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Sun L, Ke M, Yin M, Zeng Y, Ji Y, Hu Y, Fu S, Zhang C. Extracellular vesicle-encapsulated microRNA-296-3p from cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes ovarian cancer development through regulation of the PTEN/AKT and SOCS6/STAT3 pathways. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:155-169. [PMID: 37972389 PMCID: PMC10823290 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as important components of the tumor microenvironment, can regulate intercellular communication and tumor development by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the role of CAF-derived EVs in ovarian cancer has not been fully elucidated. Here, using an EV-microRNA sequencing analysis, we reveal specific overexpression of microRNA (miR)-296-3p in activated CAF-derived EVs, which can be transferred to tumor cells to regulate the malignant phenotypes of ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, overexpression of miR-296-3p significantly promotes the proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo, while its inhibition has the opposite effects. Further mechanistic studies reveal that miR-296-3p promotes ovarian cancer progression by directly targeting PTEN and SOCS6 and activating AKT and STAT3 signaling pathways. Importantly, increased expression of miR-296-3p encapsulated in plasma EVs is closely correlated with tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in patients with ovarian cancer. Our results highlight the cancer-promoting role of CAF-derived EVs carrying miR-296-3p in ovarian cancer progression for the first time, and suggest that miR-296-3p encapsulated in CAF-derived EVs could be a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Department of BiologyHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Miaola Ke
- Department of Blood Transfusion, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouChina
| | - Mengyuan Yin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Zeng
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yutong Ji
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yiming Hu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Songbin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Preservation of Human Genetic Resources and Disease Control in China (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of EducationHarbinChina
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2
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Watanabe T, Soeda S, Okoshi C, Fukuda T, Yasuda S, Fujimori K. Landscape of somatic mutated genes and inherited susceptibility genes in gynecological cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2023; 49:2629-2643. [PMID: 37632362 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, gynecological cancers have been classified based on histology. Since remarkable advancements in next-generation sequencing technology have enabled the exploration of somatic mutations in various cancer types, comprehensive sequencing efforts have revealed the genomic landscapes of some common forms of human cancer. The genomic features of various gynecological malignancies have been reported by several studies of large-scale genomic cohorts, including The Cancer Genome Atlas. Although recent comprehensive genomic profiling tests, which can detect hundreds of genetic mutations at a time from cancer tissues or blood samples, have been increasingly used as diagnostic clinical biomarkers and in therapeutic management decisions, germline pathogenic variants associated with hereditary cancers can also be detected using this test. Gynecological cancers are closely related to genetic factors, with approximately 5% of endometrial cancer cases and 20% of ovarian cancer cases being caused by germline pathogenic variants. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome and Lynch syndrome are the two major cancer susceptibility syndromes among gynecological cancers. In addition, several other hereditary syndromes have been reported to be associated with gynecological cancers. In this review, we highlight the genes for somatic mutation and germline pathogenic variants commonly seen in gynecological cancers. We first describe the relationship between clinicopathological attributes and somatic mutated genes. Subsequently, we discuss the characteristics and clinical management of inherited cancer syndromes resulting from pathogenic germline variants in gynecological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Watanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shu Soeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Okoshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Toma Fukuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shun Yasuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Keiya Fujimori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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3
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Tan A, Eskiizmir G, Kamiloglu U, Sarioglu S. p53 and PTEN expression evaluation with molecular evident recent criteria in laryngeal carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33676. [PMID: 37171328 PMCID: PMC10174377 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of laryngeal cancer is affected by clinicopathological factors. Because of that, an effective prognostic marker is very valuable in managing the clinical process. The p53 evaluation method, used in the literature recently, was used for the first time in laryngeal cancer. We evaluated PTEN with 2 methods with the highest significance in the literature on laryngeal cancer. All demographic and histopathological data from 140 laryngeal cancers were compared with p53 and PTEN expressions and survival. p53 staining patterns were classified as wild and mutant. PTEN expression was evaluated according to the staining intensity named PTEN1 and according to the proportion of stained cells named PTEN2. In the series, 93.6% were males, and the mean survival was 38 months. 69.3% of cases were p53 mutants. PTEN loss was found to be 85.7% and 57.9%, respectively. Tumor size and thyroid cartilage invasion for PTEN1 and age for p53 were identified as independent predictive factors (P < .01). Advanced age, total laryngectomy, and extranodal spread were independent poor prognostic factors for overall survival and the presence of subglottic involvement, perineural invasion, and extranodal spread were for disease-free survival (P < .01). This is the first study in which the new p53 classification was used in laryngeal cancer, and will contribute significantly to the literature with differences from the previous evaluation patterns. Evaluation of PTEN based on staining intensity is more appropriate compared to the percentage of stained cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Tan
- Department of Pathology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Eskiizmir
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ugur Kamiloglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Sulen Sarioglu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Pathology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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4
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Pereira ÉR, Pinheiro LCL, Francelino AL, Miqueloto CA, Guembarovski AFML, de Oliveira KB, Fuganti PE, de Syllos Cólus IM, Guembarovski RL. Tissue immunostaining of candidate prognostic proteins in metastatic and non-metastatic prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:567-577. [PMID: 36008689 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PCa) lacks specific markers capable of distinguishing aggressive tumors from those with indolent behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the immunostaining of candidate proteins (PTEN, AKT, TRPM8, and NKX3.1) through the immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) on patients with metastatic and non-metastatic PCa. METHODS Tissues from 60 patients were divided into three groups categorized according to prognostic parameters: better prognosis (n = 20), worse prognosis (n = 23), and metastatic (n = 17). Immunostaining was analyzed by a pathologist and staining classifications were considered according to signal intensity: (0) no staining, (+) weak, and (++ and +++) intermediate to strong. RESULTS AKT protein was associated (p = 0.012) and correlated (p = 0.014; Tau = - 0.288) with the prognostic groups. The immunostaining for TRPM8 (p = 0.010) and NKX3.1 (p = 0.003) proteins differed between malignant tumor and non-tumoral adjacent tissue as well as for proteins in cellular locations (nucleus and cytoplasm). TRPM8 was independently associated with the ISUP grade ≥ 4 (p = 0.024; OR = 8.373; 95% CI = 1.319-53.164). The NKX3.1 showed positive and predominantly strong immunostaining in all patients in both tumoral and non-tumoral adjacent tissues. All metastatic samples had positive immunostaining, with strong intensity for NKX3.1 (p = 0.021; Tau = - 0.302). In the non-metastatic group, this strong protein staining was not observed in any patients. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that NKX3.1 is highly specific for prostate tissue and indicated that NKX3.1, AKT, and TRPM8 may be candidate markers for prostate cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Romão Pereira
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Laís Capelasso Lucas Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda Letícia Francelino
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Miqueloto
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Brajão de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Immunology, Department of Pathological Science, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ilce Mara de Syllos Cólus
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Oncogenetics, Department of General Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Moghaddam M, Vivarelli S, Falzone L, Libra M, Bonavida B. Cancer resistance via the downregulation of the tumor suppressors RKIP and PTEN expressions: therapeutic implications. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:170-207. [PMID: 37205308 PMCID: PMC10185445 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) has been reported to be underexpressed in many cancers and plays a role in the regulation of tumor cells' survival, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, hence, a tumor suppressor. RKIP also regulates tumor cell resistance to cytotoxic drugs/cells. Likewise, the tumor suppressor, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), which inhibits the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, is either mutated, underexpressed, or deleted in many cancers and shares with RKIP its anti-tumor properties and its regulation in resistance. The transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations of RKIP and PTEN expressions and their roles in resistance were reviewed. The underlying mechanism of the interrelationship between the signaling expressions of RKIP and PTEN in cancer is not clear. Several pathways are regulated by RKIP and PTEN and the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations of RKIP and PTEN is significantly altered in cancers. In addition, RKIP and PTEN play a key role in the regulation of tumor cells response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In addition, molecular and bioinformatic data revealed crosstalk signaling networks that regulate the expressions of both RKIP and PTEN. These crosstalks involved the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/PI3K pathways and the dysregulated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)/Snail/Yin Yang 1 (YY1)/RKIP/PTEN loop in many cancers. Furthermore, further bioinformatic analyses were performed to investigate the correlations (positive or negative) and the prognostic significance of the expressions of RKIP or PTEN in 31 different human cancers. These analyses were not uniform and only revealed that there was a positive correlation between the expression of RKIP and PTEN only in few cancers. These findings demonstrated the existence of signaling cross-talks between RKIP and PTEN and both regulate resistance. Targeting either RKIP or PTEN (alone or in combination with other therapies) may be sufficient to therapeutically inhibit tumor growth and reverse the tumor resistance to cytotoxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Moghaddam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), East Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Falzone
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Research Centre for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), East Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: Benjamin Bonavida, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 1602 Molecular Sciences Building, 609 Charles E. Young Drive, East Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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6
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Rinne N, Christie EL, Ardasheva A, Kwok CH, Demchenko N, Low C, Tralau-Stewart C, Fotopoulou C, Cunnea P. Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in epithelial ovarian cancer, therapeutic treatment options for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 4:573-595. [PMID: 35582310 PMCID: PMC9019160 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The survival rates for women with ovarian cancer have shown scant improvement in recent years, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 40% for women diagnosed with advanced ovarian cancer. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal subtype where the majority of women develop recurrent disease and chemotherapy resistance, despite over 70%-80% of patients initially responding to platinum-based chemotherapy. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway regulates many vital processes such as cell growth, survival and metabolism. However, this pathway is frequently dysregulated in cancers including different subtypes of ovarian cancer, through amplification or somatic mutations of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA), amplification of AKT isoforms, or deletion or inactivation of PTEN. Further evidence indicates a role for the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the development of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer. Thus, targeting key nodes of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is a potential therapeutic prospect. In this review, we outline dysregulation of PI3K signaling in ovarian cancer, with a particular emphasis on HGSOC and platinum-resistant disease. We review pre-clinical evidence for inhibitors of the main components of the PI3K pathway and highlight past, current and upcoming trials in ovarian cancers for different inhibitors of the pathway. Whilst no inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway have thus far advanced to the clinic for the treatment of ovarian cancer, several promising compounds which have the potential to restore platinum sensitivity and improve clinical outcomes for patients are under evaluation and in various phases of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Rinne
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Anastasia Ardasheva
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Chun Hei Kwok
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nikita Demchenko
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Caroline Low
- Department of Metabolism Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Catherine Tralau-Stewart
- Takeda Academic Innovation, Center for External Innovation, Takeda California, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Christina Fotopoulou
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith campus, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paula Cunnea
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith campus, London W12 0NN, UK
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7
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Chirom K, Malik MZ, Mangangcha IR, Somvanshi P, Singh RKB. Network medicine in ovarian cancer: topological properties to drug discovery. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6555408. [PMID: 35352113 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Network medicine provides network theoretical tools, methods and properties to study underlying laws governing human interactome to identify disease states and disease complexity leading to drug discovery. Within this framework, we investigated the topological properties of ovarian cancer network (OCN) and the roles of hubs to understand OCN organization to address disease states and complexity. The OCN constructed from the experimentally verified genes exhibits fractal nature in the topological properties with deeply rooted functional communities indicating self-organizing behavior. The network properties at all levels of organization obey one parameter scaling law which lacks centrality lethality rule. We showed that $\langle k\rangle $ can be taken as a scaling parameter, where, power law exponent can be estimated from the ratio of network diameters. The betweenness centrality $C_B$ shows two distinct behaviors one shown by high degree hubs and the other by segregated low degree nodes. The $C_B$ power law exponent is found to connect the exponents of distributions of high and low degree nodes. OCN showed the absence of rich-club formation which leads to the missing of a number of attractors in the network causing formation of weakly tied diverse functional modules to keep optimal network efficiency. In OCN, provincial and connector hubs, which includes identified key regulators, take major responsibility to keep the OCN integrity and organization. Further, most of the key regulators are found to be over expressed and positively correlated with immune infiltrates. Finally, few potential drugs are identified related to the key regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keilash Chirom
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India.,Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110019, India
| | - Md Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | | | - Pallavi Somvanshi
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - R K Brojen Singh
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
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8
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Watanabe T, Nanamiya H, Endo Y, Kojima M, Nomura S, Furukawa S, Soeda S, Tamura H, Ryufuku M, Tanaka D, Isogai T, Imai JI, Watanabe S, Fujimori K. Identification and clinical significance of somatic oncogenic mutations in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:129. [PMID: 34615547 PMCID: PMC8496016 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a heterogeneous disease with diverse clinicopathological features and behaviors, and its heterogeneity may be concerned with the accumulation of multiple somatic oncogenic mutations. The major goals of this study are to systematically perform the comprehensive mutational profiling in EOC patients, and investigate the associations between somatic mutations and clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS A total of 80 surgical specimens were obtained from EOC patients who had previously undergone primary debulking surgery, and genomic DNAs were extracted from fresh-frozen tissues. We investigated mutational status in hot spot regions of 50 cancer-related genes by targeted next-generation sequencing using an Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 Kit. RESULTS Validated mutations were detected in 66 of the 80 tumors (82.5%). The five most frequently mutated genes were TP53 (43.8%), PIK3CA (27.5%), KRAS (23.8%), PTEN (10%) and CTNNB1 (10%). PTEN and CTNNB1 mutations were associated with younger age. PIK3CA1, KRAS and CTNNB1 mutations were observed in early-stage, whereas TP53 mutations were more common in advanced stage. Significant associations were observed between TP53 mutation and serous carcinoma, and between KRAS mutation and mucinous carcinoma. Both PIK3CA mutation and CTNNB1 mutation were also significantly associated with endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma. The patients with PIK3CA and KRAS mutations were significantly associated with favorable progression free survival (PFS). In particular, PIK3CA mutations had more significant associations with favorable PFS than PIK3CA wild-type in the endometrioid subtype (P = 0.012). Patients with mutations only in TP53 were significantly associated with worse PFS. CONCLUSION EOCs were heterogeneous at the genomic level and harbored somatic oncogenic mutations. Our molecular profiling may have the potential for becoming a novel stratification within histological subtypes of EOC. Further studies are needed to define molecular classification for improved clinical outcomes and treatment of EOC patients in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Watanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Nanamiya
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yuta Endo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Manabu Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shinji Nomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shigenori Furukawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shu Soeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hirosumi Tamura
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masae Ryufuku
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanaka
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Takao Isogai
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Imai
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Keiya Fujimori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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9
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Pulido R, Mingo J, Gaafar A, Nunes-Xavier CE, Luna S, Torices L, Angulo JC, López JI. Precise Immunodetection of PTEN Protein in Human Neoplasia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a036293. [PMID: 31501265 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PTEN is a major tumor-suppressor protein whose expression and biological activity are frequently diminished in sporadic or inherited cancers. PTEN gene deletion or loss-of-function mutations favor tumor cell growth and are commonly found in clinical practice. In addition, diminished PTEN protein expression is also frequently observed in tumor samples from cancer patients in the absence of PTEN gene alterations. This makes PTEN protein levels a potential biomarker parameter in clinical oncology, which can guide therapeutic decisions. The specific detection of PTEN protein can be achieved by using highly defined anti-PTEN monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), characterized with precision in terms of sensitivity for the detection technique, specificity for PTEN binding, and constraints of epitope recognition. This is especially relevant taking into consideration that PTEN is highly targeted by mutations and posttranslational modifications, and different PTEN protein isoforms exist. The precise characterization of anti-PTEN mAb reactivity is an important step in the validation of these reagents as diagnostic and prognostic tools in clinical oncology, including their routine use in analytical immunohistochemistry (IHC). Here, we review the current status on the use of well-defined anti-PTEN mAbs for PTEN immunodetection in the clinical context and discuss their potential usefulness and limitations for a more precise cancer diagnosis and patient benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Janire Mingo
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Ayman Gaafar
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Caroline E Nunes-Xavier
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo N-0310, Norway
| | - Sandra Luna
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Leire Torices
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain
| | - Javier C Angulo
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Getafe, Getafe, Madrid 28904, Spain.,Clinical Department, European University of Madrid, Laureate Universities, Madrid 28904, Spain
| | - José I López
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo 48903, Spain.,University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
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10
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Liu X, Ren Z, Xu Y, Sun W, Li Y, Rui X, Xie D, Meng X, Zheng Z. Establishment and characterization of novel human primary endometrial cancer cell line (ZJB-ENC1) and its genomic characteristic. J Cancer 2019; 10:6466-6474. [PMID: 31772679 PMCID: PMC6856739 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of human malignant tumor cell lines can provide abundant experimental materials for understanding the biological characteristics of tumors, studying the carcinogenesis, molecular genetics and the mechanism of metastasis and evolution. In this study, a novel cell line designated ZJB-ENC1 has been established from poorly differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Cytological results showed monolayer-cultured cells were polygonal in shape and a piling-up tendency without contact inhabitation. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that the cells were negative for ER, PR, c-erbB2, E-CAD, CD117, and OCT3/4, but strongly positive for PTEN and P16. Meanwhile, the tumorigenicity of ZJB-ENC1 was confirmed by subcutaneous transplantation of the cells into a xenograft mouse model. In addition, the results of the whole exome sequencing revealed a unique genomic characteristic of ZJB-ENC1 cells, all common and novel SNPs and InDels were identified. In conclusion, this new stable cell line may promote basic and clinical research on endometrial cancer (EC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Liu
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,The Experimental Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,The Experimental Center, Zhejiang cancer hospital , Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Zhuozhuo Ren
- Medical Support Department, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,The Experimental Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,The Experimental Center, Zhejiang cancer hospital , Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Zhejiang cancer hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xinmiao Rui
- The Second Clinical Department, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Dafei Xie
- General Surgery Department, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xuli Meng
- Department of Breast Thyroid Surgery, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Zhiguo Zheng
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,The Experimental Center, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,The Experimental Center, Zhejiang cancer hospital , Hangzhou, 310022, China
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11
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Singh A, Gupta S, Sachan M. Epigenetic Biomarkers in the Management of Ovarian Cancer: Current Prospectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:182. [PMID: 31608277 PMCID: PMC6761254 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) causes significant morbidity and mortality as neither detection nor screening of OC is currently feasible at an early stage. Difficulty to promptly diagnose OC in its early stage remains challenging due to non-specific symptoms in the early-stage of the disease, their presentation at an advanced stage and poor survival. Therefore, improved detection methods are urgently needed. In this article, we summarize the potential clinical utility of epigenetic signatures like DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA dysregulation, which play important role in ovarian carcinogenesis and discuss its application in development of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. Molecular characterization of epigenetic modification (methylation) in circulating cell free tumor DNA in body fluids offers novel, non-invasive approach for identification of potential promising cancer biomarkers, which can be performed at multiple time points and probably better reflects the prevailing molecular profile of cancer. Current status of epigenetic research in diagnosis of early OC and its management are discussed here with main focus on potential diagnostic biomarkers in tissue and body fluids. Rapid and point of care diagnostic applications of DNA methylation in liquid biopsy has been precluded as a result of cumbersome sample preparation with complicated conventional methods of isolation. New technologies which allow rapid identification of methylation signatures directly from blood will facilitate sample-to answer solutions thereby enabling next-generation point of care molecular diagnostics. To date, not a single epigenetic biomarker which could accurately detect ovarian cancer at an early stage in either tissue or body fluid has been reported. Taken together, the methodological drawbacks, heterogeneity associated with ovarian cancer and non-validation of the clinical utility of reported potential biomarkers in larger ovarian cancer populations has impeded the transition of epigenetic biomarkers from lab to clinical settings. Until addressed, clinical implementation as a diagnostic measure is a far way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
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12
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PTEN Alterations as a Potential Mechanism for Tumor Cell Escape from PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091318. [PMID: 31500143 PMCID: PMC6770107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors drastically changed the standard treatments in many advanced cancer patients, but molecular changes within the tumor can prevent the activity of immunotherapy drugs. Thus, the introduction of the inhibitors of the immune checkpoint programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1), should prompt deeper studies on resistance mechanisms, which can be caused by oncogenic mutations detected in cancer cells. PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene, dephosphorylates the lipid signaling intermediate PIP3 with inhibition of AKT activity, one of the main effectors of the PI3K signaling axis. As a consequence of genetic or epigenetic aberrations, PTEN expression is often altered, with increased activation of PI3K axis. Interestingly, some data confirmed that loss of PTEN expression modified the pattern of cytokine secretion creating an immune-suppressive microenvironment with increase of immune cell populations that can promote tumor progression. Moreover, PTEN loss may be ascribed to reduction of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which can explain the absence of activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors. This review describes the role of PTEN loss as a mechanism responsible for resistance to anti PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. Moreover, combinatorial strategies between PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and PI3K/AKT targeting drugs are proposed as a new strategy to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition.
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13
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Luongo F, Colonna F, Calapà F, Vitale S, Fiori ME, De Maria R. PTEN Tumor-Suppressor: The Dam of Stemness in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1076. [PMID: 31366089 PMCID: PMC6721423 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is one of the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in cancer. Loss or variation in PTEN gene/protein levels is commonly observed in a broad spectrum of human cancers, while germline PTEN mutations cause inherited syndromes that lead to increased risk of tumors. PTEN restrains tumorigenesis through different mechanisms ranging from phosphatase-dependent and independent activities, subcellular localization and protein interaction, modulating a broad array of cellular functions including growth, proliferation, survival, DNA repair, and cell motility. The main target of PTEN phosphatase activity is one of the most significant cell growth and pro-survival signaling pathway in cancer: PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Several shreds of evidence shed light on the critical role of PTEN in normal and cancer stem cells (CSCs) homeostasis, with its loss fostering the CSC compartment in both solid and hematologic malignancies. CSCs are responsible for tumor propagation, metastatic spread, resistance to therapy, and relapse. Thus, understanding how alterations of PTEN levels affect CSC hallmarks could be crucial for the development of successful therapeutic approaches. Here, we discuss the most significant findings on PTEN-mediated control of CSC state. We aim to unravel the role of PTEN in the regulation of key mechanisms specific for CSCs, such as self-renewal, quiescence/cell cycle, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT), with a particular focus on PTEN-based therapy resistance mechanisms and their exploitation for novel therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Luongo
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colonna
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Calapà
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Vitale
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Micol E Fiori
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Istituto di Patologia Generale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Scientific Vice-Direction, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli"-I.R.C.C.S., Largo Francesco Vito 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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14
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Naseem A, Bhat ZI, Kalaiarasan P, Kumar B, Bin Hafeez Z, Tiwari RR, Wahabi K, Gandhi G, Alam Rizvi MM. Assessment of epigenetic alterations and in silico analysis of mutation affecting PTEN expression among Indian cervical cancer patients. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15851-15866. [PMID: 31074114 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic anomalies accountable for genetic dysregulation are the most common aberrations that determine the underlying heterogeneity of the tumor cells. Currently, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) incongruity has emerged as potent and persuasive malfunctioning in varied human malignancies. In this study, we have analysed the promoter hypermethylation and expression status of PTEN. We identified different mutations in the exonic region of PTEN. Functional consequences of these mutations were explored using in silico techniques. Promoter hypermethylation of PTEN was detected using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR), expression analysis was performed with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and mutation by direct sequencing in a total of 168 uterine cervix tumor cases. The findings were statistically correlated with the clinical parameters. In addition, the effect of nonsynonymous mutations was studied with molecular dynamics simulations. PTEN promoter hypermethylation (45.8%) was found to be significantly associated with the of PTEN loss (57.14%, P < 0.0001). Tumor stages, tumor size, lymph node (LN) were found to be significantly correlated with both PTEN promoter hypermethylation and PTEN loss. Histological grade, however, showed a significant association with only PTEN loss. In total, 11.76% of tumors exhibited mutations in exon 5 and 7, out of which E150K of exon 5 showed the highest deviations in the crystal structure of PTEN by in silico analysis. This study provides valuable insights into oncology and paves the path in the development of efficient biomarker and/or imperative therapeutic tool for cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Naseem
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Zafar Iqbal Bhat
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Bhupender Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Zubair Bin Hafeez
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Ranjan Tiwari
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushnuma Wahabi
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Gauri Gandhi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, LNJP/MAMC Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - M Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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15
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Zhang Q, Xiao X, Zheng J, Li M. A glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, liraglutide, ameliorates endothelial dysfunction through miRNAs to inhibit apoptosis in rats. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6567. [PMID: 30863684 PMCID: PMC6408912 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Many studies have revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 has vasoprotective effects. In this study, we investigated whether liraglutide suppressed endothelial dysfunction and explored the mechanism involved. Methods Experimental diabetes was induced through combined high-fat diet administration and intraperitoneal streptozotocin injections. Rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: control, diabetes, diabetes + a low liraglutide dose (0.2 mg/kg/d), and diabetes + a high liraglutide dose (0.4 mg/kg/d). Endothelial function and metabolic parameters were measured after 8 weeks of treatment. miRNA arrays were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs. Results We found that liraglutide significantly improved aortic endothelial function in diabetic rats. Liraglutide inhibited miR-93-5p, miR-181a-5p and miR-34a-5p expression, and activated miR-26a-5p expression. miRNA mimic transfection experiments indicated negative relationships between miR-93-5p, miR-181a-5p, miR-34a-5p, and miR-26a-5p and Sirt1, Creb, Bcl-2, and Pten expression, respectively. Moreover, liraglutide increased Sirt1, Creb, and Bcl-2 expression levels and reduced Pten expression level. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the role of key miRNAs in the liraglutide-mediated regulation of endothelial cell function in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Wang P, Zhang Z, Ma Y, Lu J, Zhao H, Wang S, Tan J, Li B. Prognostic values of GMPS, PR, CD40, and p21 in ovarian cancer. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6301. [PMID: 30701134 PMCID: PMC6348951 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection and prediction of prognosis and treatment responses are all the keys in improving survival of ovarian cancer patients. This study profiled an ovarian cancer progression model to identify prognostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer patients. Mouse ovarian surface epithelial cells (MOSECs) can undergo spontaneous malignant transformation in vitro cell culture. These were used as a model of ovarian cancer progression for alterations in gene expression and signaling detected using the Illumina HiSeq2000 Next-Generation Sequencing platform and bioinformatical analyses. The differential expression of four selected genes was identified using the gene expression profiling interaction analysis (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/) and then associated with survival in ovarian cancer patients using the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset and the online Kaplan–Meier Plotter (http://www.kmplot.com) data. The data showed 263 aberrantly expressed genes, including 182 up-regulated and 81 down-regulated genes between the early and late stages of tumor progression in MOSECs. The bioinformatic data revealed four genes (i.e., guanosine 5′-monophosphate synthase (GMPS), progesterone receptor (PR), CD40, and p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A)) to play an important role in ovarian cancer progression. Furthermore, the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset validated the differential expression of these four genes, which were associated with prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. In conclusion, this study profiled differentially expressed genes using the ovarian cancer progression model and identified four (i.e., GMPS, PR, CD40, and p21) as prognostic markers for ovarian cancer patients. Future studies of prospective patients could further verify the clinical usefulness of this four-gene signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shuiliang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianming Tan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Hongyi Health Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bingyan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Mortezaee K, Salehi E, Mirtavoos-Mahyari H, Motevaseli E, Najafi M, Farhood B, Rosengren RJ, Sahebkar A. Mechanisms of apoptosis modulation by curcumin: Implications for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12537-12550. [PMID: 30623450 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer incidences are growing and cause millions of deaths worldwide. Cancer therapy is one of the most important challenges in medicine. Improving therapeutic outcomes from cancer therapy is necessary for increasing patients' survival and quality of life. Adjuvant therapy using various types of antibodies or immunomodulatory agents has suggested modulating tumor response. Resistance to apoptosis is the main reason for radioresistance and chemoresistance of most of the cancers, and also one of the pivotal targets for improving cancer therapy is the modulation of apoptosis signaling pathways. Apoptosis can be induced by intrinsic or extrinsic pathways via stimulation of several targets, such as membrane receptors of tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β, and also mitochondria. Curcumin is a naturally derived agent that induces apoptosis in a variety of different tumor cell lines. Curcumin also activates redox reactions within cells inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that leads to the upregulation of apoptosis receptors on the tumor cell membrane. Curcumin can also upregulate the expression and activity of p53 that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and increases apoptosis. Furthermore, curcumin has a potent inhibitory effect on the activity of NF-κB and COX-2, which are involved in the overexpression of antiapoptosis genes such as Bcl-2. It can also attenuate the regulation of antiapoptosis PI3K signaling and increase the expression of MAPKs to induce endogenous production of ROS. In this paper, we aimed to review the molecular mechanisms of curcumin-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. This action of curcumin could be applicable for use as an adjuvant in combination with other modalities of cancer therapy including radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ensieh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanifeh Mirtavoos-Mahyari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rhonda J Rosengren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Rewcastle E, Varhaugvik AE, Gudlaugsson E, Steinbakk A, Skaland I, van Diermen B, Baak JP, Janssen EAM. Assessing the prognostic value of PAX2 and PTEN in endometrial carcinogenesis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:981-991. [PMID: 30400021 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to avoid the consequences of over- and under-treatment of endometrial hyperplasia, diagnostic accuracy and progression risk assessment must be improved. The aim of this study was to assess whether PAX2 or PTEN expression could predict progression-free survival in endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) and endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC). Immunohistochemistry for detection of PAX2 and PTEN was performed on 348 endometrial samples; 75 proliferative endometrium (PE), 36 EIN and 237 EEC. Cases classified as PTEN null (1 or more glands negatively stained) were more prevalent in EEC than in PE and EIN (64% EEC vs 11% PE/EIN). A progressive decrease in PAX2 expression was observed from PE to EIN to EEC. Long-term clinical follow-up (6-310 months, median: 126) was available for 62 PE cases, all 36 EIN cases and 178 EEC cases. No patients with PE demonstrated progression to EIN or EEC. Progression of disease was observed in 10 (28%) EIN patients. These patients had significantly lower PAX2 expression than those that regressed (P = 0.005). Progression-free survival analysis revealed that EIN patients with a high-risk PAX2 expression score (H-score ≤75) had a higher probability of progression of disease in comparison to those with a low-risk score (H-score >75). PAX2 expression was not prognostic in EEC nor was PTEN status of prognostic value in either EIN or EEC. PAX2 expression analysis by means of H-score has prognostic potential for the identification of high-risk progression cases in EIN but needs to be validated in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rewcastle
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anne Elin Varhaugvik
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Pathology, Helse Møre og Romsdal, Ålesund, Norway
| | - Einar Gudlaugsson
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anita Steinbakk
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Stavanger-Gynekologene AS, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ivar Skaland
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Bianca van Diermen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan P Baak
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Dr. Med. Jan Baak AS, Tananger, Norway
| | - Emiel A M Janssen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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19
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Kosmas K, Mitropoulou G, Provatas I, Stamoulas M, Marouga A. Expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue in imprint smears of endometrial carcinoma. Cytopathology 2018; 29:558-564. [PMID: 30007089 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to determine the expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) in endometrial adenocarcinomas (as a potential prognostic indicator before treatment) in imprint smears and to correlate the results with clinicopathological parameters of primary untreated endometrial cancer patients. METHODS A total of 126 patients with endometrial carcinoma were evaluated with samples freshly resected after a total abdominal hysterectomy during a 29-month period. The expression of PTEN was assessed by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS In total, 102 cases were type I and 24 type II endometrial adenocarcinomas. High expression of PTEN was more frequent in type I (42/102) compared to type II (6/24) adenocarcinomas, to less advanced and aggressive clinical stage (stage I: 41/79, stage II: 5/13, stage III: 2/19, stage IV: 1/15) as well as in low grade (grade 1: 26/42, grade 2: 20/57) compared to high-grade (grade 3: 8/27) carcinomas. The nonaffected lymph nodes showed high expression of PTEN (in 43.3%) than the affected lymph nodes (in 5.9%). Also, in 45 out of 74 cases with myometrial invasion <50%, there was positive expression of PTEN in contrast to 12 out of 52 cases with depth of myometrial invasion >50%. CONCLUSIONS Immunocytochemical findings from PTEN stain, in addition to cytomorphological features, appeared to be a useful marker in the diagnosis and in the postoperative prognosis of endometrial carcinoma in endometrial cytology with imprint smears and that high PTEN expression is related to morphological features of less aggressiveness tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kosmas
- Department of Cytopathology, General Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens "SOTIRIA", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Provatas
- Pathology Department, General Hospital of Athens "Evaggelismos", Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Stamoulas
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Chesterfield Royal Hospital, Derbyshire, UK
| | - Anna Marouga
- Department of Cytopathology, Athens University Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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20
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Bassiouny D, Ismiil N, Dubé V, Han G, Cesari M, Lu FI, Slodkowska E, Parra-Herran C, Chiu HF, Naeim M, Li N, Khalifa M, Nofech-Mozes S. Comprehensive Clinicopathologic and Updated Immunohistochemical Characterization of Primary Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2018; 26:306-317. [PMID: 29338553 DOI: 10.1177/1066896917752861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The distinction of primary mucinous ovarian carcinoma (PMOC) from other primaries or secondaries is essential for selecting therapeutic options and prognostication. We aimed to characterize the immunohistochemical profile of 36 PMOCs using an extended immunohistochemical panel, with clinicopathologic features and outcome. PAX8 was negative in 30 (83.3%), and SATB2 was negative in 32/35. HNF1B, AMACR, and napsin-A were detected in 33 (91.7%), 35 (97.2%), and 0 (0%), respectively. MMR proteins and ARID1A were retained in 100%; PTEN was lost in 4 (11.1%). P53 was aberrant in 10 (27.8%); none overexpressed p16. HER2 was positive in 6/35 (17.1%). Most PMOCs had a favorable outcome. However, recurrence is usually fatal. The typical tumor profile was CK7+, CK20+/-, CDX2+/-, PAX8-, ER-, PgR-, and SATB2-. HER2 positivity suggests a possible target for therapy in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Bassiouny
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,3 Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nadia Ismiil
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Dubé
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guangming Han
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Cesari
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fang-I Lu
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Slodkowska
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Parra-Herran
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hak Fai Chiu
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magda Naeim
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nim Li
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Khalifa
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Nofech-Mozes
- 1 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Vtorushin SV, Malykh RD. [Current prerequisites for a molecular genetic classification of endometrial cancer]. Arkh Patol 2017. [PMID: 28631718 DOI: 10.17116/patol201779357-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review analyzes current investigators' data on the introduction of an additional endometrial cancer classification based on the results of molecular and genetic studies. This necessity is dictated by clinical observations, according to which the genetic profile of the tumors may not correspond to their morphological structure, which considerably changes patient management tactics. The existing dualistic model of carcinogenesis makes it possible to identify and describe the characteristic molecular features of the tumors in terms of their histological structure. The review also analyzes the concept of 4 new endometrial cancer subgroups: ultramutated, hypermutated, copy-number low, and copy-number high (serous-like). It gives the results of investigations of the molecular and genetic characteristics of each subgroup. Particular attention is paid to the role of POLE gene mutations in the ultramutated subgroup. Different theories justifying a good prognosis in these patients are considered. The molecular characteristics of endometrial cancer versus tumors of other organs are compared. The potential benefits of introducing the new classification, which allow one to change approaches to stratifying the risk for this disease, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Vtorushin
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia; Research Institute of Oncology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - R D Malykh
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
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22
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Bugide S, Gonugunta VK, Penugurti V, Malisetty VL, Vadlamudi RK, Manavathi B. HPIP promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells through PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 40:133-144. [PMID: 28039608 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-016-0308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hematopoietic PBX interacting protein (HPIP), a scaffold protein, is known to regulate the proliferation, migration and invasion in different cancer cell types. The aim of this study was to assess the role of HPIP in ovarian cancer cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and to unravel the mechanism by which it regulates these processes. METHODS HPIP expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays containing primary ovarian tumor samples of different grades. OAW42, an ovarian carcinoma-derived cell line exhibiting a high HPIP expression, was used to study the role of HPIP in cell migration, invasion and EMT. HPIP knockdown in these cells was achieved using a small hairpin RNA (shRNA) approach. Cell migration and invasion were assessed using scratch wound and transwell invasion assays, respectively. The extent of EMT was assessed by determining the expression levels of Snail, Vimentin and E-cadherin using Western blotting. The effect of HPIP expression on AKT and MAPK activation was also investigated by Western blotting. Cell viabilities in response to cisplatin treatment were assessed using a MTT assay, whereas apoptosis was assessed by determining caspase-3 and PARP cleavage in ovarian carcinoma-derived SKOV3 cells. RESULTS We found that HPIP is highly expressed in high-grade primary ovarian tumors. In addition, we found that HPIP promotes the migration, invasion and EMT in OAW42 cells and induces EMT in these cells via activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. The latter was found to lead to stabilization of the Snail protein and to repression of E-cadherin expression through inactivation of GSK-3β. We also found that HPIP expression confers cisplatin resistance to SKOV3 cells after prolonged exposure and that its subsequent knockdown decreases the viability of these cells and increases caspase-3 activation and PARP proteolysis in these cells following cisplatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS From these results we conclude that HPIP expression is associated with high-grade ovarian tumors and may promote their migration, invasion and EMT, a process that is associated with metastasis. In addition, we conclude that HPIP may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cisplatin resistant ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Bugide
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | | | - Vasudevarao Penugurti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | | | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
| | - Bramanandam Manavathi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Skin Aging-Dependent Activation of the PI3K Signaling Pathway via Downregulation of PTEN Increases Intracellular ROS in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6354261. [PMID: 28003865 PMCID: PMC5149682 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6354261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in both chronological aging and photoaging. ROS induce skin aging through their damaging effect on cellular constituents. However, the origins of ROS have not been fully elucidated. We investigated that ROS generation of replicative senescent fibroblasts is generated by the modulation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) metabolism. Reduction of the PTEN protein, which dephosphorylates PIP3, was responsible for maintaining a high level of PIP3 in replicative cells and consequently mediated the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Increased ROS production was blocked by inhibition of PI3K or protein kinase C (PKC) or by NADPH oxidase activating in replicative senescent cells. These data indicate that the signal pathway to ROS generation in replicative aged skin cells can be stimulated by reduced PTEN level. Our results provide new insights into skin aging-associated modification of the PI3K/NADPH oxidase signaling pathway and its relationship with a skin aging-dependent increase of ROS in human dermal fibroblasts.
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Shao J, Li S, Palmqvist L, Fogelstrand L, Wei SY, Busayavalasa K, Liu K, Liu VM. p27(KIP1) and PTEN cooperate in myeloproliferative neoplasm tumor suppression in mice. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:17. [PMID: 27366593 PMCID: PMC4928343 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN acts as a phosphatase for PIP3 and negatively regulates the PI3K/AKT pathway, and p27KIP1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that regulates the G1 to S-phase transition by binding to and regulating the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases. Genetic alterations of PTEN or CDKN1B (p27KIP1) are common in hematological malignancies. To better understand how mutations in these two genes might cooperate in leukemogenesis, we inactivated both genes in the hematological compartment in mice. Here, we show that the combined inactivation of Pten and Cdkn1b results in a more severe myeloproliferative neoplasm phenotype associated with lower hemoglobin, enlarged spleen and liver, and shorter lifespan compared to inactivation of Pten alone. More severe anemia and increased myeloid infiltration and destruction of the spleen contributed to the earlier death of these mice, and elevated p-AKT, cyclin D1, and cyclin D3 might contribute to the development of this phenotype. In conclusion, PTEN and p27KIP1 cooperate in tumor suppression in the hematological compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Shao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susann Li
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Palmqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Fogelstrand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stella Y Wei
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Section for Haematology and Coagulation, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kiran Busayavalasa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kui Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Viktor M Liu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Granata S, Dalla Gassa A, Carraro A, Brunelli M, Stallone G, Lupo A, Zaza G. Sirolimus and Everolimus Pathway: Reviewing Candidate Genes Influencing Their Intracellular Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050735. [PMID: 27187382 PMCID: PMC4881557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirolimus (SRL) and everolimus (EVR) are mammalian targets of rapamycin inhibitors (mTOR-I) largely employed in renal transplantation and oncology as immunosuppressive/antiproliferative agents. SRL was the first mTOR-I produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus and approved for several medical purposes. EVR, derived from SRL, contains a 2-hydroxy-ethyl chain in the 40th position that makes the drug more hydrophilic than SRL and increases oral bioavailability. Their main mechanism of action is the inhibition of the mTOR complex 1 and the regulation of factors involved in a several crucial cellular functions including: protein synthesis, regulation of angiogenesis, lipid biosynthesis, mitochondrial biogenesis and function, cell cycle, and autophagy. Most of the proteins/enzymes belonging to the aforementioned biological processes are encoded by numerous and tightly regulated genes. However, at the moment, the polygenic influence on SRL/EVR cellular effects is still not completely defined, and its comprehension represents a key challenge for researchers. Therefore, to obtain a complete picture of the cellular network connected to SRL/EVR, we decided to review major evidences available in the literature regarding the genetic influence on mTOR-I biology/pharmacology and to build, for the first time, a useful and specific “SRL/EVR genes-focused pathway”, possibly employable as a starting point for future in-depth research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University/Hospital of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Amedeo Carraro
- Liver Transplant Unit, Department of General Surgery and Odontoiatrics, University/Hospital of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, 37126 Verona, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lupo
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University/Hospital of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University/Hospital of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy.
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26
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miR-92b regulates glioma cells proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis via PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:201-11. [PMID: 26893028 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly invasive malignant primary brain tumor with neoplastic growth. Despite the progresses made in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation in recent decade, the prognosis of patients with gliomas remains poor and the average survival time of patients suffering from glioblastoma is still short. As a potential therapy strategy, microRNAs have been considered as new targets for possible cancer treatment. In this study, we found that the miR-92b inhibitors (miR-92b-I) could inhibit the proliferation, migration, invasion, and promote the apoptosis of glioma cells. As a predicted target of miR-92b, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), also elevated at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the Akt phosphorylation was consistently inhibited. The rescue experiment with miR-92b and PTEN double knockdown resulted in partial reversion of miR-92b-I-induced phenotypes. Taken together, our findings indicated that miR-92b-I could restrain the proliferation, invasion, migration, and stimulate apoptosis of glioma cells by targeting PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Further investigations will focus on antitumor effect of miR‑92b-I in glioma treatment.
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Wang MY, He J, Zhu ML, Teng XY, Li QX, Sun MH, Wang XF, Yang YJ, Wang JC, Jin L, Wang YN, Wei QY. A Functional Polymorphism (rs2494752) in the AKT1 Promoter Region and Gastric Adenocarcinoma Risk in an Eastern Chinese Population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20008. [PMID: 26818920 PMCID: PMC4730221 DOI: 10.1038/srep20008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AKT is an important signal transduction protein that plays a crucial role in cancer development. Therefore, we evaluated associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the AKT promoter region and gastric cancer (GCa) risk in a case-control study of 1,110 GCa patients and 1,114 matched cancer-free controls. We genotyped five SNPs (AKT1 rs2494750G >C, AKT1 rs2494752A >G, AKT1 rs10138227C >T, AKT2 rs7254617G>A and AKT2 rs2304186G >T) located in the 5' upstream regulatory, first intron or promoter regions. In the logistic regression analysis, a significantly elevated GCa risk was associated with the rs2494752 AG/GG variant genotypes (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.42) under a dominant genetic model, and this risk was more evident in subgroups of ever drinkers. The luciferase reporter assay showed that the rs2494752 G allele significantly increased luciferase activity. Our results suggest that the potentially functional AKT1 rs2494752 SNP may affect GCa susceptibility, likely by modulating the AKT1 promoter transcriptional activity. Larger, independent studies are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yun Wang
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing He
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhu
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Teng
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meng-Hong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiu-Cun Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Nong Wang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yi Wei
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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28
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Boisen MM, Andersen CL, Sreekumar S, Stern AM, Oesterreich S. Treating gynecologic malignancies with selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs): promise and challenges. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:322-33. [PMID: 26276546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial and ovarian cancers are estrogen-dependent gynecologic malignancies. Although many are estrogen receptor (ER) positive, treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen, a tissue selective partial-agonist, has demonstrated only modest clinical benefit. Selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs) are pure ER antagonists showing a benefit for advanced ER positive breast cancer, which has bolstered their potential use for ER positive gynecologic malignancies. We summarize these preclinical and clinical data, suggesting that a subpopulation of patients with endometrial or ovarian cancer exists in which treatment with SERDs results in improved outcome. However, the full potential of SERDs for a gynecologic malignancies will be realized only when the appropriate predictive biomarkers are identified. Additionally, a further understanding ER signaling in the context of ovarian and endometrial tissues that appear to involve c-Src and other kinase pathways is needed to successfully address the emergence of resistance with rationally designed combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Boisen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Magee-Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Courtney L Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Molecular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sreeja Sreekumar
- Women's Cancer Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew M Stern
- University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute and the Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Intact PTEN Expression by Immunohistochemistry is Associated With Decreased Survival in Advanced Stage Ovarian/Primary Peritoneal High-grade Serous Carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2015; 34:497-506. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Ooft ML, Braunius WW, Heus P, Stegeman I, van Diest PJ, Grolman W, Zuur CI, Willems SM. Prognostic significance of the EGFR pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomark Med 2015; 9:997-1010. [PMID: 26441207 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic impact of the EGF receptor (EGFR) pathway molecules and assess their clinical usefulness. METHODS We conducted a systematic review. Pubmed and EMBASE were searched January 2014. The prognostic relevance of EGFR, JAK, PI3K, PIK3CA, STAT3, STAT5, PTEN, AKT, mTOR, GRB2, SOS, RAF, RAS, MAPK, ERK, MEK and CCND1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma was assessed. The outcomes considered were overall survival, disease-free survival and tumor-node-metastasis stage. Twenty-two studies were included. Risk of bias was evaluated. Meta-analysis for which pooled hazard ratios and 95% CIs were calculated. CONCLUSION EGFR overexpression predicts a worse overall survival and disease-free survival in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but no specific causal pathway molecule could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L Ooft
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Weibel W Braunius
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paulien Heus
- Dutch Cochrane Center, Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Stegeman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wilko Grolman
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte I Zuur
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery & Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan M Willems
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Prognostic factors and genes associated with endometrial cancer based on gene expression profiling by bioinformatics analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 293:1287-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer linked to Lynch syndrome represents a rare subset that typically presents at young age as early-stage tumors with an overrepresentation of endometrioid and clear cell histologies. We investigated the molecular profiles of Lynch syndrome-associated and sporadic ovarian cancer with the aim to identify key discriminators and central tumorigenic mechanisms in hereditary ovarian cancer. Global gene expression profiling using whole-genome c-DNA-mediated Annealing, Selection, extension, and Ligation was applied to 48 histopathologically matched Lynch syndrome-associated and sporadic ovarian cancers. Lynch syndrome-associated and sporadic ovarian cancers differed by 349 significantly deregulated genes, including PTPRH, BIRC3, SHH and TNFRSF6B. The genes involved were predominantly linked to cell growth, proliferation, and cell-to-cell signaling and interaction. When stratified for histologic subtype, hierarchical clustering confirmed distinct differences related to heredity in the endometrioid and serous subtypes. Furthermore, separate clustering was achieved in an independent, publically available data set. The distinct genetic signatures in Lynch syndrome-associated and sporadic ovarian cancers point to alternative preferred tumorigenic routes and suggest that genetic discriminators may be relevant for molecular diagnostics and targeted therapeutics.
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling as a key mediator of tumor cell responsiveness to radiation. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:180-90. [PMID: 26192967 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a key cascade downstream of several protein kinases, especially membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinases, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members. Hyperactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway is correlated with tumor development, progression, poor prognosis, and resistance to cancer therapies, such as radiotherapy, in human solid tumors. Akt/PKB (Protein Kinase B) members are the major kinases that act downstream of PI3K, and these are involved in a variety of cellular functions, including growth, proliferation, glucose metabolism, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and survival. Accumulating evidence indicates that activated Akt is one of the major predictive markers for solid tumor responsiveness to chemo/radiotherapy. DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-DSB), are the prime cause of cell death induced by ionizing radiation. Preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that constitutive activation of Akt and stress-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway accelerate the repair of DNA-DSB and, consequently, lead to therapy resistance. Analyzing dysregulations of Akt, such as point mutations, gene amplification or overexpression, which results in the constitutive activation of Akt, might be of special importance in the context of radiotherapy outcomes. Such studies, as well as studies of the mechanism(s) by which activated Akt1 regulates repair of DNA-DSB, might help to identify combinations using the appropriate molecular targeting strategies with conventional radiotherapy to overcome radioresistance in solid tumors. In this review, we discuss the dysregulation of the components of upstream regulators of Akt as well as specific modifications of Akt isoforms that enhance Akt activity. Likewise, the mechanisms by which Akt interferes with repair of DNA after exposure to ionizing radiation, will be reviewed. Finally, the current status of Akt targeting in combination with radiotherapy will be discussed.
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Association of CCND1 overexpression with KRAS and PTEN alterations in specific subtypes of non-small cell lung carcinoma and its influence on patients' outcome. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8773-80. [PMID: 26055143 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is one of the major cellular oncogenes, overexpressed in number of human cancers, including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, it does not exert tumorigenic activity by itself, but rather cooperates with other altered oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Therefore, in the present study, we have examined mutual role of cyclin D1, KRAS, and PTEN alterations in the pathogenesis of NSCLC and their potential to serve as multiple molecular markers for this disease. CCND1 gene amplification and gene expression were analyzed in relation to mutational status of KRAS gene as well as to PTEN alterations (loss of heterozygosity and promoter hypermethylation) in NSCLC patient samples. Moreover, the effect of these co-alterations on patient survival was examined. Amplified CCND1 gene was exclusively associated with increased gene expression. Statistical analyses also revealed significant association between CCND1 overexpression and KRAS mutations in the whole group and in the groups of patients with adenocarcinoma, grade 1/2, and stage I/II. In addition, CCND1 overexpression was significantly related to PTEN promoter hypermethylation in the whole group and in the group of patients with squamous cell carcinoma and lymph node invasion. These joint alterations also significantly shortened patients' survival and were shown to be an independent factor for adverse prognosis. Overall results point that cyclin D1 expression cooperates with KRAS and PTEN alterations in pathogenesis of NSCLC, and they could serve as potential multiple molecular markers for specific subgroups of NSCLC patients as well as prognostic markers for this type of cancer.
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Chen J, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Cui MH, Han LY, Jia ZH, Wang L, Teng H, Miao LN. Low expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog in clear‑cell renal cell carcinoma contributes to chemoresistance through activating the Akt/HDM2 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2622-8. [PMID: 25954860 PMCID: PMC4464461 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) is the most frequent primary malignancy in the adult kidney. Most patients with advanced CCRCC have poor prognosis as CCRCC remains resistant to chemotherapy. The present study explored the possible mechanism underlying CCRCC resistance to chemotherapy and found that loss of PTEN in CCRCC may be involved. Knockdown of PTEN in the CCRCC cell line ACHN blocked etoposide-induced apoptosis and etoposide-impaired cell proliferation was also inhibited. It has been demonstrated that most chemotherapy drugs exert their anti-cancer effects via p53-mediated apoptosis, and in accordance, with this, the present study showed that treatment with etoposide significantly increased p53 levels. Silencing of PTEN in ACHN inhibited the Akt/HDM2 signaling cascade and depressed p53 expression, and the interaction between HDM2 and p53 was also enhanced. This was further verified in CCRCC tissue specimens from patients The results of the present study suggested that loss of PTEN, which deactivated Akt/HDM2 signaling followed by degradation of p53, may contribute to the development of etoposide resistance in CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Man-Hua Cui
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ying Han
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Hui Jia
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Hong Teng
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ning Miao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Huang HN, Lin MC, Tseng LH, Chiang YC, Lin LI, Lin YF, Huang HY, Kuo KT. Ovarian and endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinomas have distinct profiles of microsatellite instability, PTEN expression, and ARID1A expression. Histopathology 2014; 66:517-28. [PMID: 25195947 DOI: 10.1111/his.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To understand the role of and differences in molecular alterations between endometrial and ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the microsatellite status of 26 ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas (OVEMs), 42 endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinomas (EMCAs), and 19 concurrent (endometrial and ovarian) endometrioid adenocarcinomas. We evaluated the expression of the mismatch repair proteins, PTEN and ARID1A, and mutations of PTEN, KRAS, CTNNB1, and PIK3CA. High levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) were present in one of 26 OVEMs, 12 of 42 EMCAs, and four of 19 concurrent endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Only four of 19 concurrent endometrioid adenocarcinomas showed identical molecular alterations in their endometrial and ovarian components. Loss of ARID1A or loss of PTEN expression, and MSI-H, were more common in EMCAs than OVEMs (P = 0.044, P = 0.004, and P = 0.012, respectively). MSI-H in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinomas was also related to loss of ARID1A expression (P < 0.001). In the cohort of MSI-H endometrioid adenocarcinomas involving the endometrium (n = 16), MSH6-deficient cases showed higher frequencies of CTNNB1 and PIK3CA mutations (P = 0.008 and P = 0.036, respectively), but lower frequencies of KRAS mutation (P = 0.011), than PMS2-deficient cases. CONCLUSIONS The different frequencies of molecular genetic alterations between endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinomas and ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas imply that distinct processes may be involved in their tumorigenesis or tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Neng Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Ou H, Li Y, Kang M. Activation of miR-21 by STAT3 induces proliferation and suppresses apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting PTEN gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109929. [PMID: 25365510 PMCID: PMC4217720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is to investigate the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and the mechanisms of regulation of PTEN by miR-21. Fifty-four tissue samples were collected from 42 patients with NPC and 12 healthy controls. Human NPC cell lines CNE-1, CNE-2, TWO3 and C666-1 were used for cell assays. To investigate the expression of miR-21, RT-PCR was employed. RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the expression of STAT3 mRNA and STAT3 protein. To test the effect of miR-21 on the cell growth and apoptosis of NPC cells in vitro, transfection of CNE1 and CNE2 cell lines and flow cytometry were performed. TUNEL assay was used to detect DNA fragmentation. To validate whether miR-21 directly recognizes the 3'-UTRs of PTEN mRNA, luciferase reporter assay was employed. miR-21 expression was increased in NPC tissues compared with control and the same result was found in NPC cell lines. Notably, increased expression of miR-21 was directly related to advanced clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. STAT3, a transcription factor activated by IL-6, directly activated miR-21 in transformed NPC cell lines. Furthermore, miR-21 markedly inhibited PTEN tumor suppressor, leading to increased AKT activity. Both in vitro and in vivo assays revealed that miR-21 enhanced NPC cell proliferation and suppressed apoptosis. miR-21, activated by STAT3, induced proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in NPC by targeting PTEN-AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesheng Ou
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Min Kang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Chromosome 20q13.2 ZNF217 locus amplification correlates with decreased E-cadherin expression in ovarian clear cell carcinoma with PI3K-Akt pathway alterations. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2318-25. [PMID: 25281027 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the relationships between chromosome 20q13.2 zinc finger protein 217 (ZNF217) locus amplification, ZNF217 expression, E-cadherin expression, and PI3K-Akt pathway alterations (activating PIK3CA mutations or loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog [PTEN] expression), and whether these molecular alterations can predict the clinical survival data in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) patients. Samples and clinical data of 72 OCCC patients were collected. Chromosome 20q13.2 ZNF217 locus amplification was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. ZNF217, E-cadherin and PTEN expression were assessed using immunohistochemical stain. PIK3CA mutation was identified by PCR-amplified gene sequencing. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios of survival. Chromosome 20q13.2 ZNF217 locus amplification was detected in 31% (22/72) of cases, and ZNF217 expression was increased in 40% (27/68) of cases. E-cadherin and PTEN expressions were decreased or lost in 44% (32/72) and 14% (10/72) of cases, respectively. Activating PIK3CA mutations were present in 35% (25/72) of cases. Thirty-three OCCC patients (46%) showed activating PI3K-Akt pathway alterations. Chromosome 20q13.2 ZNF217 locus amplification was significantly associated with decreased E-cadherin expression (P = .001). In contrast, ZNF217 expression was not related to ZNF217 amplification or E-cadherin expression. In OCCC patients with activating PI3k-Akt pathway, decreased E-cadherin expression (P = .033) and advanced Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (P = .014) predicted shorter overall survival. Two conclusions were raised in our study. First, ZNF217 plays a role in down-regulating E-cadherin expression and is a potential therapeutic target for OCCC patients. Second, E-cadherin expression is a prognostic marker for OCCC patients with activating PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Jia W, Chang B, Sun L, Zhu H, Pang L, Tao L, Zou H, Du J, Dong Y, Qi Y, Jiang J, Liang W, Li F, Zhao X. REDD1 and p-AKT over-expression may predict poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:5940-5949. [PMID: 25337238 PMCID: PMC4203209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the clinical significance of regulated in development and DNA damage response (REDD1) and p-AKT expression in human ovarian cancer (OC), explored the correlation of KRAS mutations with REDD1 expression, and assessed the therapeutic relevance of REDD1 in OC. We collected and immunohistochemically analyzed 118 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples (100 primary OC and 18 borderline tumors) and 14 normal fallopian tubes, for REDD1 and p-AKT expression. Direct DNA sequencing for KRAS mutations and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detecting REDD1 mRNA expression were performed. REDD1 and p-AKT expressions were significantly higher in serous adenocarcinoma than other histological types, and this increase positively correlated with late-stage disease. REDD1 expression correlated with ascites formation, while p-AKT expression correlated with higher histological grade and chemoresistance. Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed significantly reduced disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in OC patients with both REDD1 and p-AKT overexpression. Patients with KRAS mutations had a longer DFS and OS. However, KRAS mutation and REDD1 over-expression was not correlated. Together, REDD1 and p-AKT over-expression may serve as a prognostic biomarker in OC, but KRAS mutations and REDD1 protein over-expression were not correlated in OC. We believe that with increasing knowledge of the role of REDD1 in cell migration, invasion, and proliferation pathways, the potential of REDD1 as a therapeutic target in OC may be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jia
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Bin Chang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Cancer Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
- Department of Pathology, The People’s Hospital of PuyangPuyang City, Henan, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Luohe Higher Medical SchoolLuohe, China
| | - Lijuan Pang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Jinze Du
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Yuling Dong
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Jinfang Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Weihua Liang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of MedicineShihezi, China
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Akt and p53R2, partners that dictate the progression and invasiveness of cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 22:24-9. [PMID: 25086499 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase or the so-called "Akt" is a key regulatory molecule of signaling pathway that regulates various cellular processes. Many intracellular proteins are involved in the activation or inhibition of Akt signaling and the hyperactivation of Akt signaling pathway is found to be frequently involved in various types of human cancers. Furthermore, while p53R2, a p53-inducible peptide involved in the synthesis of dNTPs normally works toward suppression of cancer through elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway and providing dNTPs for DNA repair, the overexpression of p53R2 is reported to be associated with cancer progression and resistance to therapy. In this review article, we will discuss the situation in which cancer cells with hyperactive PI3K/Akt signaling can recruit p53R2 in favor of cancer progression and resistance to therapy. In the hyperactive state of PI3K/Akt signaling (which happens in the absence of deactivation or excess of activation), p53R2 can be used by cancer cells to promote proliferation. Therefore, the hyperactivity of PI3K/Akt pathway and elevated levels of p53R2 can give rise to highly invasive cancers.
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41
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Loss of ARID1A expression and its relationship with PI3K-Akt pathway alterations and ZNF217 amplification in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:983-90. [PMID: 24336158 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) is a subunit of switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex. Recently, alterations of ARID1A gene, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) pathway and zinc-finger protein 217 (ZNF217) gene have been identified as frequent molecular genetic changes in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. The relationships between these events have not been studied and integrated in the same cohort. This study was aimed at determining the correlation between these molecular events and other clinicopathological factors, including the prognostic impacts of these clinicopathological factors. A total of 68 ovarian clear cell carcinoma cases were collected and subjected to immunohistochemistry testing for ARID1A, SMARCA2, SMARCA4, SMARCB1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), mutation analysis for phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene and fluorescence in situ hybridization for ZNF217 amplification. The correlations between ARID1A expression, PI3K-Akt pathway, ZNF217 amplification and other clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Loss of ARID1A expression was present in 35 cases (52%) and loss of SMARCA2 expression occurred in 1 case. SMARCA4 and SMARCB1 expressions were preserved in all cases. PIK3CA mutations were present in 23 cases (34%) and loss of PTEN expression occurred in 8 cases (12%). Alterations in the PI3K-Akt pathway (PIK3CA mutations or loss of PTEN expression) were found in 42 cases (62%). ZNF217 amplification was detected in 21 cases (31%). Loss of ARID1A expression was significantly related to younger patient age (P=0.048), PI3K-Akt pathway activation (P=0.046) and ZNF217 amplification (P=0.028). All of the clinicopathological factors were not prognostic factors for ovarian clear cell carcinoma after multivariate analysis, except International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging (P=0.001). Our results showed that loss of ARID1A expression usually coexisted with PI3K-Akt pathway activation and/or ZNF217 amplification. Synergic effects of loss of ARID1A and PI3K-Akt pathway activation as well as ZNF217 amplification may be related to the development of ovarian clear cell carcinoma.
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42
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Stone RL, Baggerly KA, Armaiz-Pena GN, Kang Y, Sanguino AM, Thanapprapasr D, Dalton HJ, Bottsford-Miller J, Zand B, Akbani R, Diao L, Nick AM, DeGeest K, Lopez-Berestein G, Coleman RL, Lutgendorf S, Sood AK. Focal adhesion kinase: an alternative focus for anti-angiogenesis therapy in ovarian cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:919-29. [PMID: 24755674 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation describes the clinical significance of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at the major activating tyrosine site (Y397) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells. FAK gene amplification as a mechanism for FAK overexpression and the effects of FAK tyrosine kinase inhibitor VS-6062 on tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis were examined. FAK and phospho-FAK(Y397) were quantified in tumor (FAK-T; pFAK-T) and tumor-associated endothelial (FAK-endo; pFAK-endo) cell compartments of EOCs using immunostaining and qRT-PCR. Associations between expression levels and clinical variables were evaluated. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used to correlate FAK gene copy number and expression levels in EOC specimens. The in vitro and in vivo effects of VS-6062 were assayed in preclinical models. FAK-T and pFAK-T overexpression was significantly associated with advanced stage disease and increased microvessel density (MVD). High MVD was observed in tumors with elevated endothelial cell FAK (59%) and pFAK (44%). Survival was adversely affected by FAK-T overexpression (3.03 vs 2.06 y, P = 0.004), pFAK-T (2.83 vs 1.78 y, P<0.001), and pFAK-endo (2.33 vs 2.17 y, P = 0.005). FAK gene copy number was increased in 34% of tumors and correlated with expression levels (P<0.001). VS-6062 significantly blocked EOC and endothelial cell migration as well as endothelial cell tube formation in vitro. VS-6062 reduced mean tumor weight by 56% (P = 0.005), tumor MVD by 40% (P = 0.0001), and extraovarian metastasis (P<0.01) in orthotopic EOC mouse models. FAK may be a unique therapeutic target in EOC given the dual anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic potential of FAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Stone
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Keith A Baggerly
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Guillermo N Armaiz-Pena
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai, PR China
| | - Angela M Sanguino
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Duangmani Thanapprapasr
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Heather J Dalton
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Justin Bottsford-Miller
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Behrouz Zand
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Rehan Akbani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Alpa M Nick
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Koen DeGeest
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; The University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Robert L Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Susan Lutgendorf
- Department of Psychology; The University of Iowa; Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA; Department of Cancer Biology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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Saldanha SN, Tollefsbol TO. Pathway modulations and epigenetic alterations in ovarian tumorbiogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:393-406. [PMID: 24105793 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular pathways are numerous and are highly integrated in function in the control of cellular systems. They collectively regulate cell division, proliferation, survival and apoptosis of cells and mutagenesis of key genes that control these pathways can initiate neoplastic transformations. Understanding these pathways is crucial to future therapeutic and preventive strategies of the disease. Ovarian cancers are of three major types; epithelial, germ-cell, and stromal. However, ovarian cancers of epithelial origin, arising from the mesothelium, are the predominant form. Of the subtypes of ovarian cancer, the high-grade serous tumors are fatal, with low survival rate due to late detection and poor response to treatments. Close examination of preserved ovarian tissues and in vitro studies have provided insights into the mechanistic changes occurring in cells mediated by a few key genes. This review will focus on pathways and key genes of the pathways that are mutated or have aberrant functions in the pathology of ovarian cancer. Non-genetic mechanisms that are gaining prominence in the pathology of ovarian cancer, miRNAs and epigenetics, will also be discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita N Saldanha
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama
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Stebbing J, Lit LC, Zhang H, Darrington RS, Melaiu O, Rudraraju B, Giamas G. The regulatory roles of phosphatases in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33:939-53. [PMID: 23503460 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of potentially reversible post-translational modifications required for controlling cellular processes in cancer is one of the most thriving arenas of cellular and molecular biology. Any alteration in the balanced equilibrium between kinases and phosphatases may result in development and progression of various diseases, including different types of cancer, though phosphatases are relatively under-studied. Loss of phosphatases such as PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), a known tumour suppressor, across tumour types lends credence to the development of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors alongside the use of phosphatase expression as a biomarker, though phase 3 trial data are lacking. In this review, we give an updated report on phosphatase dysregulation linked to organ-specific malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L C Lit
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R S Darrington
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O Melaiu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Rudraraju
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Giamas
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Phosphatase and tensin homolog immunohistochemical staining and clinical criteria for Cowden syndrome in patients with trichilemmoma or associated lesions. Am J Dermatopathol 2013; 35:637-40. [PMID: 23715080 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31827e28f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichilemmomas and mucocutaneous papillomatous papules are associated with Cowden syndrome (CS). Germline Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations have been identified in 34% to 80% of those meeting clinical criteria for CS. PTEN expression has not been well evaluated in large numbers of trichilemmoma. We investigated clinical criteria for CS in trichilemmoma patients and studied PTEN staining to determine how often patients with trichilemmoma have CS and whether PTEN staining is useful. About 102 cases of trichilemmoma or associated lesions from 95 patients were collected. Clinical histories were reviewed to investigate the incidence of CS using International Cowden Consortium operational criteria for diagnosis of CS, version 2000. PTEN staining was performed and graded for intensity and percentage. Although 1 patient had 3 trichilemmoma or associated lesions, and 5 had 2 trichilemmoma or associated lesions, none of 95 patients met clinical criteria for a diagnosis of CS. Twelve of the 89 cases available for staining (13.5%) showed decreased PTEN. Of these, the demographic, clinical, and pathological features were not significantly different compared with PTEN intact cases. None of the cases from the 6 patients with more than 1 trichilemmoma or associated lesions showed decreased PTEN staining. We thus conclude that the likelihood of a clinical diagnosis of CS among patients with a solitary or only a few trichilemmoma is extremely low. PTEN expression is decreased in some sporadic trichilemmomas or associated lesions. This is the largest study investigating clinical history and PTEN staining in patients with trichilemmoma or associated lesions. Because none of our patients met clinical diagnostic criteria for CS, the direct correlation of PTEN in CS and sporadic trichilemmoma remains unclear.
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Su CH, Chen LJ, Liao JF, Cheng JT. Increase of phosphatase and tensin homolog by silymarin to inhibit human pharynx squamous cancer. J Med Food 2013; 16:778-84. [PMID: 23909904 PMCID: PMC3778994 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is an active principle from the seeds of the milk thistle plant and is widely used as a hepatoprotective gent due to its antioxidant-like activity. In the present study, we evaluated the potential efficacy of silymarin against oral cancer and investigated its possible mechanism of action. Cell viability assay and western blotting analyses were used to identify silymarin-induced apoptotic cell death in human pharynx squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu) cells. The short interfering RNA (siRNA) is used to confirm the role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in silymarin-induced apoptosis. Treatment of FaDu cells with silymarin resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability (up to 70%). Silymarin inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt (over 10-fold) with an increase in expression of PTEN (five to sixfold). Consequently, the level of Bcl-2 expression was decreased five to sixfold and caspase 3 activated to induce apoptosis. Treatment with siRNA specific to PTEN gene diminished the action of silymarin. The results suggest that silymarin inhibits the Akt signaling pathway by increasing PTEN expression in FaDu cells and directly affects Bcl-2 family members. Also, we demonstrated the inhibitory activity of silymarin for oral cancer is related to cell survival. These mechanisms may in part explain the actions of silymarin and provide a rationale for the development of silymarin as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hui Su
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Jyh Fei Liao
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yung Kang, Tainan City, Taiwan
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47
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Alvarez EA, Brady WE, Walker JL, Rotmensch J, Zhou XC, Kendrick JE, Yamada SD, Schilder JM, Cohn DE, Harrison CR, Moore KN, Aghajanian C. Phase II trial of combination bevacizumab and temsirolimus in the treatment of recurrent or persistent endometrial carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 129:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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48
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The molecular fingerprint of high grade serous ovarian cancer reflects its fallopian tube origin. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6571-96. [PMID: 23528888 PMCID: PMC3645655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14046571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), the most lethal and frequent type of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), has poor long term prognosis due to a combination of factors: late detection, great metastatic potential and the capacity to develop resistance to available therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, there has been considerable controversy concerning the etiology of this malignancy. New studies, both clinical and molecular, strongly suggest that HGSC originates not from the surface of the ovary, but from the epithelial layer of the neighboring fallopian tube fimbriae. In this paper we summarize data supporting the central role of fallopian tube epithelium in the development of HGSC. Specifically, we address cellular pathways and regulatory mechanisms which are modulated in the process of transformation, but also genetic changes which accumulate during disease progression. Similarities between fallopian tube mucosa and the malignant tissue of HGSC warrant a closer analysis of homeostatic mechanisms in healthy epithelium in order to elucidate key steps in disease development. Finally, we highlight the importance of the cancer stem cell (CSC) identification and understanding of its niche regulation for improvement of therapeutic strategies.
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49
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Lee JT, Shan J, Zhong J, Li M, Zhou B, Zhou A, Parsons R, Gu W. RFP-mediated ubiquitination of PTEN modulates its effect on AKT activation. Cell Res 2013; 23:552-64. [PMID: 23419514 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN tumor suppressor is a lipid phosphatase that has a central role in regulating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction cascade. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which the PTEN activity is regulated in cells needs further elucidation. Although previous studies have shown that ubiquitination of PTEN can modulate its stability and subcellular localization, the role of ubiquitination in the most critical aspect of PTEN function, its phosphatase activity, has not been fully addressed. Here, we identify a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase of PTEN, Ret finger protein (RFP), that is able to promote atypical polyubiquitinations of PTEN. These ubiquitinations do not lead to PTEN instability or relocalization, but rather significantly inhibit PTEN phosphatase activity and therefore modulate its ability to regulate the PI3K signal transduction cascade. Indeed, RFP overexpression relieves PTEN-mediated inhibitory effects on AKT activation; in contrast, RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous RFP enhances the ability of PTEN to suppress AKT activation. Moreover, RFP-mediated ubiquitination of PTEN inhibits PTEN-dependent activation of TRAIL expression and also suppresses its ability to induce apoptosis. Our findings demonstrate a crucial role of RFP-mediated ubiquitination in controlling PTEN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
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50
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De Marco C, Rinaldo N, Bruni P, Malzoni C, Zullo F, Fabiani F, Losito S, Scrima M, Marino FZ, Franco R, Quintiero A, Agosti V, Viglietto G. Multiple genetic alterations within the PI3K pathway are responsible for AKT activation in patients with ovarian carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55362. [PMID: 23408974 PMCID: PMC3567053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is activated in multiple cancers including ovarian carcinoma (OC). However, the relative contribution of the single components within the PI3K pathway to AKT activation in OC is still unclear. We examined 98 tumor samples from Italian OC patients for alterations in the members of the PI3K pathway. We report that AKT is significantly hyperactive in OC compared to normal tissue (n = 93; p<0.0001) and that AKT activation is preferentially observed in the elderly (>58 years old; n = 93; p<0.05). The most frequent alteration is the overexpression of the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K (63/93, ∼68%); less frequent alterations comprise the loss of PTEN (24/89, 27%) and the overexpression of AKT1 (18/96, 19%) or AKT2 (11/88,12.5%). Mutations in the PIK3CA or KRAS genes were detected at lower frequency (12% and 10%, respectively) whereas mutations in AKT1 or AKT2 genes were absent. Although many tumors presented a single lesion (28/93, of which 23 overexpressed PIK3CA, 1 overexpressed AKT and 4 had lost PTEN), many OC (35/93) presented multiple alterations within the PI3K pathway. Apparently, aberrant PI3K signalling was mediated by activation of the canonical downstream AKT-dependent mTOR/S6K1/4EBP1 pathway and by regulation of expression of oncogenic transcription factors that include HMGA1, JUN-B, FOS and MYC but not by AKT-independent activation of SGK3. FISH analysis indicated that gene amplification of PIK3CA, AKT1 and AKT2 (but not of PI3KR1) and the loss of PTEN are common and may account for changes in the expression of the corresponding proteins. In conclusion, our results indicate that p110α overexpression represents the most frequent alteration within the PI3K/AKT pathway in OC. However, p110α overexpression may not be sufficient to activate AKT signalling and drive ovarian tumorigenesis since many tumors overexpressing PI3K presented at least one additional alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela De Marco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Nicola Rinaldo
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Casa di Cura “Malzoni-Villa dei Platani”, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Zullo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernanda Fabiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Losito
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Scrima
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Renato Franco
- Fondazione “G Pascale”, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfina Quintiero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valter Agosti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
- Biogem Scarl, Institute for Genetic Research “Gaetano Salvatore”, Ariano Irpino, Avellino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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