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Kishida H, Kobayashi A, Teruya K, Doi H, Ueda N, Tanaka F, Kuroiwa Y, Parchi P, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Transmission experiments verify sporadic V2 prion in a patient with E200K mutation. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:89. [PMID: 38767731 PMCID: PMC11106143 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitaru Kishida
- Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Models, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenta Teruya
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naohisa Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine University Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna (ISNB), IRCCS, Bologna, Italy
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Office for Research Initiatives and Development, Nagasaki University, Japan, Nagasaki
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, 980-8575, Japan.
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Sun JL, Telling GC. New developments in prion disease research using genetically modified mouse models. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:33-46. [PMID: 36929219 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
While much of what we know about the general principles of protein-based information transfer derives from studies of experimentally adapted rodent prions, these laboratory strains are limited in their ability to recapitulate features of human and animal prions and the diseases they produce. Here, we review how recent approaches using genetically modified mice have informed our understanding of naturally occurring prion diseases, their strain properties, and the factors controlling their transmission and evolution. In light of the increasing importance of chronic wasting disease, the application of mouse transgenesis to study this burgeoning and highly contagious prion disorder, in particular recent insights derived from gene-targeting approaches, will be a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna L Sun
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Glenn C Telling
- Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
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3
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Bian J, Kim S, Kane SJ, Crowell J, Sun JL, Christiansen J, Saijo E, Moreno JA, DiLisio J, Burnett E, Pritzkow S, Gorski D, Soto C, Kreeger TJ, Balachandran A, Mitchell G, Miller MW, Nonno R, Vikøren T, Våge J, Madslien K, Tran L, Vuong TT, Benestad SL, Telling GC. Adaptive selection of a prion strain conformer corresponding to established North American CWD during propagation of novel emergent Norwegian strains in mice expressing elk or deer prion protein. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009748. [PMID: 34310663 PMCID: PMC8341702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious proteins causing fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases of animals and humans. Replication involves template-directed refolding of host encoded prion protein, PrPC, by its infectious conformation, PrPSc. Following its discovery in captive Colorado deer in 1967, uncontrollable contagious transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) led to an expanded geographic range in increasing numbers of free-ranging and captive North American (NA) cervids. Some five decades later, detection of PrPSc in free-ranging Norwegian (NO) reindeer and moose marked the first indication of CWD in Europe. To assess the properties of these emergent NO prions and compare them with NA CWD we used transgenic (Tg) and gene targeted (Gt) mice expressing PrP with glutamine (Q) or glutamate (E) at residue 226, a variation in wild type cervid PrP which influences prion strain selection in NA deer and elk. Transmissions of NO moose and reindeer prions to Tg and Gt mice recapitulated the characteristic features of CWD in natural hosts, revealing novel prion strains with disease kinetics, neuropathological profiles, and capacities to infect lymphoid tissues and cultured cells that were distinct from those causing NA CWD. In support of strain variation, PrPSc conformers comprising emergent NO moose and reindeer CWD were subject to selective effects imposed by variation at residue 226 that were different from those controlling established NA CWD. Transmission of particular NO moose CWD prions in mice expressing E at 226 resulted in selection of a kinetically optimized conformer, subsequent transmission of which revealed properties consistent with NA CWD. These findings illustrate the potential for adaptive selection of strain conformers with improved fitness during propagation of unstable NO prions. Their potential for contagious transmission has implications for risk analyses and management of emergent European CWD. Finally, we found that Gt mice expressing physiologically controlled PrP levels recapitulated the lymphotropic properties of naturally occurring CWD strains resulting in improved susceptibilities to emergent NO reindeer prions compared with over-expressing Tg counterparts. These findings underscore the refined advantages of Gt models for exploring the mechanisms and impacts of strain selection in peripheral compartments during natural prion transmission. Prions cause fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. They are composed of an infectious, neurotoxic protein (PrP) which replicates by imposing pathogenic conformations on its normal, host-encoded counterpart. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious prion disorder threatening increasing numbers of free-ranging and captive North American deer, elk, and moose. While CWD detection in Norwegian reindeer and moose in 2016 marked the advent of disease in Europe, its origins and relationship to North American CWD were initially unclear. Here we show, using mice engineered to express deer or elk PrP, that Norwegian reindeer and moose CWD are caused by novel prion strains with properties distinct from those of North American CWD. We found that selection and propagation of North American and Norwegian CWD strains was controlled by a key amino acid residue in host PrP. We also found that particular Norwegian isolates adapted during their propagation in mice to produce prions with characteristics of the North American strain. Our findings defining the transmission profiles of novel Norwegian prions and their unstable potential to produce adapted strains with improved fitness for contagious transmission have implications for risk analyses and management of emergent European CWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Bian
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sehun Kim
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Kane
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jenna Crowell
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julianna L. Sun
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Christiansen
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eri Saijo
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James DiLisio
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily Burnett
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sandra Pritzkow
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Damian Gorski
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry J. Kreeger
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Wheatland, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Aru Balachandran
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael W. Miller
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nutrition and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
| | - Turid Vikøren
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn Våge
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linh Tran
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tram Thu Vuong
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sylvie L. Benestad
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway
| | - Glenn C. Telling
- Prion Research Center (PRC), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dong TTT, Satoh K. The Latest Research on RT-QuIC Assays-A Literature Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030305. [PMID: 33807776 PMCID: PMC8000803 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding of proteins such as the prion protein, α-synuclein, and tau represents a key initiating event for pathogenesis of most common neurodegenerative disorders, and its presence correlates with infectivity. To date, the diagnosis of these disorders mainly relied on the recognition of clinical symptoms when neurodegeneration was already at an advanced phase. In recent years, several efforts have been made to develop new diagnostic tools for the early diagnosis of prion diseases. The real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT–QuIC) assay, an in vitro assay that can indirectly detect very low amounts of PrPSc aggregates, has provided a very promising tool to improve the early diagnosis of human prion diseases. Over the decade since RT–QuIC was introduced, the diagnosis of not only prion diseases but also synucleinopathies and tauopathies has greatly improved. Therefore, in our study, we summarize the current trends and knowledge of RT–QuIC assays, as well as discuss the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases using RT–QuIC assays, which have been updated in recent years.
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5
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Huntington's disease: lessons from prion disorders. J Neurol 2021; 268:3493-3504. [PMID: 33625583 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research on the prion protein and its associated diseases have caused a paradigm shift in our understanding of infectious agents. More recent years have been marked by a surge of studies supporting the application of these findings to a broad array of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Here, we present evidence to suggest that Huntington's disease, a monogenic disorder of the central nervous system, shares features with prion disorders and that, it too, may be governed by similar mechanisms. We further posit that these similarities could suggest that, like other common neurodegenerative disorders, sporadic forms of Huntington's disease may exist.
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Bélondrade M, Nicot S, Mayran C, Bruyere-Ostells L, Almela F, Di Bari MA, Levavasseur E, Watts JC, Fournier-Wirth C, Lehmann S, Haïk S, Nonno R, Bougard D. Sensitive protein misfolding cyclic amplification of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions is strongly seed and substrate dependent. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4058. [PMID: 33603091 PMCID: PMC7893054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions have been shown to be difficult to amplify in vitro by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). We assessed PMCA of pathological prion protein (PrPTSE) from 14 human sCJD brain samples in 3 substrates: 2 from transgenic mice expressing human prion protein (PrP) with either methionine (M) or valine (V) at position 129, and 1 from bank voles. Brain extracts representing the 5 major clinicopathological sCJD subtypes (MM1/MV1, MM2, MV2, VV1, and VV2) all triggered seeded PrPTSE amplification during serial PMCA with strong seed- and substrate-dependence. Remarkably, bank vole PrP substrate allowed the propagation of all sCJD subtypes with preservation of the initial molecular PrPTSE type. In contrast, PMCA in human PrP substrates was accompanied by a PrPTSE molecular shift during heterologous (M/V129) PMCA reactions, with increased permissiveness of V129 PrP substrate to in vitro sCJD prion amplification compared to M129 PrP substrate. Combining PMCA amplification sensitivities with PrPTSE electrophoretic profiles obtained in the different substrates confirmed the classification of 4 distinct major sCJD prion strains (M1, M2, V1, and V2). Finally, the level of sensitivity required to detect VV2 sCJD prions in cerebrospinal fluid was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bélondrade
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Nicot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charly Mayran
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lilian Bruyere-Ostells
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Almela
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Etienne Levavasseur
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chantal Fournier-Wirth
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- IRMB, INM, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, (LBPC-PPC), Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Daisy Bougard
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Tange H, Ishibashi D, Nakagaki T, Taguchi Y, Kamatari YO, Ozawa H, Nishida N. Liquid-liquid phase separation of full-length prion protein initiates conformational conversion in vitro. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100367. [PMID: 33545172 PMCID: PMC8289115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibrils. The causative agent is an infectious amyloid that comprises solely misfolded prion protein (PrPSc). Prions can convert normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) to protease K-resistance prion protein fragment (PrP-res) in vitro; however, the intermediate steps involved in this spontaneous conversion still remain unknown. We investigated whether recombinant prion protein (rPrP) can directly convert into PrP-res via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in the absence of PrPSc. We found that rPrP underwent LLPS at the interface of the aqueous two-phase system of polyethylene glycol and dextran, whereas single-phase conditions were not inducible. Fluorescence recovery assay after photobleaching revealed that the liquid-solid phase transition occurred within a short time. The aged rPrP-gel acquired a proteinase-resistant amyloid accompanied by β-sheet conversion, as confirmed by Western blotting, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Congo red staining. The reactions required both the N-terminal region of rPrP (amino acids 23-89) and kosmotropic salts, suggesting that the kosmotropic anions may interact with the N-terminal region of rPrP to promote LLPS. Thus, structural conversion via LLPS and liquid-solid phase transition could be the intermediate steps in the conversion of prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Tange
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nakagaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Taguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Ozawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Nakagaki T, Ishibashi D, Mori T, Miyazaki Y, Takatsuki H, Tange H, Taguchi Y, Satoh K, Atarashi R, Nishida N. Administration of FK506 from Late Stage of Disease Prolongs Survival of Human Prion-Inoculated Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1850-1860. [PMID: 32483654 PMCID: PMC7851258 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are etiologically categorized into three forms: sporadic, genetic, and infectious. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common type of human prion disease that manifests as subacute progressive dementia. No effective therapy for sCJD is currently available. Potential therapeutic compounds are frequently tested in rodents infected with mouse-adapted prions that differ from human prions. However, therapeutic effect varies depending on the prion strain, which is one of the reasons why candidate compounds have shown little effect in sCJD patients. We previously reported that intraperitoneal administration of FK506 was able to prolong the survival of mice infected with a mouse-adapted prion by suppressing the accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP) and inhibiting the activation of microglia. In this study, we tested oral administration of FK506 in knock-in mice expressing chimeric human prion protein (KiChM) that were infected with sCJD to determine if this compound is also effective against a clinically relevant human prion, i.e., one that has not been adapted to mice. Treatment with FK506, started either just before or just after disease onset, suppressed typical sCJD pathology (gliosis) and slightly but significantly prolonged the survival of sCJD-inoculated mice. It would be worthwhile to conduct a clinical trial using FK506, which has been safety-approved and is widely used as a mild immunosuppressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Nakagaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mori
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yukiko Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hanae Takatsuki
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hiroya Tange
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Taguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Atarashi
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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Arshad H, Bourkas MEC, Watts JC. The utility of bank voles for studying prion disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 175:179-211. [PMID: 32958232 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of prions between species is typically an inefficient process due to the species barrier, which represents incompatibility between prion seed and substrate molecules. Bank voles (Myodes glareolus) are an exception to this rule, as they are susceptible to a diverse range of prion strains from many different animal species. In particular, bank voles can be efficiently infected with most types of human prions and have played a critical role in validating variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) and certain forms of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease as bona fide prion disorders rather than non-transmissible proteinopathies. The bank vole prion protein (BVPrP) confers a "universal prion acceptor" phenotype when expressed in mice and when used as a substrate for in vitro prion amplification assays, indicating that the unique prion transmission properties of bank voles are mediated by BVPrP. Over-expression of BVPrP in mice can also promote the spontaneous development of prion disease, indicating that BVPrP is intrinsically prone to both spontaneous and template-directed misfolding. Here, we discuss the utility of bank voles and BVPrP for prion research and how they have provided new tools for establishing rapid animal bioassays, modeling spontaneous prion disease, standardizing prion diagnostics, and understanding the molecular basis of the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Arshad
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew E C Bourkas
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Satoh K, Fuse T, Nonaka T, Dong T, Takao M, Nakagaki T, Ishibashi D, Taguchi Y, Mihara B, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Nishida N. Postmortem Quantitative Analysis of Prion Seeding Activity in the Digestive System. Molecules 2019; 24:E4601. [PMID: 31888217 PMCID: PMC6943689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders caused by prion protein. Although infectivity was historically detected only in the central nervous system and lymphoreticular tissues of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, recent reports suggest that the seeding activity of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions accumulates in various non-neuronal organs including the liver, kidney, and skin. Therefore, we reanalyzed autopsy samples collected from patients with sporadic and genetic human prion diseases and found that seeding activity exists in almost all digestive organs. Unexpectedly, activity in the esophagus reached a level of prion seeding activity close to that in the central nervous system in some CJD patients, indicating that the safety of endoscopic examinations should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Fuse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.N.); (T.N.); (D.I.); (Y.T.); (N.N.)
| | - Toshiaki Nonaka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.N.); (T.N.); (D.I.); (Y.T.); (N.N.)
| | - Trong Dong
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan; (M.T.); (B.M.)
- Department of Neurology International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nakagaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.N.); (T.N.); (D.I.); (Y.T.); (N.N.)
| | - Daisuke Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.N.); (T.N.); (D.I.); (Y.T.); (N.N.)
| | - Yuzuru Taguchi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.N.); (T.N.); (D.I.); (Y.T.); (N.N.)
| | - Ban Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan; (M.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (Y.I.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan; (Y.I.); (M.Y.)
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.F.); (T.N.); (T.N.); (D.I.); (Y.T.); (N.N.)
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11
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Takeuchi A, Mohri S, Kai H, Tamaoka A, Kobayashi A, Mizusawa H, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Shimizu H, Murayama S, Kuroda S, Morita M, Parchi P, Kitamoto T. Two distinct prions in fatal familial insomnia and its sporadic form. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz045. [PMID: 32954274 PMCID: PMC7425372 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia is a genetic prion disease, which is associated with the aspartic acid to asparagine substitution at codon 178 of the prion protein gene. Although the hallmark pathological feature is thalamic and olivary degeneration, there is a patient with an atypical fatal familial insomnia without the hallmark feature. The cause of the pathological variability is unclear. We analysed a Japanese fatal familial insomnia kindred and compared one atypical clinicopathological fatal familial insomnia phenotype case and typical fatal familial insomnia phenotype cases with transmission studies using multiple lines of knock-in mice and with protein misfolding cyclic amplification. We also analysed the transmissibility and the amplification properties of sporadic fatal insomnia. Transmission studies revealed that the typical fatal familial insomnia with thalamic and olivary degeneration showed successful transmission only using knock-in mice expressing human-mouse chimeric prion protein gene. The atypical fatal familial insomnia with spongiform changes showed successful transmission only using knock-in mice expressing bank vole prion protein gene. Two sporadic fatal insomnia cases with thalamic and olivary degeneration showed the same transmissibility as the typical fatal familial insomnia phenotype. Interestingly, one sporadic fatal insomnia case with thalamic/olivary degeneration and spongiform changes showed transmissibility of both the typical and atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotypes. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification could amplify both typical fatal familial insomnia cases and sporadic fatal insomnia cases but not the atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotype or other sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease subtypes. In addition to clinical findings and neuropathological features, the transmission properties and the amplification properties were different between the typical and atypical fatal familial insomnia phenotypes. It is suggested that two distinct prions were associated with the diversity in the fatal familial insomnia phenotype, and these two prions could also be detected in sporadic fatal insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kai
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- The National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neurology and Neuropathology (The Brain Bank for Aging Research), Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Morita
- Research and Development Division, Japan Blood Products Organization, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna 40123, Italy
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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12
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Primary structural differences at residue 226 of deer and elk PrP dictate selection of distinct CWD prion strains in gene-targeted mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12478-12487. [PMID: 31147460 PMCID: PMC6589652 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903947116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Our gene-targeting strategy addresses several critical issues relating to chronic wasting disease (CWD), a contagious, lethal neurodegenerative prion disease affecting wild as well as captive cervids, which poses an uncertain risk to humans. First, we show that residue 226, the sole primary structural difference between deer and elk prion protein, dictates the selection and propagation of different CWD strains. Because the strain properties of prions affect their host-range potential, these findings suggest that CWD from elk and deer pose distinct risks to humans and other species. Second, we show that these gene-targeted mice offer an unprecedented means to address distinctive aspects of CWD peripheral pathogenesis and horizontal transmission that are not afforded by previously generated transgenic mouse models. Although the unifying hallmark of prion diseases is CNS neurodegeneration caused by conformational corruption of host prion protein (PrP) to its infective counterpart, contagious transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) results from shedding of prions produced at high titers in the periphery of diseased cervids. While deer and elk PrP primary structures are equivalent except at residue 226, which is glutamate in elk and glutamine in deer, the effect of this difference on CWD pathogenesis is largely unknown. Using a gene-targeting approach where the mouse PrP coding sequence was replaced with elk or deer PrP, we show that the resulting GtE226 and GtQ226 mice had distinct kinetics of disease onset, prion conformations, and distributions of prions in the brains of diseased mice following intracerebral CWD challenge. These findings indicate that amino acid differences at PrP residue 226 dictate the selection and propagation of divergent strains in deer and elk with CWD. Because prion strain properties largely dictate host-range potential, our findings suggest that prion strains from elk and deer pose distinct risks to sympatric species or humans exposed to CWD. GtE226 and GtQ226 mice were also highly susceptible to CWD prions following intraperitoneal and oral exposures, a characteristic that stood in stark contrast to previously produced transgenic models. Remarkably, disease transmission was effective when infected mice were cohoused with naïve cagemates. Our findings indicate that gene-targeted mice provide unprecedented opportunities to accurately investigate CWD peripheral pathogenesis, CWD strains, and mechanisms of horizontal CWD transmission.
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13
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A Novel Combination of Prion Strain Co-Occurrence in Patients with Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1276-1283. [PMID: 30926338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Six subgroups of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been identified by distinctive clinicopathologic features, genotype at polymorphic codon 129 [methionine (M)/valine (V)] of the PRNP gene, and type of abnormal prion proteins (type 1 or 2). In addition to the pure subgroups, mixed neuropathologic features and the coexistence of two types of abnormal prion proteins in the same patient also have been reported. Here, we found that a portion of the patients previously diagnosed as MM1 had neuropathologic characteristics of the MM2 thalamic form (ie, neuronal loss of the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla). Furthermore, coexistence of biochemical features of the MM2 thalamic form also was confirmed in the identified cases. In addition, in transmission experiments using prion protein-humanized mice, the brain material from the identified case showed weak infectivity and generated characteristic abnormal prion proteins in the inoculated mice resembling those after inoculation with brain material of MM2 thalamic form. Taken together, these results show that the co-occurrence of MM1 and MM2 thalamic form is a novel entity of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prion strain co-occurrence. The present study raises the possibility that the co-occurrence of the MM2 thalamic form might have been overlooked so far because of the scarcity of abnormal prion protein accumulation and restricted neuropathology.
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14
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Taguchi Y, Otaki H, Nishida N. Mechanisms of Strain Diversity of Disease-Associated in-Register Parallel β-Sheet Amyloids and Implications About Prion Strains. Viruses 2019; 11:E110. [PMID: 30696005 PMCID: PMC6410106 DOI: 10.3390/v11020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of prion strain diversity remains unsolved. Investigation of inheritance and diversification of protein-based pathogenic information demands the identification of the detailed structures of abnormal isoforms of the prion protein (PrPSc); however, achieving purification is difficult without affecting infectivity. Similar prion-like properties are recognized also in other disease-associated in-register parallel β-sheet amyloids including Tau and α-synuclein (αSyn) amyloids. Investigations into structures of those amyloids via solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cryo-electron microscopy recently made remarkable advances due to their relatively small sizes and lack of post-translational modifications. Herein, we review advances regarding pathogenic amyloids, particularly Tau and αSyn, and discuss implications about strain diversity mechanisms of prion/PrPSc from the perspective that PrPSc is an in-register parallel β-sheet amyloid. Additionally, we present our recent data of molecular dynamics simulations of αSyn amyloid, which suggest significance of compatibility between β-sheet propensities of the substrate and local structures of the template for stability of amyloid structures. Detailed structures of αSyn and Tau amyloids are excellent models of pathogenic amyloids, including PrPSc, to elucidate strain diversity and pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Taguchi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Otaki
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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15
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Development of a quick bioassay for the evaluation of transmission properties of acquired prion diseases. Neurosci Lett 2018; 668:43-47. [PMID: 29329906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of transmission properties is important for the differential diagnosis of a subgroup of acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene, an intermediate type abnormal prion protein (PrP), and kuru plaques, denoted as acquired CJD-MMiK. The present study aimed to develop a quick evaluation system of the transmission properties of acquired CJD-MMiK. In the PrP-humanized mice intraperitoneally inoculated with brain homogenates from an acquired CJD-MMiK patient, accumulation of abnormal PrP was observed in follicular dendritic cells of the spleen at 75 days post-inoculation. The transmission properties of acquired CJD-MMiK were quite different from those of sporadic CJD with the same PRNP codon 129 genotype. Moreover, even at 14 days post-inoculation, the characteristic transmission properties of acquired CJD-MMiK could be detected. These findings suggest that the bioassay using follicular dendritic cells of the spleen, named as a FDC assay, can be an easy, time-saving, and useful method to distinguish acquired CJD-MMiK from sporadic CJD.
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16
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Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI), or thalamic form of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM2 (sCJDMM2T), are prion diseases originally named and characterized in 1992 and 1999, respectively. FFI is genetically determined and linked to a D178N mutation coupled with the M129 genotype in the prion protein gene (PRNP) at chromosome 20. sFI is a phenocopy of FFI and likely its sporadic form. Both diseases are primarily characterized by progressive sleep impairment, disturbances of autonomic nervous system, and motor signs associated with severe loss of nerve cells in medial thalamic nuclei. Both diseases harbor an abnormal disease-associated prion protein isoform, resistant to proteases with relative mass of 19 kDa identified as resPrPTSE type 2. To date at least 70 kindreds affected by FFI with 198 members and 18 unrelated carriers along with 25 typical cases of sFI have been published. The D178N-129M mutation is thought to cause FFI by destabilizing the mutated prion protein and facilitating its conversion to PrPTSE. The thalamus is the brain region first affected. A similar mechanism triggered spontaneously may underlie sFI.
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17
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Takatsuki H, Fuse T, Nakagaki T, Mori T, Mihara B, Takao M, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Murayama S, Atarashi R, Nishida N, Satoh K. Prion-Seeding Activity Is widely Distributed in Tissues of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients. EBioMedicine 2016; 12:150-155. [PMID: 27612591 PMCID: PMC5078574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders caused by abnormally folded prion proteins in the central nervous system. These proteins can be detected using the quaking-induced conversion assay. Compared with other bioassays, this assay is extremely sensitive and was used in the present study to determine prion distribution in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients at autopsy. Although infectivity of the sporadic form is thought to be restricted within the central nervous system, results showed that prion-seeding activities reach 106/g from a 50% seeding dose in non-neuronal tissues, suggesting that prion-seeding activity exists in non-neural organs, and we suggested that non-neural tissues of 106/g SD50 did not exist the infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Takatsuki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fuse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nakagaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ban Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan; Department of Neurology International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Atarashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
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18
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Nakano Y, Akamatsu N, Mori T, Sano K, Satoh K, Nagayasu T, Miyoshi Y, Sugio T, Sakai H, Sakae E, Ichimiya K, Hamada M, Nakayama T, Fujita Y, Yanagihara K, Nishida N. Sequential Washing with Electrolyzed Alkaline and Acidic Water Effectively Removes Pathogens from Metal Surfaces. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156058. [PMID: 27223116 PMCID: PMC4880284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of pathogenic organisms from reprocessed surgical instruments is essential to prevent iatrogenic infections. Some bacteria can make persistent biofilms on medical devices. Contamination of non-disposable equipment with prions also represents a serious risk to surgical patients. Efficient disinfection of prions from endoscopes and other instruments such as high-resolution cameras remains problematic because these instruments do not tolerate aggressive chemical or heat treatments. Herein, we develop a new washing system that uses both the alkaline and acidic water produced by electrolysis. Electrolyzed acidic water, containing HCl and HOCl as active substances, has been reported to be an effective disinfectant. A 0.15% NaCl solution was electrolyzed and used immediately to wash bio-contaminated stainless steel model systems with alkaline water (pH 11.9) with sonication, and then with acidic water (pH 2.7) without sonication. Two bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a fungus (Candida albicans) were effectively removed or inactivated by the washing process. In addition, this process effectively removed or inactivated prions from the stainless steel surfaces. This washing system will be potentially useful for the disinfection of clinical devices such as neuroendoscopes because electrolyzed water is gentle to both patients and equipment and is environmentally sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nakano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norihiko Akamatsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mori
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazunori Sano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Sugio
- Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd., 10–2 Kawaguchi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakai
- Kyowakiden Industry Co., Ltd., 10–2 Kawaguchi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eiji Sakae
- Kripton Co., Ltd., Dai 12 Daitetsu Bldg. 7F. 4-3-12 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Ichimiya
- Kripton Co., Ltd., Dai 12 Daitetsu Bldg. 7F. 4-3-12 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahisa Hamada
- Kripton Co., Ltd., Dai 12 Daitetsu Bldg. 7F. 4-3-12 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Nakayama
- Kripton Co., Ltd., Dai 12 Daitetsu Bldg. 7F. 4-3-12 Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuhzo Fujita
- Teraoka Seikei Geka Hospital, 3-1-52 Minami-honjo, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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19
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Kobayashi A, Matsuura Y, Iwaki T, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Takahashi H, Murayama S, Takao M, Kato S, Yamada M, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease MM1+2C and MM1 are Identical in Transmission Properties. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:95-101. [PMID: 25851836 PMCID: PMC8028929 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotype (methionine, M or valine, V) at polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene and the type (1 or 2) of abnormal prion protein in the brain are the major determinants of the clinicopathological features of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), thus providing molecular basis for classification of sporadic CJD, that is, MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2, VV1 or VV2. In addition to these "pure" cases, "mixed" cases presenting mixed neuropathological and biochemical features have also been recognized. The most frequently observed mixed form is the co-occurrence of MM1 and MM2, namely MM1+2. However, it has remained elusive whether MM1+2 could be a causative origin of dura mater graft-associated CJD (dCJD), one of the largest subgroups of iatrogenic CJD. To test this possibility, we performed transmission experiments of MM1+2 prions and a systematic neuropathological examination of dCJD patients in the present study. The transmission properties of the MM1+2 prions were identical to those of MM1 prions because MM2 prions lacked transmissibility. In addition, the neuropathological characteristics of MM2 were totally absent in dCJD patients examined. These results suggest that MM1+2 can be a causative origin of dCJD and causes neuropathological phenotype similar to that of MM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological ScienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
- Present address:
Laboratory of Comparative PathologyHokkaido University, Graduate School of Veterinary MedicineKita 18, Nishi 9, Kita‐kuSapporo060‐0818Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuura
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research CenterNational Institute of Animal HealthTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of NeuropathologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute for Medical Science of AgeingAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of NeuropathologyInstitute for Medical Science of AgeingAichi Medical UniversityNagakuteAichiJapan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of PathologyBrain Research InstituteUniversity of NiigataNiigataJapan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of NeuropathologyTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of GerontologyItabashi‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of NeuropathologyTokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of GerontologyItabashi‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- Division of NeuropathologyDepartment of PathologySchool of MedicineFaculty of MedicineTottori UniversityYonagoJapan
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of AgeingKanazawa University Graduate School of Medical ScienceKanazawaJapan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological ScienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological ScienceTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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20
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Kobayashi A, Parchi P, Yamada M, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Neuropathological and biochemical criteria to identify acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease among presumed sporadic cases. Neuropathology 2015; 36:305-10. [PMID: 26669818 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As an experimental model of acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), we performed transmission studies of sporadic CJD using knock-in mice expressing human prion protein (PrP). In this model, the inoculation of the sporadic CJD strain V2 into animals homozygous for methionine at polymorphic codon 129 (129 M/M) of the PRNP gene produced quite distinctive neuropathological and biochemical features, that is, widespread kuru plaques and intermediate type abnormal PrP (PrP(Sc) ). Interestingly, this distinctive combination of molecular and pathological features has been, to date, observed in acquired CJD but not in sporadic CJD. Assuming that these distinctive phenotypic traits are specific for acquired CJD, we revisited the literature and found two cases showing widespread kuru plaques despite the 129 M/M genotype, in a neurosurgeon and in a patient with a medical history of neurosurgery without dura mater grafting. By Western blot analysis of brain homogenates, we revealed the intermediate type of PrP(Sc) in both cases. Furthermore, transmission properties of brain extracts from these two cases were indistinguishable from those of a subgroup of dura mater graft-associated iatrogenic CJD caused by infection with the sporadic CJD strain V2. These data strongly suggest that the two atypical CJD cases, previously thought to represent sporadic CJD, very likely acquired the disease through exposure to prion-contaminated brain tissues. Thus, we propose that the distinctive combination of 129 M/M genotype, kuru plaques, and intermediate type PrP(Sc) , represents a reliable criterion for the identification of acquired CJD cases among presumed sporadic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Okada H, Masujin K, Miyazawa K, Yokoyama T. Transmissibility of H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Hamster PrP Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138977. [PMID: 26466381 PMCID: PMC4605493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two distinct forms of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathies (H-BSE and L-BSE) can be distinguished from classical (C-) BSE found in cattle based on biochemical signatures of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc). H-BSE is transmissible to wild-type mice—with infected mice showing a long survival period that is close to their normal lifespan—but not to hamsters. Therefore, rodent-adapted H-BSE with a short survival period would be useful for analyzing H-BSE characteristics. In this study, we investigated the transmissibility of H-BSE to hamster prion protein transgenic (TgHaNSE) mice with long survival periods. Although none of the TgHaNSE mice manifested the disease during their lifespan, PrPSc accumulation was observed in some areas of the brain after the first passage. With subsequent passages, TgHaNSE mice developed the disease with a mean survival period of 220 days. The molecular characteristics of proteinase K-resistant PrPSc (PrPres) in the brain were identical to those observed in first-passage mice. The distribution of immunolabeled PrPSc in the brains of TgHaNSE mice differed between those infected with H-BSE as compared to C-BSE or L-BSE, and the molecular properties of PrPres in TgHaNSE mice infected with H-BSE differed from those of the original isolate. The strain-specific electromobility, glycoform profiles, and proteolytic cleavage sites of H-BSE in TgHaNSE mice were indistinguishable from those of C-BSE, in which the diglycosylated form was predominant. These findings indicate that strain-specific pathogenic characteristics and molecular features of PrPres in the brain are altered during cross-species transmission. Typical H-BSE features were restored after back passage from TgHaNSE to bovinized transgenic mice, indicating that the H-BSE strain was propagated in TgHaNSE mice. This could result from the overexpression of the hamster prion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okada
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (HO); (KM)
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (HO); (KM)
| | - Kohtaro Miyazawa
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Takatsuki H, Satoh K, Sano K, Fuse T, Nakagaki T, Mori T, Ishibashi D, Mihara B, Takao M, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Atarashi R, Nishida N. Rapid and Quantitative Assay of Amyloid-Seeding Activity in Human Brains Affected with Prion Diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126930. [PMID: 26070208 PMCID: PMC4466537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The infectious agents of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are composed of amyloidogenic prion protein, PrPSc. Real-time quaking-induced conversion can amplify very small amounts of PrPSc seeds in tissues/body fluids of patients or animals. Using this in vitro PrP-amyloid amplification assay, we quantitated the seeding activity of affected human brains. End-point assay using serially diluted brain homogenates of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease patients demonstrated that 50% seeding dose (SD50) is reached approximately 1010/g brain (values varies 108.79–10.63/g). A genetic case (GSS-P102L) yielded a similar level of seeding activity in an autopsy brain sample. The range of PrPSc concentrations in the samples, determined by dot-blot assay, was 0.6–5.4 μg/g brain; therefore, we estimated that 1 SD50 unit was equivalent to 0.06–0.27 fg of PrPSc. The SD50 values of the affected brains dropped more than three orders of magnitude after autoclaving at 121°C. This new method for quantitation of human prion activity provides a new way to reduce the risk of iatrogenic prion transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Takatsuki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazunori Sano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fuse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takehiro Nakagaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mori
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ban Mihara
- Department of neurology, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of neurology, Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
- Department of Neurology International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Atarashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Taguchi Y, Schätzl HM. Identifying critical sites of PrP(c)-PrP(Sc) interaction in prion-infected cells by dominant-negative inhibition. Prion 2013; 7:452-6. [PMID: 24401595 PMCID: PMC4201612 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct physical interaction of the prion protein isoforms is a key element in prion conversion. Which sites interact first and which parts of PrPc are converted subsequently is presently not known in detail. We hypothesized that structural changes induced by PrPSc interaction occur in more than one interface and subsequently propagate within the PrPC substrate, like epicenters of structural changes. To identify potential interfaces we created a series of systematically-designed mutant PrPs and tested them in prion-infected cells for dominant-negative inhibition (DNI) effects. This showed that mutant PrPs with deletions in the region between first and second α-helix are involved in PrP-PrP interaction and conversion of PrPC into PrPSc. Although some PrPs did not reach the plasma membrane, they had access to the locales of prion conversion and PrPSc recycling using autophagy pathways. Using other series of mutant PrPs we already have identified additional sites which constitute potential interaction interfaces. Our approach has the potential to characterize PrP-PrP interaction sites in the context of prion-infected cells. Besides providing further insights into the molecular mechanisms of prion conversion, this data may help to further elucidate how prion strain diversity is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Taguchi
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Hermann M Schätzl
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary, AB Canada; Departments of Molecular Biology and of Veterinary Sciences; University of Wyoming; Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Kobayashi A, Iwasaki Y, Otsuka H, Yamada M, Yoshida M, Matsuura Y, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Deciphering the pathogenesis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with codon 129 M/V and type 2 abnormal prion protein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:74. [PMID: 24252157 PMCID: PMC3833290 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is classified according to the genotype at polymorphic codon 129 (M or V) of the prion protein (PrP) gene and the type (1 or 2) of abnormal isoform of PrP (PrPSc) in the brain. The most complicated entity in the current classification system is MV2, since it shows wide phenotypic variations, i.e., MV2 cortical form (MV2C), MV2 with kuru plaques (MV2K), or a mixed form (MV2K + C). To resolve their complicated pathogenesis, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the three MV2 subgroups based on histopathological, molecular, and transmission properties. Results In histopathological and molecular analyses, MV2C showed close similarity to MM2 cortical form (MM2C) and could be easily discriminated from the other MV2 subgroups. By contrast, MV2K and MV2K + C showed the same molecular type and the same transmission type, and the sole difference between MV2K and MV2K + C was the presence of cortical pathology characteristic of MV2C/MM2C. The remarkable molecular feature of MV2K or MV2K + C was a mixture of type 2 PrPSc and intermediate type PrPSc, which shows intermediate electrophoretic mobility between types 1 and 2 PrPSc. Modeling experiments using PrP-humanized mice indicated that MV2K contains a mixture of intermediate type PrPSc with the 129M genotype (Mi PrPSc) and type 2 PrPSc with the 129V genotype (V2 PrPSc) that originated from V2 PrPSc, whereas MV2C + K may also contain type 2 PrPSc with the 129M genotype and cortical pathology (M2C PrPSc) that lacks infectivity to the PrP-humanized mice in addition to Mi and V2 PrPSc. Conclusions Taken together, the present study suggests that the phenotypic heterogeneity of MV2 stems from their different PrPSc origin(s).
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Takeuchi A, Kobayashi A, Ironside JW, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Characterization of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions in prion protein-humanized mice carrying distinct codon 129 genotypes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21659-66. [PMID: 23792955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.470328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, all clinical variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) patients are homozygous for methionine at polymorphic codon 129 (129M/M) of the prion protein (PrP) gene. However, the appearance of asymptomatic secondary vCJD infection in individuals with a PRNP codon 129 genotype other than M/M and transmission studies using animal models have raised the concern that all humans might be susceptible to vCJD prions, especially via secondary infection. To reevaluate this possibility and to analyze in detail the transmission properties of vCJD prions to transgenic animals carrying distinct codon 129 genotype, we performed intracerebral inoculation of vCJD prions to humanized knock-in mice carrying all possible codon 129 genotypes (129M/M, 129M/V, or 129V/V). All humanized knock-in mouse lines were susceptible to vCJD infection, although the attack rate gradually decreased from 129M/M to 129M/V and to 129V/V. The amount of PrP deposition including florid/amyloid plaques in the brain also gradually decreased from 129M/M to 129M/V and to 129V/V. The biochemical properties of protease-resistant abnormal PrP in the brain and transmissibility of these humanized mouse-passaged vCJD prions upon subpassage into knock-in mice expressing bovine PrP were not affected by the codon 129 genotype. These results indicate that individuals with the 129V/V genotype may be more susceptible to secondary vCJD infection than expected and may lack the neuropathological characteristics observed in vCJD patients with the 129M/M genotype. Besides the molecular typing of protease-resistant PrP in the brain, transmission studies using knock-in mice carrying bovine PrP may aid the differential diagnosis of secondary vCJD infection, especially in individuals with the 129V/V genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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26
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Head MW, Ironside JW. Review: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: prion protein type, disease phenotype and agent strain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:296-310. [PMID: 22394291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or human prion diseases are one of the most intensively investigated groups of rare human neurodegenerative conditions. They are generally held to be unique in terms of their complex epidemiology and phenotypic variability, but they may also serve as a paradigm with which other more common protein misfolding disorders might be compared and contrasted. The clinico-pathological phenotype of human prion diseases appears to depend on a complex interaction between the prion protein genotype of the affected individual and the physico-chemical properties of the neurotoxic and transmissible agent, thought to comprise of misfolded prion protein. A major focus of research in recent years has been to define the phenotypic heterogeneity of the recognized human prion diseases, correlate this with molecular-genetic features and then determine whether this molecular-genetic classification of human prion disease defines the biological properties of the agent as determined by animal transmission studies. This review seeks to survey the field as it currently stands, summarize what has been learned, and explore what remains to be investigated in order to obtain a more complete scientific understanding of prion diseases and to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Head
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, School of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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27
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Haïk S, Brandel JP. Biochemical and strain properties of CJD prions: complexity versus simplicity. J Neurochem 2011; 119:251-61. [PMID: 21790605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prions, the agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are infectious proteins consisting primarily of scrapie prion protein (PrP(Sc)), a misfolded, β-sheet enriched and aggregated form of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). Their propagation is based on an autocatalytic PrP conversion process. Despite the lack of a nucleic acid genome, different prion strains have been isolated from animal diseases. Increasing evidence supports the view that strain-specific properties may be enciphered within conformational variations of PrP(Sc). In humans, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most frequent form of prion diseases and has demonstrated a wide phenotypic and molecular spectrum. In contrast, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), which results from oral exposure to the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, is a highly stereotyped disease, that, until now, has only occurred in patients who are methionine homozygous at codon 129 of the PrP gene. Recent research has provided consistent evidence of strain diversity in sCJD and also, unexpectedly enough, in vCJD. Here, we discuss the puzzling biochemical/pathological diversity of human prion disorders and the relationship of that diversity to the biological properties of the agent as demonstrated by strain typing in experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Haïk
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (CRICM), UMRS 975, Equipe "Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases", Paris, France.
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28
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Kobayashi A, Mizukoshi K, Iwasaki Y, Miyata H, Yoshida Y, Kitamoto T. Co-occurrence of types 1 and 2 PrP(res) in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease MM1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1309-15. [PMID: 21356381 PMCID: PMC3069892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genotype (M/M, M/V, or V/V) at polymorphic codon 129 of the human prion protein (PrP) gene and the type (1 or 2) of protease-resistant PrP (PrP(res)) in the brain are major determinants of the clinicopathological phenotypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). According to this molecular typing system, sCJD has been classified into six subgroups (MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2, VV1, and VV2). Besides these pure subgroups, mixed cases presenting mixed neuropathological phenotypes and more than one PrP(res) type have been found in sCJD. To investigate the frequency of the co-occurrence of types 1 and 2 PrP(res) in sCJD patients classified as MM1, we produced type 2 PrP(res)-specific antibody Tohoku 2 (T2) that can specifically detect the N-terminal cleavage site of type 2 PrP(res) after protease treatment and examined brain samples from 23 patients with sCJD-MM1. Western blot analysis using the T2 antibody revealed that the minority type 2 PrP(res) could be detected in all sCJD-MM1 brain samples including those of the cerebellum where sCJD-MM2 prions rarely accumulate. These results show that the co-occurrence of types 1 and 2 PrP(res) within a single sCJD-MM1 patient is a universal phenomenon. The general co-occurrence of multiple PrP(res) fragments within a single prion strain questions the validity of the conventional molecular typing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Division of Neurological Science, Center for Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenta Mizukoshi
- Division of Neurological Science, Center for Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neurology, Oyamada Memorial Spa Hospital, Yokkaichi, Japan
| | - Hajime Miyata
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels–Akita, Akita, Japan
| | - Yasuji Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels–Akita, Akita, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Division of Neurological Science, Center for Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Gambetti P, Cali I, Notari S, Kong Q, Zou WQ, Surewicz WK. Molecular biology and pathology of prion strains in sporadic human prion diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:79-90. [PMID: 21058033 PMCID: PMC3077936 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are believed to propagate by the mechanism involving self-perpetuating conformational conversion of the normal form of the prion protein, PrP(C), to the misfolded, pathogenic state, PrP(Sc). One of the most intriguing aspects of these disorders is the phenomenon of prion strains. It is believed that strain properties are fully encoded in distinct conformations of PrP(Sc). Strains are of practical relevance to human prion diseases as their diversity may explain the unusual heterogeneity of these disorders. The first insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying heterogeneity of human prion diseases was provided by the observation that two distinct disease phenotypes and their associated PrP(Sc) conformers co-distribute with distinct PrP genotypes as determined by the methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 of the PrP gene. Subsequent studies identified six possible combinations of the three genotypes (determined by the polymorphic codon 129) and two common PrP(Sc) conformers (named types 1 and 2) as the major determinants of the phenotype in sporadic human prion diseases. This scenario implies that each 129 genotype-PrP(Sc) type combination would be associated with a distinct disease phenotype and prion strain. However, notable exceptions have been found. For example, two genotype-PrP(Sc) type combinations are linked to the same phenotype, and conversely, the same combination was found to be associated with two distinct phenotypes. Furthermore, in some cases, PrP(Sc) conformers naturally associated with distinct phenotypes appear, upon transmission, to lose their phenotype-determining strain characteristics. Currently it seems safe to assume that typical sporadic prion diseases are associated with at least six distinct prion strains. However, the intrinsic characteristics that distinguish at least four of these strains remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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30
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Defining sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease strains and their transmission properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12005-10. [PMID: 20547859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004688107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological determinants of the phenotypic variation in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) are unknown. To categorize sCJD cases, the prion protein (PrP) codon 129 genotype and the biochemical characteristics of the disease-associated form of PrP (PrP(Sc)) can be combined to form six subgroups (MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2, VV1, and VV2). This classification largely correlates with the known variation in the clinical and pathological features of sCJD, with the MM1 and MV1 cases representing the "classic" phenotype of sCJD. To address how this classification relates to different strains of sCJD we have inoculated each subgroup of sCJD to a panel of mice expressing different forms of the human PRNP gene (129MM, 129VV, and 129MV). We have established that all subtypes are transmissible to at least one genotype of mouse, and both agent and host factors determine transmission efficiency and the form of PrP(Sc) deposited in the brain. Moreover, we have identified four distinct strains of sCJD using our in vivo strain typing panel.
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Abstract
The clinicopathological phenotypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) correlate with the allelotypes (M or V) of the polymorphic codon 129 of the human prion protein (PrP) gene and the electrophoretic mobility patterns of abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)). Transmission of sCJD prions to mice expressing human PrP with a heterologous genotype (referred to as cross-sequence transmission) results in prolonged incubation periods. We previously reported that cross-sequence transmission can generate a new prion strain with unique transmissibility, designated a traceback phenomenon. To verify experimentally the traceback of sCJD-VV2 prions, we inoculated sCJD-VV2 prions into mice expressing human PrP with the 129M/M genotype. These 129M/M mice showed altered neuropathology and a novel PrP(Sc) type after a long incubation period. We then passaged the brain homogenate from the 129M/M mouse inoculated with sCJD-VV2 prions into other 129M/M or 129V/V mice. Despite cross-sequence transmission, 129V/V mice were highly susceptible to these prions compared to the 129M/M mice. The neuropathology and PrP(Sc) type of the 129V/V mice inoculated with the 129M/M mouse-passaged sCJD-VV2 prions were identical to those of the 129V/V mice inoculated with sCJD-VV2 prions. Moreover, we generated for the first time a type 2 PrP(Sc)-specific antibody in addition to type 1 PrP(Sc)-specific antibody and discovered that drastic changes in the PrP(Sc) subpopulation underlie the traceback phenomenon. Here, we report the first direct evidence of the traceback in prion infection.
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32
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Bishop MT, Ritchie DL, Will RG, Ironside JW, Head MW, Thomson V, Bruce M, Manson JC. No major change in vCJD agent strain after secondary transmission via blood transfusion. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2878. [PMID: 18682737 PMCID: PMC2478718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) by blood transfusion has prompted investigation to establish whether there has been any alteration in the vCJD agent following this route of secondary transmission. Any increase in virulence or host adaptation would require a reassessment of the risk analyses relating to the possibility of a significant secondary outbreak of vCJD. Since there are likely to be carriers of the vCJD agent in the general population, there is a potential for further infection by routes such as blood transfusion or contaminated surgical instruments. Methodology We inoculated both wild-type and transgenic mice with material from the first case of transfusion associated vCJD infection. Principal Findings The strain transmission properties of blood transfusion associated vCJD infection show remarkable similarities to the strain of vCJD associated with transmission from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Conclusions Although it has been hypothesized that adaptation of the BSE agent through secondary passage in humans may result in a greater risk of onward transmission due to an increased virulence of the agent for humans, our data presented here in two murine models suggest no significant alterations to transmission efficiency of the agent following human-to-human transmission of vCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Bishop
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diane L. Ritchie
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G. Will
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Ironside
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W. Head
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Val Thomson
- Roslin Institute, Neuropathogenesis Division, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Moira Bruce
- Roslin Institute, Neuropathogenesis Division, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean C. Manson
- Roslin Institute, Neuropathogenesis Division, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Agrimi U, Nonno R, Dell'Omo G, Di Bari MA, Conte M, Chiappini B, Esposito E, Di Guardo G, Windl O, Vaccari G, Lipp HP. Prion protein amino acid determinants of differential susceptibility and molecular feature of prion strains in mice and voles. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000113. [PMID: 18654630 PMCID: PMC2453331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bank vole is a rodent susceptible to different prion strains from humans and various animal species. We analyzed the transmission features of different prions in a panel of seven rodent species which showed various degrees of phylogenetic affinity and specific prion protein (PrP) sequence divergences in order to investigate the basis of vole susceptibility in comparison to other rodent models. At first, we found a differential susceptibility of bank and field voles compared to C57Bl/6 and wood mice. Voles showed high susceptibility to sheep scrapie but were resistant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy, whereas C57Bl/6 and wood mice displayed opposite features. Infection with mouse-adapted scrapie 139A was faster in voles than in C57Bl/6 and wood mice. Moreover, a glycoprofile change was observed in voles, which was reverted upon back passage to mice. All strains replicated much faster in voles than in mice after adapting to the new species. PrP sequence comparison indicated a correlation between the transmission patterns and amino acids at positions 154 and 169 (Y and S in mice, N and N in voles). This correlation was confirmed when inoculating three additional rodent species: gerbils, spiny mice and oldfield mice with sheep scrapie and 139A. These rodents were chosen because oldfield mice do have the 154N and 169N substitutions, whereas gerbil and spiny mice do not have them. Our results suggest that PrP residues 154 and 169 drive the susceptibility, molecular phenotype and replication rate of prion strains in rodents. This might have implications for the assessment of host range and molecular traceability of prion strains, as well as for the development of improved animal models for prion diseases. Prions are unconventional infectious agents that cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. A pathological form of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), named PrPSc, appears to be the major or the sole component of prions. These agents are transmitted by inducing the conversion of host PrPC into PrPSc that accumulates in the brain of affected individuals. Different factors are believed to modulate such events, which explains the variable transmission efficiency observed under inter-species experimental inoculation. These factors are still fairly unknown, although evidence exists that some kind of structural compatibility between PrPSc of the infectious inoculum and PrPC of the host has a role in making transmission more or less efficient. We investigated the transmission of prions to different rodents and showed that specific amino acid substitutions (Y154N and S169N) in the prion protein are major determinants of susceptibility to prions. In particular, we showed that these specific variations i) direct the transmission rate of prions between different species in a way that is dependent on the prion strain, ii) affect the molecular characteristics of prions, and iii) influence their replication efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Tribouillard-Tanvier D, Béringue V, Desban N, Gug F, Bach S, Voisset C, Galons H, Laude H, Vilette D, Blondel M. Antihypertensive drug guanabenz is active in vivo against both yeast and mammalian prions. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1981. [PMID: 18431471 PMCID: PMC2291559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prion-based diseases are incurable transmissible neurodegenerative disorders affecting animals and humans. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we report the discovery of the in vivo antiprion activity of Guanabenz (GA), an agonist of alpha2-adrenergic receptors routinely used in human medicine as an antihypertensive drug. We isolated GA in a screen for drugs active in vivo against two different yeast prions using a previously described yeast-based two steps assay. GA was then shown to promote ovine PrP(Sc) clearance in a cell-based assay. These effects are very specific as evidenced by the lack of activity of some GA analogues that we generated. GA antiprion activity does not involve its agonist activity on alpha2-adrenergic receptors as other chemically close anti-hypertensive agents possessing related mechanism of action were found inactive against prions. Finally, GA showed activity in a transgenic mouse-based in vivo assay for ovine prion propagation, prolonging slightly but significantly the survival of treated animals. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE GA thus adds to the short list of compounds active in vivo in animal models for the treatment of prion-based diseases. Because it has been administrated for many years to treat hypertension on a daily basis, without major side-effects, our results suggest that it could be evaluated in human as a potential treatment for prion-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Tribouillard-Tanvier
- INSERM U613, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, UMR-S613, Brest, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Brest, France
- CHU Brest, Hop Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
- CNRS UPS2682, Station Biologique, Protein Phosphorylation and Disease Laboratory, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Desban
- CNRS UPS2682, Station Biologique, Protein Phosphorylation and Disease Laboratory, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Fabienne Gug
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- CNRS UPS2682, Station Biologique, Protein Phosphorylation and Disease Laboratory, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Cécile Voisset
- INSERM U613, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, UMR-S613, Brest, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Brest, France
- CHU Brest, Hop Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
| | - Hervé Galons
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marc Blondel
- INSERM U613, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, UMR-S613, Brest, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, Brest, France
- CHU Brest, Hop Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
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Two different clinical phenotypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with a M232R substitution. J Neurol 2007; 254:1509-17. [PMID: 17965961 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-007-0540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical features of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with a substitution of arginine for methionine (M232R substitution) at codon 232 (CJD232) of the prion protein gene (PRNP). PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated the clinical and laboratory features of 20 CJD232 patients: age of onset, initial symptoms, duration until becoming akinetic and mute, duration until occurrence of periodic sharp and wave complexes on EEG (PSWC), MRI findings, and the presence of CSF 14-3-3 protein. Immunohistochemically, prion protein (PrP) deposition was studied. RESULTS None of the patients had a family history of CJD. We recognized two clinical phenotypes: a rapidly progressive type (rapidtype) and a slowly progressive type (slow-type). Out of 20 patients, 15 became akinetic and mute, demonstrated myoclonus, and showed PSWC within a mean duration of 3.1, 2.4, and 2.8 months, respectively (rapid-type). Five showed slowly progressive clinical courses (slow-type). Five became akinetic and mute and four demonstrated myoclonus within a mean duration of 20.6 and 15.3 months, respectively, which were significantly longer than those in the rapid-type. Only one demonstrated PSWC 13 months after the onset. Diffuse synaptic-type deposition was demonstrated in four rapidtype patients, and perivacuolar and diffuse synaptic-type deposition in two, and diffuse synaptic-type deposition in one slow-type patient. Three of 50 suspected but non-CJD patients had the M232R substitution. CONCLUSIONS Patients with CJD232 had no family history like patients with sCJD, and showed two different clinical phenotypes in spite of having the same PRNP genotype. More studies are needed to determine whether M232R substitution causes the disease and influences the disease progression.
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Kobayashi A, Asano M, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Cross-sequence transmission of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease creates a new prion strain. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:30022-8. [PMID: 17709374 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704597200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotype (methionine or valine) at polymorphic codon 129 of the human prion protein (PrP) gene and the type (type 1 or type 2) of abnormal isoform of PrP (PrP(Sc)) are major determinants of the clinicopathological phenotypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Here we found that the transmission of sCJD prions from a patient with valine homozygosity (129V/V) and type 2 PrP(Sc) (sCJD-VV2 prions) to mice expressing human PrP with methionine homozygosity (129M/M) generated unusual PrP(Sc) intermediate in size between type 1 and type 2. The intermediate type PrP(Sc) was seen in all examined dura mater graft-associated CJD cases with 129M/M and plaque-type PrP deposits (p-dCJD). p-dCJD prions and sCJD-VV2 prions exhibited similar transmissibility and neuropathology, and the identical type of PrP(Sc) when inoculated into PrP-humanized mice with 129M/M or 129V/V. These findings suggest that p-dCJD could be caused by cross-sequence transmission of sCJD-VV2 prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Lau AL, Yam AY, Michelitsch MMD, Wang X, Gao C, Goodson RJ, Shimizu R, Timoteo G, Hall J, Medina-Selby A, Coit D, McCoin C, Phelps B, Wu P, Hu C, Chien D, Peretz D. Characterization of prion protein (PrP)-derived peptides that discriminate full-length PrPSc from PrPC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11551-6. [PMID: 17601775 PMCID: PMC1904418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704260104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
On our initial discovery that prion protein (PrP)-derived peptides were capable of capturing the pathogenic prion protein (PrP(Sc)), we have been interested in how these peptides interact with PrP(Sc). After screening peptides from the entire human PrP sequence, we found two peptides (PrP(19-30) and PrP(100-111)) capable of binding full-length PrP(Sc) in plasma, a medium containing a complex mixture of other proteins including a vast excess of the normal prion protein (PrP(C)). The limit of detection for captured PrP(Sc) was calculated to be 8 amol from a approximately 10(5)-fold dilution of 10% (wt/vol) human variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease brain homogenate, with >3,800-fold binding specificity to PrP(Sc) over PrP(C). Through extensive analyses, we show that positively charged amino acids play an important, but not exclusive, role in the interaction between the peptides and PrP(Sc). Neither hydrophobic nor polar interactions appear to correlate with binding activity. The peptide-PrP(Sc) interaction was not sequence-specific, but amino acid composition affected binding. Binding occurs through a conformational domain that is only present in PrP(Sc), is species-independent, and is not affected by proteinase K digestion. These and other findings suggest a mechanism by which cationic domains of PrP(C) may play a role in the recruitment of PrP(C) to PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Lau
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Alice Y. Yam
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | | | - Xuemei Wang
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Carol Gao
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Robert J. Goodson
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Robert Shimizu
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Gulliver Timoteo
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - John Hall
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | | | - Doris Coit
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Colin McCoin
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Bruce Phelps
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Ping Wu
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Celine Hu
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - David Chien
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - David Peretz
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., Mail Stop 4.3, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608. E-mail:
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the quantitative risk assessment on the residual BSE risk in sheep meat and meat products. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Cancellotti E, Barron RM, Bishop MT, Hart P, Wiseman F, Manson JC. The role of host PrP in Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1772:673-80. [PMID: 17150338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PrP has a central role in the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), and mutations and polymorphisms in host PrP can profoundly alter the host's susceptibility to a TSE agent. However, precisely how host PrP influences the outcome of disease has not been established. To investigate this we have produced by gene targeting a series of inbred lines of transgenic mice expressing different PrP genes. This allows us to study directly the influence of the host PrP gene in TSEs. We have examined the role of glycosylation, point mutations, polymorphisms and PrP from different species on host susceptibility and the disease process both within the murine species and across species barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cancellotti
- Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, Ogston Building, KB, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK
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Kawauchi Y, Kamitani T, Yagishita S, Kitamoto T, Kishida H. Autopsy case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with Met/Val heterozygosity at codon 129 and type 1 protease-resistant prion protein presenting some florid-type plaques and many Kuru plaques in the cerebellum. Neuropathology 2006; 26:313-7. [PMID: 16961067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2006.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report an atypical case of CJD. The clinical course was similar to a classic CJD phenotype, but histopathological study revealed several florid-type plaques in the amygdale and abundant Kuru plaques in the cerebellum that are atypical of classic CJD. Molecular analysis showed methionine/valine heterozygosity at codon 129 and no pathogenic mutation in the coding region of the prion protein gene. Western immunoblots revealed type 1 protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres), and a ration analysis of PrPres showed a high ratio of the diglycosylated form and a low ratio of the non-glycosylated form. Our case could not be precisely classified in any of Parchi's six variants. It suggests the existence of some factors that determine the phenotypic variability other than the codon 129 genotypes in the PrP gene or the physicochemical properties of PrPres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kawauchi
- Department of Neurology, Yokohama Miyazaki Hospital of Neurosurgery, Japan.
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Nonno R, Bari MAD, Cardone F, Vaccari G, Fazzi P, Dell'Omo G, Cartoni C, Ingrosso L, Boyle A, Galeno R, Sbriccoli M, Lipp HP, Bruce M, Pocchiari M, Agrimi U. Efficient transmission and characterization of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease strains in bank voles. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e12. [PMID: 16518470 PMCID: PMC1383487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of prions between species is limited by the "species barrier," which hampers a full characterization of human prion strains in the mouse model. We report that the efficiency of primary transmission of prions from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients to a wild rodent species, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), is comparable to that reported in transgenic mice carrying human prion protein, in spite of a low prion protein-sequence homology between man and vole. Voles infected with sporadic and genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease isolates show strain-specific patterns of spongiform degeneration and pathological prion protein-deposition, and accumulate protease-resistant prion protein with biochemical properties similar to the human counterpart. Adaptation of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease isolates to voles shows little or no evidence of a transmission barrier, in contrast to the striking barriers observed during transmission of mouse, hamster, and sheep prions to voles. Our results imply that in voles there is no clear relationship between the degree of homology of the prion protein of the donor and recipient species and susceptibility, consistent with the view that the prion strain gives a major contribution to the species barrier. The vole is therefore a valuable model to study human prion diversity and, being susceptible to a range of animal prions, represents a unique tool for comparing isolates from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A. Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Cardone
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fazzi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dell'Omo
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Behaviour, Institute of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Cartoni
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Ingrosso
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Aileen Boyle
- Neuropathogenesis Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Galeno
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Hans-Peter Lipp
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Behaviour, Institute of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moira Bruce
- Neuropathogenesis Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
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Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Hashizume Y, Kitamoto T, Sobue G. Neuropathologic characteristics of spinal cord lesions in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol 2005; 110:490-500. [PMID: 16175355 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neuropathologic features of spinal cord lesions in 23 patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), paying particular attention to neuronal loss and gliosis, pyramidal tract degeneration and prion protein (PrP) deposition. The study included 9 cases of subacute spongiform encephalopathy, 13 cases of panencephalopathic-type sCJD and 1 case of sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI). In the spinal gray matter, although gliosis was present in some patients with disease of relatively long duration, the number of neurons, including large motor neurons, was well preserved regardless of disease duration. Pyramidal tract degeneration was observed in some patients with disease lasting more than 14 months but not in the patient with sFI. PrP deposition was present in the spinal cord of all sCJD patients, and was identified predominantly in the posterior horn, particularly in the substantia gelatinosa, regardless of disease duration or disease classification based on cerebral pathology. Relatively prominent PrP deposition was also observed in Clarke's column. The density of PrP deposition in the sCJD spinal cord was not associated with disease duration or neuronal degeneration. Our results indicate that PrP deposition in the spinal cord is an early pathologic event in sCJD and may remain to the end stage. Although no VV1, VV2 or MV2 cases were included in our study, we suggest that stereotypic accumulation of PrP is a consistent pathologic feature of sCJD and that the spinal cord remains relatively resistant to the pathologic process of sCJD, at least in patients with MM1 sCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan.
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Iwasaki Y, Hashizume Y, Yoshida M, Kitamoto T, Sobue G. Neuropathologic characteristics of brainstem lesions in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neuropathol 2005; 109:557-66. [PMID: 15933870 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-0981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the brainstem is affected by the pathologic process of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), with particular attention to brainstem atrophy, neuronal loss, pyramidal tract degeneration, and prion protein (PrP) deposition, in 33 patients with sCJD. Brainstem atrophy, particularly in the pontine base, was relatively prominent in patients with disease of unusually prolonged duration. Neuronal loss and pyramidal tract degeneration were also identified in some but not all patients with prolonged disease. Neuronal loss was relatively prominent in the pontine nucleus and less so in the substantia nigra and inferior olivary nucleus; motor nuclei of the brainstem tegmentum were well preserved. PrP deposition was present in the brainstem in all patients, and was identified predominantly in the substantia nigra, quadrigeminal body, pontine nucleus, and inferior olivary nucleus. PrP deposition was less prominent in the red nucleus and tegmentum of the pons and medulla oblongata. PrP deposition occurred least or not at all in the pyramidal tract. The density of PrP deposition in the sCJD brainstem was not associated with disease duration or neuronal degeneration until the late stage. Our results show that atrophy, neuronal loss, and pyramidal tract degeneration occur in the sCJD brainstem, particularly in patients with an unusually prolonged disease course. These findings are not associated directly with PrP deposition and may reflect end-stage sCJD. No VV1, VV2, or MV2 cases were included in our study; however, we suggest that widespread and relatively stereotypic PrP deposition is a consistent pathologic feature of sCJD, at least in MM1 sCJD patients. Although accumulation of PrP in the brainstem appears to be an early pathologic event in sCJD, and may remain into the late disease stage, the brainstem remains relatively resistant to the pathologic process of sCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, 466-8550, Nagoya, Japan.
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Piao YS, Kakita A, Watanabe H, Kitamoto T, Takahashi H. Sporadic fatal insomnia with spongiform degeneration in the thalamus and widespread PrPSc deposits in the brain. Neuropathology 2005; 25:144-9. [PMID: 15875907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2005.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of human prion disease of 29 months duration in a 74-year-old Japanese man. The disease started with progressive sleeplessness and dementia. MRI showed gradually progressive cerebral atrophy. Neuronal loss, spongiform change and gliosis were evident in the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as in the striatum and amygdaloid nucleus. In the cerebellar cortex, mild-to-moderate depletion of Pukinje cells and spongiform change were observed. Mild neuronal loss in the inferior olivary nucleus was also seen. Immunohistochemistry revealed widespread perivacuolar deposits of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and brainstem, and minimal plaque-like deposits of PrPSc in the cerebellar cortex. In the cerebellar plaque-like deposits, the presence of amyloid fibrils was confirmed ultrastructurally. The entire pathology appeared to lie halfway between those of CJD and fatal insomnia, and further demonstrated the relationship between spongiform degeneration and PrPSc deposits, especially in the diseased thalamus. By immunoblotting, the thalamus was shown to contain the lowest amount of PrPSc among the brain regions examined. The PrPSc of type 2, in which the ratio of the three glycoforms was compatible with that of sporadic fatal insomnia (MM2-thalamic variant) reported previously, was also demonstrated. Analysis of the prion protein gene (PRNP) showed no mutation, and homozygosity for methionine at codon 129. In conclusion, we considered that this patient had been suffering from sporadic, pathologically atypical fatal insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Shan Piao
- Department of Pathology (Resource Branch for Brain Disease Research CBBR), Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
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Kobayashi A, Satoh S, Ironside JW, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Type 1 and type 2 human PrPSc have different aggregation sizes in methionine homozygotes with sporadic, iatrogenic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:237-240. [PMID: 15604452 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the type (type 1 or 2) of abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) in the brain and the genotype at codon 129 of the PrP gene are major determinants of clinicopathological phenotype. Little is known about the difference in biochemical properties between the two types of PrP(Sc), except for the different proteinase K cleavage sites. To investigate the size of aggregates formed by PrP(Sc) types 1 and 2, brain homogenates from various cases of CJD with the same genotype (homozygous for methionine at codon 129) were passed through filters with a mean pore size of 72+/-4 nm. Type 2 PrP(Sc) was efficiently removed from the filtrates by the filters, in contrast to type 1. Even type 2 PrP(Sc) from a patient without amyloid plaques was removed more efficiently than type 1 from patients with amyloid plaques. These results indicate that type 2 PrP(Sc) has a larger aggregation size than type 1, irrespective of the existence of amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sakae Satoh
- Planova Division, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James W Ironside
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Center of Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Prion Research, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research on Human Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Abstract
Although human prion diseases are rare, they are invariably fatal, and treatments remain elusive. Hundreds of iatrogenic prion transmissions have occurred in the past two decades, and the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic has raised concerns about prion transmission from cattle to humans. Research into therapeutics for prion disease is being pursued in several centres and prominently includes immunological strategies. Currently, the options that are being explored aim either to mobilize the innate and adaptive immune systems towards prion destruction or to suppress or dedifferentiate the lymphoreticular compartments that replicate prions. This article reviews the pathophysiology of prion diseases in mouse models and discusses their relevance to immunotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic antiprion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.
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