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Ria F, Delogu G, Ingrosso L, Sali M, Di Sante G. Secrets and lies of host-microbial interactions: MHC restriction and trans-regulation of T cell trafficking conceal the role of microbial agents on the edge between health and multifactorial/complex diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:40. [PMID: 38216734 PMCID: PMC11071949 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Here we critically discuss data supporting the view that microbial agents (pathogens, pathobionts or commensals alike) play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases, but their role is concealed by the rules presiding over T cell antigen recognition and trafficking. These rules make it difficult to associate univocally infectious agents to diseases' pathogenesis using the paradigm developed for canonical infectious diseases. (Cross-)recognition of a variable repertoire of epitopes leads to the possibility that distinct infectious agents can determine the same disease(s). There can be the need for sequential infection/colonization by two or more microorganisms to develop a given disease. Altered spreading of infectious agents can determine an unwanted activation of T cells towards a pro-inflammatory and trafficking phenotype, due to differences in the local microenvironment. Finally, trans-regulation of T cell trafficking allows infectious agents unrelated to the specificity of T cell to modify their homing to target organs, thereby driving flares of disease. The relevant role of microbial agents in largely prevalent diseases provides a conceptual basis for the evaluation of more specific therapeutic approaches, targeted to prevent (vaccine) or cure (antibiotics and/or Biologic Response Modifiers) multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Delogu
- Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026, Olbia, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - L Ingrosso
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sali
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory and Infectivology Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 60132, Perugia, Italy.
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Lucarelli C, Di Domenico EG, Toma L, Bracco D, Prignano G, Fortunati M, Pelagalli L, Ensoli F, Pezzotti P, García-Fernández A, Pantosti A, Ingrosso L. Ralstonia mannitolilytica infections in an oncologic day ward: description of a cluster among high-risk patients. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:20. [PMID: 28191308 PMCID: PMC5297155 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ralstonia spp, an environmental microorganism, has been occasionally associated with healthcare infections. The aim of this study was to investigate an outbreak caused by Ralstonia mannitolilytica in oncology patients. METHODS Case definition: Oncology outpatients attending a day ward, with positive blood and/or central venous catheter (CVC) culture for Ralstonia spp from September 2013 - June 2014. We analysed medical records, procedures and environmental samples. R. mannitolilytica was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, and typed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE); resistance to carbapenemes was investigated by phenotypic and molecular methods. RESULTS The patients (N = 22) had different malignancies and received different therapy; all had a CVC and 16 patients presented chills and/or fever. R. mannitolilytica was isolated from both blood and CVC (n = 12) or only blood (n = 6) or CVC tips (n = 4). The isolates had indistinguishable PFGE profile, and showed resistance to carbapenems. All the isolates were negative for carbapenemase genes while phenotypic tests suggests the presence of an AmpC β-lactamase activity,responsible for carbapenem resistance. All patients had had CVC flushed with saline to keep the venous access pervious or before receiving chemotherapy at various times before the onset of symptoms. After the first four cases occurred, the multi-dose saline bottles used for CVC flushing were replaced with single-dose vials; environmental samples were negative for R. mannitolilytica. CONCLUSIONS Although the source of R. mannitolilytica remains unidentified, CVC flushing with contaminated saline solution seems to be the most likely origin of R. mannitolilytica CVC colonization and subsequent infections. In order to prevent similar outbreaks we recommend removal of any CVC that is no longer necessary and the use of single-dose solutions for any parenteral treatment of oncology patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lucarelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enea Gino Di Domenico
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Toma
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Bracco
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Prignano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Fortunati
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorella Pelagalli
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Pantosti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Ingrosso
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
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Ingrosso L, Schmidt T, Sherally J, Dembech M, Barragan Montes S, Sa Machado R, Annunziata G, Rezza G, Severoni S. A desk review on institutional and non-institutional organizations active in the field of migrant's health in the WHO European Region. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2016; 51:313-20. [PMID: 26783218 DOI: 10.4415/ann_15_04_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migrants have problematic access to health-care; non-institutional organizations (NGOs), as well as institutional bodies may play a role in facilitating their access to mainstream health care. AIM Our research reviews actions that address the need of migrants in terms of health care in order to understand how, where, and who participates in this effort. METHOD Data were from desk or web research, declaration from organisations and their websites, information from WHO Country Offices. RESULTS 154 NGOs were identified in the WHO European Region. 58% were direct health care providers while the remaining provided either mediation services or were part of a network organization. 173 national institutes (GOVs) were found; less than the 20% were directly or indirectly involved in health care, whereas the majority were involved in research, policy development, international relations and human rights. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Some gaps, a certain fragmentation and lack of coordination were identified. WHO can play an overarching role in the exchange of expertise and harmonisation of the efforts in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ingrosso
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Tanja Schmidt
- European Office for Investment for Health and Development, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Venice, Italy
| | - Jamila Sherally
- European Office for Investment for Health and Development, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Venice, Italy
| | - Matteo Dembech
- European Office for Investment for Health and Development, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Venice, Italy
| | - Sara Barragan Montes
- European Office for Investment for Health and Development, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Venice, Italy
| | - Rita Sa Machado
- European Office for Investment for Health and Development, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Venice, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Annunziata
- International Centre for Migration Health and Development, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Santino Severoni
- European Office for Investment for Health and Development, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Venice, Italy
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Ingrosso L, Vescio F, Giuliani M, Migliori GB, Fattorini L, Severoni S, Rezza G. Risk factors for tuberculosis in foreign-born people (FBP) in Italy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94728. [PMID: 24733156 PMCID: PMC3986251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Italy, TB notifications in foreign-born people (FBP) are steadily increasing. To investigate this issue we did a meta-analysis on risk factors for FBP people. A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE from Jan-1980 to Jan-2013. We analysed HIV status, previous TB-treatment, intravenous drug use and alcohol abuse, and multidrug resistant TB. Odd ratio was used as a measure of effect. One and two-stages approaches were used. In the main analysis we used a 2-stages approach to include studies with only aggregate estimates. Among 1996 references, 18 fulfilled inclusion criteria. In TB-affected FBP people positive HIV-status was about 3 times higher than among Italians, after 1996 when combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV was introduced (OR: 2.91; 95%CI: 1.37; 6.17). No association was found between FBP and intravenous drug users in adults; after 1-stage meta-analysis foreign born people from highly endemic countries had a 4 times higher risk to be multidrug resistant TB than Italian people. Finally, TB-affected FBP were less likely than Italians to be alcoholics (OR: 0.10 95%CI: 0.01; 0.84) or of having received previous TB-treatment (OR: 0.55; 95%CI: 0.43; 0.71). An association of multidrug resistant TB with immigrant status as well as an association of Tuberculosis with HIV-positive status in foreign-born people are major findings of this analysis. Drugs and alcohol abuse do not appear to be risk factors for TB in FBP, however they cannot be discharged since may depend on cultural traditions and their role may change in the future along with the migratory waves. An effective control of TB risk factors among migrants is crucial to obtain the goal of TB eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ingrosso
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Fenicia Vescio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Giuliani
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Migliori
- WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Fattorini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Santino Severoni
- Migration and Health, WHO European office for investment for health and development, Castello, Venice, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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D’Ambrosio F, Del Grosso M, Camilli R, Ingrosso L, Caporali MG, D’Ancona F, Pantosti A. Surveillance of invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Italy: evolution of serotypes and antibiotic resistance in different age groups before and after implementation of PCV7. Microbiol Med 2013. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2013.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Wilson R, Plinston C, Hunter N, Casalone C, Corona C, Tagliavini F, Suardi S, Ruggerone M, Moda F, Graziano S, Sbriccoli M, Cardone F, Pocchiari M, Ingrosso L, Baron T, Richt J, Andreoletti O, Simmons M, Lockey R, Manson JC, Barron RM. Chronic wasting disease and atypical forms of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are not transmissible to mice expressing wild-type levels of human prion protein. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1624-1629. [PMID: 22495232 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.042507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) has demonstrated that cattle transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) can pose a risk to human health and raises the possibility that other ruminant TSEs may be transmissible to humans. In recent years, several novel TSEs in sheep, cattle and deer have been described and the risk posed to humans by these agents is currently unknown. In this study, we inoculated two forms of atypical BSE (BASE and H-type BSE), a chronic wasting disease (CWD) isolate and seven isolates of atypical scrapie into gene-targeted transgenic (Tg) mice expressing the human prion protein (PrP). Upon challenge with these ruminant TSEs, gene-targeted Tg mice expressing human PrP did not show any signs of disease pathology. These data strongly suggest the presence of a substantial transmission barrier between these recently identified ruminant TSEs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona Wilson
- Neuropathogenesis Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Chris Plinston
- Neuropathogenesis Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Nora Hunter
- Neuropathogenesis Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristiano Corona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Suardi
- IRCCS Foundation, 'Carlo Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Moda
- IRCCS Foundation, 'Carlo Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Graziano
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Cardone
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Ingrosso
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Thierry Baron
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Lyon, France
| | - Juergen Richt
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Olivier Andreoletti
- UMR 1225 Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 chemin des Capelles, B.P. 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Marion Simmons
- Neuropathology Section, Department of Pathology and Host Susceptibility, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Richard Lockey
- Neuropathology Section, Department of Pathology and Host Susceptibility, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jean C Manson
- Neuropathogenesis Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Rona M Barron
- Neuropathogenesis Division, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Ingrosso L, Rezza G, Pocchiari M, Garaci E. The CNCCS, a benchmark Italian consortium for bioeconomy and an opportunity for the Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2012; 48:115-116. [PMID: 22751551 DOI: 10.4415/ann_12_02_01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Nicolò C, Sali M, Di Sante G, Geloso MC, Signori E, Penitente R, Uniyal S, Rinaldi M, Ingrosso L, Fazio VM, Chan BMC, Delogu G, Ria F. Mycobacterium smegmatisExpressing a Chimeric Protein MPT64-Proteolipid Protein (PLP) 139–151 Reorganizes the PLP-Specific T Cell Repertoire Favoring a CD8-Mediated Response and Induces a Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J I 2009; 184:222-35. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Sbriccoli M, Cardone F, Valanzano A, Lu M, Graziano S, De Pascalis A, Ingrosso L, Zanusso G, Monaco S, Bentivoglio M, Pocchiari M. Neuroinvasion of the 263K scrapie strain after intranasal administration occurs through olfactory-unrelated pathways. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:175-84. [PMID: 19107494 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). To examine this issue and identify the pattern of TSE agent spread after intranasal administration, we inoculated a high-infectious dose of neurotropic scrapie strain 263K into the nasal cavity of Syrian hamsters. All animals allowed to survive became symptomatic with a mean incubation period of 162.4 days. Analysis at different time points revealed deposition of the pathological prion protein (PrP(TSE)) in nasal-associated lymphoid tissues in the absence of brain involvement from 80 days post-infection (50% of the incubation period). Olfactory-related structures and brainstem nuclei were involved from 100 days post-inoculation (62% of the incubation period) when animals were still asymptomatic. Intriguingly, vagal or trigeminal nuclei were identified as early sites of PrP(TSE) deposition in some pre-symptomatic animals. These findings indicate that the 263K scrapie agent is unable to effectively spread from the olfactory neuroepithelium to the olfactory-related structures and that, after intranasal inoculation, neuroinvasion occurs through olfactory-unrelated pathways.
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Sanchez-Juan P, Green A, Ladogana A, Cuadrado-Corrales N, Sáanchez-Valle R, Mitrováa E, Stoeck K, Sklaviadis T, Kulczycki J, Hess K, Bodemer M, Slivarichová D, Saiz A, Calero M, Ingrosso L, Knight R, Janssens ACJW, van Duijn CM, Zerr I. CSF tests in the differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 2006; 67:637-43. [PMID: 16924018 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000230159.67128.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of various brain-derived proteins (14-3-3, Tau, neuron specific enolase [NSE], and S100b) in the CSF of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and to analyze biologic factors that modify these parameters. METHODS CSF was tested for 14-3-3, Tau, NSE, and S100b in 1,859 patients with sporadic, genetic, iatrogenic, and variant CJD, and in 1,117 controls. RESULTS The highest sensitivity was achieved for 14-3-3 and Tau in sporadic CJD (85% and 86%), and a combined determination of 14-3-3 and Tau, S100b, or NSE increased the sensitivity to over 93%. A multivariate analysis showed that the sensitivity of all tests was highest in patients with the shortest disease duration, age at onset >40 years, and homozygosity at codon 129 of the prion protein gene. In a group of patients with repeated lumbar punctures, a second test also increased the diagnostic sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS The detection of elevated levels of brain-derived proteins in the CSF in patients with suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a valuable diagnostic test. A second lumbar puncture may be of value in patients with atypical clinical course in whom the first test was negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanchez-Juan
- Department of Epidemiology &s Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ingrosso L, Novoa B, Valle AZD, Cardone F, Aranguren R, Sbriccoli M, Bevivino S, Iriti M, Liu Q, Vetrugno V, Lu M, Faoro F, Ciappellano S, Figueras A, Pocchiari M. Scrapie infectivity is quickly cleared in tissues of orally-infected farmed fish. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2:21. [PMID: 16776828 PMCID: PMC1513558 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to the group of animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). BSE epidemic in the UK and elsewhere in Europe has been linked to the use of bovine meat and bone meals (MBM) in the feeding of cattle. There is concern that pigs, poultry and fish bred for human consumption and fed with infected MBM would eventually develop BSE or carry residual infectivity without disease. Although there has been no evidence of infection in these species, experimental data on the susceptibility to the BSE agent of farm animals other than sheep and cow are limited only to pigs and domestic chicken. In the framework of a EU-granted project we have challenged two species of fish largely used in human food consumption, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), with a mouse-adapted TSE strain (scrapie 139A), to assess the risk related to oral consumption of TSE contaminated food. In trout, we also checked the "in vitro" ability of the pathological isoform of the mouse prion protein (PrPSc) to cross the intestinal epithelium when added to the mucosal side of everted intestine. Results Fish challenged with a large amount of scrapie mouse brain homogenate by either oral or parenteral routes, showed the ability to clear the majority of infectivity load. None of the fish tissues taken at different time points after oral or parenteral inoculation was able to provoke scrapie disease after intracerebral inoculation in recipient mice. However, a few recipient mice were positive for PrPSc and spongiform lesions in the brain. We also showed a specific binding of PrPSc to the mucosal side of fish intestine in the absence of an active uptake of the prion protein through the intestinal wall. Conclusion These results indicate that scrapie 139A, and possibly BSE, is quickly removed from fish tissues despite evidence of a prion like protein in fish and of a specific binding of PrPSc to the mucosal side of fish intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ingrosso
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience, viale Regina Elena,299,00161 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Nonno R, Bari MAD, Cardone F, Vaccari G, Fazzi P, Dell'Omo G, Cartoni C, Ingrosso L, Boyle A, Galeno R, Sbriccoli M, Lipp HP, Bruce M, Pocchiari M, Agrimi U. Efficient transmission and characterization of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease strains in bank voles. PLoS Pathog 2006; 2:e12. [PMID: 16518470 PMCID: PMC1383487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of prions between species is limited by the "species barrier," which hampers a full characterization of human prion strains in the mouse model. We report that the efficiency of primary transmission of prions from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients to a wild rodent species, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), is comparable to that reported in transgenic mice carrying human prion protein, in spite of a low prion protein-sequence homology between man and vole. Voles infected with sporadic and genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease isolates show strain-specific patterns of spongiform degeneration and pathological prion protein-deposition, and accumulate protease-resistant prion protein with biochemical properties similar to the human counterpart. Adaptation of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease isolates to voles shows little or no evidence of a transmission barrier, in contrast to the striking barriers observed during transmission of mouse, hamster, and sheep prions to voles. Our results imply that in voles there is no clear relationship between the degree of homology of the prion protein of the donor and recipient species and susceptibility, consistent with the view that the prion strain gives a major contribution to the species barrier. The vole is therefore a valuable model to study human prion diversity and, being susceptible to a range of animal prions, represents a unique tool for comparing isolates from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A. Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Cardone
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fazzi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dell'Omo
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Behaviour, Institute of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Cartoni
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Ingrosso
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Aileen Boyle
- Neuropathogenesis Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Galeno
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Hans-Peter Lipp
- Division of Neuroanatomy and Behaviour, Institute of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moira Bruce
- Neuropathogenesis Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
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13
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Zilli L, Schiavone R, Ingrosso L, Marsigliante S, Zonno V, Storelli C, Vilella S. Calcium channels are present in the apical plasma membranes of the hepatopancreatic B-cells of Marsupenaeus japonicus. J Comp Physiol B 2003; 173:661-7. [PMID: 13680129 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-003-0375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the existence of calcium channels in the apical membranes of the hepatopancreatic blister (B) cells of Marsupenaeus japonicus. Using brush-border membrane vesicles we demonstrated that the channel-mediated calcium passive flux was saturable and was stimulated by a transmembrane electrical potential difference and inhibited by barium. We raised a monoclonal antibody (Mab 24A4) against the calcium channel, which allowed us to inhibit the channel-mediated calcium uptake. By immunocytochemistry, using Mab 24A4, we demonstrated that these channels are located at the apical membrane of hepatopancreatic B cells. Finally, by measuring the calcium uptake in R- and B-enriched cell suspensions, we showed that only the plasma membrane of the B cells expresses a channel-mediated calcium uptake inhibited by barium, verapamil and the monoclonal antibody 24A4. The plasma membrane of R cells did not show calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale e Comparata, Università di Lecce, Via provinciale per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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14
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Vilella S, Zilli L, Ingrosso L, Schiavone R, Zonno V, Verri T, Storelli C. Differential expression of Na+/D-glucose cotransport in isolated cells of Marsupenaeus japonicus hepatopancreas. J Comp Physiol B 2003; 173:679-86. [PMID: 12955436 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-003-0379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
D-Glucose absorptive processes at the gastrointestinal tract of decapod crustaceans are largely under-investigated. We have studied Na(+)-dependent D-glucose transport (Na(+)/D-glucose cotransport) in the hepatopancreas of the Kuruma prawn, Marsupenaeus japonicus, using both brush-border membrane vesicles and purified R and B hepatopancreatic cell suspensions. As assessed by brush-border membrane vesicle studies, Na(+)/D-glucose cotransport was inhibited by phloridzin and responsive to the (inside negative) membrane potential. Furthermore, it was strongly activated by protons (although only in the presence of an inside-negative membrane potential), which correlates with the fact that the lumen of crustacean hepatopancreatic tubules is acidic. When assayed in purified R and B cell suspensions, Na(+)/D-glucose cotransport activity was restricted to B cells only. Mab 13, a monoclonal antibody recognizing an 80- to 85-KDa protein at the brush-border membrane location, inhibited Na(+)/D-glucose cotransport in brush-border membrane vesicles as well as in enriched B cell suspensions. Primers designed after comparison of highly homologous regions of various mammalian sodium-glucose transporter) nucleotide sequences failed to produce RT-PCR amplification products from Kuruma prawn hepatopancreatic RNA. The molecular nature of this Na(+)/D-glucose cotransport system is still to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vilella
- Laboratory of General and Comparative Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Lecce, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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15
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Aloisio A, Ambrosino F, Antonelli A, Antonelli M, Bacci C, Bencivenni G, Bertolucci S, Bini C, Bloise C, Bocci V, Bossi F, Branchini P, Bulychjov S, Caloi R, Campana P, Capon G, Carboni G, Casarsa M, Casavola V, Cataldi G, Ceradini F, Cervelli F, Cevenini F, Chiefari G, Ciambrone P, Conetti S, De Lucia E, De Robertis G, De Simone P, De Zorzi G, Dell'Agnello S, Denig A, Di Domenico A, Di Donato C, Di Falco S, Doria A, Dreucci M, Erriquez O, Farilla A, Felici G, Ferrari A, Ferrer M, Finocchiaro G, Forti C, Franceschi A, Franzini P, Gatti C, Gauzzi P, Giovannella S, Gorini E, Grancagnolo F, Graziani E, Han S, Incagli M, Ingrosso L, Kluge W, Kuo C, Kulikov V, Lacava F, Lanfranchi G, Lee-Franzini J, Leone D, Lu F, Martemianov M, Matsyuk M, Mei W, Merola L, Messi R, Miscetti S, Moulson M, Müller S, Murtas F, Napolitano M, Nedosekin A, Nguyen F, Palutan M, Paoluzi L, Pasqualucci E, Passalacqua L, Passeri A, Patera V, Petrolo E, Pontecorvo L, Primavera M, Ruggieri F, Santangelo P, Santovetti E, Saracino G, Schamberger R, Sciascia B, Sciubba A, Scuri F, Sfiligoi I, Spadaro T, Spiriti E, Tong G, Tortora L, Valente E, Valente P, Valeriani B, Venanzoni G, Veneziano S, Ventura A, Xu G, Yu G. Measuring the hadronic cross section via radiative return. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5632(03)80178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of sporadic, iatrogenic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases are now available and show an excellent sensitivity and specificity ( approximately 98%). Post-mortem diagnosis, based upon the identification in the brain of the pathological conformer of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)), is also very accurate, and several diagnostic kits are now available that facilitate the immunochemical measurement of PrP(Sc). Several new molecular diagnostic techniques aimed at increasing the sensitivity and specificity of PrP(Sc) detection, and at identifying markers of disease that are other than PrP(Sc), are the subject of ongoing studies. The aim of these studies is to develop preclinical screening tests for the identification of infected, but still healthy, individuals. These tests are also badly needed to check the safety of blood or blood-derived products, and to ensure meat safety in European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Ingrosso
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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17
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Verri T, Mandal A, Zilli L, Bossa D, Mandal PK, Ingrosso L, Zonno V, Vilella S, Ahearn GA, Storelli C. D-glucose transport in decapod crustacean hepatopancreas. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 130:585-606. [PMID: 11913469 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Physiological mechanisms of gastrointestinal absorption of organic solutes among crustaceans remain severely underinvestigated, in spite of the considerable relevance of characterizing the routes of nutrient absorption for both nutritional purposes and formulation of balanced diets in aquaculture. Several lines of evidence attribute a primary absorptive role to the digestive gland (hepatopancreas) and a secondary role to the midgut (intestine). Among absorbed organic solutes, the importance of D-glucose in crustacean metabolism is paramount. Its plasma levels are finely tuned by hormones (crustacean hyperglycemic hormone, insulin-like peptides and insulin-like growth factors) and the function of certain organs (i.e. brain and muscle) largely depends on a balanced D-glucose supply. In the last few decades, D-glucose absorptive processes of the gastrointestinal tract of crustaceans have been described and transport mechanisms investigated, but not fully disclosed. We briefly review our present knowledge of D-glucose transport processes in the crustacean hepatopancreas. A discussion of previous results from experiments with hepatopancreatic epithelial brush-border membrane vesicles is presented. In addition, recent advances in our understandings of hepatopancreatic D-glucose transport are shown, as obtained (1) after isolation of purified R-, F-, B- and E-cell suspensions from the whole organ by centrifugal elutriation, and (2) by protein expression in hepatopancreatic mRNA-injected Xenopus laevis oocytes. In a perspective, the applicability of these novel methods to the study of hepatopancreatic absorptive function will certainly improve our knowledge of this structurally complex organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Verri
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Lecce, Italy.
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18
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Ingrosso L, Marsigliante S, Zonno V, Storelli C, Vilella S. An L-proline-dependent proton flux is located at the apical membrane level of the eel enterocytes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 279:R1619-24. [PMID: 11049843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.5.r1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study has demonstrated the existence of an L-proline-dependent (Na independent) proton flux at the apical membrane level of the eel intestinal absorbing cells. Using isolated eel enterocytes and the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2', 7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein, acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF), it was shown that a 20 mM concentration of the imino acid L-proline in the extracellular medium determined an intracellular acidification of approximately 0.28 pH units. However, neither sucrose nor other amino acids were able to significantly acidify the resting intracellular pH. A hyperbolic relationship between extracellular proline concentration and intracellular proton accumulation was observed. Using both isolated brush-border and basolateral membrane vesicles, it was demonstrated that this proline-proton cotransport mechanism was located at the apical membrane level only. In addition, the existence of a coupling mechanism between proline and proton fluxes was demonstrated by the observation that, in brush-border membrane vesicles, the presence of a pH gradient (pH(in) > pH(out)) stimulated the uptake of L-proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ingrosso
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale e Comparata, Dipartimento di Biologia Università di Lecce, Monteroni 73100 Lecce, Italy
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19
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Verri T, Mandal A, Zilli L, Bossa D, Mandal P, Ingrosso L, Zonno V, Vilella S, Ahearn G, Storelli C. D-glucose transport in decapod crustacean hepatopancreas. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)80303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Vilella S, Zonno V, Ingrosso L, Verri T, Storelli C. Electroneutral Na+/H+ exchange in brush-border membrane vesicles from Penaeus japonicus hepatopancreas. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:R486-93. [PMID: 9486308 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.2.r486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An electroneutral Na+/H+ exchange mechanism (dimethylamiloride inhibitable, Li+ sensitive, and Ca2+ insensitive) was identified in brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) from Kuruma prawn hepatopancreas by monitoring Na(+)-dependent H+ fluxes with the pH-sensitive dye acridine orange and measuring 22Na+ uptake. Kinetic parameters measured under short-circuited conditions were the Na+ concentration that yielded one-half of the maximal dissipation rate (Fmax) of the preset transmembrane delta pH (KNa) = 15 +/- 2 mM and Fmax = 3,626 +/- 197 delta F.min-1.mg protein-1, with a Hill coefficient for Na+ of approximately 1. In addition, the inhibitory constant for dimethylamiloride was found to be approximately 1 microM. The electroneutral nature of the antiporter was assessed in that an inside-negative transmembrane electrical potential neither affected kinetic parameters nor stimulated pH-dependent (intracellular pH > extracellular pH) 22Na+ uptake. In contrast, electrogenic pH-dependent 22Na+ uptake was observed in lobster hepatopancreatic BBMV. Substitution of chloride with gluconate resulted in increasing KNa and decreasing delta Fmax, which suggests a possible role of chloride in the operational mechanism of the antiporter. These results indicate that a Na+/H+ exchanger, resembling the electroneutral Na+/H+ antiporter model, is present in hepatopancreatic BBMV from the Kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vilella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Lecce, Strada Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Italy
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21
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Vilella S, Ingrosso L, Zonno V, Schettino T, Storelli C. An electroneutral anion exchange mechanism is present in brush-border membranes isolated from eel kidney. Am J Physiol 1997; 272:R1143-8. [PMID: 9140013 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.4.r1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of bicarbonate translocation across the luminal membrane of the eel (Anguilla anguilla) kidney tubular cells was studied by monitoring the uptake of H14CO3- into isolated brush-border membrane vesicles. Results indicate that the presence of a transmembrane outwardly directed Cl- gradient was able to transiently accumulate H14CO3- into the vesicular space, whereas neither an inwardly directed sodium gradient nor a transmembrane electrical potential gradient (inside positive) was able to stimulate the H14CO3- influx. This anion-dependent H14CO3- uptake was inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, suggesting that an anion exchanger was present in the brush-border membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vilella
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Lecce, Italy
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22
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Marsigliante S, Muscella A, Vilella S, Nicolardi G, Ingrosso L, Ciardo V, Zonno V, Vinson GP, Ho MM, Storelli C. A monoclonal antibody to mammalian angiotensin II AT1 receptor recognizes one of the angiotensin II receptor isoforms expressed by the eel (Anguilla anguilla). J Mol Endocrinol 1996; 16:45-56. [PMID: 8672232 DOI: 10.1677/jme.0.0160045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using labelled ligand-binding methods, previous studies have identified specific angiotensin II receptors (Ang II-Rs) in eel liver, kidney and intestine membranes. Isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels also showed that there are two Ang II-R isoforms in eel liver, focusing at isoelectric points (pI) 6.5 and 6.7. These may have different functions. In contrast, eel enterocyte plasma membrane and renal brush border membranes contain only the pI 6.5 form. To characterize the eel receptors more fully, a newly developed monoclonal antibody (6313/G2) which selectively recognizes the AT1 subtype of mammalian Ang II-R was used. In ligand-binding experiments, the preincubation of eel liver membranes with 6313/G2 antibody eliminated the specific [3,5-3H]Tyr4-Ile5-Ang II binding. Moreover, Ang II-receptor complexes from solubilized liver membranes, which were immunoprecipitated by 6313/G2-coated beads, had a pI of 6.5. In immunoblotting experiments, the antibody recognized the isoform focusing at pI 6.5 in eel intestine and liver preparations, but not the liver pI 6.7 isoform. Immunoblotting of SDS gels showed that the antibody bound to a single protein of molecular mass of 75 kDa in eel liver, gill and kidney and to a doublet of molecular mass of about 74 and 75 kDa in intestinal membrane preparations. Immunocytochemistry of paraffin-embedded and cryostat sections of eel liver, kidney, intestine and gill showed that antibody 6313/G2 bound to uniformly distributed intracellular sites and cell surface membranes in proximal tubular cells, absorptive intestinal cells, hepatocytes and chloride cells. It also stained endothelium and both the longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle cells in the intestine. The data suggest that the previously described Ang II-R from eel liver, kidney and intestine may be similar to the mammalian AT1 subtype.
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23
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Vilella S, Zonno V, Marsigliante S, Ingrosso L, Muscella A, Ho MM, Vinson GP, Storelli C. Angiotensin II stimulation of the basolateral located Na+/H+ antiporter in eel (Anguilla anguilla) enterocytes. J Mol Endocrinol 1996; 16:57-62. [PMID: 8672233 DOI: 10.1677/jme.0.0160057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, 2',7'-bis-carboxyethyl-5, 6-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester, was used to examine the effects of fish or human angiotensin II (Ang II) on the activity of the basolateral located Na+/H+ antiporter in eel intestinal cell suspensions. Exposure of eel enterocytes to either hormone led to an increased activity of the antiporter. This time- and dose-dependent stimulatory effect was inhibited by the specific antiporter inhibitor dimethylamiloride (DMA). Preincubation with a monoclonal antibody (6313/ G2), directed against the N-terminal extracellular domain of the mammalian AT1 Ang II receptor, prevented the stimulatory effect of the hormone and inhibited the binding of [3,5-3H] Tyr4-Ile5-Ang II to intestinal cell suspensions, suggesting specific binding of the antibody to the eel Ang II receptor. The results indicate that both fish and human Ang II stimulate the DMA-sensitive Na+/H+ antiporter present in eel intestinal cells by means of a mammalian AT1-like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vilella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Lecce, Italy
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24
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Abstract
In scrapie-infected cells, Congo red inhibits both the replication of the infectious agent and accumulation of the protease-resistant form of PrP (PrP-res). In this report, we show that Congo red prolongs the incubation periods of hamsters experimentally infected with two different strains of scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ingrosso
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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25
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Pocchiari M, Xi Y, Ingrosso L, Ladogana A, Cardone F, Masullo C, Righetto Z, Bigon E, Di Martino A, Callegaro L. Immunodiagnosis of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-6226(94)90241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Xi YG, Ingrosso L, Ladogana A, Masullo C, Pocchiari M. Amphotericin B treatment dissociates in vivo replication of the scrapie agent from PrP accumulation. Nature 1992; 356:598-601. [PMID: 1348570 DOI: 10.1038/356598a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie and related animal and human disorders are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the formation of a modified, partly proteinase-resistant protein (PrP) of the host, which tends to aggregate as amyloid fibrils and accumulate in the brain of infected individuals. There is a general consensus that the pathological form of PrP (PrPSc) is essential for the clinical appearance of the disease, but whether it is part of the scrapie agent or a by-product of viral infection is still controversial. Here we report that treatment of scrapie-infected hamsters with amphotericin B delays the accumulation in the brain of the proteinase-resistant portion of PrPSc by about 30 days without affecting scrapie replication. The consequence is that hamsters treated with amphotericin B developed clinical signs of disease later than infected controls. We argue that the proteinase-resistant portion of PrPSc is necessary for the development of the disease but that it is unlikely to be essential for scrapie replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Xi
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica S, Cuore, Rome, Italy
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27
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Ladogana A, Casaccia P, Ingrosso L, Cibati M, Salvatore M, Xi YG, Masullo C, Pocchiari M. Sulphate polyanions prolong the incubation period of scrapie-infected hamsters. J Gen Virol 1992; 73 ( Pt 3):661-5. [PMID: 1372039 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-3-661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the organic sulphated polyanions, pentosan sulphate (SP54), dextran sulphate 500 (DS500) and suramin, have been tested on golden Syrian hamsters infected with the 263K strain of scrapie by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) or the intracerebral route. SP54 had the greatest effect in prolonging the incubation period of the disease when administered within 2 h of the i.p. inoculum. The same amount of SP54 given 24 h after scrapie inoculation had a potent effect in some animals and no effect in others. This result suggests that SP54 inhibits the uptake of the scrapie agent into the nerve endings and/or carrier cells at the site of the inoculum, i.e. the peritoneum, and that this event occurs in about 24 h. DS500 had a similar although less potent effect (22.4 days delay during the incubation period) than SP54 (54.4 days) when administered within 2 h of scrapie injection by the i.p. route, and suramin had only a minimal effect (10 days). This study suggests that treatment of scrapie and related spongiform encephalopathies of animals and man is possible only before the agent has reached the clinical target areas of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ladogana
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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28
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Pocchiari M, Salvatore M, Ladogana A, Ingrosso L, Xi YG, Cibati M, Masullo C. Experimental drug treatment of scrapie: a pathogenetic basis for rationale therapeutics. Eur J Epidemiol 1991; 7:556-61. [PMID: 1761115 DOI: 10.1007/bf00143139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment with polyanions or amphotericin B in hamsters with experimental scrapie reveals that it is possible to delay the appearance of the disease only when the drug is given before the invasion of the agent into the clinical target areas of the brain. We suggest such early treatment may be possible for individuals at high risk of acquiring the disease, such as healthy mutation-positive relatives of patients with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome, or recipients of potentially contaminated pituitary-extracted human growth hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pocchiari
- Department of Biology, University of Lecce, Italy
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29
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Casaccia P, Ladogana A, Xi YG, Ingrosso L, Pocchiari M, Silvestrini MC, Cittadini A. Measurement of the concentration of amphotericin B in brain tissue of scrapie-infected hamsters with a simple and sensitive method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:1486-8. [PMID: 1929313 PMCID: PMC245196 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.7.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and reproducible assay for the measurement of the amphotericin B concentration in tissue extracts was developed by using the fourth derivative of the absorption spectrum of amphotericin B between wavelengths of 330 and 430 nm. The amphotericin B concentration in spleen and brain was proportional to the total amount administered. The amphotericin B concentration in the brain was highly correlated with the increase in the mean incubation period of intracerebrally scrapie-infected hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Casaccia
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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30
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Robouch B, Hübner K, Ingrosso L, Brzosko J, Klein H, Guldbakke S. A new approach to fast neutron diagnostic simulation: Monte Carlo with shower and drizzle splittings and finite close-collision treatment. Progress in Nuclear Energy 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0149-1970(90)90060-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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