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Ez-zaky S, Marrakchi S, Essetti S, Jellal S, Lamalmi N, Allali N, Chat L, El Haddad S. Yolk sac tumor of the liver in an infant: A case report. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:5872-5876. [PMID: 39314657 PMCID: PMC11419775 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Yolk sac tumors can occur in various extragonadal sites, including the hepatobiliary tract, and are often associated with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein. We report the case of a 14-month-old male infant presenting with abdominal pain and distension. Ultrasound and computed tomography scans of the abdomen revealed contiguous hepatic masses with lobulated contours, containing areas of necrosis. The patient underwent surgical resection, and histological studies confirmed the diagnosis of a yolk sac tumor. The occurrence of a yolk sac tumor in the liver is extremely rare. Ultrasound and cross-sectional imaging can be highly effective in diagnosing these tumors when combined with biopsy procedures to confirm the diagnosis. Although rare, yolk sac tumors of the liver should be considered a differential diagnosis for hepatic masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ez-zaky
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Children's Hospital,Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Salma Marrakchi
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Children's Hospital,Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sara Essetti
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Children's Hospital,Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sanae Jellal
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Children's Hospital,Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Najat Lamalmi
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Ibn Sina University Hospital (Pediatrics-Maternity Unit), Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nazik Allali
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Children's Hospital,Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Latifa Chat
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Children's Hospital,Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Siham El Haddad
- Pediatric Radiology Department, Children's Hospital,Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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2
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Estevez E, Friedman F, Huang T, Morgenstern N. Subtle Presentation of Two Rare Gynecological Cancers in a Single Patient: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e67239. [PMID: 39301389 PMCID: PMC11410735 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Yolk sac tumors (YSTs) are rare germ-cell malignancies that usually develop in the gonads. Similarly, gastric-type adenocarcinoma of the endocervix (GAS) is a rare kind of gynecological cancer that has piqued interest due to its distinctive clinical and pathological features. These two malignancies in a single patient present a unique and challenging scenario. Here, we present the case of a 33-year-old female who presented with postcoital bleeding and was diagnosed with atypical glandular proliferation consistent with GAS. Interestingly, this patient had a history of a YST treated with left salpingo-oophorectomy and chemoradiation in the Philippines five years prior. A follow-up ultrasound report in the Philippines five months after treatment showed no evidence of residual disease. This case report aims to understand the predisposing factors of these neoplasms and asks if there is a link between them, which is necessary for tailoring surveillance, appropriate therapeutic approaches, and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Estevez
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George, GRD
| | - Frederick Friedman
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Queens, USA
| | - Tiangui Huang
- Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Queens, USA
| | - Nora Morgenstern
- Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Queens, USA
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3
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Kilic I, Acosta AM, Idrees MT. Evolution of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in the Molecular Era With Histogenetic Implications. Adv Anat Pathol 2024; 31:206-214. [PMID: 38525515 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The current WHO classification of testicular germ cell tumors is based on the pathogenesis of the tumors driven by different genomic events. The germ cell neoplasia in situ is the precursor lesion for all malignant germ cell tumors. The current understanding of pathogenesis is that the developmental and environmental factors with the erasure of parental genomic imprinting lead to the development of abnormal gonocytes that settle in the "spermatogonial Niche" in seminiferous tubules. The abnormal primordial germ cells in the seminiferous tubules give rise to pre-GCNIS cells under the influence of TPSY and OCT4 genes. The whole genome duplication events give rise to germ cell neoplasia in situ, which further acquires alterations in 12p along with NRAS and KRAS mutations to produce seminoma. A subset of seminomas acquires KIT mutation and does not differentiate further. The remaining KIT-stable seminomas differentiate to nonseminomatous GCTs after obtaining recurrent chromosomal losses, epigenetic modification, and posttranscriptional regulation by multiple genes. Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors also develop directly from differentiated germ cell neoplasia in situ. TP53 pathway with downstream drivers may give rise to somatic-type malignancies of GCT. The GCTs are remarkably sensitive to cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy; however, resistance to cisplatin develops in up to 8% of tumors and appears to be driven by TP53/MDM2 gene mutations. Serum and Plasma miRNAs show promise in diagnosing, managing, and following up on these tumors. The mechanisms underlying the development of most tumors have been elucidated; however, additional studies are required to pinpoint the events directing specific characteristics. Advances in identifying specific molecular markers have been seen recently and may be adopted as gold standards in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Kilic
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
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Chen S, Chen F, Xu X. Case Report: Primary endodermal sinus tumor on the abdominal wall near the right liver: a diagnostic pitfall. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1185129. [PMID: 37920168 PMCID: PMC10619900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1185129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endodermal sinus tumors are rare, especially extragonadal endodermal sinus tumors, which often occur in the midline of the brain, neck, chest, and abdomen. Case summary We present the case of a 37-year-old woman with a mass on the right edge of the liver. Color Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging examinations were performed before the operation. Given these results and the elevation of alpha-fetoprotein, the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was made. Postoperative pathological examination indicated an endodermal sinus tumor on the abdominal wall near the right liver. The causes of misdiagnosis were analyzed, and the related literature was reviewed. Conclusion Primary endodermal sinus tumors on the abdominal wall near the right liver are easily misdiagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma due to liver compression and elevated alpha-fetoprotein. The key point of differentiation is the wide basal connection between the tumor and the abdominal wall near the liver. In addition, the enhancement mode of endodermal sinus tumors is different from the enhancement pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma. Core tip Extragonadal endodermal sinus tumors often occur in the midline of the body. Here, we present a case of a primary endodermal sinus tumor on the abdominal wall near the right liver for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Imaging of Tumor and Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment of Shaoxing City, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Burns MJ, Zheng L, Dalla-Pozza L, Graf NS, Walton J, Tumuluri K. Yolk sac tumours of the orbit and sinonasal tract. Orbit 2022; 41:680-686. [PMID: 35938374 DOI: 10.1080/01676830.2022.2106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to report two cases of paediatric Yolk sac tumours (YST) of the orbit and sinonasal tract, with a major review on the subject. METHODS Two case reports along with a comprehensive retrospective literature review of all English language publications between 1974 and 2021 is presented. Literature review examined the demographics, clinical presentation and diagnostic and prognostic factors of extragonadal YSTs of the orbit and sinonasal tract. RESULTS Orbit and sinuses are rare sites for YST, with only 25 paediatric cases reported in the literature. Extragonadal yolk sac tumours carry a significantly worse outcome than those localised to the gonads, with the 5-year survival of 66% and 81-89%, respectively. Our review found the median age of presentation to be 18 months (18 months for males and 24 months for females), and females are more commonly affected. The most common presentations were proptosis, facial swelling and ophthalmoplegia. Treatments and therefore outcomes varied in the cases due to the large time period. Of the cases reported in the last 10 years, all patients with data provided were alive and disease-free at follow-up. CONCLUSION Sino-orbital yolk sac tumours are rare and have variable presentations, dependent on the extent of local invasion. Early diagnosis and treatment with multimodal therapy are paramount in having improved overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Zheng
- Westmead Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luciano Dalla-Pozza
- Westmead Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Cancer Centre for Children, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole S Graf
- Westmead Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Histopathology Department, Westmead Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Western Sydney, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanna Walton
- Westmead Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Krishna Tumuluri
- Westmead Children's Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, Central Clinical School, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Clinical School, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Pinto MT, Cárcano FM, Vieira AGS, Cabral ERM, Lopes LF. Molecular Biology of Pediatric and Adult Male Germ Cell Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102349. [PMID: 34068019 PMCID: PMC8152248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are rare pediatric malignancies, they are the most common malignancies in young adult men. The similarities and differences between TGCTs in adults and children, taking into account the clinic presentation, biology, and molecular changes, are underexplored. In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of the molecular aspects of TGCTs, drawing a parallel between the findings in adult and pediatric groups. Abstract Cancer is a leading cause of death by disease in children and the second most prevalent of all causes in adults. Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) make up 0.5% of pediatric malignancies, 14% of adolescent malignancies, and are the most common of malignancies in young adult men. Although the biology and clinical presentation of adult TGCTs share a significant overlap with those of the pediatric group, molecular evidence suggests that TGCTs in young children likely represent a distinct group compared to older adolescents and adults. The rarity of this cancer among pediatric ages is consistent with our current understanding, and few studies have analyzed and compared the molecular basis in childhood and adult cancers. Here, we review the major similarities and differences in cancer genetics, cytogenetics, epigenetics, and chemotherapy resistance between pediatric and adult TGCTs. Understanding the biological and molecular processes underlying TGCTs may help improve patient outcomes, and fuel further investigation and clinical research in childhood and adult TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tomazini Pinto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784400, Brazil; (M.T.P.); (F.M.C.); (E.R.M.C.)
- Brazilian Childhood Germ Cell Tumor Study Group, The Brazilian Pediatric Oncology Society (SOBOPE), Barretos 14784400, Brazil;
| | - Flavio Mavignier Cárcano
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784400, Brazil; (M.T.P.); (F.M.C.); (E.R.M.C.)
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784400, Brazil
- Barretos School of Health Sciences Dr. Paulo Prata—FACISB, Barretos 14785002, Brazil
| | - Ana Glenda Santarosa Vieira
- Brazilian Childhood Germ Cell Tumor Study Group, The Brazilian Pediatric Oncology Society (SOBOPE), Barretos 14784400, Brazil;
- Barretos Children’s Cancer Hospital from Hospital de Amor, Barretos 14784400, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ramos Martins Cabral
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784400, Brazil; (M.T.P.); (F.M.C.); (E.R.M.C.)
| | - Luiz Fernando Lopes
- Brazilian Childhood Germ Cell Tumor Study Group, The Brazilian Pediatric Oncology Society (SOBOPE), Barretos 14784400, Brazil;
- Barretos Children’s Cancer Hospital from Hospital de Amor, Barretos 14784400, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-17-3321-6600
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Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms, consisting of the prepubertal type 1 tumors, pure teratoma, and pure yolk sac tumor, the type 2 tumors, which are biologically malignant, preceded by germ cell neoplasia in situ, and harbor chromosome 12p abnormalities, and the type 3 tumor, spermatocytic tumor, which features chromosome 9p amplification. These arise in distinct clinical settings, and harbor distinct genetic abnormalities, immunohistochemical properties, and morphologic features. Here we have attempted to unify embryology, morphology, immunohistochemistry, and genetics in order to distill this fascinating group of neoplasms into what we hope is a useful framework for understanding their classification.
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Lobo J, Gillis AJM, Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Looijenga LHJ. Human Germ Cell Tumors are Developmental Cancers: Impact of Epigenetics on Pathobiology and Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E258. [PMID: 30634670 PMCID: PMC6359418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Current (high throughput omics-based) data support the model that human (malignant) germ cell tumors are not initiated by somatic mutations, but, instead through a defined locked epigenetic status, representative of their cell of origin. This elegantly explains the role of both genetic susceptibility as well as environmental factors in the pathogenesis, referred to as 'genvironment'. Moreover, it could also explain various epidemiological findings, including the rising incidence of this type of cancer in Western societies. In addition, it allows for identification of clinically relevant and informative biomarkers both for diagnosis and follow-up of individual patients. The current status of these findings will be discussed, including the use of high throughput DNA methylation profiling for determination of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) as well as chromosomal copy number variation (CNV). Finally, the potential value of methylation-specific tumor DNA fragments (i.e., XIST promotor) as well as embryonic microRNAs as molecular biomarkers for cancer detection in liquid biopsies will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lobo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Ad J M Gillis
- Laboratory of Experimental Patho-Oncology (LEPO), Josephine Nefkens Building, Erasmus MC, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Laboratory of Experimental Patho-Oncology (LEPO), Josephine Nefkens Building, Erasmus MC, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Shin EJ, Kim HJ, Son MW, Ahn TS, Lee HY, Lim DR, Bae SB, Jeon S, Kim H, Jeong D, Lee MS, Kim DS, Noh JS, Baek MJ. Epigenetic inactivation of RUNX3 in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Treat Res 2018; 94:19-25. [PMID: 29333422 PMCID: PMC5765274 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2018.94.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging evidence indicates that runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is an important tumor suppressor gene in several cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the clinical significance of RUNX3 inactivation in CRC remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between clinicopathologic factors and RUNX3 hypermethylation/expression in CRC. METHODS Sixty-two CRC patients who were treated at the Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine were recruited in this study. The hypermethylation of CpG islands in the RUNX3 promoter and the expression of RUNX3 mRNA were identified by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase-PCR, respectively. The expression of RUNX3 was determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Of the 62 CRC tissue samples, 20 (32.3%) presented hypermethylated RUNX3 promoters. Aberrant RUNX3 hypermethylation was found to be associated with vascular (P = 0.006) and lymphatic (P = 0.002) invasion. Hypermethylation of RUNX3 was associated with poor survival outcomes (P = 0.038). However, expression of RUNX3 was not a prognostic factor (P = 0.363). CONCLUSION Hypermethylation of RUNX3 may be a predictor of a poor prognosis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Jin Shin
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Han Jo Kim
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myoung Won Son
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyun Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dae Ro Lim
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang Byung Bae
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Seob Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyungjoo Kim
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moon Soo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong-Sun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong Se Noh
- Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Moo-Jun Baek
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Yang H, Fu J, Yao L, Hou A, Xue X. Runx3 is a key modulator during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of alveolar type II cells in animal models of BPD. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1466-1476. [PMID: 28949375 PMCID: PMC5627869 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major challenge for premature infants; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously reported that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in alveolar type II (AT2) epithelial cells influences the normal alveolar development process. In this study, we wished to examine whether Runx3 is an important factor for BPD by regulating EMT in AT2 cells. In vivo, animal models of BPD were established by placing newborn rats in hyperoxia tanks. Lung tissue and isolated AT2 cells were collected on different days following exposure to oxygen. The pathological changes in lung tissue, alveolar development and Runx3 expression were then investigated. In vitro, RLE-6TN cells were divided into 5 groups as follows: the cont-rol, Runx3, siRunx3, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and Runx3 + TGF-β1 groups, and the biomarkers of EMT were investigated. In the newborn rat model of BPD, Runx3 protein and mRNA levels in both lung tissue and BPD-derived AT2 cells were significantly lower than those in the control group. The correlation between Runx3 protein expression and pulmonary development indicators was analyzed; Runx3 expression positively correlated with the radial alveolar count (RAC) and the percentage of smooth muscle actin-positive secondary septa, but negatively correlated with alveolar wall thickness. EMT was observed in the RLE-6TN cells in which the Runx3 gene was knocked down and follwoing TGF-β1‑induced EMT stimulation; however, TGF-β1 failed to induce EMT in the RLE-6TN cells overexpressing Runx3. On the whole, our data indicte that low Runx3 levels may promote EMT, while high Runx3 levels inhibit TGF-β1-induced EMT. Therefore, we predict that low levels of Runx3 in BPD lung tissue may promote EMT in AT2 cells, thus affecting alveolar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ana Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Costa AL, Lobo J, Jerónimo C, Henrique R. The epigenetics of testicular germ cell tumors: looking for novel disease biomarkers. Epigenomics 2017; 9:155-169. [PMID: 28097877 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are a group of heterogeneous, biologically diverse and clinically challenging neoplasms. Despite the relatively low incidence and mortality rates, a subgroup of patients with disseminated disease relapse after conventional therapy and have a dismal prognosis. Moreover, TGCT afflict mostly young men and have therapeutic peculiarities, with some patients showing resistance to cisplatin-based treatments and others being troubled by irreversible side effects, such as infertility. Most TGCT share a common tumorigenic pathway and are cytogenetically similar, making room for Epigenetics to explain its heterogeneity at pathological and clinical level. In this review, we summarize the foremost epigenetic alterations among TGCT focusing on their clinical potential as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Costa
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - João Lobo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Master in Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), Porto, Portugal.,Master in Oncology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto, Portugal
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RUNX3 and p53: How Two Tumor Suppressors Cooperate Against Oncogenic Ras? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:321-332. [PMID: 28299666 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RUNX family members play pivotal roles in both normal development and neoplasia. In particular, RUNX1 and RUNX2 are essential for determination of the hematopoietic and osteogenic lineages, respectively. RUNX3 is involved in lineage determination of various types of epithelial cells. Analysis of mouse models and human cancer specimens revealed that RUNX3 acts as a tumor suppressor via multiple mechanisms. p53-related pathways play central roles in tumor suppression through the DNA damage response and oncogene surveillance, and RUNX3 is involved in both processes. In response to DNA damage, RUNX3 facilitates p53 phosphorylation by the ATM/ATR pathway and p53 acetylation by p300. When oncogenes are activated, RUNX3 induces ARF, thereby stabilizing p53. Here, we summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the p53-mediated tumor-suppressor activity of RUNX3.
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13
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Abstract
Dr. Louis Dehner has contributed significantly to our understanding of testicular germ cell tumors in children. This review article considers the molecular biology, clinical attributes, pathologic findings, and prognosis of those lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Manivel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1 Veterans Dr, BB-113, Minneapolis, MN 55417
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15
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He SY, Jiang RF, Jiang J, Xiang YS, Wang L. Investigation of methylation and protein expression of the Runx3 gene in colon carcinogenesis. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:687-690. [PMID: 26405546 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the methylation and protein expression of the runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) gene was detected in sporadic colorectal cancer, colonic adenoma and normal colon tissue to evaluate their clinical significance in colorectal carcinogenesis. A total of 34 colonic cancer specimens, 34 colonic adenoma specimens and 34 normal colonic tissue specimens were used in the study. The CpG island methylation status of the Runx3 gene was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and the protein expression of Runx3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the rates of methylation of the Runx3 gene in colonic cancer and colonic adenomas were significantly higher than that in the normal colonic tissue (23.5, 20.6 vs. 0.0%; P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the percentage of methylation of the Runx3 gene between colonic adenoma and colonic cancer (P>0.05). The positive percentage of Runx3 protein expression was significantly lower in colonic cancer compared with colonic adenoma and normal tissue (17.7 vs. 61.8, 76.5%; P<0.05). Methylation of the promoter CpG islands of the Runx3 gene is an important genetic event of colon carcinogenesis and may be associated with an altered protein level of Runx3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ya He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Fa Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Respiration, Chongqing Sixth People's Hospital, Chongqing 404100, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Sheng Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
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16
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Rijlaarsdam MA, Tax DMJ, Gillis AJM, Dorssers LCJ, Koestler DC, de Ridder J, Looijenga LHJ. Genome wide DNA methylation profiles provide clues to the origin and pathogenesis of germ cell tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122146. [PMID: 25859847 PMCID: PMC4479500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin of the five subtypes (I-V) of germ cell tumors (GCTs) are assumed to be germ cells from different maturation stages. This is (potentially) reflected in their methylation status as fetal maturing primordial germ cells are globally demethylated during migration from the yolk sac to the gonad. Imprinted regions are erased in the gonad and later become uniparentally imprinted according to fetal sex. Here, 91 GCTs (type I-IV) and four cell lines were profiled (Illumina’s HumanMethylation450BeadChip). Data was pre-processed controlling for cross hybridization, SNPs, detection rate, probe-type bias and batch effects. The annotation was extended, covering snRNAs/microRNAs, repeat elements and imprinted regions. A Hidden Markov Model-based genome segmentation was devised to identify differentially methylated genomic regions. Methylation profiles allowed for separation of clusters of non-seminomas (type II), seminomas/dysgerminomas (type II), spermatocytic seminomas (type III) and teratomas/dermoid cysts (type I/IV). The seminomas, dysgerminomas and spermatocytic seminomas were globally hypomethylated, in line with previous reports and their demethylated precursor. Differential methylation and imprinting status between subtypes reflected their presumed cell of origin. Ovarian type I teratomas and dermoid cysts showed (partial) sex specific uniparental maternal imprinting. The spermatocytic seminomas showed uniparental paternal imprinting while testicular teratomas exhibited partial imprinting erasure. Somatic imprinting in type II GCTs might indicate a cell of origin after global demethylation but before imprinting erasure. This is earlier than previously described, but agrees with the totipotent/embryonic stem cell like potential of type II GCTs and their rare extra-gonadal localization. The results support the common origin of the type I teratomas and show strong similarity between ovarian type I teratomas and dermoid cysts. In conclusion, we identified specific and global methylation differences between GCT subtypes, providing insight into their developmental timing and underlying developmental biology. Data and extended annotation are deposited at GEO (GSE58538 and GPL18809).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Rijlaarsdam
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M. J. Tax
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Intelligent Systems—Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ad J. M. Gillis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lambert C. J. Dorssers
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Devin C. Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jeroen de Ridder
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Intelligent Systems—Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Technical University of Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert H. J. Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute—University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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17
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Hayat M, Hill M, Kelly D, Tubbs RS, Loukas M. A very unusual complication of amniocentesis. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3:345-8. [PMID: 26185625 PMCID: PMC4498839 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The uses of amniocentesis are numerous, including determination of chromosomal abnormalities, lung maturity, and infections. A common complication of amniocentesis is loss of the pregnancy, but rare complications should be considered. The role of patient history and clinical observation of uncommon presentations are critical in the management of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Hayat
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University West Indies, Grenada
| | - Michael Hill
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University West Indies, Grenada
| | - David Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Birmingham, Alabama
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marios Loukas
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George's University West Indies, Grenada
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18
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Guo C, Ren F, Wang D, Li Y, Liu K, Liu S, Chen P. RUNX3 is inactivated by promoter hypermethylation in malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2580-8. [PMID: 25333219 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of epigenetic inactivation of the runt-related transcription factor 3 gene (RUNX3) in the malignant transformation of ovarian endometriosis. Samples obtained by microdissection and scraping included 30 malignant ovarian endometriotic cyst tissues and 30 corresponding eutopic endometrium tissues from the endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma (EAOC) group, 19 benign ovarian endometriotic cyst tissues and 22 corresponding eutopic endometrium tissues from the endometriosis (EM) group and 22 normal eutopic endometrium tissues from the control endometrium (CE) group. RUNX3 methylation status was determined by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing, while levels of RUNX3 and ERα protein expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The percentage of RUNX3 methylation and negative RUNX3 protein expression in the malignant ovarian endometriotic cysts from the EAOC group was significantly higher than that in the benign ovarian endometriotic cysts from the EM group. The percentage of RUNX3 methylation and negative RUNX3 protein expression in the eutopic endometrium from the EAOC group was significantly higher than that in the EM and CE groups. An inverse correlation between positive RUNX3 protein expression and methylation was observed and a positive correlation was shown between RUNX3 methylation and ERα protein expression. In the malignant ovarian endometriotic cysts from the EAOC group, there was no significant correlation between methylation frequency of the RUNX3 gene and histological type. However, the percentage of RUNX3 gene methylation was significantly higher in the tissue samples from patients with surgical stage IC EAOC than the percentage in patients with stage IA and IB disease. These results suggest that RUNX3 inactivation by promoter hypermethylation plays a role in the progression of malignant transformation of ovarian EM and is closely related to estrogen metabolism. Negative protein expression and abnormal RUNX3 methylation in the eutopic endometrium could be used as diagnostic markers in patients with ovarian EM who may be at an increased risk of developing EAOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuishan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Fang Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Danbo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Kuiran Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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19
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Ulbright TM, Young RH. Testicular and paratesticular tumors and tumor-like lesions in the first 2 decades. Semin Diagn Pathol 2014; 31:323-81. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Barnie PA, Zhang P, Lu P, Chen X, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides suppress the proliferation of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells via toll-like receptor 9 signaling and upregulation of Runt-related transcription factor 3 expression. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:374-377. [PMID: 24748977 PMCID: PMC3990193 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of CpG-oligodeoxynucelotides (CpG-ODN) on the proliferation of the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line and the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) and investigate the association between the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling pathway and Runx3 expression during A549 cell proliferation. Different concentrations of CpG-ODN were used in this study to stimulate A549 cells and the expression of Runx3 at the mRNA or protein level was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or western blot analysis. Moreover, Runx3 siRNA was synthesized and transiently transfected into the A549 cells and the MTT assay was used to detect the effects of CpG-ODN on transfected cell growth. Our data demonstrated that CpG-ODN significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells. The expression of Runx3 in the mRNA and protein level was increased in A549 cells stimulated by CpG-ODN. The CpG-ODN-stimulated cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in Runx3 siRNA-transfected A549 cells. In conclusion, CpG-ODN may bind to TLR9, inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells and upregulate the expression of Runx3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Amoah Barnie
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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21
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Age-related biological features of germ cell tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013; 53:215-27. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Cusack M, Scotting P. DNA methylation in germ cell tumour aetiology: current understanding and outstanding questions. Reproduction 2013; 146:R49-60. [PMID: 23661326 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell tumours (GCTs) are a diverse group of neoplasms that can be histologically subclassified as either seminomatous or non-seminomatous. These two subtypes have distinct levels of differentiation and clinical characteristics, the non-seminomatous tumours being associated with poorer prognosis. In this article, we review how different patterns of aberrant DNA methylation relate to these subtypes. Aberrant DNA methylation is a hallmark of all human cancers, but particular subsets of cancers show unusually high frequencies of promoter region hypermethylation. Such a 'methylator phenotype' has been described in non-seminomatous tumours. We discuss the possible cause of distinct methylation profiles in GCTs and the potential of DNA methylation to provide new targets for therapy. We also consider how recent developments in our understanding of this epigenetic modification and the development of genome-wide technologies are shedding new light on the role of DNA methylation in cancer aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cusack
- School of Biology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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23
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Amatruda JF, Ross JA, Christensen B, Fustino NJ, Chen KS, Hooten AJ, Nelson H, Kuriger JK, Rakheja D, Frazier AL, Poynter JN. DNA methylation analysis reveals distinct methylation signatures in pediatric germ cell tumors. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:313. [PMID: 23806198 PMCID: PMC3701494 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant DNA methylation is a prominent feature of many cancers, and may be especially relevant in germ cell tumors (GCTs) due to the extensive epigenetic reprogramming that occurs in the germ line during normal development. Methods We used the Illumina GoldenGate Cancer Methylation Panel to compare DNA methylation in the three main histologic subtypes of pediatric GCTs (germinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumor (YST); N = 51) and used recursively partitioned mixture models (RPMM) to test associations between methylation pattern and tumor and demographic characteristics. We identified genes and pathways that were differentially methylated using generalized linear models and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. We also measured global DNA methylation at LINE1 elements and evaluated methylation at selected imprinted loci using pyrosequencing. Results Methylation patterns differed by tumor histology, with 18/19 YSTs forming a distinct methylation class. Four pathways showed significant enrichment for YSTs, including a human embryonic stem cell pluripotency pathway. We identified 190 CpG loci with significant methylation differences in mature and immature teratomas (q < 0.05), including a number of CpGs in stem cell and pluripotency-related pathways. Both YST and germinoma showed significantly lower methylation at LINE1 elements compared with normal adjacent tissue while there was no difference between teratoma (mature and immature) and normal tissue. DNA methylation at imprinted loci differed significantly by tumor histology and location. Conclusion Understanding methylation patterns may identify the developmental stage at which the GCT arose and the at-risk period when environmental exposures could be most harmful. Further, identification of relevant genetic pathways could lead to the development of new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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He SY, Han SX, Jiang RF, Xiang YS. Significance of methylation and protein expression of the Runx3 gene in colon carcinogenesis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:1860-1863. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i17.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the methylation and protein expression of the Runx3 gene in sporadic colorectal cancer (SCRC), colonic adenoma, and normal colon tissue and to evaluate their clinical significance in colorectal carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Thirty-four colonic cancer specimens, 34 colonic adenoma specimens, and 34 normal colonic tissue specimens were used in this study. The CpG island methylation status of the Runx3 gene was detected by methylation-specific PCR in these specimens. and the protein expression of Runx3 was detected by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: The rates of methylation of the Runx3 gene in colonic cancer and colonic adenoma were significantly higher than that in normal colonic tissue (23.5%, 20.6% vs 0.0%, both P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of methylation of the Runx3 gene between colonic adenoma and colonic cancer (P > 0.05). The positive rate of Runx3 protein expression was significantly lower in colonic cancer than in colonic adenoma and normal tissue (17.7% vs 61.8%, 76.5%, both P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Methylation of the promoter CpG islands of the Runx3 gene is an important genetic event of colon carcinogenesis and may be associated with altered protein expression of Runx3.
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25
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Kudo Y, Tsunematsu T, Takata T. Oncogenic role of RUNX3 in head and neck cancer. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:387-93. [PMID: 21268058 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative evidences show that Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) has a tumor suppressive role in various cancers. In particular, RUNX3 appears to be an important component of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced tumor suppression pathway. Contrary to reports on this tumor suppressive role of RUNX3, RUNX3 can also function as an oncogene when overexpressed. Recently, we found that RUNX3 overexpression was frequently observed and was well correlated with malignant behaviors in head and neck cancer, which is one of the most common types of human cancer. Moreover, it has been revealed that RUNX3 overexpression promoted cell growth and inhibited apoptosis in head and neck cancer cells. This review introduces the oncogenic role of RUNX3 in certain types of cancer including head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasusei Kudo
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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26
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Okpanyi V, Schneider DT, Zahn S, Sievers S, Calaminus G, Nicholson JC, Palmer RD, Leuschner I, Borkhardt A, Schönberger S. Analysis of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene in childhood and adolescent germ cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:384-91. [PMID: 21225915 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant Wnt signaling due to deregulation of Wnt regulators is implicated in the development and progression of numerous embryonal tumors. This study addresses the questions if activation of Wnt signaling in germ cell tumors (GCTs) arising during childhood and adolescence is associated with aberrations of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and whether APC aberrations might be responsible for progression from benign teratoma to malignant yolk sac tumor (YST). PROCEDURE Forty-eight GCTs were analyzed, including mature (n = 5) and immature (n = 7) teratomas, mixed malignant GCTs (n = 10), YSTs (n = 17) as well as dysgerminomas (n = 9). To screen APC for genetic aberrations, we conducted direct sequencing of the mutation cluster region (MCR), loss of heterozygosity analyses (LOH) and protein truncation test. Epigenetic analyses included methylation specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing of the APC 1a promoter. Gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Aberrant promoter methylation was detected in YSTs, teratomas and mixed malignant GCTs, with a pronounced hypermethylation exclusively in YSTs (11/13) while dysgerminomas were not methylated (0/9). Teratomas (2/2) and YSTs (4/5) show LOH at the APC locus. However, neither mutations within the MCR nor truncated protein were detected. APC expression did not significantly vary between the different histological subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Methylation of APC and LOH 5q21-22 in YSTs and teratomas provide evidence for involvement of APC in the accumulation of β-catenin and activation of the WNT pathway. Our additional analyses suggest that APC is unlikely to be solely responsible for the formation and progression of childhood GCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Okpanyi
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital Düsseldorf, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
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27
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Subramaniam MM, Chan JY, Omar MFM, Ito K, Ito Y, Yeoh KG, Salto-Tellez M, Putti TC. Lack of RUNX3 inactivation in columnar cell lesions of breast. Histopathology 2010; 57:555-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Lee KS, Lee YS, Lee JM, Ito K, Cinghu S, Kim JH, Jang JW, Li YH, Goh YM, Chi XZ, Wee H, Lee HW, Hosoya A, Chung JH, Jang JJ, Kundu JK, Surh YJ, Kim WJ, Ito Y, Jung HS, Bae SC. Runx3 is required for the differentiation of lung epithelial cells and suppression of lung cancer. Oncogene 2010; 29:3349-61. [PMID: 20228843 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human lung adenocarcinoma, the most prevalent form of lung cancer, is characterized by many molecular abnormalities. K-ras mutations are associated with the initiation of lung adenocarcinomas, but K-ras-independent mechanisms may also initiate lung tumors. Here, we find that the runt-related transcription factor Runx3 is essential for normal murine lung development and is a tumor suppressor that prevents lung adenocarcinoma. Runx3-/- mice, which die soon after birth, exhibit alveolar hyperplasia. Importantly, Runx3-/- bronchioli exhibit impaired differentiation, as evidenced by the accumulation of epithelial cells containing specific markers for both alveolar (that is SP-B) and bronchiolar (that is CC10) lineages. Runx3-/- epithelial cells also express Bmi1, which supports self-renewal of stem cells. Lung adenomas spontaneously develop in aging Runx3+/- mice ( approximately 18 months after birth) and invariably exhibit reduced levels of Runx3. As K-ras mutations are very rare in these adenomas, Runx3+/- mice provide an animal model for lung tumorigenesis that recapitulates the preneoplastic stage of human lung adenocarcinoma development, which is independent of K-Ras mutation. We conclude that Runx3 is essential for lung epithelial cell differentiation, and that downregulation of Runx3 is causally linked to the preneoplastic stage of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
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Goh YM, Cinghu S, Hong ETH, Lee YS, Kim JH, Jang JW, Li YH, Chi XZ, Lee KS, Wee H, Ito Y, Oh BC, Bae SC. Src kinase phosphorylates RUNX3 at tyrosine residues and localizes the protein in the cytoplasm. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10122-10129. [PMID: 20100835 PMCID: PMC2843174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX3 is a transcription factor that functions as a tumor suppressor. In some cancers, RUNX3 expression is down-regulated, usually due to promoter hypermethylation. Recently, it was found that RUNX3 can also be inactivated by the mislocalization of the protein in the cytoplasm. The molecular mechanisms controlling this mislocalization are poorly understood. In this study, we found that the overexpression of Src results in the tyrosine phosphorylation and cytoplasmic localization of RUNX3. We also found that the tyrosine residues of endogenous RUNX3 are phosphorylated and that the protein is localized in the cytoplasm in Src-activated cancer cell lines. We further showed that the knockdown of Src by small interfering RNA, or the inhibition of Src kinase activity by a chemical inhibitor, causes the re-localization of RUNX3 to the nucleus. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the tyrosine phosphorylation of RUNX3 by activated Src is associated with the cytoplasmic localization of RUNX3 in gastric and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Goh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Senthilkumar Cinghu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Eileen Tan Hwee Hong
- Cancer Science Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - You-Soub Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Jang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Ju-Won Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Xin-Zi Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Sook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Heejun Wee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore and Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, 7-45 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-ku, Inchon 406-840, South Korea.
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea.
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Molecular pathology of RUNX3 in human carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2009; 1796:315-31. [PMID: 19682550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of molecular biology is to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression in order to achieve early detection, better diagnosis and staging and novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. We feel that an understanding of Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3)-regulated biological pathways will directly impact our knowledge of these areas of human carcinogenesis. The RUNX3 transcription factor is a downstream effector of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway, and has a critical role in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell death by apoptosis, and in angiogenesis, cell adhesion and invasion. We previously identified RUNX3 as a major gastric tumor suppressor by establishing a causal relationship between loss of function and gastric carcinogenesis. More recently, we showed that RUNX3 functions as a bona fide initiator of colonic carcinogenesis by linking the Wnt oncogenic and TGF-beta tumor suppressive pathways. Apart from gastric and colorectal cancers, a multitude of epithelial cancers exhibit inactivation of RUNX3, thereby making it a putative tumor suppressor in human neoplasia. This review highlights our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RUNX3 inactivation in the context of cancer development and progression.
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Zhang S, Wei L, Zhang A, Zhang L, Yu H. RUNX3 Gene Methylation in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Tissues and Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2009; 13:307-11. [PMID: 19645591 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2009.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxia Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Furukawa S, Haruta M, Arai Y, Honda S, Ohshima J, Sugawara W, Kageyama Y, Higashi Y, Nishida K, Tsunematsu Y, Nakadate H, Ishii M, Kaneko Y. Yolk sac tumor but not seminoma or teratoma is associated with abnormal epigenetic reprogramming pathway and shows frequent hypermethylation of various tumor suppressor genes. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:698-708. [PMID: 19245437 PMCID: PMC11159010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are thought to arise from primordial germ cells (PGCs) that undergo epigenetic reprogramming: erasure of the somatic imprint in the genital ridge, and re-establishment of the sex-specific imprint at gametogenesis in the developing gonad. Previous studies suggested that GCTs show epigenetic patterns reflecting the reprogramming process of PGCs; however, epigenetic alterations of imprinted genes and their relationship with the methylation status of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have not been comprehensively studied. We analyzed the methylation status of the H19 and SNRPN differential methylated regions (DMRs) and the promoter region of 17 TSGs, and the expression status of H19, IGF2 and SNRPN in 45 GCTs, and found that 25 and 20 were in the normal and abnormal reprogramming pathways, respectively, defined on the basis of the methylation status of the two DMRs and the anatomical tumor site. The methylation pattern of the H19 and SNRPN DMRs was total erasure in seminomas, mostly physiological in teratomas, and various in yolk sac tumors. There were no correlations between the methylation status of the H19 DMR and mono- or biallelic expression of H19 or IGF2. Furthermore, we found that yolk sac tumors had a higher number of methylated TSGs than seminomas (P < 0.001) teratomas (P = 0.004) or other childhood tumors. While TSG methylation was known to have prognostic implications in various cancers, it did not affect the outcomes of patients with yolk sac tumor, suggesting that mechanisms of TSG methylation may be different between yolk sac tumor and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Furukawa
- Department of Cancer Diagnosis, Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
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RUNX3 inactivation in colorectal polyps arising through different pathways of colonic carcinogenesis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:426-36. [PMID: 19174785 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that RUNX3 inactivation by promoter hypermethylation in colorectal polyps is an early molecular event in colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS RUNX3 protein expression was analyzed immunohistochemically in 50 sporadic colorectal polyps comprising 19 hyperplastic polyps (HPs), 14 traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs), and 17 sporadic traditional adenomas (sTAs) as well as in 19 familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) samples from 10 patients showing aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (n=91), small adenomas (SmAds) (n=40), and large adenomas (LAds) (n=13). In addition, we assessed the frequency of promoter hypermethylation of RUNX3 by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) in all the 50 sporadic polyps as well as 38 microdissected FAP polyps comprising ACF, SmAds, and LAds obtained from 7 FAP samples. A total of 12 normal colon samples were also included for RUNX3 MSP analysis. RESULTS Compared to normal colon (2 of 12, 16%) and sTAs (3 of 17, 18%), HPs (15 of 19, 79%) and TSAs (8 of 14, 57%) displayed significant inactivation of RUNX3 (P<0.05). In FAP, RUNX3 inactivation was more frequently seen in ACF (78 of 91, 86%), SmAds (25 of 40, 62%), and LAds (6 of 13, 46%) compared to normal mucosa (0 of 19, 0%) in the same samples (all P<0.05). Promoter hypermethylation of RUNX3 was significantly higher in colorectal polyps (64 of 87, 74%) compared to normal colon (2 of 12, 16%) (P=0.001). Serrated polyps such as HPs (17 of 19, 89%) and TSAs (12 of 14, 86%) were significantly more methylated than sTAs (7 of 17, 44%) (P=0.004). RUNX3 hypermethylation was observed in 28 of the total 38 (74%) FAP polyps. Overall, RUNX3 promoter methylation correlated with inactivation of RUNX3 expression in sporadic (27 of 36, 75%) (P=0.022) and FAP (21 of 28, 75%) (P=0.021) polyps. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that RUNX3 inactivation due to promoter hypermethylation in colorectal polyps represents an early event in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. In addition, epigenetic RUNX3 inactivation is a frequent event in the serrated colonic polyps as well as in the ACF of FAP polyps.
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Frequent inactivation of RUNX3 in endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110:439-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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RUNX3 inactivation by frequent promoter hypermethylation and protein mislocalization constitute an early event in breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 113:113-21. [PMID: 18256927 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9917-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We had previously established that inactivation of RUNX3 occurs by frequent promoter hypermethylation and protein mislocalization in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of breast. Here, we hypothesize that inactivation of RUNX3 occurring in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represent early event in breast carcinogenesis. METHODS The study cohort of 40 patients included 17 pure DCIS cases and 23 cases of DCIS with associated IDC (DCIS-IDC). The DCIS and IDC components of mixed cases were manually microdissected to permit separate evaluation. All the 63 samples including 17 pure DCIS, 23 samples each of DCIS and IDC of DCIS-IDC cases were analyzed for RUNX3 protein expression using R3-6E9 monoclonal antibody as well as promoter methylation status by methylation specific PCR. RESULTS Compared to matched normal breast samples (4 of 40, 10%), DCIS (35 of 40, 88%) and IDC (21 of 23, 91%) exhibited significant RUNX3 inactivation (P<0.001) in the form of negative or weak nuclear staining. In contrast to normal breast tissues (1/10, 10%), promoter hypermethylation of RUNX3 was significantly higher in the neoplastic breast samples (46 of total 61, 75%) including 30 of 40 (75%) DCIS and 16 of 21 (76%) IDC samples (P=0.009). Overall, promoter hypermethylation correlated with RUNX3 inactivation in 42 of 46 (91%) methylated samples (P=0.03). Mislocalized cytoplasmic expression also accounted for RUNX3 inactivation in majority of DCIS (33/40, 83%) and IDC (20/23, 87%) samples independent of promoter hypermethylation. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that RUNX3 inactivation by promoter hypermethylation and protein mislocalization constitute an early event in breast cancer progression.
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Longoni M, Orzan F, Stroppi M, Boari N, Mortini P, Riva P. Evaluation of 1p36 markers and clinical outcome in a skull base chordoma study. Neuro Oncol 2007; 10:52-60. [PMID: 18094369 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2007-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare embryogenetic tumors, arising from remnants of the notochord, characterized by local invasiveness and variable tendency for recurrence. No molecular markers are currently used in a clinical setting to distinguish chordomas with an indolent or an aggressive pattern. Among the genetic lesions observed in this tumor, one of the most commonly detected is 1p loss. In a previous study we observed 1p36 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 85% of the analyzed chordomas. We studied a group of 16 homogeneously treated skull base chordomas (SBCs), reporting 1p36 LOH in 75% of them and determining the expression pattern of eight apoptotic genes mapped at 1p36. No tumors shared a common expression profile with nucleus pulposus, which is considered the only adult normal tissue deriving from notochord. In particular, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily genes TNFRSF8, TNFRSF9, and TNFRSF14 were differently expressed compared with control in a higher percentage of tumors (40%-53%) than were the remaining analyzed genes, suggesting that the deregulation of these three genes might have a role in chordoma tumorigenesis. The presence/absence of LOH and the expression/nonexpression of each apoptotic gene were studied in a survival analysis. Our results suggest that the lack of 1p36 LOH or the presence of TNFRSF8 expression might be associated with a better prognosis in patients with SBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Longoni
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Hwang KT, Han W, Bae JY, Hwang SE, Shin HJ, Lee JE, Kim SW, Min HJ, Noh DY. Downregulation of the RUNX3 gene by promoter hypermethylation and hemizygous deletion in breast cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22 Suppl:S24-31. [PMID: 17923751 PMCID: PMC2694388 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.s.s24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX3 gene is regarded as a tumor suppressor gene in many human solid tumors, and its inactivation is believed to be related with solid tumor carcinogenesis. As little information is available about the role of the RUNX3 gene in breast cancer, we investigated the relationship between the RUNX3 gene and breast cancer. We performed reverse transcriptase-polymerases chain reaction (RT-PCR), methylation specific PCR, and bicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis in an effort to reveal related mechanisms. Forty breast tissue samples and 13 cell lines were used in this study. Eighty-five percent of breast cancer tissues showed downregulated RUNX3 gene expression, whereas it was downregulated in only 25% of normal breast tissues by RT-PCR assay. Sixty-seven percent of breast cancer cell lines showed downregulated RUNX3 expression, but the RUNX3 gene was not expressed in two normal breast cell lines. Hypermethylation was observed in 53% of breast cancer tissues and 57% of breast cancer cell lines. Hemizygous deletion was observed in 43% of breast cancer cell lines. Hypermethylation and/or hemizygous deletion was observed in 5 of 7 breast cancer cell lines, and the four of these five examined showed no RUNX3 gene expression. We suggest that various mechanisms, including methylation and hemizygous deletion, could contribute to RUNX3 gene inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Tae Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Bae
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Jai Shin
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Min
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chen W, Salto-Tellez M, Palanisamy N, Ganesan K, Hou Q, Tan LK, Sii LH, Ito K, Tan B, Wu J, Tay A, Tan KC, Ang E, Tan BK, Tan PH, Ito Y, Tan P. Targets of genome copy number reduction in primary breast cancers identified by integrative genomics. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:288-301. [PMID: 17171680 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in regions of recurrent aneuploidy is a major challenge of molecular cancer research. Using both oligonucleotide single-nucleotide polymorphism and mRNA expression arrays, we integrated genomic and transcriptional information to identify and prioritize candidate cancer genes in regions of increased and decreased chromosomal copy number in a cohort of primary breast cancers. Confirming the validity of this approach, several regions of previously-known copy number (CN) alterations in breast cancer could be successfully reidentified. Focusing on regions of decreased CN, we defined a prioritized list of eighteen candidate genes, which included ARPIN, FBN1, and LZTS1, previously shown to be associated with cancers in breast or other tissue types, and novel genes such as P29, MORF4L1, and TBC1D5. One such gene, the RUNX3 transcription factor, was selected for further study. We show that RUNX3 is present at reduced CNs in proportion to the rest of the tumor genome and that RUNX3 CN reductions can also be observed in a breast cancer series from a different center. Using tissue microarrays, we demonstrate in an independent cohort of over 120 breast tissues that RUNX3 protein is expressed in normal breast epithelium but not fat and stromal tissue, and widely down-regulated in the majority of breast cancers (>85%). In vitro, RUNX3 overexpression suppressed the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a matrigel assay. Our results demonstrate the utility of integrative genomic approaches to identify novel potential cancer-related genes in primary tumors. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Agenica Research, Singapore 169610, Republic of Singapore
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Mueller W, Nutt CL, Ehrich M, Riemenschneider MJ, von Deimling A, van den Boom D, Louis DN. Downregulation of RUNX3 and TES by hypermethylation in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2006; 26:583-93. [PMID: 16909125 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most aggressive and least treatable form of malignant glioma, is the most common human brain tumor. Although many regions of allelic loss occur in glioblastomas, relatively few tumor suppressor genes have been found mutated at such loci. To address the possibility that epigenetic alterations are an alternative means of glioblastoma gene inactivation, we coupled pharmacological manipulation of methylation with gene profiling to identify potential methylation-regulated, tumor-related genes. Duplicates of three short-term cultured glioblastomas were exposed to 5 microM 5-aza-dC for 96 h followed by cRNA hybridization to an oligonucleotide microarray (Affymetrix U133A). We based candidate gene selection on bioinformatics, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), bisulfite sequencing, methylation-specific PCR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Two genes identified in this manner, RUNX3 and Testin (TES), were subsequently shown to harbor frequent tumor-specific epigenetic alterations in primary glioblastomas. This overall approach therefore provides a powerful means to identify candidate tumor-suppressor genes for subsequent evaluation and may lead to the identification of genes whose epigenetic dysregulation is integral to glioblastoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mueller
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center and Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Lau QC, Raja E, Salto-Tellez M, Liu Q, Ito K, Inoue M, Putti TC, Loh M, Ko TK, Huang C, Bhalla KN, Zhu T, Ito Y, Sukumar S. RUNX3 Is Frequently Inactivated by Dual Mechanisms of Protein Mislocalization and Promoter Hypermethylation in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6512-20. [PMID: 16818622 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A tumor suppressor function has been attributed to RUNX3, a member of the RUNX family of transcription factors. Here, we examined alterations in the expression of three members, RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3, and their interacting partner, CBF-beta, in breast cancer. Among them, RUNX3 was consistently underexpressed in breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors. Fifty percent of the breast cancer cell lines (n = 19) showed hypermethylation at the promoter region and displayed significantly lower levels of RUNX3 mRNA expression (P < 0.0001) and protein (P < 0.001). In primary Singaporean breast cancers, 9 of 44 specimens showed undetectable levels of RUNX3 by immunohistochemistry. In 35 of 44 tumors, however, low levels of RUNX3 protein were present. Remarkably, in each case, protein was mislocalized to the cytoplasm. In primary tumors, hypermethylation of RUNX3 was observed in 23 of 44 cases (52%) and was undetectable in matched adjacent normal breast epithelium. Mislocalization of the protein, with or without methylation, seems to account for RUNX3 inactivation in the vast majority of the tumors. In in vitro and in vivo assays, RUNX3 behaved as a growth suppressor in breast cancer cells. Stable expression of RUNX3 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells led to a more cuboidal phenotype, significantly reduced invasiveness in Matrigel invasion assays, and suppressed tumor formation in immunodeficient mice. This study provides biological and mechanistic insights into RUNX3 as the key member of the family that plays a role in breast cancer. Frequent protein mislocalization and methylation could render RUNX3 a valuable marker for early detection and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quek Choon Lau
- Oncology Research Institute and Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
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Hiramatsu T, Osaki M, Ito Y, Tanji Y, Tokuyasu N, Ito H. Expression of RUNX3 protein in human esophageal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma. Pathobiology 2006; 72:316-24. [PMID: 16582583 DOI: 10.1159/000091329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcriptional factor gene 3 (RUNX3) belongs to the runt domain family of transcriptional factors that plays an important role during normal tissue development and in tumorigenesis in several organs. This study examined the expression of RUNX3 protein in human esophageal mucosa and squamous cell carcinoma in comparison with clinicopathological profiles. Western blot analysis and RT-PCR revealed that both RUNX3/P44 and P27, but not P46, were expressed in all three human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines, as well as in three pairs of esophageal SCC cell lines and the corresponding nontumoral mucosa specimens. RUNX3 expression was shown in prickle and functional cell layer cells in normal esophageal mucosa. On the other hand, immunoreactivity was seen only in carcinoma cells around the cancer pearls. RUNX3 expression was significantly higher in the 19 well-differentiated SCCs than in the 56 moderately or 69 poorly differentiated SCCs (p < 0.01). The 3-year survival rate was significantly lower in the 29 patients with lower RUNX3 expression than in the 37 patients with higher expression (p = 0.0003). These results indicated that RUNX3 protein might play an important role in cellular differentiation in both esophageal mucosa and SCC. The expression correlated with the patients' prolonged survival, implying a tumor suppressive effect in esophageal SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Hiramatsu
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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Takahashi T, Shigematsu H, Shivapurkar N, Reddy J, Zheng Y, Feng Z, Suzuki M, Nomura M, Augustus M, Yin J, Meltzer SJ, Gazdar AF. Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes during multistep pathogenesis of colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:924-31. [PMID: 16108009 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant methylation of 5'gene promoter regions associated with gene silencing is an epigenetic phenomenon responsible for silencing of tumor suppressor genes in many cancer types. The aims of our study were to study the role of methylation of a large panel of genes during multistage pathogenesis and to correlate our findings with patient age and other clinico-pathological features. We investigated the aberrant promoter methylation profile of 19 genes in 92 colorectal cancers (CRCs) and corresponding nonmalignant epithelia (NME) (n = 57), and selected 15 genes for studying 26 colorectal adenomas (CAs). On the Basis of our results, the genes could be divided into 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of 13 genes whose methylation was tumor-specific. For 8 of these genes, the methylation frequencies in CAs were similar to those of CRCs, but significantly different from the frequencies in NME. Group 2, consisting of 2 genes demonstrating little or no methylation, were present in any sample type. In Group 3, consisting of 4 genes, relatively frequent methylation was present in both CRCs and NME, and the differences between these specimen types were not significant. Methylation of Group 1 genes were tightly correlated with each other, and these genes demonstrated increased methylation frequencies in CRCs with increasing age. Methylation was not correlated with other clinico-pathological features. In general, methylation frequencies of CAs were intermediate between CRCs and NME. Our study constitutes the most comprehensive methylation profile of CRCs, demonstrates that methylation commences early during CRC pathogenesis and is an age-related phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Takahashi
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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Zahn S, Sievers S, Alemazkour K, Orb S, Harms D, Schulz WA, Calaminus G, Göbel U, Schneider DT. Imbalances of chromosome arm 1p in pediatric and adult germ cell tumors are caused by true allelic loss: A combined comparative genomic hybridization and microsatellite analysis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:995-1006. [PMID: 16897744 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on childhood germ cell tumors (GCTs) report highly variable frequencies of losses at chromosome arm 1p. Since deletions at 1p portend a poor prognosis in other embryonal tumors, this study aims to clarify the question of the frequency of true allelic loss at 1p and whether it constitutes a prognostic parameter. We analyzed 13 GCTs from different gonadal and extragonadal sites of children (4 teratomas, 9 malignant GCTs) and 18 GCTs of adolescents and adults (3 teratomas; 15 malignant GCTs) using automated microsatellite analysis with 23 polymorphic markers and chromosomal "high resolution" comparative genomic hybridization (HR-CGH). With this combined approach, we detected loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 1p in 8/9 childhood malignant GCTs with concordant data from HR-CGH and microsatellite analyses. In contrast, LOH at 1p was not detected in childhood teratomas (0/4) and constituted a rare event in GCTs of adolescence and adulthood (3/18). The commonly deleted region was located at distal 1p36-pter, with a proximal boundary between the markers D1S450 and D1S2870. These data unequivocally demonstrate that deletion at 1p is common in childhood GCTs and results in allelic loss. This observation argues for the presence of a classical tumor suppressor at distal 1p. Considering the high frequency of LOH at 1p and the overall favorable prognosis of childhood GCTs, a prognostic impact of LOH at 1p in childhood GCTs appears unlikely. However, since two postpubertal tumors with LOH at 1p progressed, a prognostic relevance in this age group seems possible, warranting a prospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zahn
- Clinic of Pediatric Oncology, Haematology and Immunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Puig-Kröger A, Corbí A. RUNX3: A new player in myeloid gene expression and immune response. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:744-56. [PMID: 16598764 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors function as scaffolds for interaction with various coregulatory proteins during developmental processes such as hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis. The current view places RUNX proteins within the TGF-beta signaling pathway, although each one exhibits cell- and tissue-specific functions. In the case of RUNX3, recent data have suggested its function as a tumor suppressor factor and highlighted its involvement in immune cell differentiation and activation. The molecular mechanisms for the pleiotropic effects of Runx3 deficiency are not completely understood. The present article will summarize the known functional activities of RUNX3, emphasizing its role in myeloid cell gene expression and its potential contribution to the migratory and adhesive capabilities of this cell lineage.
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45
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Kim WJ, Kim EJ, Jeong P, Quan C, Kim J, Li QL, Yang JO, Ito Y, Bae SC. RUNX3 inactivation by point mutations and aberrant DNA methylation in bladder tumors. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9347-54. [PMID: 16230397 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RUNX3 is inactivated at high frequency in many tumors. However, in most cases, inactivation is caused by silencing of the gene due to promoter hypermethylation. Because epigenetic silencing is known to affect many major tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells, it is not clear whether RUNX3 is primarily responsible for the induction of carcinogenesis in these cases, except for the gastric cancer cases that we reported previously. We investigated genetic and epigenetic alterations of RUNX3 in 124 bladder tumor cases and seven bladder tumor-derived cell lines. Here we show that RUNX3 is inactivated by aberrant DNA methylation in 73% (90 of 124) of primary bladder tumor specimens and 86% (six of seven) of bladder tumor cell lines. In contrast, the promoter regions of 20 normal bladder mucosae were unmethylated. Importantly, one patient bore missense mutations, each of which resulted in amino acid substitutions in the highly conserved Runt domain. The mutations abolished the DNA-binding ability of RUNX3. A second patient had a single nucleotide deletion within the Runt domain coding region that resulted in truncation of the protein. RUNX3 methylation was a significant risk factor for bladder tumor development, superficial bladder tumor recurrence, and subsequent tumor progression. These results strongly suggest that inactivation of RUNX3 may contribute to bladder tumor development and that promoter methylation and silencing of RUNX3 could be useful prognostic markers for both bladder tumor recurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology , College of Medicine, Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
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Suzuki M, Shigematsu H, Shames DS, Sunaga N, Takahashi T, Shivapurkar N, Iizasa T, Frenkel EP, Minna JD, Fujisawa T, Gazdar AF. DNA methylation-associated inactivation of TGFbeta-related genes DRM/Gremlin, RUNX3, and HPP1 in human cancers. Br J Cancer 2005; 93:1029-37. [PMID: 16234815 PMCID: PMC2361683 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-signalling pathway is deregulated in many cancers. We examined the role of gene silencing via aberrant methylation of DRM/Gremlin and HPP1, which inhibit TGFβ signalling, and RUNX3, which facilitates TGFβ-signalling, of all genes that are thought to be tumour suppressors, are aberrantly expressed, and are thus thought to have important role in human cancers. We examined DRM/Gremlin mRNA expression in 44 cell lines and the promoter methylation status of DRM/Gremlin, HPP1, and RUNX3 in 44 cell lines and 511 primary tumours. The loss of DRM/Gremlin mRNA expression in human cancer cell lines is associated with DNA methylation, and treatment with the methylation inhibitor-reactivated mRNA expression (n=13). Methylation percentages of the three genes ranged from 0–83% in adult tumours and 0–50% in paediatric tumours. Methylation of DRM/Gremlin was more frequent in lung tumours in smokers, and methylation of all three genes was inversely correlated with prognosis in patients with bladder or prostate cancer. Our results provide strong evidence that these TGFβ-related genes are frequently deregulated through aberrant methylation in many human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Bld NB, Room 8206, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Bae SC, Lee YH. Phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination: the molecular basis of RUNX regulation. Gene 2005; 366:58-66. [PMID: 16325352 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The RUNX family members play pivotal roles in normal development and neoplasia. RUNX1 and RUNX2 are essential for hematopoiesis and osteogenesis, respectively, while RUNX3 is involved in neurogenesis, thymopoiesis and functions as a tumor suppressor. Inappropriate levels of RUNX activity are associated with leukemia, autoimmune disease, cleidocranial dysplasia, craniosynostosis and various solid tumors. Therefore, RUNX activity must be tightly regulated to prevent tumorigenesis and maintain normal cell differentiation. Recent work indicates that RUNX activity is controlled by various extracellular signaling pathways, and that phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination are important post-translational modifications of RUNX that affect its stability and activity. Defining the precise roles, these modifications that play in the regulation of RUNX function may reveal not only how the RUNX proteins are regulated but also how they are assembled into other regulatory machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumor Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, South Korea.
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Ito K, Liu Q, Salto-Tellez M, Yano T, Tada K, Ida H, Huang C, Shah N, Inoue M, Rajnakova A, Hiong KC, Peh BK, Han HC, Ito T, Teh M, Yeoh KG, Ito Y. RUNX3, a novel tumor suppressor, is frequently inactivated in gastric cancer by protein mislocalization. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7743-50. [PMID: 16140942 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss of RUNX3 expression is suggested to be causally related to gastric cancer as 45% to 60% of gastric cancers do not express RUNX3 mainly due to hypermethylation of the RUNX3 promoter. Here, we examined for other defects in the properties of RUNX3 in gastric cancers that express RUNX3. Ninety-seven gastric cancer tumor specimens and 21 gastric cancer cell lines were examined by immunohistochemistry using novel anti-RUNX3 monoclonal antibodies. In normal gastric mucosa, RUNX3 was expressed most strongly in the nuclei of chief cells as well as in surface epithelial cells. In chief cells, a significant portion of the protein was also found in the cytoplasm. RUNX3 was not detectable in 43 of 97 (44%) cases of gastric cancers tested and a further 38% showed exclusive cytoplasmic localization, whereas only 18% showed nuclear localization. Evidence is presented suggesting that transforming growth factor-beta is an inducer of nuclear translocation of RUNX3, and RUNX3 in the cytoplasm of cancer cells is inactive as a tumor suppressor. RUNX3 was found to be inactive in 82% of gastric cancers through either gene silencing or protein mislocalization to the cytoplasm. In addition to the deregulation of mechanisms controlling gene expression, there would also seem to be at least one other mechanism controlling nuclear translocation of RUNX3 that is impaired frequently in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Ito
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
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Kato N, Shibuya H, Fukase M, Tamura G, Motoyama T. Involvement of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene in testicular yolk sac tumor of infants. Hum Pathol 2005; 37:48-53. [PMID: 16360415 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of testicular yolk sac tumor (YST) of infants is still unclear. Infantile YSTs rarely show isochromosome 12p or aneuploidy, which are common in adult germ cell tumors. On the other hand, recent epigenetic studies suggest the involvement of some tumor suppressor genes, including the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. In the present study, we examined 10 infantile pure YSTs for mutation, allelic loss, promoter methylation, and protein expression status of the APC gene to evaluate whether the APC gene plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of infantile YSTs. Loss of heterozygosity at 5q21, where the APC gene is localized, was detected in at least 3 (30%) of the 9 YSTs examined. None of the 10 YSTs showed mutations. Promoter methylation was detected in 7 (70%) of the 10 YSTs; among 7 YSTs showing methylation, 3 YSTs also harbored loss of heterozygosity at 5q21. Immunohistochemically, 8 infantile YSTs did not express the APC protein, whereas 2 YSTs without showing APC methylation, as well as germ cells of normal infantile testes, expressed this protein in the cytoplasm. These data indicate that inactivation of the APC gene, by allelic loss and/or promoter methylation, is related to the occurrence of infantile YSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kato
- Department of Pathology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 990-9585, Japan.
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Habtemariam B, Anisimov VM, MacKerell AD. Cooperative binding of DNA and CBFbeta to the Runt domain of the CBFalpha studied via MD simulations. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:4212-22. [PMID: 16049027 PMCID: PMC1180745 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Runt domain (RD) is the DNA-binding region of the Runx genes. A related protein, known as core binding factor beta (CBFbeta) also binds to the RD to enhance RD-DNA interaction by 6- to 10-fold. Here, we report results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of RD alone, as a dimer in complexes with DNA and CBFbeta and in a ternary complex with DNA and CBFbeta. Consistent with the experimental findings, in the presence of CBFbeta the estimated free energy of binding of RD to the DNA is more favorable, which is shown to be due to more favorable intermolecular interactions and desolvation contributions. Also contributing to the enhanced binding are favorable intramolecular interactions between the 'wing' residues (RD residues 139-145) and the 'wing1' residues (RD residues 104-116). The simulation studies also indicate that the RD-CBFbeta binding is more favorable in the presence of DNA due to a more favorable RD-CBFbeta interaction energy. In addition, it is predicted that long-range interactions involving ionic residues contribute to binding cooperativity. Results from the MD calculations are used to interpret a variety of experimental mutagenesis data. A novel role for RD Glu116 to the RD-CBFbeta interaction is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Tel: +1 706 410 7442; Fax: +1 410 706 5017;
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