various types of ketogenic diets have demonstrated efficacy in controlling seizures. By having a multimodal mechanism of action, the ketogenic diet reduces neuronal excitability and the frequency of seizure episodes. In our narrative review, we have initially provided a concise overview of the factors contributing to drug resistance in epilepsy. Subsequently, we have discussed the different available ketogenic diets. We have reviewed the underlying mechanisms through which the ketogenic diet operates. These mechanisms encompass decreased neuronal excitability, enhanced mitochondrial function, alterations in sleep patterns, and modulation of the gut microbiome. Understanding the complex mechanisms by which this diet acts is essential as it is a rigorous diet and requires good compliance. Hence knowledge of the mechanisms may help to advance research on achieving similar therapeutic effects through other less stringent approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Mishra
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sajal Clarence Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Odisha, India
| | - Balamurugan Ramadass
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Zhu TT, Wang H, Liu PM, Gu HW, Pan WT, Zhao MM, Hashimoto K, Yang JJ. Clemastine-induced enhancement of hippocampal myelination alleviates memory impairment in mice with chronic pain. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106375. [PMID: 38092269 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic pain often experience memory impairment, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The myelin sheath is crucial for rapid and accurate action potential conduction, playing a pivotal role in the development of cognitive abilities in the central nervous system. The study reveals that myelin degradation occurs in the hippocampus of chronic constriction injury (CCI) mice, which display both chronic pain and memory impairment. Using fiber photometry, we observed diminished task-related neuronal activity in the hippocampus of CCI mice. Interestingly, the repeated administration with clemastine, which promotes myelination, counteracts the CCI-induced myelin loss and reduced neuronal activity. Notably, clemastine specifically ameliorates the impaired memory without affecting chronic pain in CCI mice. Overall, our findings highlight the significant role of myelin abnormalities in CCI-induced memory impairment, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for treating memory impairments associated with neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Pan-Miao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Han-Wen Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wei-Tong Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Korczeniewska OA, Husain S, Hoque M, Soteropoulos P, Khan J, Eliav E, Benoliel R. Time-Course Progression of Whole Transcriptome Expression Changes of Trigeminal Ganglia Compared to Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rats Exposed to Nerve Injury. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:101-117. [PMID: 37524222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain (NP) are complex with multiple genes, their interactions, environmental and epigenetic factors being implicated. Transcriptional changes in the trigeminal (TG) and dorsal root (DRG) ganglia have been implicated in the development and maintenance of NP. Despite efforts to unravel molecular mechanisms of NP, many remain unknown. Also, most of the studies focused on the spinal system. Although the spinal and trigeminal systems share some of the molecular mechanisms, differences exist. We used RNA-sequencing technology to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TG and DRG at baseline and 3 time points following the infraorbital or sciatic nerve injuries, respectively. Pathway analysis and comparison analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed pathways. Additionally, upstream regulator effects were investigated in the two systems. DEG (differentially expressed genes) analyses identified 3,225 genes to be differentially expressed between TG and DRG in naïve animals, 1,828 genes 4 days post injury, 5,644 at day 8 and 9,777 DEGs at 21 days postinjury. A comparison of top enriched canonical pathways revealed that a number of signaling pathway was significantly inhibited in the TG and activated in the DRG at 21 days postinjury. Finally, CORT upstream regulator was predicted to be inhibited in the TG while expression levels of the CSF1 upstream regulator were significantly elevated in the DRG at 21 days postinjury. This study provides a basis for further in-depth studies investigating transcriptional changes, pathways, and upstream regulation in TG and DRG in rats exposed to peripheral nerve injuries. PERSPECTIVE: Although trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia are homologs of each other, they respond differently to nerve injury and therefore treatment. Activation/inhibition of number of biological pathways appear to be ganglion/system specific suggesting that different approaches might be required to successfully treat neuropathies induced by injuries in spinal and trigeminal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Korczeniewska
- Center for Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Seema Husain
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, The Genomics Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Junad Khan
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Eli Eliav
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Rafael Benoliel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sourasky Medical Center, Ichilov, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Illes Z, Jørgensen MM, Bæk R, Bente LM, Lauridsen JT, Hyrlov KH, Aboo C, Baumbach J, Kacprowski T, Cotton F, Guttmann CRG, Stensballe A. New Enhancing MRI Lesions Associate with IL-17, Neutrophil Degranulation and Integrin Microparticles: Multi-Omics Combined with Frequent MRI in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3170. [PMID: 38137391 PMCID: PMC10740934 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-barrier (BBB) breakdown and active inflammation are hallmarks of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS), but the molecular events contributing to the development of new lesions are not well explored. Leaky endothelial junctions are associated with increased production of endothelial-derived extracellular microvesicles (EVs) and result in the entry of circulating immune cells into the brain. MRI with intravenous gadolinium (Gd) can visualize acute blood-barrier disruption as the initial event of the evolution of new lesions. METHODS Here, weekly MRI with Gd was combined with proteomics, multiplex immunoassay, and endothelial stress-optimized EV array to identify early markers related to BBB disruption. Five patients with RMS with no disease-modifying treatment were monitored weekly using high-resolution 3T MRI scanning with intravenous gadolinium (Gd) for 8 weeks. Patients were then divided into three groups (low, medium, or high MRI activity) defined by the number of new, total, and maximally enhancing Gd-enhancing lesions and the number of new FLAIR lesions. Plasma samples taken at each MRI were analyzed for protein biomarkers of inflammation by quantitative proteomics, and cytokines using multiplex immunoassays. EVs were characterized with an optimized endothelial stress EV array based on exosome surface protein markers for the detection of soluble secreted EVs. RESULTS Proteomics analysis of plasma yielded quantitative information on 208 proteins at each patient time point (n = 40). We observed the highest number of unique dysregulated proteins (DEPs) and the highest functional enrichment in the low vs. high MRI activity comparison. Complement activation and complement/coagulation cascade were also strongly overrepresented in the low vs. high MRI activity comparison. Activation of the alternative complement pathway, pathways of blood coagulation, extracellular matrix organization, and the regulation of TLR and IGF transport were unique for the low vs. high MRI activity comparison as well, with these pathways being overrepresented in the patient with high MRI activity. Principal component analysis indicated the individuality of plasma profiles in patients. IL-17 was upregulated at all time points during 8 weeks in patients with high vs. low MRI activity. Hierarchical clustering of soluble markers in the plasma indicated that all four MRI outcomes clustered together with IL-17, IL-12p70, and IL-1β. MRI outcomes also showed clustering with EV markers CD62E/P, MIC A/B, ICAM-1, and CD42A. The combined cluster of these cytokines, EV markers, and MRI outcomes clustered also with IL-12p40 and IL-7. All four MRI outcomes correlated positively with levels of IL-17 (p < 0.001, respectively), and EV-ICAM-1 (p < 0.0003, respectively). IL-1β levels positively correlated with the number of new Gd-enhancing lesions (p < 0.01), new FLAIR lesions (p < 0.001), and total number of Gd-enhancing lesions (p < 0.05). IL-6 levels positively correlated with the number of new FLAIR lesions (p < 0.05). Random Forests and linear mixed models identified IL-17, CCL17/TARC, CCL3/MIP-1α, and TNF-α as composite biomarkers predicting new lesion evolution. CONCLUSIONS Combination of serial frequent MRI with proteome, neuroinflammation markers, and protein array data of EVs enabled assessment of temporal changes in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in RMS related to the evolution of new and enhancing lesions. Particularly, the Th17 pathway and IL-1β clustered and correlated with new lesions and Gd enhancement, indicating their importance in BBB disruption and initiating acute brain inflammation in MS. In addition to the Th17 pathway, abundant protein changes between MRI activity groups suggested the role of EVs and the coagulation system along with innate immune responses including acute phase proteins, complement components, and neutrophil degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Brain Research—Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Rikke Bæk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.M.J.); (R.B.)
| | - Lisa-Marie Bente
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (L.-M.B.); (T.K.)
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre for Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jørgen T. Lauridsen
- Department of Business and Economics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Kirsten H. Hyrlov
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christopher Aboo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101408 Beijing, China
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
- Institute for Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (L.-M.B.); (T.K.)
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre for Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Francois Cotton
- Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, France/CREATIS, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | | | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
- Clinical Cancer Center, Aalborg University Hospital, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Abdelmoaty MM, Lu E, Kadry R, Foster EG, Bhattarai S, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Clinical biomarkers for Lewy body diseases. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:209. [PMID: 37964309 PMCID: PMC10644566 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by pathologic aggregates of neural and glial α-synuclein (α-syn) in the form of Lewy bodies (LBs), Lewy neurites, and cytoplasmic inclusions in both neurons and glia. Two major classes of synucleinopathies are LB disease and multiple system atrophy. LB diseases include Parkinson's disease (PD), PD with dementia, and dementia with LBs. All are increasing in prevalence. Effective diagnostics, disease-modifying therapies, and therapeutic monitoring are urgently needed. Diagnostics capable of differentiating LB diseases are based on signs and symptoms which might overlap. To date, no specific diagnostic test exists despite disease-specific pathologies. Diagnostics are aided by brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid evaluations, but more accessible biomarkers remain in need. Mechanisms of α-syn evolution to pathologic oligomers and insoluble fibrils can provide one of a spectrum of biomarkers to link complex neural pathways to effective therapies. With these in mind, we review promising biomarkers linked to effective disease-modifying interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Eugene Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Rana Kadry
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Emma G Foster
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Shaurav Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Sun W, Wang Q, Zhang R, Zhang N. Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and induces conversion of M1 microglia to M2 in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis by regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibiting HDAC3 and P2X7R activation. Food Funct 2023; 14:7247-7269. [PMID: 37466915 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS); severe symptoms lead MS patients to use complementary treatments. Ketogenic diet (KD) shows wide neuroprotective effects, but the precise mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of KD in MS are unclear. The present study established a continuous 24 days experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model with or without KD. The changes in motor function, pathological hallmarks of EAE, the status of microglia, neuroinflammatory response and intracellular signaling pathways in mice were detected by the rotarod test, histological analysis, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Our results showed that KD could prevent motor deficiency, reduce clinical scores, inhibit demyelination, improve pathological lesions and suppress microglial activation in the spinal cord of EAE mice. Meanwhile, KD shifted microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotype and modified the inflammatory milieu by downregulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as upregulating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β. Furthermore, KD decreased the expression levels of CCL2, CCR2, CCL3, CCR1, CCR5, CXCL10 and CXCR3 in the spinal cord and spleen with reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the CNS. In addition, KD inhibits NLRP3 activation in the microglia, as revealed by the significantly decreased co-expression of NLRP3+ and Iba-1+ in the KD + EAE group. Further studies demonstrated that KD suppresses inflammatory response and M1 microglial polarization by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, the JAK1/STAT1 pathway, HDAC3 and P2X7R activation, as well as up-regulation of JAK3/STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China.
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Cui YR, Bu ZQ, Yu HY, Yan LL, Feng J. Emodin attenuates inflammation and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1535-1541. [PMID: 36571359 PMCID: PMC10075100 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.358612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin, a substance extracted from herbs such as rhubarb, has a protective effect on the central nervous system. However, the potential therapeutic effect of emodin in the context of multiple sclerosis remains unknown. In this study, a rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was established by immune induction to simulate multiple sclerosis, and the rats were intraperitoneally injected with emodin (20 mg/kg/d) from the day of immune induction until they were sacrificed. In this model, the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the microglia exacerbated neuroinflammation, playing an important role in the development of multiple sclerosis. In addition, silent information regulator of transcription 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha coactivator (PGC-1α) was found to inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and SIRT1 activation reduced disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Furthermore, treatment with emodin decreased body weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination, reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inhibited microglial aggregation and activation, decreased the levels of NLRP3 signaling pathway molecules, and increased the expression of SIRT1 and PGC-1α. These findings suggest that emodin improves the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, possibly through regulating the SIRT1/PGC-1α/NLRP3 signaling pathway and inhibiting microglial inflammation. These findings provide experimental evidence for treatment of multiple sclerosis with emodin, enlarging the scope of clinical application for emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ran Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhong-Qi Bu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hai-Yang Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li-Li Yan
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Wu D, Wang J, Huang C, Zhao J, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. Interleukin-1β suppresses rabies virus infection by activating cGAS-STING pathway and compromising the blood-brain barrier integrity in mice. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109708. [PMID: 36857805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is an ancient zoonotic disease that severely threatens the public health throughout the world. Previous study indicated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays an important role in RABV infection. However, the mechanism how IL-1β affects RABV pathogenicity is still unknown yet. In this study, we confirmed that IL-1β was able to reduce viral titers of RABV in different cells, and the recombinant RABV expressing IL-1β, designated as rCVS-IL1β, could be suppressed in different cells due to the expression of IL-1β. Furthermore, the survival rates of mice infected with rCVS-IL1β by intramuscular route was significantly higher than those of mice infected with parent virus rCVS, which is associated with the less viral loads for entry into the central nervous system (CNS). We further characterized that the cGAS-STING pathway was activated in rCVS-IL1β infected bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC), which could contribute to the decreased viral loads of RABV after intramuscular infection. Moreover, we also observed that the expression of IL-1β by rCVS-IL1β could compromise the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity by degrading the tight junction proteins, which allowing peripheral inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CD4+T cells to enter into the brain for the clearance of RABV in the CNS. Together, our study suggests that IL-1β could attenuate RABV pathogenicity through activating cGAS-STING pathway in to decrease the viral entry into the CNS and enhance the BBB permeability to promote RABV clearance in the CNS as well, which provides new insight into developing effective therapeutics for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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11
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Chen HY, Zhao Y, Xie YZ. Immunosenescence of brain accelerates Alzheimer's disease progression. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:85-101. [PMID: 35791032 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are sporadic and occur after age 65. With prolonged life expectancy and general population aging, AD is becoming a significant public health concern. The immune system supports brain development, plasticity, and homeostasis, yet it is particularly vulnerable to aging-related changes. Aging of the immune system, called immunosenescence, is the multifaceted remodeling of the immune system during aging. Immunosenescence is a contributing factor to various age-related diseases, including AD. Age-related changes in brain immune cell phenotype and function, crosstalk between immune cells and neural cells, and neuroinflammation work together to promote neurodegeneration and age-related cognitive impairment. Although numerous studies have confirmed the correlation between systemic immune changes and AD, few studies focus on the immune state of brain microenvironment in aging and AD. This review mainly addresses the changes of brain immune microenvironment in aging and AD. Specifically, we delineate how various aspects of the brain immune microenvironment, including immune gateways, immune cells, and molecules, and the interplay between immune cells and neural cells, accelerate AD pathogenesis during aging. We also propose a theoretical framework of therapeutic strategies selectively targeting the different mechanisms to restore brain immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Yu Chen
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Xie
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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12
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Chronic Fatigue, Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Long COVID Are Strongly Predicted by Neuroimmune and Neuro-Oxidative Pathways Which Are Caused by the Inflammation during Acute Infection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020511. [PMID: 36675440 PMCID: PMC9865328 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term coronavirus disease 2019 (long COVID) is associated with physio-somatic (chronic fatigue syndrome and somatic symptoms) and affective (depression and anxiety) symptoms. The severity of the long COVID physio-affective phenome is largely predicted by increased peak body temperature (BT) and lowered oxygen saturation (SpO2) during the acute infectious phase. This study aims to delineate whether the association of BT and SpO2 during the acute phase and the long COVID physio-affective phenome is mediated by neurotoxicity (NT) resulting from activated immune-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. METHODS We recruited 86 patients with long COVID (3-4 months after the acute phase) and 39 healthy controls and assessed serum C-reactive protein (CRP), caspase 1, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-18, IL-10, myeloperoxidase (MPO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and calcium (Ca), as well as peak BT and SpO2 during the acute phase. RESULTS Cluster analysis revealed that a significant part (34.9%) of long COVID patients (n = 30) show a highly elevated NT index as computed based on IL-1β, IL-18, caspase 1, CRP, MPO, and AOPPs. Partial least squares analysis showed that 61.6% of the variance in the physio-affective phenome of long COVID could be explained by the NT index, lowered Ca, and peak BT/SpO2 in the acute phase and prior vaccinations with AstraZeneca or Pfizer. The most important predictors of the physio-affective phenome are Ca, CRP, IL-1β, AOPPs, and MPO. CONCLUSION The infection-immune-inflammatory core of acute COVID-19 strongly predicts the development of physio-affective symptoms 3-4 months later, and these effects are partly mediated by neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways.
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13
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Jiang H, Zhang Y, Yue J, Shi Y, Xiao B, Xiao W, Luo Z. Non-coding RNAs: The Neuroinflammatory Regulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2022; 13:929290. [PMID: 36034298 PMCID: PMC9414873 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.929290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common indication of nervous system diseases, neuroinflammation has attracted more and more attention, especially in the process of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Two types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are widely involved in the process of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, namely long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, no research has systematically summarized that lncRNAs and miRNAs regulate neurodegenerative diseases through neuroinflammatory mechanisms. In this study, we summarize four main mechanisms of lncRNAs and miRNAs involved in neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, including the imbalance between proinflammatory and neuroprotective cells in microglia and astrocytes, NLRP3 inflammasome, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory mediators. We hope to clarify the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs and miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases and provide new insights into the etiological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Yue
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuchen Shi
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbiao Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbiao Xiao
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Zhaohui Luo
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14
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Sušjan-Leite P, Ramuta TŽ, Boršić E, Orehek S, Hafner-Bratkovič I. Supramolecular organizing centers at the interface of inflammation and neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940969. [PMID: 35979366 PMCID: PMC9377691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involves the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. These deposits are both directly toxic to neurons, invoking loss of cell connectivity and cell death, and recognized by innate sensors that upon activation release neurotoxic cytokines, chemokines, and various reactive species. This neuroinflammation is propagated through signaling cascades where activated sensors/receptors, adaptors, and effectors associate into multiprotein complexes known as supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs). This review provides a comprehensive overview of the SMOCs, involved in neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, such as myddosomes, inflammasomes, and necrosomes, their assembly, and evidence for their involvement in common neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the multifaceted role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neurodegeneration. Recent progress in the understanding of particular SMOC participation in common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease offers novel therapeutic strategies for currently absent disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sušjan-Leite
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Taja Železnik Ramuta
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elvira Boršić
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Orehek
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iva Hafner-Bratkovič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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15
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Cui Y, Yu H, Bu Z, Wen L, Yan L, Feng J. Focus on the Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:894298. [PMID: 35694441 PMCID: PMC9175009 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.894298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is initiated with an aberrant innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in many neurological diseases. Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein complexes that can be used as platforms to induce the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis, thus playing a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. Among the inflammasomes, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is well-characterized and contributes to many neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and ischemic stroke. MS is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS, and its hallmarks include chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Studies have demonstrated a relationship between MS and the NLRP3 inflammasome. To date, the pathogenesis of MS is not fully understood, and clinical studies on novel therapies are still underway. Here, we review the activation mechanism of the NLRP3 inflammasome, its role in MS, and therapies targeting related molecules, which may be beneficial in MS.
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16
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Fields JA, Swinton MK, Montilla-Perez P, Ricciardelli E, Telese F. The Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist, WIN-55212-2, Suppresses the Activation of Proinflammatory Genes Induced by Interleukin 1 Beta in Human Astrocytes. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:78-92. [PMID: 33998879 PMCID: PMC8864424 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alterations of astrocyte function play a crucial role in neuroinflammatory diseases due to either the loss of their neuroprotective role or the gain of their toxic inflammatory properties. Accumulating evidence highlights that cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptor agonists, such as WIN55,212-2 (WIN), reduce inflammation in cellular and animal models. Thus, the endocannabinoid system has become an attractive target to attenuate chronic inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanism of action of WIN in astrocytes remains poorly understood. Objective: We studied the immunosuppressive property of WIN by examining gene expression patterns that were modulated by WIN in reactive astrocytes. Materials and Methods: Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq was carried out using primary human astrocyte cultures stimulated by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) in the presence or absence of WIN. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was conducted on selected transcripts to characterize the dose-response effects of WIN, and to test the effect of selective antagonists of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). Results: Transcriptomic analysis showed that the IL1β-induced inflammatory response is robustly inhibited by WIN pretreatment. WIN treatment alone also induced substantial gene expression changes. Pathway analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory properties of WIN were linked to the regulation of kinase pathways and gene targets of neuroprotective transcription factors, including PPAR and SMAD (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog). The inhibitory effect of WIN was dose-dependent, but it was not affected by selective antagonists of CB1 or PPAR. Conclusions: This study suggests that targeting the endocannabinoid system may be a promising strategy to disrupt inflammatory pathways in reactive astrocytes. The anti-inflammatory activity of WIN is independent of CB1, suggesting that alternative receptors mediate the effects of WIN. These results provide mechanistic insights into the anti-inflammatory activity of WIN and highlight that astrocytes are a potential therapeutic target to ameliorate neuroinflammation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mary K. Swinton
- Department of Psychiatry and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Eugenia Ricciardelli
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Francesca Telese
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,*Address correspondence to: Francesca Telese, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 93093, USA,
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17
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Song R, Han S, Gao H, Jiang H, Li X. Crocin alleviates cognitive impairment associated with atherosclerosis via improving neuroinflammation in LDLR -/- mice fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1284-1296. [PMID: 35084779 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Crocin has been extensively investigated in treating neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effect on cognitive impairment associated with atherosclerosis remains unknown. The present study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of crocin on cognitive impairment in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. LDLR-/- mice fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet were administered variable-dose crocin for 56 days through gavage. Biochemical tests showed that serum triglycerides and circulating lipopolysaccharide decreased in mice treated with crocin. Behavioral tests indicated that crocin alleviated cognitive impairment by reducing latency to the platform and increasing the swimming distance in the target quadrant. This mechanism might be associated with crocin inhibiting Aβ deposition by decreasing Aβ1-42 and tau phosphorylation. Crocin improved neuroinflammation by inhibiting the increase in reactive microglia and astrocytes, weakening NLRP3 inflammasome activation accompanied by a reduction in Caspase-1 and IL-1β, and blocking TLR4 signaling accompanied by a decrease in NF-kB p65 and MyD88. In addition, crocin raised the protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin. These findings provide experimental support that crocin attenuates cognitive impairment associated with atherosclerosis by repressing neuroinflammation, which is attributed to its suppression on the activation of microglia and astrocytes, and the production of inflammatory cytokines via targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shufen Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Silva BA, Farías MI, Miglietta EA, Leal MC, Ávalos JC, Pitossi FJ, Ferrari CC. Understanding the role of the blood brain barrier and peripheral inflammation on behavior and pathology on ongoing confined cortical lesions. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 57:103346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Wang P, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhong H, Wang H, Li J, Zhu G, Xia P, Cui L, Li J, Dong J, Gao Q, Meng X. Colibactin in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli contributes to the development of meningitis in a mouse model. Virulence 2021; 12:2382-2399. [PMID: 34529552 PMCID: PMC8451452 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1972538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Colibactin is synthesized by a 54-kb genomic island, leads to toxicity in eukaryotic cells, and plays a vital role in many diseases, including neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is speculated to be an armory of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli and can be a potential zoonotic bacterium that threatens human and animal health. In this study, the APEC XM meningitis mouse model was successfully established to investigate the effect of colibactin in in vivo infection. The clbH-deletion mutant strain induced lower γ-H2AX expression, no megalocytosis, and no cell cycle arrest in bEnd.3 cells, which showed that the deletion of clbH decreased the production of colibactin in the APEC XM strain. The deletion of clbH did not affect the APEC XM strain’s ability of adhering to and invading bEnd.3 cells. In vitro, the non-colibactin-producing strain displayed significantly lower serum resistance and it also induced a lower level of cytokine mRNA and few disruptions of tight junction proteins in infected bEnd.3 cells. Meningitis did not occur in APEC ΔclbH-infected mice in vivo, who showed fewer clinical symptoms and fewer lesions on radiological and histopathological analyses. Compared with the APEX XM strain, APEC ΔclbH induced lower bacterial colonization in tissues, lower mRNA expression of cytokines in brain tissues, and slight destruction of the brain blood barrier. These results indicate that clbH is a necessary component for the synthesis of genotoxic colibactin, and colibactin is related to the development of meningitis induced by APEC XM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Yanfei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Haoran Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Qingqing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
| | - Xia Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou
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20
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Muscat SM, Barrientos RM. The Perfect Cytokine Storm: How Peripheral Immune Challenges Impact Brain Plasticity & Memory Function in Aging. Brain Plast 2021; 7:47-60. [PMID: 34631420 PMCID: PMC8461734 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-210127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precipitous declines in cognitive function can occur in older individuals following a variety of peripheral immune insults, such as surgery, infection, injury, and unhealthy diet. Aging is associated with numerous changes to the immune system that shed some light on why this abrupt cognitive deterioration may occur. Normally, peripheral-to-brain immune signaling is tightly regulated and advantageous; communication between the two systems is bi-directional, via either humoral or neural routes. Following an immune challenge, production, secretion, and translocation of cytokines into the brain is critical to the development of adaptive sickness behaviors. However, aging is normally associated with neuroinflammatory priming, notably microglial sensitization. Microglia are the brain's innate immune cells and become sensitized with advanced age, such that upon immune stimulation they will mount more exaggerated neuroimmune responses. The resultant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, namely IL-1β, has profound effects on synaptic plasticity and, consequentially, cognition. In this review, we (1) investigate the processes which lead to aberrantly elevated inflammatory cytokine expression in the aged brain and (2) examine the impact of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β on brain plasticity mechanisms, including its effects on BDNF, AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Muscat
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruth M Barrientos
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, Discovery Themes Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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Sepehrinezhad A, Gorji A, Sahab Negah S. SARS-CoV-2 may trigger inflammasome and pyroptosis in the central nervous system: a mechanistic view of neurotropism. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1049-1059. [PMID: 34241783 PMCID: PMC8266993 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can enter the central nervous system and cause several neurological manifestations. Data from cerebrospinal fluid analyses and postmortem samples have been shown that SARS-CoV-2 has neuroinvasive properties. Therefore, ongoing studies have focused on mechanisms involved in neurotropism and neural injuries of SARS-CoV-2. The inflammasome is a part of the innate immune system that is responsible for the secretion and activation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-18. Since cytokine storm has been known as a major mechanism followed by SARS-CoV-2, inflammasome may trigger an inflammatory form of lytic programmed cell death (pyroptosis) following SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to associated neurological complications. We reviewed and discussed the possible role of inflammasome and its consequence pyroptosis following coronavirus infections as potential mechanisms of neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2. Further studies, particularly postmortem analysis of brain samples obtained from COVID-19 patients, can shed light on the possible role of the inflammasome in neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Iranian Chapter, SBMT, Los Angeles, USA.
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22
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Wei L, Xue Z, Lan B, Yuan S, Li Y, Guo C, Zhang R, Ding R, Shen H. Arctigenin Exerts Neuroprotective Effect by Ameliorating Cortical Activities in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo. Front Immunol 2021; 12:691590. [PMID: 34349758 PMCID: PMC8327179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.691590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease in the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by inflammatory cells that invade into the brain and the spinal cord. Among a bulk of different MS models, the most widely used and best understood rodent model is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Arctigenin, a botanical extract from Arctium lappa, is reported to exhibit pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. However, the effects of arctigenin on neural activity attacked by inflammation in MS are still unclear. Here, we use two-photon calcium imaging to observe the activity of somatosensory cortex neurons in awake EAE mice in vivo and found added hyperactive cells, calcium influx, network connectivity, and synchronization, mainly at preclinical stage of EAE model. Besides, more silent cells and decreased calcium influx and reduced network synchronization accompanied by a compensatory rise in functional connectivity are found at the remission stage. Arctigenin treatment not only restricts inordinate individually neural spiking, calcium influx, and network activity at preclinical stage but also restores neuronal activity and communication at remission stage. In addition, we confirm that the frequency of AMPA receptor-mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) is also increased at preclinical stage and can be blunted by arctigenin. These findings suggest that excitotoxicity characterized by calcium influx is involved in EAE at preclinical stage. What is more, arctigenin exerts neuroprotective effect by limiting hyperactivity at preclinical stage and ameliorates EAE symptoms, indicating that arctigenin could be a potential therapeutic drug for neuroprotection in MS-related neuropsychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangpeng Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baihui Lan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Innovation Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Cunle Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Research Institute of Neurology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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23
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Chun BY, Kim JH, Jung YK, Choi YS, Kim G, Yonezawa T, Suk K. Protective Role of Limitrin in Experimental Autoimmune Optic Neuritis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:8. [PMID: 34232258 PMCID: PMC8267184 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the role of limitrin in the pathogenesis of demyelinating optic neuritis using an experimental autoimmune optic neuritis (EAON) model. Methods EAON was induced in mice via subcutaneous injection with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. Limitrin protein and mRNA expression were examined in the optic nerve before and after EAON induction. Proinflammatory cytokine expression profiles and degree of glial activation were compared between wild-type (WT) and limitrin knockout mice by real-time PCR and histologic analysis, respectively, after EAON induction. Plasma limitrin levels in patients with optic neuritis and healthy controls were measured by ELISA. Results Limitrin expression, observed in astrocytes in the optic nerve of WT mice, was lower in EAON-induced than in naïve WT mice. A comparative analysis of WT and limitrin knockout mice revealed that limitrin deficiency induced more severe neuroinflammation and glial hyperactivation in the optic nerve after EAON induction. Limitrin-deficient astrocytes were more chemotactically responsive to neuroinflammatory stimulation than WT astrocytes. Patients with optic neuritis demonstrated higher plasma limitrin levels than healthy controls (P = 0.0001), which was negatively correlated with visual acuity at the nadir of the optic neuritis attack (r = 0.46, P = 0.036). Conclusions Limitrin deficiency induced severe neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis in the optic nerve after EAON induction. Our results imply that astrocyte-derived limitrin may protect against neuroinflammation by decreasing immune cell infiltration into the optic nerve. The plasma limitrin level may reflect the extent of blood–brain barrier disruption and provide a valuable biomarker reflecting the severity of optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Young Chun
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youn-Kwan Jung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- Fatima Research Institute, Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tomoko Yonezawa
- Gradulate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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24
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Klejbor I, Shimshek DR, Klimaszewska-Łata J, Velasco-Estevez M, Moryś J, Karaszewski B, Szutowicz A, Rutkowska A. EBI2 is expressed in glial cells in multiple sclerosis lesions, and its knock-out modulates remyelination in the cuprizone model. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5173-5188. [PMID: 34145920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
EBI2 receptor regulates the immune system, and in multiple, sclerosis is upregulated in the central nervous system infiltrating lymphocytes. In newborn EBI2-deficient mice, myelin development is delayed, and its persistent antagonism inhibits remyelination in chemically demyelinated organotypic cerebellar slices. We used the cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis to elucidate the role of central nervous system-expressed EBI2 in de- and remyelination. The wild-type and EBI2 knock-out mice were fed 0.2% cuprizone in chow for 5 weeks and allowed to recover on a normal diet for 2 weeks. The data showed less efficient recovery of myelin, attenuated oligodendrocyte loss, fewer astrocytes and increased total cholesterol levels in the EBI2 knock-out mice after recovery. Moreover, the wild-type mice upregulated EBI2 expression after recovery confirming the involvement of EBI2 signalling during recovery from demyelination in the cuprizone model. The pro-inflammatory cytokine levels were at comparable levels in the wild-type and EBI2 knock-out mice, with only minor differences in TNFα and IL1β levels either at peak or during recovery. The neuroinflammatory signalling molecules, Abl1 kinase and NFКB1 (p105/p50) subunit, were significantly downregulated in the EBI2 knock-out mice at peak of disease. Immunohistochemical investigations of EBI2 receptor distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain revealed strong expression of EBI2 in astrocytes and microglia inside the plaques implicating glia-expressed EBI2 in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the involvement of EBI2 signalling in the recovery from demyelination rather than in demyelination and as such warrant further research into the role of EBI2 in remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Klejbor
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Janusz Moryś
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Karaszewski
- Division of Neurology, Department of Adult Neurology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Szutowicz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rutkowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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25
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Links between Immune Cells from the Periphery and the Brain in the Pathogenesis of Epilepsy: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094395. [PMID: 33922369 PMCID: PMC8122797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the pathogenesis of epilepsy is linked to neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Peripheral immune cell invasion into the brain, along with these responses, is implicitly involved in epilepsy. This review explored the current literature on the association between the peripheral and central nervous systems in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, and highlights novel research directions for therapeutic interventions targeting these reactions. Previous experimental and human studies have demonstrated the activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain. The time required for monocytes (responsible for innate immunity) and T cells (involved in acquired immunity) to invade the central nervous system after a seizure varies. Moreover, the time between the leakage associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) failure and the infiltration of these cells varies. This suggests that cell infiltration is not merely a secondary disruptive event associated with BBB failure, but also a non-disruptive event facilitated by various mediators produced by the neurovascular unit consisting of neurons, perivascular astrocytes, microglia, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Moreover, genetic manipulation has enabled the differentiation between peripheral monocytes and resident microglia, which was previously considered difficult. Thus, the evidence suggests that peripheral monocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of seizures.
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26
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Lu H, Wu PF, Zhang W, Liao X. Circulating Interleukins and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647588. [PMID: 33936066 PMCID: PMC8081970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research have implicated critical roles of systemic inflammation in the development of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). But the causal relationship between interleukins (ILs) and MS has not been fully elucidated. Objective In this study, we applied Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches to address the causal associations between genetically determined circulating levels of ILs and the risk of MS. Methods Genetic instruments for circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-2 receptor α subunit (IL-2Rα), IL-6, IL-16, IL-17, and IL-18 were obtained from recently published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Summary-level data for MS were obtained from the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium. MR analyses were performed using the R software (version 3.6.1, The R Foundation) and the TwoSampleMR package. Results Genetic predisposition to higher circulating levels of IL-2Rα were significantly associated with MS risk. The odds ratio (OR) was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12-1.32; p < 0.001) per one standard deviation increase in circulating IL-2Rα levels. There was a suggestive association of circulating IL-1Ra with MS risk (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99; p = 0.027). The other ILs were not associated with the outcome. Conclusion Our results indicated that circulating IL-2Rα was causally associated with risk of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaoyao Liao
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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27
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Winkler A, Wrzos C, Haberl M, Weil MT, Gao M, Möbius W, Odoardi F, Thal DR, Chang M, Opdenakker G, Bennett JL, Nessler S, Stadelmann C. Blood-brain barrier resealing in neuromyelitis optica occurs independently of astrocyte regeneration. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:141694. [PMID: 33645550 DOI: 10.1172/jci141694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 80% of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients harbor serum anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibodies targeting astrocytes in the CNS. Crucial for NMOSD lesion initiation is disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which allows the entrance of Abs and serum complement into the CNS and which is a target for new NMOSD therapies. Astrocytes have important functions in BBB maintenance; however, the influence of their loss and the role of immune cell infiltration on BBB permeability in NMOSD have not yet been investigated. Using an experimental model of targeted NMOSD lesions in rats, we demonstrate that astrocyte destruction coincides with a transient disruption of the BBB and a selective loss of occludin from tight junctions. It is noteworthy that BBB integrity is reestablished before astrocytes repopulate. Rather than persistent astrocyte loss, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the main mediators of BBB disruption, and their depletion preserves BBB integrity and prevents astrocyte loss. Inhibition of PMN chemoattraction, activation, and proteolytic function reduces lesion size. In summary, our data support a crucial role for PMNs in BBB disruption and NMOSD lesion development, rendering their recruitment and activation promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Haberl
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Weil
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, and Department of Pathology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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28
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Nian K, Harding IC, Herman IM, Ebong EE. Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Ischemic Stroke and Its Regulation by Endothelial Mechanotransduction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:605398. [PMID: 33424628 PMCID: PMC7793645 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.605398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a major cause of mortality in the United States, often contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB along with its supportive cells, collectively referred to as the “neurovascular unit,” is the brain’s multicellular microvasculature that bi-directionally regulates the transport of blood, ions, oxygen, and cells from the circulation into the brain. It is thus vital for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. BBB disruption, which is associated with the altered expression of tight junction proteins and BBB transporters, is believed to exacerbate brain injury caused by ischemic stroke and limits the therapeutic potential of current clinical therapies, such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial mechanobiology, the conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals, helps regulate function of the peripheral vasculature and may similarly maintain BBB integrity. For example, the endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), a glycoprotein-proteoglycan layer extending into the lumen of bloods vessel, is abundantly expressed on endothelial cells of the BBB and has been shown to regulate BBB permeability. In this review, we will focus on our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BBB damage after ischemic stroke, highlighting current and potential future novel pharmacological strategies for BBB protection and recovery. Finally, we will address the current knowledge of endothelial mechanotransduction in BBB maintenance, specifically focusing on a potential role of the endothelial GCX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Nian
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ian C Harding
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ira M Herman
- Department of Development, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Innovations in Wound Healing Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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29
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Löscher W, Potschka H, Sisodiya SM, Vezzani A. Drug Resistance in Epilepsy: Clinical Impact, Potential Mechanisms, and New Innovative Treatment Options. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:606-638. [PMID: 32540959 PMCID: PMC7300324 DOI: 10.1124/pr.120.019539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurologic disorder that affects over 70 million people worldwide. Despite the availability of over 20 antiseizure drugs (ASDs) for symptomatic treatment of epileptic seizures, about one-third of patients with epilepsy have seizures refractory to pharmacotherapy. Patients with such drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) have increased risks of premature death, injuries, psychosocial dysfunction, and a reduced quality of life, so development of more effective therapies is an urgent clinical need. However, the various types of epilepsy and seizures and the complex temporal patterns of refractoriness complicate the issue. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of DRE are not fully understood, though recent work has begun to shape our understanding more clearly. Experimental models of DRE offer opportunities to discover, characterize, and challenge putative mechanisms of drug resistance. Furthermore, such preclinical models are important in developing therapies that may overcome drug resistance. Here, we will review the current understanding of the molecular, genetic, and structural mechanisms of ASD resistance and discuss how to overcome this problem. Encouragingly, better elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning epilepsies and drug resistance by concerted preclinical and clinical efforts have recently enabled a revised approach to the development of more promising therapies, including numerous potential etiology-specific drugs (“precision medicine”) for severe pediatric (monogenetic) epilepsies and novel multitargeted ASDs for acquired partial epilepsies, suggesting that the long hoped-for breakthrough in therapy for as-yet ASD-resistant patients is a feasible goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany (W.L.); Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany (H.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (S.S); and Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milano, Italy (A.V.)
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30
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Abstract
AbstractEpilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that has an extensive impact on a patient’s life. Accumulating evidence has suggested that inflammation participates in the progression of spontaneous and recurrent seizures. Pro-convulsant incidences can stimulate immune cells, augment the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, elicit neuronal excitation as well as blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and finally trigger the generation or recurrence of seizures. Understanding the pathogenic roles of inflammatory mediators, including inflammatory cytokines, cells, and BBB, in epileptogenesis will be beneficial for the treatment of epilepsy. In this systematic review, we performed a literature search on the PubMed database using the following keywords: “epilepsy” or “seizures” or “epileptogenesis”, and “immunity” or “inflammation” or “neuroinflammation” or “damage-associated molecular patterns” or “cytokines” or “chemokines” or “adhesion molecules” or “microglia” or “astrocyte” or “blood-brain barrier”. We summarized the classic inflammatory mediators and their pathogenic effects in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, based on the most recent findings from both human and animal model studies.
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31
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Tian Z, Chu T, Shields LBE, Zhu Q, Zhang YP, Kong M, Barnes GN, Wang Y, Shields CB, Cai J. Platelet-Activating Factor Deteriorates Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Demyelination Via Its Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4069-4081. [PMID: 32661728 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that platelet-activating factor (PAF) increases the inflammatory response in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, PAF receptor (PAFR) antagonists do not show therapeutic efficacy for MS, and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PAF on an ex vivo demyelination cerebellar model following lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, 0.5 mg/mL) application using wild-type and PAFR conventional knockout (PAFR-KO) mice. Demyelination was induced in cerebellar slices that were cultured with LPC for 18 h. Exogenous PAF (1 μM) acting on cerebellar slices alone did not cause demyelination but increased the severity of LPC-induced demyelination in both wild-type and PAFR-KO mice. LPC inhibited the expression of PAF-AH, MBP, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 but facilitated the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in wild-type preparations. Of note, exogenous PAF stimulated microglial activation in both wild-type and PAFR-KO mice. The subsequent inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 demonstrated a diverse transcriptional profile with or without LPC treatment. PAF promoted TNF-α expression and suppressed TGF-β1 expression indiscriminately in wild-type and knockout slices; however, transcription of IL-1β and IL-6 was not significantly affected in both slices. The syntheses of IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased in LPC-induced demyelination preparations without PAF but showed a redundancy in PAF-treated wild-type and knockout slices. These data suggest that PAF can play a detrimental role in LPC-induced demyelination probably due to a redundant response of PAFR-dependent and PAFR-independent effects on inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tianci Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Public Health & Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Balasa R, Barcutean L, Balasa A, Motataianu A, Roman-Filip C, Manu D. The action of TH17 cells on blood brain barrier in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Hum Immunol 2020; 81:237-243. [PMID: 32122685 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells, known as a highly pro-inflammatory subtype of Th cells, are involved very early in numerous aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) neuropathology. A crucial event for the formation and accumulation of MS lesions is represented by the disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) in relapsing-remitting MS. Th17 cells also contribute to the progression of MS/EAE. These events will allow for the passage of inflammatory cells into the brain. Secondary to this, increased recruitment of neutrophils occurs, followed by increased protease activity that will continue to attract macrophages and monocytes, leading to brain inflammation with sustained myelin and axon damage. This review focuses mainly on the role of Th17 cells in penetrating the BBB and on their important effects on BBB disruption via their main secretion products, IL-17 and IL-22. We present the morphological aspects of Th17 cells that allow for intercellular contacts with BBB endothelial cells and the functional/secretory particularities of Th17 cells that allow for intercellular communications that enhance Th17 entry into the CNS. The cytokines and chemokines involved in these processes are described. In conclusion, Th17 cells can efficiently cross the BBB using pathways distinct from those used by Th1 cells, leading to BBB disruption, the activation of other inflammatory cells and neurodegeneration in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Balasa
- Neurology 1 Clinic, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Tirgu Mures, Romania; Neurology Department, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Laura Barcutean
- Neurology 1 Clinic, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Tirgu Mures, Romania; Neurology Department, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Adrian Balasa
- Neurosurgery Clinic, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Tirgu Mures, Romania
| | - Anca Motataianu
- Neurology 1 Clinic, Emergency Clinical County Hospital Tirgu Mures, Romania; Neurology Department, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology Tirgu Mures, Romania.
| | | | - Doina Manu
- Centre for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Tirgu Mures, Romania
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Silva BA, Leal MC, Farías MI, Erhardt B, Galeano P, Pitossi FJ, Ferrari CC. Environmental enrichment improves cognitive symptoms and pathological features in a focal model of cortical damage of multiple sclerosis. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146520. [PMID: 31669283 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease affecting white and grey matter, it is characterized by demyelination, axonal degeneration along with loss of motor, sensitive and cognitive functions. MS is a heterogeneous disease that displays different clinical courses: relapsing/remitting MS (RRMS), and MS progressive forms: primary progressive (PPMS) and secondary progressive (SPMS). Cortical damage in the progressive MS forms has considerable clinical relevance due to its association with cognitive impairment and disability progression in patients. One treatment is available for the progressive forms of the disease, but none are specific for cognitive deficits. We developed an animal model that reflects most of the characteristics of the cortical damage, such as cortical neuroinflammation, demyelination, neurodegeneration and meningeal inflammation, which was associated with cognitive impairment. Cognitive rehabilitation, exercise and social support have begun to be evaluated in patients and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Environmental enrichment (EE) provides exercise as well as cognitive and social stimulation. EE has been demonstrated to exert positive effects on cognitive domains, such as learning and memory, and improving anxiety-like symptoms. We proposed to study the effect of EE on peripherally stimulated cortical lesion induced by the long term expression of interleukin IL-1β (IL-1β) in adult rats. Here, we demonstrated that EE: 1) reduces the peripheral inflammatory response to the stimulus, 2) ameliorates cognitive deficits and anxiety-like symptoms, 3) modulates neurodegeneration, demyelination and glial activation, 4) regulates neuroinflammation by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing the expression of anti-inflammatory ones. Our findings correlate with the fact that EE housing could be considered an effective non- pharmacological therapeutic agent that can synergistically aid in the rehabilitation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Anabel Silva
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biomedical Engineering of the Italian Hospital (IMTIB, CONICET), Potosí 4240, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations of Buenos Aires, (IIBBA, CONICET), Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Celeste Leal
- Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations of Buenos Aires, (IIBBA, CONICET), Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Farías
- Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations of Buenos Aires, (IIBBA, CONICET), Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brenda Erhardt
- Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations of Buenos Aires, (IIBBA, CONICET), Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Galeano
- Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations of Buenos Aires, (IIBBA, CONICET), Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Juan Pitossi
- Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations of Buenos Aires, (IIBBA, CONICET), Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Cintia Ferrari
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biomedical Engineering of the Italian Hospital (IMTIB, CONICET), Potosí 4240, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Leloir Institute Foundation, Institute for Biochemical Investigations of Buenos Aires, (IIBBA, CONICET), Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Musella A, Fresegna D, Rizzo FR, Gentile A, De Vito F, Caioli S, Guadalupi L, Bruno A, Dolcetti E, Buttari F, Bullitta S, Vanni V, Centonze D, Mandolesi G. 'Prototypical' proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1) in multiple sclerosis: role in pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:37-46. [PMID: 31899994 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1709823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: It has been recognized for about 20 years that interleukin (IL)-1 signaling is implicated in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a disabling, chronic, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Only recently, multifaceted roles of IL-1 emerged in MS pathophysiology as a result of both clinical and preclinical studies. Notably, drugs that directly target the IL-1 system have not been tested so far in MS.Areas covered: Recent studies in animal models, together with the development of ex vivo chimeric MS models, have disclosed a critical role for IL-1 not only at the peripheral level but also within the CNS. In the present review, we highlight the IL-1-dependent neuropathological aspects of MS, by providing an overview of the cells of the immune and CNS systems that respond to IL-1 signaling, and by emphasizing the subsequent effects on the CNS, from demyelinating processes, to synaptopathy, and excitotoxicity.Expert opinion: Drugs that act on the IL-1 system show a therapeutic potential in several autoinflammatory diseases and preclinical studies have highlighted the effects of these compounds in MS. We will discuss why anti-IL-1 therapies in MS have been neglected to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Rizzo
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gentile
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Caioli
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Guadalupi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Dolcetti
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Silvia Bullitta
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
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35
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Soto-Díaz K, Juda MB, Blackmore S, Walsh C, Steelman AJ. TAK1 inhibition in mouse astrocyte cultures ameliorates cytokine-induced chemokine production and neutrophil migration. J Neurochem 2019; 152:697-709. [PMID: 31782806 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation can exacerbate symptoms of many neurological diseases. This effect may be facilitated by glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that alter their transcriptional responses and up-regulate cytokine and chemokine expression which can, in turn trigger immune surveillance. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation (TNF, IL-1α, IL-1β) on astrocyte and microglia chemokine secretion. Primary cultures of astrocytes or microglia were stimulated with the recombinant cytokines and the levels of secreted chemokines were semi-quantitatively determined using a chemokine-specific proteome profiler array and densitometry. Pharmacological inhibitors were used to determine the effects of p38 MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2, NFkB, and transforming growth factor beta-associated kinase 1 (TAK1) in controlling chemokine production. Finally, neutrophil migration assays were performed to demonstrate functionality. Our data show that stimulated astrocytes secrete at least eight chemokines as a response to cytokine stimulation. These include those involved in neutrophil chemo-attraction and proved capable of promoting neutrophil migration in vitro. In contrast, microglia up-regulated few chemokines in response to cytokine stimulation and did not promote neutrophil migration. However, microglia readily secreted chemokines following stimulation with the toll-like receptor agonists. Finally, we show that both the production of chemokines and neutrophil migration resulting from cytokine stimulation of astrocytes was dependent on TAK1 signaling. Collectively, this study adds to the understanding of how astrocytes and microglia respond to stimuli and their role in promoting neutrophil migration to the CNS during inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiria Soto-Díaz
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michal B Juda
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen Blackmore
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Claire Walsh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA
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36
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Olcum M, Tastan B, Kiser C, Genc S, Genc K. Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in multiple sclerosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:247-308. [PMID: 31997770 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by autoreactive T cells directed against myelin antigens. Although the crucial role of adaptive immunity is well established in MS, the contribution of innate immunity has only recently been appreciated. Microglia are the main innate immune cells of the CNS. Similar to other myeloid cells, microglia recognize both exogenous and host-derived endogenous danger signals through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) localized on their cell surface such as Toll Like receptor 4, or in the cytosol such as NLRP3. The second one is the sensor protein of the multi-molecular NLRP3 inflammasome complex in activated microglia that promotes the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Overactivation of microglia and aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. Indeed, experimental data, together with post-mortem and clinical studies have revealed an increased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome complex elements in microglia and other immune cells. In this review, we focus on microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in MS. First, we overview the basic knowledge about MS, microglia and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Then, we summarize studies about microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in MS and its animal models. We also highlight experimental therapeutic approaches that target different steps of NLRP inflammasome activation. Finally, we discuss future research avenues and new methods in this rapidly evolving area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Olcum
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bora Tastan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cagla Kiser
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health and Science, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kursad Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health and Science, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
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37
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Haque ME, Akther M, Jakaria M, Kim IS, Azam S, Choi DK. Targeting the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome and its role in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 35:20-33. [PMID: 31680318 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of microglia and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines play a crucial role in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Components of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich-repeat- and pyrin-domain-containing 3 inflammasome complex, leucine-rich-repeat- and pyrin-domain-containing 3, caspase-1, and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, are highly expressed in activated microglia in PD patient brains. Findings suggest that neurotoxins, aggregation of α-synuclein, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and disrupted mitophagy are the key regulators of microglial leucine-rich-repeat- and pyrin-domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation and release of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 caspase-1-mediated pyroptotic cell death in the substantia nigra of the brain. Although this evidence suggests the leucine-rich-repeat- and pyrin-domain-containing 3 inflammasome may be a potential drug target for treatment of PD, the exact mechanism of how the microglia sense these stimuli and initiate leucine-rich-repeat- and pyrin-domain-containing 3 inflammasome signaling is unknown. Here, the molecular mechanism and regulation of microglial leucine-rich-repeat- and pyrin-domain-containing 3 inflammasome activation and its role in the pathogenesis of PD are discussed. Moreover, the potential of both endogenous and synthetic leucine-rich-repeat- and pyrin-domain-containing 3 inflammasome modulators, long noncoding RNA, microRNA to develop novel therapeutics to treat PD is presented. Overall, we recommend that the microglial leucine-rich-repeat- and pyrin-domain-containing 3 inflammasome can be a potential target for PD treatment. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahbuba Akther
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, and Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, and Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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38
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Luo Y, Yan W, Zhou Z, Liu B, Wang Z, Chen J, Wang H. Elevated Levels of NLRP3 in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Autoimmune GFAP Astrocytopathy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1019. [PMID: 31681133 PMCID: PMC6812676 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, a newly defined autoimmune encephalitis, is an antibody-mediated meningoencephalomyelitis. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unclear. Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a complex composed of a variety of proteins that recognizes a variety of ligands and ultimately leads to the development of inflammatory responses. This is important for infectious, inflammatory, and immune diseases. The aims of this study were to detect levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory factors in autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy patients and to study the relationships between these profiles. Twenty autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy patients, 17 viral meningoencephalitis (VM) patients, and 16 controls (CTLs) were recruited. The levels of NLRP3 inflammasomes, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was used to assess the severity of clinical manifestations. The results showed that the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17) were significantly more elevated in CSF of patients with autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy than that in CTLs. When compared with VM patients, significantly elevated NLRP3 inflammasome was found in GFAP astrocytopathy patients, while the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17 were not different between the two groups. Significant positive correlations were found between NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory cytokines and they were all positively related to the severity of the disease. Moreover, we found that patients with positive anti-GFAP antibodies had higher levels of NLRP3 and inflammatory factors. And the severity of the disease was positively correlated with GFAP antibody titers. Taken together, the results suggested that NLRP3 inflammasome was involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy. It can be used to assess the severity of the disease or act as a new target for the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar Prefecture, Kashgar, China
| | - Zheyi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou, China
| | - Baozhu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Kashgar Prefecture, Kashgar, China
| | - Jinyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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39
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Chu T, Zhang YP, Tian Z, Ye C, Zhu M, Shields LBE, Kong M, Barnes GN, Shields CB, Cai J. Dynamic response of microglia/macrophage polarization following demyelination in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:188. [PMID: 31623610 PMCID: PMC6798513 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glial response in multiple sclerosis (MS), especially for recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), predicts the success of remyelination of MS plaques and return of function. As a central player in neuroinflammation, activation and polarization of microglia/macrophages (M/M) that modulate the inflammatory niche and cytokine components in demyelination lesions may impact the OPC response and progression of demyelination and remyelination. However, the dynamic behaviors of M/M and OPCs during demyelination and spontaneous remyelination are poorly understood, and the complex role of neuroinflammation in the demyelination-remyelination process is not well known. In this study, we utilized two focal demyelination models with different dynamic patterns of M/M to investigate the correlation between M/M polarization and the demyelination-remyelination process. METHODS The temporal and spatial features of M/M activation/polarization and OPC response in two focal demyelination models induced by lysolecithin (LPC) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined in mice. Detailed discrimination of morphology, sensorimotor function, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), inflammation-relevant cytokines, and glial responses between these two models were analyzed at different phases. RESULTS The results show that LPC and LPS induced distinctive temporal and spatial lesion patterns. LPS produced diffuse demyelination lesions, with a delayed peak of demyelination and functional decline compared to LPC. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and M/M were scattered throughout the LPS-induced demyelination lesions but were distributed in a layer-like pattern throughout the LPC-induced lesion. The specific M/M polarization was tightly correlated to the lesion pattern associated with balance beam function. CONCLUSIONS This study elaborated on the spatial and temporal features of neuroinflammation mediators and glial response during the demyelination-remyelination processes in two focal demyelination models. Specific M/M polarization is highly correlated to the demyelination-remyelination process probably via modulations of the inflammatory niche, cytokine components, and OPC response. These findings not only provide a basis for understanding the complex and dynamic glial phenotypes and behaviors but also reveal potential targets to promote/inhibit certain M/M phenotypes at the appropriate time for efficient remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zhisen Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuyuan Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- Department of Radiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 1102, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, 570 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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40
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Terrone G, Balosso S, Pauletti A, Ravizza T, Vezzani A. Inflammation and reactive oxygen species as disease modifiers in epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2019; 167:107742. [PMID: 31421074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are rapidly induced in the brain after acute cerebral injuries that are associated with an enhanced risk for epilepsy in humans and related animal models. These phenomena reinforce each others and persist during epileptogenesis as well as during chronic spontaneous seizures. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant drugs transiently administered either before, or shortly after the clinical onset of symptomatic epilepsy, similarly block the progression of spontaneous seizures, and may delay their onset. Moreover, neuroprotection and rescue of cognitive deficits are also observed in the treated animals. Therefore, although these treatments do not prevent epilepsy development, they offer clinically relevant disease-modification effects. These therapeutic effects are mediated by targeting molecular signaling pathways such as the IL-1β-IL-1 receptor type 1 and TLR4, P2X7 receptors, the transcriptional anti-oxidant factor Nrf2, while the therapeutic impact of COX-2 inhibition for reducing spontaneous seizures remains controversial. Some anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant drugs that are endowed of disease modification effects in preclinical models are already in medical use and have a safety profile, therefore, they provide potential re-purposed treatments for improving the disease course and for reducing seizure burden. Markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress can be measured in blood or by neuroimaging, therefore they represent testable prognostic and predictive biomarkers for selecting the patient's population at high risk for developing epilepsy therefore eligible for novel treatments. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'New Epilepsy Therapies for the 21st Century - From Antiseizure Drugs to Prevention, Modification and Cure of Epilepsy'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Pauletti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
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Sharma R, Shultz SR, Robinson MJ, Belli A, Hibbs ML, O'Brien TJ, Semple BD. Infections after a traumatic brain injury: The complex interplay between the immune and neurological systems. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 79:63-74. [PMID: 31029794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious global health issue, being the leading cause of death and disability for individuals under the age of 45, and one of the largest causes of global neurological disability. In addition to the brain injury itself, it is increasingly appreciated that a TBI may also alter the systemic immune response in a way that renders TBI patients more vulnerable to infections in the acute post-injury period. Such infections pose an additional challenge to the patient, increasing rates of mortality and morbidity, and worsening neurological outcomes. Hospitalization, surgical interventions, and a state of immunosuppression induced by injury to the central nervous system (CNS), may all contribute to the high rate of infections seen in the population with TBI. Ongoing research to better understand the immunomodulators that underlie TBI-induced immunosuppression may aid in the development of effective therapeutic strategies to improve the recovery trajectory for patients. This review first describes the clinical scenario, posing the question of whether TBI patients are more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia, and if so, why? We then consider how cross-talk between the injured brain and the systemic immune system occurs, and further, how the additional immune challenge of an acquired infection can contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after a TBI. Experimental models combining TBI with infection are discussed, as well as current treatment options available for this double-barreled insult. The aims of this review are to summarize current understanding of the bidirectional relationship between the CNS and the immune system when faced with a mechanical trauma combined with a concomitant infection, and to highlight key outstanding questions that remain in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Sharma
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcus J Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antonio Belli
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School at the Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Vidmar L, Maver A, Drulović J, Sepčić J, Novaković I, Ristič S, Šega S, Peterlin B. Multiple Sclerosis patients carry an increased burden of exceedingly rare genetic variants in the inflammasome regulatory genes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9171. [PMID: 31235738 PMCID: PMC6591387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of rare genetic variation and the innate immune system in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is being increasingly recognized. Recently, we described several rare variants in the NLRP1 gene, presumably conveying an increased risk for familial MS. In the present study we aimed to assess rare genetic variation in the inflammasome regulatory network. We performed whole exome sequencing of 319 probands, comprising patients with familial MS, sporadic MS and control subjects. 62 genes involved in the NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasome regulation were screened for potentially pathogenic rare genetic variation. Aggregate mutational burden was analyzed, considering the variants' predicted pathogenicity and frequency in the general population. We demonstrate an increased (p = 0.00004) variant burden among MS patients which was most pronounced for the exceedingly rare variants with high predicted pathogenicity. These variants were found in inflammasome genes (NLRP1/3, CASP1), genes mediating inflammasome inactivation via auto and mitophagy (RIPK2, MEFV), and genes involved in response to infection with DNA viruses (POLR3A, DHX58, IFIH1) and to type-1 interferons (TYK2, PTPRC). In conclusion, we present new evidence supporting the importance of rare genetic variation in the inflammasome signaling pathway and its regulation via autophagy and interferon-β to the etiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovro Vidmar
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Slajmerjeva 3, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ales Maver
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Slajmerjeva 3, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jelena Drulović
- Clinic of Neurology, CCS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Juraj Sepčić
- Postgraduate Study, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Novaković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Institute of Human Genetics, 26 Visegradska, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Smiljana Ristič
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Saša Šega
- Division of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Slajmerjeva 3, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Gorter JA, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. The Roof is Leaking and a Storm is Raging: Repairing the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Fight Against Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2019; 19:177-181. [PMID: 31037960 PMCID: PMC6610387 DOI: 10.1177/1535759719844750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence that has accumulated over the past decade strongly supports the role of both blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and perivascular inflammation in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Recent preclinical studies indicate that prolonged seizure- or brain injury-induced BBB dysfunction and subsequent perivascular inflammation may play an important role in post-traumatic epileptogenesis. In turn, perivascular inflammation can further sustain BBB dysfunction. In genetic epilepsies, such as tuberous sclerosis complex and other related epileptogenic developmental pathologies, there is an association between the underlying gene mutation, BBB dysfunction, and perivascular inflammation, but evidence for a causal link to epilepsy is lacking. Future neuroimaging studies might shed light on the role of BBB function in different epilepsies and address the potential for disease modification by targeting both the BBB and perivascular inflammation in acquired and genetic epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gorter
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Aronica
- 2 Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,3 Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), the Netherlands
| | - E A van Vliet
- 1 Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,2 Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Nedeljkovic N. Complex regulation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 and A 2AR-mediated adenosine signaling at neurovascular unit: A link between acute and chronic neuroinflammation. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:99-115. [PMID: 30954629 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes available data regarding the complex regulation of CD73 at the neurovascular unit (NVU) during neuroinflammation. Based on available data we propose the biphasic pattern of CD73 regulation at NVU, with an early attenuation and a postponed up-regulation of CD73 activity. Transient attenuation of CD73 activity on leukocyte/vascular endothelium and leukocyte/astrocyte surface, required for the initiation of a neuroinflammatory response, may be effectuated either by catalytic inhibition of CD73 and/or by shedding of the CD73 molecule from the cell surface, while postponed induction of CD73 is effectuated by transcriptional up-regulation of Nt5e and posttranslational modifications. Neuroinflammatory conditions are also associated with significant enhancement and gain-of-function of A2AR-mediated adenosine signaling. However, in contrast to the temporary prevalence of A2AR over A1R signaling during an acute inflammatory response, prolonged induction of A2AR and resulting perpetual CD73/A2AR coupling may be a contributing factors in the transition between acute and chronic neuroinflammation. Thus, pharmacological targeting of the CD73/A2AR axis may attenuate inflammatory response and ameliorate neurological deficits in chronic neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Nedeljkovic
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3, Belgrade 11001, Serbia.
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45
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Ravizza T, Vezzani A. Pharmacological targeting of brain inflammation in epilepsy: Therapeutic perspectives from experimental and clinical studies. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:133-142. [PMID: 30564772 PMCID: PMC6293065 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a pathogenic role of unabated neuroinflammation in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is not a bystander phenomenon of the diseased brain tissue, but it may contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability underlying seizure generation, cell loss, and neurologic comorbidities. Several molecules, which constitute the inflammatory milieu in the epileptogenic area, activate signaling pathways in neurons and glia resulting in pathologic modifications of cell function, which ultimately lead to alterations in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Herein we report the up-to-date experimental and clinical evidence that supports the neuromodulatory role of inflammatory mediators, their related signaling pathways, and involvement in epilepsy. We discuss how these mechanisms can be harnessed to discover and validate targets for novel therapeutics, which may prevent or control pharmacoresistant epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Ravizza
- Department of NeuroscienceIRCCS – Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchMilanoItaly
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of NeuroscienceIRCCS – Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological ResearchMilanoItaly
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46
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Zhand A, Sayad A, Ghafouri-Fard S, Arsang-Jang S, Mazdeh M, Taheri M. Expression analysis of GRIN2B, BDNF, and IL-1β genes in the whole blood of epileptic patients. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:1945-1953. [PMID: 30140987 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a brain disorder with a global prevalence of 1%. It has been attributed to genetics and environmental factors. Despite efforts to identify the molecular pathology of epilepsy, the underlying mechanism is not understood yet. This study was carried out to compare GRIN2B, BDNF, and IL-1β gene expressions in 50 patients suffering from generalized epilepsy with tonic-colonic seizures and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects using TaqMan Real-time PCR. Our results demonstrated significant upregulation of these genes in people with epilepsy compared with healthy subjects. We also found a positive correlation between GRIN2B and BDNF expression (r2=0.4619, p < 0.0001), BDNF and IL-1β expression (r2 = 0.515, p < 0.0001), and GRIN2B and IL-1β gene expressions (r2 = 0.666, p < 0.0001) which implies the possibility to estimate the expression level of these genes by assessment of expression of one of them. Considering the results of the previous animal studies which showed upregulation of these genes in brain tissues of epileptic animals, the expression levels of GRIN2B, BDNF, and IL-1β in blood samples might be related to their expression in brain samples. Future studies are needed to assess the role of these genes in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and evaluate whether altered expression of these genes along with imaging methods can facilitate subtyping the epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushe Zhand
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 1985717443, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Arsang-Jang
- Clinical Research Development Center (CRDU), Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 1985717443, Tehran, Iran. .,Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 1985717443, Tehran, Iran.
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47
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Osipova ED, Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya OV, Morgun AV, Pisareva NV, Malinovskaya NA, Boitsova EB, Pozhilenkova EA, Belova OA, Salmin VV, Taranushenko TE, Noda M, Salmina AB. Gliotransmitters and cytokines in the control of blood-brain barrier permeability. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:567-591. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe contribution of astrocytes and microglia to the regulation of neuroplasticity or neurovascular unit (NVU) is based on the coordinated secretion of gliotransmitters and cytokines and the release and uptake of metabolites. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and angiogenesis are influenced by perivascular cells contacting with the abluminal side of brain microvessel endothelial cells (pericytes, astrocytes) or by immune cells existing (microglia) or invading the NVU (macrophages) under pathologic conditions. The release of gliotransmitters or cytokines by activated astroglial and microglial cells is provided by distinct mechanisms, affects intercellular communication, and results in the establishment of microenvironment controlling BBB permeability and neuroinflammation. Glial glutamate transporters and connexin and pannexin hemichannels working in the tight functional coupling with the purinergic system serve as promising molecular targets for manipulating the intercellular communications that control BBB permeability in brain pathologies associated with excessive angiogenesis, cerebrovascular remodeling, and BBB-mediated neuroinflammation. Substantial progress in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the (patho)physiology of perivascular glia provides promising approaches to novel clinically relevant therapies for brain disorders. The present review summarizes the current understandings on the secretory machinery expressed in glial cells (glutamate transporters, connexin and pannexin hemichannels, exocytosis mechanisms, membrane-derived microvesicles, and inflammasomes) and the role of secreted gliotransmitters and cytokines in the regulation of NVU and BBB permeability in (patho)physiologic conditions.
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48
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Bartolini L, Libbey JE, Ravizza T, Fujinami RS, Jacobson S, Gaillard WD. Viral Triggers and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Pediatric Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1897-1907. [PMID: 29978423 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical findings suggest a crucial role for inflammation in the onset of pediatric seizures; this mechanism is not targeted by conventional antiepileptic drugs and may contribute to refractory epilepsy. Several triggers, including infection with neurotropic viruses such as human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), other herpesviruses, and picornaviruses, appear to induce activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, which results in several neuroinflammatory responses, leading to enhanced neuronal excitability, and ultimately contributing to epileptogenesis. This review discusses the proposed mechanisms by which infection with herpesviruses, and particularly with HHV-6, and ensuing inflammation may lead to seizure generation, and later development of epilepsy. We also examine the evidence that links herpesvirus and picornavirus infections with acute seizures and chronic forms of epilepsy. Understanding the mechanisms by which specific viruses may trigger a cascade of alterations in the CNS ultimately leading to epilepsy appears critical for the development of therapeutic agents that may target the virus or inflammatory mechanisms early and prevent progression of epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bartolini
- Clinical Epilepsy Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Building 10, room 7-5680, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA.
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Neuroscience Department, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William D Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
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Swanton T, Cook J, Beswick JA, Freeman S, Lawrence CB, Brough D. Is Targeting the Inflammasome a Way Forward for Neuroscience Drug Discovery? SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:991-1017. [PMID: 29969573 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218786210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is becoming increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the pathology of both acute and chronic neurological conditions. Inflammasomes such as the one formed by NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains containing protein 3 (NLRP3) are key regulators of inflammation due to their ability to induce the processing and secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β). IL-1β has previously been identified as a potential therapeutic target in a variety of conditions due to its ability to promote neuronal damage under conditions of injury. Thus, inflammasome inhibition has the potential to curtail inflammatory signaling, which could prove beneficial in certain diseases. In this review, we discuss the evidence for inflammasome contributions to the pathology of neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and acute degeneration following brain trauma or stroke. In addition, we review the current landscape of drug development targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Swanton
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Cook
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James A Beswick
- 2 Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sally Freeman
- 2 Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Catherine B Lawrence
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Brough
- 1 Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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50
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D'Angelo C, Reale M, Costantini E, Di Nicola M, Porfilio I, de Andrés C, Fernández-Paredes L, Sánchez-Ramón S, Pasquali L. Profiling of Canonical and Non-Traditional Cytokine Levels in Interferon-β-Treated Relapsing-Remitting-Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1240. [PMID: 29915590 PMCID: PMC5994428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease of the central nervous system in which inflammation plays a key role in the induction, development, and progression. Most of the MS patients present with relapsing–remitting (RR) form, characterized by flare-ups followed by periods of recovery. Many inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been proposed as backers in MS pathogenesis, and the balance between these differing cytokines can regulate MS severity. Interferon (IFN)-β, a current disease-modifying therapy for MS, has demonstrated beneficial effects in reducing disease severity in MS patients. However, its immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory actions in MS are not wholly understood. The aim of the study was to define, in clinically stable patients with RR-MS, the serum concentration of several cytokines, canonical or not, and their modulation by IFN-β therapy. Methods Relapsing–remitting-MS patients were enrolled and diagnosed according to revised Mc Donald Diagnostic Criteria. A set of cytokines [including non-canonical neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and adipokines] and B-cell differentiation molecules, as potential biomarkers, were evaluated in 30 non-treated RR-MS patients compared to 30 IFN-β-treated MS patients and 30 age, gender, and body mass index-matched healthy controls (HC). Results Naïve MS patients showed significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-18, high-mobility group box protein-1, and IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) than MS-treated patients (p < 0.001 for all) and HC (p < 0.01). IFN-β therapy has significantly downmodulated IL-1β, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-18 to normal levels (p < 0.001), whereas it has decreased IL-18BP (p < 0.001). ACh was significantly higher in the IFN-β-treated than HC and non-treated MS patients (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed either in adipokines concentration or in B-cell-associated molecules among the three study groups. Conclusion Although more experimental evidence are required, we speculate that the efficacy of treatment of MS with IFN-β is mediated, at least in part, by its ability to work on several levels to slow down the disease progression. Proposed actions include the modulation of IL-1–inflammasome axis and modulation of ACh, B-cell activating factor/a proliferation-inducing ligand system, and several adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara D'Angelo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Italo Porfilio
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University "G.d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Clara de Andrés
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Fernández-Paredes
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Livia Pasquali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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