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Denysenko A, Danilchenko S, Stepanenko A, Chivanov V, Moskalenko R. A Comprehensive Study of Meningioma Biomineralization: Morphological, Crystallographic, and Immunohistochemical Aspects. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:392-400. [PMID: 38502789 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Biomineralization of brain tissues occurs both in normal and pathological conditions. Dura mater biomineralization is widespread and occurs in 1-72% of cases, depending on the patient's age and research method. The amount of biomineral deposits under the conditions of tumor growth in the meninges only increases, reaching 100% in the case of psammomatous meningiomas. Since calcifications are often found in the meninges, the problem of differential diagnosis with calcified meningiomas arises. A total of 30 samples of meningiomas with signs of biomineralization-dense structure, characteristic crunch, psammoma bodies (group I) and 30 samples of meningiomas without any signs of biomineralization were examined as controls (group II). To detect pathological biomineralization, the meningioma tissue was studied using the methods of macroscopic description, histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry, scanning electron microscopy with microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy. A significantly higher level of caspase3 and features of the expression of osteoblastic markers (a lower level of OPG expression and a higher level of the presence of RANKL in group I, the absence of fluctuations in the expression of SPARC) may indicate a dystrophic type of development of biomineral deposits in meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Denysenko
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, Kharkivska str, 116, 40007 Sumy, Sumy Region, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Danilchenko
- Department of electronics, general and applied physics, Sumy State University, Kharkivska str, 116, 40007 Sumy, Sumy Region, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Stepanenko
- Institute of Applied Physics, National Academy of Science, Petropavlivska str. 58, 40000 Sumy, Sumy Region, Ukraine
| | - Vadym Chivanov
- Department of electronics, general and applied physics, Sumy State University, Kharkivska str, 116, 40007 Sumy, Sumy Region, Ukraine
| | - Roman Moskalenko
- Department of Pathology, Sumy State University, Kharkivska str, 116, 40007 Sumy, Sumy Region, Ukraine
- Ukrainian-Swedish Reserch Center SUMEYA, Sumy State University, Myru str, 25, 40007 Sumy, Sumy Region, Ukraine
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2
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Wynsberghe JV, Vanakker OM. Significance of Premature Vertebral Mineralization in Zebrafish Models in Mechanistic and Pharmaceutical Research on Hereditary Multisystem Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1621. [PMID: 38002303 PMCID: PMC10669475 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly becoming an important model organism for studying the pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases and investigating how these mechanisms can be effectively targeted using compounds that may open avenues to novel treatments for patients. The zebrafish skeleton has been particularly instrumental in modeling bone diseases as-contrary to other model organisms-the lower load on the skeleton of an aquatic animal enables mutants to survive to early adulthood. In this respect, the axial skeletons of zebrafish have been a good read-out for congenital spinal deformities such as scoliosis and degenerative disorders such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, in which aberrant mineralization in humans is reflected in the respective zebrafish models. Interestingly, there have been several reports of hereditary multisystemic diseases that do not affect the vertebral column in human patients, while the corresponding zebrafish models systematically show anomalies in mineralization and morphology of the spine as their leading or, in some cases, only phenotype. In this review, we describe such examples, highlighting the underlying mechanisms, the already-used or potential power of these models to help us understand and amend the mineralization process, and the outstanding questions on how and why this specific axial type of aberrant mineralization occurs in these disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Van Wynsberghe
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ectopic Mineralization Research Group, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier M Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Ectopic Mineralization Research Group, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Ishikawa M, Kanzaki H, Kodera R, Sekimizu T, Wada S, Tohyama S, Ida T, Shimoyama M, Manase S, Tomonari H, Kuroda N. Early diagnosis of aortic calcification through dental X-ray examination for dental pulp stones. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18576. [PMID: 37903847 PMCID: PMC10616172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification, an ectopic calcification exacerbated by aging and renal dysfunction, is closely associated with cardiovascular disease. However, early detection indicators are limited. This study focused on dental pulp stones, ectopic calcifications found in oral tissues that are easily identifiable on dental radiographs. Our investigation explored the frequency and timing of these calcifications in different locations and their relationship to aortic calcification. In cadavers, we examined the association between the frequency of dental pulp stones and aortic calcification, revealing a significant association. Notably, dental pulp stones appeared prior to aortic calcification. Using a rat model of hyperphosphatemia, we confirmed that dental pulp stones formed earlier than calcification in the aortic arch. Interestingly, there were very few instances of aortic calcification without dental pulp stones. Additionally, we conducted cell culture experiments with vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and dental pulp cells (DPCs) to explore the regulatory mechanism underlying high phosphate-mediated calcification. We found that DPCs produced calcification deposits more rapidly and exhibited a stronger augmentation of osteoblast differentiation markers compared with SMCs. In conclusion, the observation of dental pulp stones through X-ray examination during dental checkups could be a valuable method for early diagnosis of aortic calcification risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misao Ishikawa
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Pref., 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Kanzaki
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryo Kodera
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Pref., 230-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sekimizu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Pref., 230-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Syunnosuke Tohyama
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ida
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Miho Shimoyama
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shugo Manase
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomonari
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kuroda
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Pref., 230-8501, Japan
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4
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Anousakis-Vlachochristou N, Athanasiadou D, Carneiro KM, Toutouzas K. Focusing on the Native Matrix Proteins in Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:1028-1039. [PMID: 37719438 PMCID: PMC10504402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is a widespread valvular heart disease affecting people in aging societies, primarily characterized by fibrosis, inflammation, and progressive calcification, leading to valve orifice stenosis. Understanding the factors associated with CAVS onset and progression is crucial to develop effective future pharmaceutical therapies. In CAVS, native extracellular matrix proteins modifications, play a significant role in calcification in vitro and in vivo. This work aimed to review the evidence on the alterations of structural native extracellular matrix proteins involved in calcification development during CAVS and highlight its link to deregulated biomechanical function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina M.M. Carneiro
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konstantinos Toutouzas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, First Department of Cardiology, Athens, Greece
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Fay LY, Kuo CH, Chang HK, Yeh MY, Chang CC, Ko CC, Tu TH, Kuo YH, Hsu WY, Hung CH, Chen CJ, Wu JC, Tsai MJ, Huang WC, Cheng H, Lee MJ. Comparative Study of the Cytokine Profiles of Serum and Tissues from Patients with the Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2021. [PMID: 37509659 PMCID: PMC10377187 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is one of the contributing factors leading to severe cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). The mechanism causing ossification is still unclear. The current study was designed to analyze the specimens of patients with or without OPLL. METHODS The study collected 51 patients with cervical spondylosis. There were six serum samples in both the non-OPLL (NOPLL) and OPLL groups. For tissue analysis, there were seven samples in the NOPLL group and five samples in the OPLL group. The specimens of serum and tissue were analyzed by using Human Cytokine Antibody Arrays to differentiate biomarkers between the OPLL and NOPLL groups, as well as between serum and OPLL tissue. Immunohistochemical staining of the ligament tissue was undertaken for both groups. RESULTS For OPLL vs. NOPLL, the serum leptin levels are higher in the OPLL group, corroborating others' observations that it may serve as a disease marker. In the tissue, angiogenin (ANG), osteopontin (OPN), and osteopro-tegerin (OPG) are higher than they are in the OPLL group (p < 0.05). For serum vs. OPLL tissue, many chemotactic cytokines demonstrated elevated levels of MIP1 delta, MCP-1, and RANTES in the serum, while many cytokines promoting or regulating bone genesis were up-regulated in tissue (oncostatin M, FGF-9, LIF, osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, TGF-beta2), as well as the factor that inhibits osteoclastogenesis (IL-10), with very few cytokines responsible for osteoclastogenesis. Molecules promoting angiogenesis, including angiotensin, vEGF, and osteoprotegerin, are abundant in the OPLL tissue, which paves the way for robust bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Fay
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Kan Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yin Yeh
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chang Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Ko
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsi Tu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Kuo
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Yu Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hui Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ching Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Jen Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Taichung 413310, Taiwan
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Snijders BMG, Peters MJL, Koek HL. Ectopic Calcification: What Do We Know and What Is the Way Forward? J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12113687. [PMID: 37297880 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic calcification, or ectopic mineralization, is a pathologic condition in which calcifications develop in soft tissues [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta M G Snijders
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mike J L Peters
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huiberdina L Koek
- Department of Geriatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Monfrini E, Arienti F, Rinchetti P, Lotti F, Riboldi GM. Brain Calcifications: Genetic, Molecular, and Clinical Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108995. [PMID: 37240341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many conditions can present with accumulation of calcium in the brain and manifest with a variety of neurological symptoms. Brain calcifications can be primary (idiopathic or genetic) or secondary to various pathological conditions (e.g., calcium-phosphate metabolism derangement, autoimmune disorders and infections, among others). A set of causative genes associated with primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) has now been identified, and include genes such as SLC20A2, PDGFB, PDGFRB, XPR1, MYORG, and JAM2. However, many more genes are known to be linked with complex syndromes characterized by brain calcifications and additional neurologic and systemic manifestations. Of note, many of these genes encode for proteins involved in cerebrovascular and blood-brain barrier functions, which both represent key anatomical structures related to these pathological phenomena. As a growing number of genes associated with brain calcifications is identified, pathways involved in these conditions are beginning to be understood. Our comprehensive review of the genetic, molecular, and clinical aspects of brain calcifications offers a framework for clinicians and researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Arienti
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rinchetti
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesco Lotti
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Giulietta M Riboldi
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10017, USA
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Urushibara M, Shimizu Y, Matsumoto Y, Okumura T, Nagata M, Ishizaka K. Gradual resolution over time of recurrent dystrophic calcification after bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate: A case report. Urol Case Rep 2023; 47:102369. [PMID: 36915702 PMCID: PMC10006704 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2023.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystrophic calcification (DC) after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is rare. In our patient, bipolar TURP was performed by an experienced urologist, without complications. Seven months later, he developed a tingling urethral sensation, difficulty in urination, urgency, and perineal discomfort. Computed tomography (CT) showed a high-density area occupying the prostatic resection cavity. Re-surgery involved laser ablation of the DC. Two months later, the DC recurred. At the second re-surgery, the DC was removed without using electricity. Repeat CT at 13 months showed near complete disappearance of the DC. Wound healing might interrupt the vicious cycle of DC recurrence.
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Zebrafish Models to Study Ectopic Calcification and Calcium-Associated Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043366. [PMID: 36834795 PMCID: PMC9967340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic calcification refers to the pathological accumulation of calcium ions in soft tissues and is often the result of a dysregulated action or disrupted function of proteins involved in extracellular matrix mineralization. While the mouse has traditionally been the go-to model organism for the study of pathologies associated with abnormal calcium deposition, many mouse mutants often have exacerbated phenotypes and die prematurely, limiting the understanding of the disease and the development of effective therapies. Since the mechanisms underlying ectopic calcification share some analogy with those of bone formation, the zebrafish (Danio rerio)-a well-established model for studying osteogenesis and mineralogenesis-has recently gained momentum as a model to study ectopic calcification disorders. In this review, we outline the mechanisms of ectopic mineralization in zebrafish, provide insights into zebrafish mutants that share phenotypic similarities with human pathological mineralization disorders, list the compounds capable of rescuing mutant phenotypes, and describe current methods to induce and characterize ectopic calcification in zebrafish.
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10
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Correlative light and electron microscopic observation of calcium phosphate particles in a mouse kidney formed under a high-phosphate diet. Sci Rep 2023; 13:852. [PMID: 36646820 PMCID: PMC9842637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium phosphate forms particles under excessive urinary excretion of phosphate in the kidney. While the formation of calcium phosphate particles (CaPs) has been implicated in the damage to renal tubular cells and renal dysfunction, clarifying the ultrastructural information and the elemental composition of the small CaPs in the wide areas of kidney tissue has been technically difficult. This study introduces correlative and sequential light as well as electron microscopic CaP observation in the kidney tissue by combining fluorescent staining for CaPs and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on resin sections prepared using high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution. CaPs formed in mouse kidneys under long-term feeding of a high-phosphate diet were clearly visualized on resin sections by fluorescence-conjugated alendronate derivatives and toluidine blue metachromasia. These CaPs were verified by correlative observation with EDS. Furthermore, small CaPs formed in the kidney under short-term feeding were detected using fluorescent probes. The elemental composition of the particles, including calcium and magnesium, was identified following EDS analyses. These results suggest that the correlative microscopy approach is helpful for observing in situ distribution and elemental composition of CaPs in the kidney and contributing to studies regarding CaP formation-associated pathophysiology.
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11
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Seguchi M, Aytekin A, Lenz T, Nicol P, Klosterman GR, Beele A, Sabic E, Utsch L, Alyaqoob A, Gorpas D, Ntziachristos V, Jaffer FA, Rauschendorfer P, Joner M. Intravascular molecular imaging: translating pathophysiology of atherosclerosis into human disease conditions. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 24:e1-e16. [PMID: 36002376 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary arteries is characterized by complex cellular and non-cellular molecular interactions. Within recent years, atherosclerosis has been recognized as inflammation-driven disease condition, where progressive stages are characterized by morphological changes in plaque composition but also relevant molecular processes resulting in increased plaque vulnerability. While existing intravascular imaging modalities are able to resolve key morphological features during plaque progression, they lack capability to characterize the molecular profile of advanced atherosclerotic plaque. Because hybrid imaging modalities may provide incremental information related to plaque biology, they are expected to provide synergistic effects in detecting high risk patients and lesions. The aim of this article is to review existing literature on intravascular molecular imaging approaches, and to provide clinically oriented proposals of their application. In addition, we assembled an overview of future developments in this field geared towards detection of patients at risk for cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Seguchi
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Alp Aytekin
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Philipp Nicol
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Grace R Klosterman
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Alicia Beele
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Emina Sabic
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Léa Utsch
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Aseel Alyaqoob
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Dimitris Gorpas
- Chair of Biological Imaging and TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Chair of Biological Imaging and TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philipp Rauschendorfer
- Chair of Biological Imaging and TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany.,Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Michael Joner
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich 80636, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich 80336, Germany
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12
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Soma K, Watanabe K, Izumi M. Anticalcification effects of DS-1211 in pseudoxanthoma elasticum mouse models and the role of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase in ABCC6-deficient ectopic calcification. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19852. [PMID: 36400944 PMCID: PMC9674622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a multisystem, genetic, ectopic mineralization disorder with no effective treatment. Inhibition of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) may prevent ectopic soft tissue calcification by increasing endogenous pyrophosphate (PPi). This study evaluated the anticalcification effects of DS-1211, an orally administered, potent, and highly selective small molecule TNAP inhibitor, in mouse models of PXE. Calcium content in vibrissae was measured in KK/HlJ and ABCC6-/- mice after DS-1211 administration for 13-14 weeks. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of DS-1211 were evaluated, including plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and biomarker changes in PPi and pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP). Anticalcification effects of DS-1211 through TNAP inhibition were further evaluated in ABCC6-/- mice with genetically reduced TNAP activity, ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/+ and ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/-. In KK/HlJ and ABCC6-/- mouse models, DS-1211 inhibited plasma ALP activity in a dose-dependent manner and prevented progression of ectopic calcification compared with vehicle-treated mice. Plasma PPi and PLP increased dose-dependently with DS-1211 in ABCC6-/- mice. Mice with ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/- phenotype had significantly less calcification and higher plasma PPi and PLP than ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/+ mice. TNAP plays an active role in pathomechanistic pathways of dysregulated calcification, demonstrated by reduced ectopic calcification in mice with lower TNAP activity. DS-1211 may be a potential therapeutic drug for PXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Soma
- grid.410844.d0000 0004 4911 4738Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 140-8710 Japan
| | - Kengo Watanabe
- grid.410844.d0000 0004 4911 4738Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 140-8710 Japan
| | - Masanori Izumi
- grid.410844.d0000 0004 4911 4738Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 140-8710 Japan
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13
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Gingival epithelial cell-derived microvesicles activate mineralization in gingival fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15779. [PMID: 36138045 PMCID: PMC9500071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue calcification occurs in many parts of the body, including the gingival tissue. Epithelial cell-derived MVs can control many functions in fibroblasts but their role in regulating mineralization has not been explored. We hypothesized that microvesicles (MVs) derived from gingival epithelial cells could regulate calcification of gingival fibroblast cultures in osteogenic environment. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium with or without human gingival epithelial cell-derived MV stimulation. Mineralization of the cultures, localization of the MVs and mineral deposits in the HGF cultures were assessed. Gene expression changes associated with MV exposure were analyzed using gene expression profiling and real-time qPCR. Within a week of exposure, epithelial MVs stimulated robust mineralization of HGF cultures that was further enhanced by four weeks. The MVs taken up by the HGF's did not calcify themselves but induced intracellular accumulation of minerals. HGF gene expression profiling after short exposure to MVs demonstrated relative dominance of inflammation-related genes that showed increases in gene expression. In later cultures, OSX, BSP and MMPs were significantly upregulated by the MVs. These results suggest for the first time that epithelial cells maybe associated with the ectopic mineralization process often observed in the soft tissues.
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14
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Yimamu Y, Ohtani A, Takei Y, Furuichi A, Kamei Y, Yamanaka-Okumura H, Ohminami H, Masuda M, Miyazaki M, Yamamoto H, Taketani Y. 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) induces ectopic calcification. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:103-111. [PMID: 36213783 PMCID: PMC9519415 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is an important pathogenesis related to cardiovascular disease and high mortality rate in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. It has been well-known that hyper-phosphatemia induces osteochondrogenic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) resulting ectopic calcification in aortic media, cardiac valve, and kidney. However, the detailed mechanism of the ectopic calcification has been not clarified yet. Here, we found that the co-localization of CYP27B1 with the calcified lesions of aorta and arteries in kidney of klotho mutant (kl/kl) mice, and then investigated the role of CYP27B1 in the mineralization of the VSMCs. Under high phosphate condition, overexpression of CYP27B1 induced calcification and osteocalcin mRNA expression in the VSMCs. Inversely, siRNA-CYP27B1 inhibited high phosphate-induced calcification of the VSMCs. We also found that the accumulated CYP27B1 protein was glycosylated in the kidney of kl/kl mice. Therefore, overexpression of CYP27B1-N310A and CYP27B1-T439A, which are a mutation for N-linked glycosylation site (N310A) and a mutation for O-linked glycosylation site (T439A) in CYP27B1, decreased calcium deposition and expression of RUNX2 induced by high phosphate medium in VSMCs compared with wild-type CYP27B1. These results suggest that extra-renal expression of glycosylated CYP27B1 would be required for ectopic calcification of VSMCs under hyperphosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilimulati Yimamu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohtani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takei
- Faculty of Nutrition, University of Kochi, 2751-1, Ike, Kochi 781-8515, Japan
| | - Airi Furuichi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Kamei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ohminami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Masuda
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Division of Renal Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hironori Yamamoto
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jin-ai University, 3-1-1 Ohde-cho, Echizen, Fukui 915-8568, Japan
| | - Yutaka Taketani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Management, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Nutrition, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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15
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Gelli R, Pucci V, Ridi F, Baglioni P. A study on biorelevant calciprotein particles: Effect of stabilizing agents on the formation and crystallization mechanisms. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 620:431-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Hsu VM, Kozák E, Li Q, Bocskai M, Schlesinger N, Rosenthal A, McClure ST, Kovács L, Bálint L, Szamosi S, Szücs G, Carns M, Aren K, Goldberg I, Váradi A, Varga J. Inorganic pyrophosphate is reduced in patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:1158-1165. [PMID: 34152415 PMCID: PMC9052889 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of calcinosis cutis, a disabling complication of SSc, is poorly understood and effective treatments are lacking. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is a key regulator of ectopic mineralization, and its deficiency has been implicated in ectopic mineralization disorders. We therefore sought to test the hypothesis that SSc may be associated with reduced circulating PPi, which might play a pathogenic role in calcinosis cutis. METHODS Subjects with SSc and age-matched controls without SSc were recruited from the outpatient rheumatology clinics at Rutgers and Northwestern Universities (US cohort), and from the Universities of Szeged and Debrecen (Hungarian cohort). Calcinosis cutis was confirmed by direct palpation, by imaging or both. Plasma PPi levels were determined in platelet-free plasma using ATP sulfurylase to convert PPi into ATP in the presence of excess adenosine 5' phosphosulfate. RESULTS Eighty-one patients with SSc (40 diffuse cutaneous, and 41 limited cutaneous SSc) in the US cohort and 45 patients with SSc (19 diffuse cutaneous and 26 limited cutaneous SSc) in the Hungarian cohort were enrolled. Calcinosis was frequently detected (40% of US and 46% of the Hungarian cohort). Plasma PPi levels were significantly reduced in both SSc cohorts with and without calcinosis (US: P = 0.003; Hungarian: P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Circulating PPi are significantly reduced in SSc patients with or without calcinosis. Reduced PPi may be important in the pathophysiology of calcinosis and contribute to tissue damage with chronic SSc. Administering PPi may be a therapeutic strategy and larger clinical studies are planned to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien M Hsu
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-RWJ Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Eszter Kozák
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Qiaoli Li
- The Sidney Kimmel Medical College, The PXE International Center of Excellence in Research and Clinical Care, and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Márta Bocskai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Naomi Schlesinger
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Rutgers-RWJ Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ann Rosenthal
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Scott T McClure
- Department of Statistics, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA
- Rebel Analytics, LLC, Laguna Hills, CA, USA
| | - László Kovács
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bálint
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Hungary University of Szeged, Szeged
| | - Szilvia Szamosi
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szücs
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mary Carns
- Divisions of Rheumatology and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kathleen Aren
- Divisions of Rheumatology and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Isaac Goldberg
- Divisions of Rheumatology and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - András Váradi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - John Varga
- Divisions of Rheumatology and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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17
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La J, Katz DJ. Prostatic urethral calculus after water vapour thermal therapy of the prostate. ANZ J Surg 2022; 92:2359-2360. [DOI: 10.1111/ans.17482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin La
- Men's Health Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Urology Western Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Darren J. Katz
- Men's Health Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Surgery, Western Precinct University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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18
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Foreman SC, Ashmeik W, Baal JD, Han M, Bahroos E, von Schacky CE, Carl M, Krug R, Joseph GB, Link TM. Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Exhibit a More Mineralized Deep Cartilage Layer Compared with Nondiabetic Controls: A Pilot Study. Cartilage 2021; 13:428S-436S. [PMID: 31455093 PMCID: PMC8808878 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519870853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess differences in biochemical composition of the deep cartilage layer in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nondiabetic controls using UTE (ultra-short echo time) T2* mapping and to investigate the association of vascular health and UTE T2* measurements. DESIGN Ten subjects with T2DM matched for age, sex, and body mass index with 10 nondiabetic controls. A 3D UTE sequence with 6 echo times was acquired using 3T magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. For UTE T2* analysis, the deep cartilage layer was segmented and analyzed in 5 compartments (patella, medial, and lateral femur and tibia). The ankle brachial index (ABI) was obtained in all subjects. Linear regression analyses were used to assess associations of T2DM and UTE T2* relaxation times and the associations of ABI measurements and UTE measurements. RESULTS Compared with nondiabetic controls, T2DM subjects had significantly lower mean T2*-UTE in the patella (mean difference 4.87 ms; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-8.65; P = 0.015), the lateral tibia (mean difference 2.26 ms; 95% CI 0.06-4.45; P = 0.045), and the lateral femur (mean difference 4.96 ms; 95% CI 0.19-9.73; P = 0.043). Independent of diabetic status, subjects with higher ABI values, indicating better vascular health, had higher T2*-UTE of the patella (coefficient 15.2; 95% CI 3.3-21.4; P = 0.017), the medial tibia (coefficient 9.8; 95% CI 1.0-18.6; P = 0.031), and the lateral femur (coefficient 18.8; 95% CI 3.3-34.3; P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS T2*-UTE measurements of the deep cartilage layer were consistently lower in subjects with T2DM and in subjects with impaired vascular health, likely indicating increased mineralization of this layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Foreman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Radiology, Klinikum Rechts
der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany,Sarah C. Foreman, Department of Radiology
and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry
Street, Lobby 6, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
| | - Walid Ashmeik
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joe D. Baal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Misung Han
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emma Bahroos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudio E. von Schacky
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Radiology, Klinikum Rechts
der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Roland Krug
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabby B. Joseph
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical
Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Rademaker MT, Pilbrow AP, Ellmers LJ, Palmer SC, Davidson T, Mbikou P, Scott NJA, Permina E, Charles CJ, Endre ZH, Richards AM. Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and the Kidney: Physiological, Histological and Transcriptomic Responses to Development and Recovery. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021312. [PMID: 34533033 PMCID: PMC8649508 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is associated with deterioration in renal function-an important risk factor for poor outcomes. Whether ADHF results in permanent kidney damage/dysfunction is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated for the first time the renal responses to the development of, and recovery from, ADHF using an ovine model. ADHF development induced pronounced hemodynamic changes, neurohormonal activation, and decline in renal function, including decreased urine, sodium and urea excretion, and creatinine clearance. Following ADHF recovery (25 days), creatinine clearance reductions persisted. Kidney biopsies taken during ADHF and following recovery showed widespread mesangial cell prominence, early mild acute tubular injury, and medullary/interstitial fibrosis. Renal transcriptomes identified altered expression of 270 genes following ADHF development and 631 genes following recovery. A total of 47 genes remained altered post-recovery. Pathway analysis suggested gene expression changes, driven by a network of inflammatory cytokines centered on IL-1β (interleukin 1β), lead to repression of reno-protective eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) signaling during ADHF development, and following recovery, activation of glomerulosclerosis and reno-protective pathways and repression of proinflammatory/fibrotic pathways. A total of 31 dysregulated genes encoding proteins detectable in urine, serum, and plasma identified potential candidate markers for kidney repair (including CNGA3 [cyclic nucleotide gated channel subunit alpha 3] and OIT3 [oncoprotein induced transcript 3]) or long-term renal impairment in ADHF (including ACTG2 [actin gamma 2, smooth muscle] and ANGPTL4 [angiopoietin like 4]). CONCLUSIONS In an ovine model, we provide the first direct evidence that an episode of ADHF leads to an immediate decline in kidney function that failed to fully resolve after ≈4 weeks and is associated with persistent functional/structural kidney injury. We identified molecular pathways underlying kidney injury and repair in ADHF and highlighted 31 novel candidate biomarkers for acute kidney injury in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam T Rademaker
- Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Anna P Pilbrow
- Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Leigh J Ellmers
- Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Suetonia C Palmer
- Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Trent Davidson
- Department of Anatomical Pathology Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Prisca Mbikou
- Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Nicola J A Scott
- Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Permina
- Otago Genomics Facility Division of Health Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | - Zoltán H Endre
- Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch Christchurch New Zealand.,Department of Nephrology Prince of Wales Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - A Mark Richards
- Department of Medicine University of OtagoChristchurch Christchurch New Zealand.,Cardiovascular Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
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20
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Colboc H, Fontaine J, Bazin D, Frochot V, Letavernier E, Daudon M, Laporte N, Rouzière S, Reby M, Galezowski A, Forasassi C, Meaume S. Calcified leg Ulcers in older patients: clinical description, morphology and chemical characterization. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:27-32. [PMID: 34331540 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds, including leg ulcers, constitute an important medical problem among older patients. Dystrophic calcifications (DC) are associated with a variety of disorders, including leg ulcers. The aim of this study was to report the clinical and biological characteristics of older patients with DC in leg ulcers and to determine the morphology and chemical composition of these calcifications. We conducted a prospective monocentric study in our Geriatric-Wound and Healing ward, Rothschild Hospital, Paris, from January 2018 to December 2019. Patients with leg ulcers were screened for DC by palpation. Patients' clinical, biological and radiological findings were collected. DC morphology was analyzed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and chemical composition was analyzed using µFourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray Fluorescence. Ten (7%) of the 143 patients hospitalized for leg ulcers presented DC. Older patients with DC were more likely to have leg ulcers with venous insufficiency (P=0.015), colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P=0.026), with a longer healing evolution (P=0.0072) and hypercalcemia (P=0.041). Five DC were extracted from ulcers: two presented 500 nm lacunar spheres and intermingled fibrils of about 10 nm in diameter, consistent with bacterial and biofilm imprints. DC were always composed of Calcium-phosphate apatite and associated to the presence of Zinc. Our analyses were consistent with the involvement of microorganisms and inflammatory process in DC formation. Early management of venous insufficiency, treatment of chronic bacterial colonization and use of calcium-solubilizing drugs seem to be rational strategies for calcified leg ulcer management in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Colboc
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Fontaine
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Frochot
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Multidisciplinaires, Paris, France.,UMR_S 1155, Sorbonne Université-UPMC Paris 06, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Multidisciplinaires, Paris, France.,UMR_S 1155, Sorbonne Université-UPMC Paris 06, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Michel Daudon
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Tenon, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Multidisciplinaires, Paris, France.,UMR_S 1155, Sorbonne Université-UPMC Paris 06, F-75020 Paris, France
| | - Naomi Laporte
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
| | - Stéphan Rouzière
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Michael Reby
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
| | - Agnes Galezowski
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
| | - Christine Forasassi
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Meaume
- Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Rothschild, Service Plaies et Cicatrisation, Paris, France
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21
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Nolte T, Baumgärtner W, Colbatzky F, Knippel A, Marxfeld H, Nehrbass D, Odin M, Popp A, Treumann S, Yen HY, Zellmer J, Deschl U. Proceedings of the 2020 Classic Examples in Toxicologic Pathology XXVII. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1206-1228. [PMID: 34259102 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211019288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The histopathology slide seminar "Classic Examples in Toxicologic Pathology XXVII" was held on February 21 and 22, 2020, at the Department of Pathology at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover, Germany, with joint organization by the European Society of Toxicologic Pathology. The goal of this annual seminar is to present and discuss classical and actual cases of toxicologic pathology. This article summarizes the presentations given during the seminar, including images of representative lesions. Ten actual and classical cases of toxicologic pathology, mostly induced by a test article, were presented. These included small intestine pathology and transcriptomics induced by a γ-secretase modulator, liver findings in nonhuman primates induced by gene therapy, drug-induced neutropenia in dogs, device-induced growth plate lesions, polycystic lesions in CAR/PXR double knockout mice, inner ear lesions in transgenic mice, findings in Beagle dogs induced by an inhibitor of the myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein MCL1, findings induced by a monovalent fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 antagonist, kidney lesions induced by a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor in combination therapy, and findings in mutation-specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nolte
- 84647Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Institut für Pathologie, Stiftung 26556Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Colbatzky
- 84647Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
| | | | | | - Dirk Nehrbass
- 161930AO Research Institute Davos (ARI), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Marielle Odin
- 123188Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharma Research & Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Popp
- 385330Abbvie GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- 9184Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Deschl
- 84647Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach (Riss), Germany
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22
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Fournier DE, Beaucage KL, Beach RJ, Kiser PK, Séguin CA, Dixon SJ. Ectopic mineralisation of the mandibular symphysis in ENT1 knockout mice: A model of dystrophic calcification. Bone Rep 2021; 15:101100. [PMID: 34258331 PMCID: PMC8253951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) transfers nucleosides, such as adenosine, across plasma membranes. We reported previously that mice lacking ENT1 (ENT1 -/- ) exhibit progressive ectopic calcification of spinal tissues-a phenotype resembling diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) in humans. Our objective was to investigate potential calcification of orofacial tissues in ENT1 -/- mice. Heads of wild-type mice and ENT1 -/- mice from 3 to 17 months were evaluated using microcomputed tomography (μCT). Some heads were decalcified and processed for histological assessment. Other heads were examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and micro X-ray diffraction. Using μCT, ENT1 -/- mice showed extensive radiopaque lesions within the mandibular symphysis, the severity of which increased with advancing age. Histologically, at 6 months these ectopic radiopacities were found to correspond to acellular, amorphous, eosinophilic material, with no evidence of inflammatory cells. Because lesions were localised to the symphysis, we identified early pathological changes at 3 months and observed that lesions initiated specifically within the fibrocartilage pad. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of ectopic lesions revealed large amounts of calcium and phosphorous in a molar ratio of ~1.59, and X-ray diffraction profiles matched that of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. This is the first characterisation of ectopic calcifications within the mandibular symphysis of ENT1 -/- mice, indicating a role for ENT1 and adenosine metabolism in regulating calcification of fibrocartilaginous tissues. Moreover, these murine lesions resemble areas of dystrophic calcification in the spinal tissues of humans with DISH. Importantly, ectopic calcifications develop in a reproducible temporal pattern within a well-defined anatomical region and, thus, provide a model for determining the cellular and molecular pathways underlying ectopic calcification in DISH and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Fournier
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim L Beaucage
- Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan J Beach
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patti K Kiser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Jeffrey Dixon
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Ustriyana P, Schulte F, Gombedza F, Gil-Bona A, Paruchuri S, Bidlack FB, Hardt M, Landis WJ, Sahai N. Spatial survey of non-collagenous proteins in mineralizing and non-mineralizing vertebrate tissues ex vivo. Bone Rep 2021; 14:100754. [PMID: 33665237 PMCID: PMC7900015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone biomineralization is a complex process in which type I collagen and associated non-collagenous proteins (NCPs), including glycoproteins and proteoglycans, interact closely with inorganic calcium and phosphate ions to control the precipitation of nanosized, non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP, idealized stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) within the organic matrix of a tissue. The ability of certain vertebrate tissues to mineralize is critically related to several aspects of their function. The goal of this study was to identify specific NCPs in mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues of two animal models, rat and turkey, and to determine whether some NCPs are unique to each type of tissue. The tissues investigated were rat femur (mineralizing) and tail tendon (non-mineralizing) and turkey leg tendon (having both mineralizing and non-mineralizing regions in the same individual specimen). An experimental approach ex vivo was designed for this investigation by combining sequential protein extraction with comprehensive protein mapping using proteomics and Western blotting. The extraction method enabled separation of various NCPs based on their association with either the extracellular organic collagenous matrix phases or the inorganic mineral phases of the tissues. The proteomics work generated a complete picture of NCPs in different tissues and animal species. Subsequently, Western blotting provided validation for some of the proteomics findings. The survey then yielded generalized results relevant to various protein families, rather than only individual NCPs. This study focused primarily on the NCPs belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) family and the small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs). SLRPs were found to be associated only with the collagenous matrix, a result suggesting that they are mainly involved in structural matrix organization and not in mineralization. SIBLINGs as well as matrix Gla (γ-carboxyglutamate) protein were strictly localized within the inorganic mineral phase of mineralizing tissues, a finding suggesting that their roles are limited to mineralization. The results from this study indicated that osteocalcin was closely involved in mineralization but did not preclude possible additional roles as a hormone. This report provides for the first time a spatial survey and comparison of NCPs from mineralizing and non-mineralizing tissues ex vivo and defines the proteome of turkey leg tendons as a model for vertebrate mineralization.
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Key Words
- B, rat bone
- BSP, bone sialoprotein
- DCN, decorin
- E, EDTA extract
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- G, guanidine-HCl-only extract (for non-mineralizing tissues)
- G1, first guanidine-HCl extract
- G2, second guanidine-HCl extract
- Gla, gamma-carboxylated glutamic acid
- MGP, matrix Gla protein
- MT, turkey mineralizing tendon
- Mineralization
- NCP, non-collagenous protein
- NMT, turkey never-mineralizing tendon
- NT, turkey not-yet-mineralized tendon
- Non-collagenous protein
- OCN, osteocalcin
- OPN, osteopontin
- Proteomics
- SIBLING, small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein
- SLRP, small leucine-rich proteoglycan
- T, rat tail tendon
- TLT, turkey leg tendon (gastrocnemius)
- TNAP, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase
- Type I collagen
- Vertebrate
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Ustriyana
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Fabian Schulte
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Farai Gombedza
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Ana Gil-Bona
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sailaja Paruchuri
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Felicitas B. Bidlack
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Markus Hardt
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William J. Landis
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Nita Sahai
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
- Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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24
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Phadwal K, Vrahnas C, Ganley IG, MacRae VE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Cause or Consequence of Vascular Calcification? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611922. [PMID: 33816463 PMCID: PMC8010668 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial bioenergetics powerhouses and biosynthetic hubs within cells, which can generate and sequester toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress-stimulated ROS production results in ATP depletion and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, leading to mitochondria dysfunction and cellular apoptosis. Mitochondrial loss of function is also a key driver in the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that drives senescent cells into a pro-inflammatory state. Maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is crucial for retaining the contractile phenotype of the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the most prominent cells of the vasculature. Loss of this contractile phenotype is associated with the loss of mitochondrial function and a metabolic shift to glycolysis. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a direct role in vascular calcification and the underlying pathologies including (1) impairment of mitochondrial function by mineral dysregulation i.e., calcium and phosphate overload in patients with end-stage renal disease and (2) presence of increased ROS in patients with calcific aortic valve disease, atherosclerosis, type-II diabetes and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we discuss the cause and consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular calcification and underlying pathologies; the role of autophagy and mitophagy pathways in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction during vascular calcification and finally we discuss mitochondrial ROS, DRP1, and HIF-1 as potential novel markers and therapeutic targets for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Phadwal
- Functional Genetics and Development Division, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Vrahnas
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky E. MacRae
- Functional Genetics and Development Division, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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25
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Chen Y, Wen Z, Ma Y, Liu Y, Que Y, Yang X, Wu Y, Yu S. Metastatic lymph node calcification in rectal cancer: comparison of CT and high-resolution MRI. Jpn J Radiol 2021; 39:642-651. [PMID: 33686499 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-021-01108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcification causes mixed signal intensity in the lymph node (LN) on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is a strong indicator of regional LN metastasis in rectal cancer. Calcified metastatic LNs in rectal cancer commonly display scattered fine punctate calcifications to varying degrees on computed tomography (CT). On high-resolution MRI, the calcifications manifest a patchy area of signal loss in corresponding calcified area that is larger than on CT. It is necessary to recognize the appearance of metastatic LN calcifications on high-resolution MRI in rectal cancer because it is the primary imaging method for local staging in rectal cancer. This pictorial essay aims to introduce an important imaging finding that can contribute to the diagnosis of LN metastasis by illustrating features and differences between CT and high-resolution MRI of metastatic LN calcifications in rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ziqiang Wen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yiyan Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yutao Que
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinyue Yang
- Department of Radiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yunzhu Wu
- MR Scientific Marketing, SIEMENS Healthineers Ltd., Guangzhou, 510620, China
| | - Shenping Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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26
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Vidavsky N, Kunitake JAMR, Estroff LA. Multiple Pathways for Pathological Calcification in the Human Body. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001271. [PMID: 33274854 PMCID: PMC8724004 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization of skeletal components (e.g., bone and teeth) is generally accepted to occur under strict cellular regulation, leading to mineral-organic composites with hierarchical structures and properties optimized for their designated function. Such cellular regulation includes promoting mineralization at desired sites as well as inhibiting mineralization in soft tissues and other undesirable locations. In contrast, pathological mineralization, with potentially harmful health effects, can occur as a result of tissue or metabolic abnormalities, disease, or implantation of certain biomaterials. This progress report defines mineralization pathway components and identifies the commonalities (and differences) between physiological (e.g., bone remodeling) and pathological calcification formation pathways, based, in part, upon the extent of cellular control within the system. These concepts are discussed in representative examples of calcium phosphate-based pathological mineralization in cancer (breast, thyroid, ovarian, and meningioma) and in cardiovascular disease. In-depth mechanistic understanding of pathological mineralization requires utilizing state-of-the-art materials science imaging and characterization techniques, focusing not only on the final deposits, but also on the earlier stages of crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation. Such mechanistic understanding will further enable the use of pathological calcifications in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as possibly provide insights into preventative treatments for detrimental mineralization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Jennie A M R Kunitake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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27
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Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Quaglino D. Apoptosis in the Extraosseous Calcification Process. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010131. [PMID: 33445441 PMCID: PMC7827519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective tissues (e.g., skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as a consequence of acquired chronic diseases. In this last case, the etiology is multifactorial, including both extra- and intracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of membrane vesicles (e.g., matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies), mitochondrial alterations, and oxidative stress. This review is an overview of extraosseous calcification mechanisms focusing on the relationships between apoptosis and mineralization in cartilage and vascular tissues, as these are the two tissues mostly affected by a number of age-related diseases having a progressively increased impact in Western Countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Demetrio Lofaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnologies (CIB), Italy
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28
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Moore-Lotridge SN, Ihejirika R, Gibson BHY, Posey SL, Mignemi NA, Cole HA, Hawley GD, Uppuganti S, Nyman JS, Schoenecker JG. Severe injury-induced osteoporosis and skeletal muscle mineralization: Are these related complications? Bone Rep 2020; 14:100743. [PMID: 33490313 PMCID: PMC7804603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severely injured patients are beleaguered by complications during convalescence, such as dysregulated biomineralization. Paradoxically, severely injured patients experience the loss of bone (osteoporosis), resulting in diminished skeletal integrity and increased risk of fragility fractures; yet they also accrue mineralization in soft tissues, resulting in complications such as heterotopic ossification (HO). The pathophysiology leading to dysregulated biomineralization in severely injured patients is not well defined. It has been postulated that these pathologies are linked, such that mineralization is "transferred" from the bone to soft tissue compartments. The goal of this study was to determine if severe injury-induced osteoporosis and soft tissue calcification are temporally coincident following injury. Using a murine model of combined burn and skeletal muscle injury to model severe injury, it was determined that mice developed significant progressive bone loss, detectable as early as 3 days post injury, and marked soft tissue mineralization by 7 days after injury. The observed temporal concordance between the development of severe injury-induced osteoporosis and soft tissue mineralization indicates the plausibility that these complications share a common pathophysiology, though further experiments are required.
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Key Words
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BV/TV, bone volume/tissue volume
- Biomineralization
- Burn
- CTX, cardiotoxin
- DC, dystrophic calcification
- DPI, days post injury
- DXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
- Dystrophic calcification
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HO, heterotopic ossification
- Heterotopic ossificaiton
- Osteoporosis
- STiCSS, soft tissue calcification scoring system
- Severe injury
- Severe injury-induced osteoporosis
- Soft tissue mineralization
- Trauma
- μCT, microcomputed tomography
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Moore-Lotridge
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center of Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rivka Ihejirika
- Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Breanne H Y Gibson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Samuel L Posey
- Vanderbilt University Medical School, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nicholas A Mignemi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Heather A Cole
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gregory D Hawley
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center of Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center of Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan G Schoenecker
- Department of Orthopaedics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center of Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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29
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Choe N, Kwon DH, Ryu J, Shin S, Cho HJ, Joung H, Eom GH, Ahn Y, Park WJ, Nam KI, Kim YK, Kook H. miR-27a-3p Targets ATF3 to Reduce Calcium Deposition in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:627-639. [PMID: 33230462 PMCID: PMC7578555 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification, the ectopic deposition of calcium in blood vessels, develops in association with various metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis and is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. Herein, we report that reduction of microRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a-3p) causes an increase in activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a novel osteogenic transcription factor, in vascular smooth muscle cells. Both microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA microarrays were performed with rat vascular smooth muscle cells, and reciprocally regulated pairs of miRNA and mRNA were selected after bioinformatics analysis. Inorganic phosphate significantly reduced the expression of miR-27a-3p in A10 cells. The transcript level was also reduced in vitamin D3-administered mouse aortas. miR-27a-3p mimic reduced calcium deposition, whereas miR-27a-3p inhibitor increased it. The Atf3 mRNA level was upregulated in a cellular vascular calcification model, and miR-27a-3p reduced the Atf3 mRNA and protein levels. Transfection with Atf3 could recover the miR-27a-3p-induced reduction of calcium deposition. Our results suggest that reduction of miR-27a-3p may contribute to the development of vascular calcification by de-repression of ATF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakwon Choe
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Hwa Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosouk Joung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hyeon Eom
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Department of Cardiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Nam
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
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30
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Cai Z, Wu B, Ye G, Liu W, Chen K, Wang P, Xie Z, Li J, Zheng G, Yu W, Su Z, Lin J, Wu Y, Shen H. Enhanced Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Through Activation of the BMP2-Smad1/5/8 Pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1567-1576. [PMID: 33096960 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is characterized by ectopic OPLL. To date, the specific molecular pathogenesis of OPLL has not been clearly elucidated. In this study, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells obtained from healthy donors (HD-MSCs) and patients with OPLL (OPLL-MSCs) were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium for 21 days. The osteogenic differentiation capacity was determined by alizarin red S (ARS) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays. Gene expression levels of osteoblastic markers were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels of related genes and the activation of related signaling pathways were measured by western blotting. LDN193189 was used to inhibit the Smad1/5/8 pathway, and small interfering RNA was used to regulate BMP2 expression. Our results showed that the OPLL-MSCs had stronger ARS staining and ALP activity and higher expression of RUNX2, Osterix, and OCN than the HD-MSCs. During osteogenic differentiation, the Smad1/5/8 pathway was overactivated in the OPLL-MSCs, and LDN193189 inhibition reversed the enhanced osteogenic ability of these cells. Besides, BMP2 was upregulated in the OPLL-MSCs. After BMP2 knockdown, the abnormal osteogenic differentiation of OPLL-MSCs was rescued. Thus, abnormal activation of the BMP2-Smad1/5/8 pathway induces enhanced osteogenic differentiation of OPLL-MSCs compared with HD-MSCs. These findings reveal a mechanism of pathological osteogenesis in OPLL and provide a new perspective on inhibiting pathological osteogenesis by regulating BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boyang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guiwen Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongyu Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhui Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zepeng Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajie Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Orthopedics, and Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Yamashita M, Nomura Y, Ishikawa M, Shimoda S, Hanada N. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Promotes In Vitro Calcification. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225120. [PMID: 33202824 PMCID: PMC7697660 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcification plays an important role in the human body in maintaining homeostasis. In the human body, the presence of a high amount of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is a consistent feature of the local areas that are common sites of ectopic calcification, namely dental calculus, renal calculus, and the areas affected by arteriosclerosis. Hence, ox-LDL may have some effect on calcification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation revealed a high amount of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) when ox-LDL was included in the solution. In the in vitro experiment, the highest amount of precipitation of calcium phosphate was observed in the solution containing ox-LDL compared to the inclusion of other biomaterials and was 4.2 times higher than that of deionized water for 4.86 mM calcium and 2.71 mM phosphate. The morphology of calcium phosphate precipitates in the solution containing ox-LDL differed from that of the precipitates in solutions containing other biomaterials, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through the time course observation of the sediments using TEM, it was observed that the sediments changed from spherical or oval shape to a thin film shape. These results indicate that sediments acquired a long-range order array, and the phase transitioned from non-crystalline to crystalline with an increased time and density of ACP. Thus, it is concluded that ox-LDL promoted ACP precipitation and it plays an important role in ectopic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Yamashita
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
| | - Yoshiaki Nomura
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Misao Ishikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Shinji Shimoda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.I.); (S.S.)
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Department of Translational Research, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan; (M.Y.); (N.H.)
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De Santis S, Sotgiu G, Crescenzi A, Taffon C, Felici AC, Orsini M. On the chemical composition of psammoma bodies microcalcifications in thyroid cancer tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 190:113534. [PMID: 32841781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently the knowledge of chemical composition of pathological mineralizations is an important topic extensively studied because it could give more in-depth information to understand pathologies themselves and to improve prevention methods. In this work, psammoma bodies (PBs) microcalcifications in thyroid cancer tissue are investigated by different and complementary analytical methods as: micro-Fourier transformed spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy imaging (EDX). For the first time the micro-FTIR analysis of the only inorganic phase isolated from PBs was reported. Signals of the recorded spectrum showed that the main component of the calcifications is the amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate, and the IR spectrum of thyroid PBs is strongly consistent with that of PBs in human ovarian tumors. The XRF and the ICP analysis detected also the presence of iron ad zinc in thyroid PBs. These results are validated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy imaging (EDX) carried out on tissue samples of the papillary thyroid carcinoma. By these analytical methods magnesium and sodium were detected within PBs while the presence of iron was confirmed by the Perls test. Summarizing the results of applied analytical methods, the main detected elements within the thyroid psammoma bodies are Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn. Magnesium and sodium are found in malignant breast cancer microcalcifications, thus they seem correlated to neoplastic transformation. The Fe and Zn elements could give information about the origin of these pathological microcalcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena De Santis
- Department of Engineering, Roma Tre University, via Vito Volterra 62, Roma Italy.
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Engineering, Roma Tre University, via Vito Volterra 62, Roma Italy
| | - Anna Crescenzi
- Pathology Unit, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome Italy
| | - Chiara Taffon
- Pathology Unit, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome Italy
| | - Anna Candita Felici
- Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University, Via A. Scarpa 16, Roma Italy
| | - Monica Orsini
- Department of Engineering, Roma Tre University, via Vito Volterra 62, Roma Italy
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Tyson J, Bundy K, Roach C, Douglas H, Ventura V, Segars MF, Schwartz O, Simpson CL. Mechanisms of the Osteogenic Switch of Smooth Muscle Cells in Vascular Calcification: WNT Signaling, BMPs, Mechanotransduction, and EndMT. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030088. [PMID: 32781528 PMCID: PMC7552614 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterized by the hardening of arteries, vascular calcification is the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the arterial tissue. Calcification is now understood to be a cell-regulated process involving the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells. There are various pathways of initiation and mechanisms behind vascular calcification, but this literature review highlights the wingless-related integration site (WNT) pathway, along with bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and mechanical strain. The process mirrors that of bone formation and remodeling, as an increase in mechanical stress causes osteogenesis. Observing the similarities between the two may aid in the development of a deeper understanding of calcification. Both are thought to be regulated by the WNT signaling cascade and bone morphogenetic protein signaling and can also be activated in response to stress. In a pro-calcific environment, integrins and cadherins of vascular smooth muscle cells respond to a mechanical stimulus, activating cellular signaling pathways, ultimately resulting in gene regulation that promotes calcification of the vascular extracellular matrix (ECM). The endothelium is also thought to contribute to vascular calcification via endothelial to mesenchymal transition, creating greater cell plasticity. Each of these factors contributes to calcification, leading to increased cardiovascular mortality in patients, especially those suffering from other conditions, such as diabetes and kidney failure. Developing a better understanding of the mechanisms behind calcification may lead to the development of a potential treatment in the future.
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Tian E, Watanabe F, Martin B, Zangari M. Innate Biomineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144820. [PMID: 32650435 PMCID: PMC7404118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, biomineralization is a feature considered unique to mature osteoblasts and odontoblasts by which they synthesize hydroxyapatite (HAP), which is deposited in the collagen matrix to construct endoskeleton. For many decades, the mechanisms that modulate differentiation and maturation of these specialized cells have been sought as a key to understanding bone-remodeling defects. Here, we report that biomineralization is an innate ability of all mammalian cells, irrespective of cell type or maturation stage. This innate biomineralization is triggered by the concomitant exposure of living cells to three indispensable elements: calcium ion, phosphoester salt, and alkaline phosphatase. Any given somatic cell, including undifferentiated mononuclear cells, can undergo a biomineralization process to produce calcium-phosphate agglomerates. The biologically generated minerals under such conditions are composed of genuine HAP crystallites of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and 5–10 nanometer (nm) in size. This discovery will profoundly improve our understanding of bone metabolism and ectopic calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erming Tian
- Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- The Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA;
| | - Betty Martin
- Arkansas Nano and Bio Materials Characterization Facility, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Maurizio Zangari
- Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-501-526-6000
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A Novel Protocol for Detection of Senescence and Calcification Markers by Fluorescence Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103475. [PMID: 32423114 PMCID: PMC7278918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification and stiffening of the arterial wall is a systemic phenomenon that is associated with aging and it can be increased by several risk factors. The underlying mechanisms, especially the pathways of cellular senescence, are under current investigation. Easily manageable in vitro settings help to study the signaling pathways. The experimental setting presented here is based on an in vitro model using rat vascular smooth muscle cells and the detection of senescence and osteoblastic markers via immunofluorescence and RNAscope™. Co-staining of the senescence marker p21, the osteoblastic marker osteopontin, detection of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase is possible within one test approach requiring fewer cells. The protocol is a fast and reliable evaluation method for multiplexing of calcifying and senescence markers with fluorescence microscopy detection. The experimental setting enables analysis on single cell basis and allows detection of intra-individual variances of cultured cells.
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Wang Y, He K, Wang O, Lin X, Chen S, Jiang Y, Li M, Xia W, Xing X. Manifestations of left ventricular dysfunction and arrhythmia in patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism: a preliminary study. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:61. [PMID: 32393234 PMCID: PMC7216721 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-0541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac damage triggered by severe hypocalcemia is well known. However, the role of chronic hypoparathyroidism (HP) and pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) in cardiac health is still unclear. We investigated the effect of chronic HP and PHP on cardiac structure and conductive function in patients compiling with treatment. METHODS The study included 18 patients with HP and eight with PHP aged 45.4 ± 15.4 and 22.1 ± 6.4 years, respectively with a previously regular follow-up. In addition, 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included. General characteristics and biochemical indices were recorded. Cardiac function and structure were assessed by estimation of myocardial enzymes, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and echocardiography. The 12-lead electrocardiogram and 24-h Holter electrocardiography were performed to evaluate the conductive function. RESULTS Levels of serum calcium in HP and PHP were 2.05 ± 0.16 mmol/L and 2.25 ± 0.19 mmol/L, respectively. The levels of myocardial enzyme and BNP were within the normal range. Adjusting for age at evaluation and body mass index, all M-mode measurements, left ventricular mass (LVM), LVM index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were comparable between patients and controls. Prolongation of corrected QT (QTc) intervals occurred in 52.6% (10/19) of patients, and 6.7% (1/15) of patients manifested more than 100 episodes of supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles, as well as supraventricular tachycardia. None of the above arrhythmias was related to a severe clinical event. CONCLUSIONS From this pilot study, patients diagnosed with HP and PHP and well-controlled serum calcium levels manifested normal cardiac morphology and ventricular function, except for prolonged QTc intervals, and a small percentage of mild arrhythmias needing further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Atrial Premature Complexes/etiology
- Atrial Premature Complexes/metabolism
- Atrial Premature Complexes/physiopathology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Case-Control Studies
- Chronic Disease
- Echocardiography
- Electrocardiography
- Electrocardiography, Ambulatory
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoparathyroidism/complications
- Hypoparathyroidism/metabolism
- Hypoparathyroidism/physiopathology
- Long QT Syndrome/etiology
- Long QT Syndrome/metabolism
- Long QT Syndrome/physiopathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/metabolism
- Pilot Projects
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism/complications
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism/metabolism
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism/physiopathology
- Tachycardia, Supraventricular/etiology
- Tachycardia, Supraventricular/metabolism
- Tachycardia, Supraventricular/physiopathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/diagnostic imaging
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/etiology
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/metabolism
- Ventricular Premature Complexes/physiopathology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Ou Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Sixing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Weibo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Xiaoping Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng District, Shuaifuyuan No.1, Beijing, 100730 China
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De Maré A, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. The Role of Sclerostin in Bone and Ectopic Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093199. [PMID: 32366042 PMCID: PMC7246472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin, a 22-kDa glycoprotein that is mainly secreted by the osteocytes, is a soluble inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling. Therefore, when present at increased concentrations, it leads to an increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Serum sclerostin levels are known to be increased in the elderly and in patients with chronic kidney disease. In these patient populations, there is a high incidence of ectopic cardiovascular calcification. These calcifications are strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although data are still controversial, it is likely that there is a link between ectopic calcification and serum sclerostin levels. The main question, however, remains whether sclerostin exerts either a protective or deleterious role in the ectopic calcification process.
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Fournier DE, Kiser PK, Beach RJ, Dixon SJ, Séguin CA. Dystrophic calcification and heterotopic ossification in fibrocartilaginous tissues of the spine in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Bone Res 2020; 8:16. [PMID: 32257530 PMCID: PMC7118090 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-0091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a prevalent noninflammatory spondyloarthropathy characterized by ectopic mineral formation along the anterolateral aspect of the vertebral column, yet little is known about its underlying pathogenesis. Our objective was to evaluate the histopathological features and composition of ectopic mineral within spinal tissues affected by DISH in humans. Thoracic spine segments from six embalmed cadaveric donors (one female and five males; median age 82 years) meeting the radiographic diagnostic criteria for DISH were evaluated using radiological, histological, and physical analyses. Overall, the histological features of ectopic mineralization at individual motion segments were heterogeneous, including regions of heterotopic ossification and dystrophic calcification. Heterotopic ossifications were characterized by woven and lamellar bone, multifocal areas of metaplastic cartilage, and bony bridges along the anterior aspect of the intervertebral disc space. Dystrophic calcifications were characterized by an amorphous appearance, a high content of calcium and phosphorus, an X-ray diffraction pattern matching that of hydroxyapatite, and radiodensities exceeding that of cortical bone. Dystrophic calcifications were found within the anterior longitudinal ligament and annulus fibrosus in motion segments both meeting and not meeting the radiographic criteria for DISH. In summary, our findings indicate that in DISH, ectopic mineral forms along the anterior aspect of the spine by both heterotopic ossification and dystrophic calcification of fibrocartilaginous tissues. Although both types of ectopic mineralization are captured by current radiographic criteria for DISH, dystrophic calcification may reflect a distinct disease process or an early stage in the pathogenesis of DISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E. Fournier
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Physical Therapy), Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9 Canada
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Patti K. Kiser
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Ryan J. Beach
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - S. Jeffrey Dixon
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Cheryle A. Séguin
- Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4 Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada
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Miller H, Lammie JL, Noche-Dowdy L, Nyárádi Z, Gonciar A, Bethard JD. Differential diagnosis of calcified nodules from a medieval Székely woman in Transylvania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2020; 28:42-47. [PMID: 31923824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To differentially diagnose two calcified objects found with the well-preserved and nearly complete skeletal remains excavated in June 2012 by the Haáz Rezső Múzeum in Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania. MATERIAL Two objects measuring 25.55 × 18.23 mm and 17.62 × 16.38 mm found with the skeletal remains of a probable female approximately 25-35 years old at the time of death. METHODS Analysis utilized X-ray, SEM, EDS, CT scanning, and gross morphology to assess pathological conditions with calcification as a common sign. RESULTS Multiple analyses of the objects revealed two roughened ovoid nodes with internal hollows and openings. Elemental analysis indicated an organic origin, likely representing calcified soft tissue. CONCLUSIONS Differential diagnosis determined the calcified nodules to be consistent with calcified tumors, and most consistent with a calcified leiomyoma with cystic degeneration, potentially uterine. SIGNIFICANCE The identification of the calcified nodules as most consistent with calcified uterine leiomyomas adds to the paucity of paleopathological literature on calcified leiomyomas and calcified tumors more broadly. It also allows for an important discussion of the health of women in medieval Transylvania. LIMITATIONS Interpretation would be aided if a more precise origination within the body was known. Careful excavation and improved recognition of organic objects is necessary for a more definite diagnosis. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Soft tissue calcifications are a common process in a wide variety of diseases and can arise in all areas of the body. Pathological calcifications are relatively common in modern contexts, but remain rare in paleopathological literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Miller
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States.
| | - Jean Louise Lammie
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States
| | - Liotta Noche-Dowdy
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States
| | - Zsolt Nyárádi
- Haáz Rezső Múzeum, Strada Beclean 2-6, Odorheiu Secuiesc, 535600, Romania
| | | | - Jonathan D Bethard
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States
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Akkemik O, Kazaz H, Tamsel S, Dündar N, Sahinalp S, Ellidokuz H. A 5 years follow-up for ischemic cardiac outcomes in patients with carotid artery calcification on panoramic radiographs confirmed by doppler ultrasonography in Turkish population. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2020; 49:20190440. [PMID: 32058807 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20190440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of digital panoramic radiograph (DPR) for detection of carotid artery calcification (CAC) confirmed by Doppler Ultrasonography (DUSG) and to clarify the relationship between between CAC identified by DPR and cardiovascular events through a 5 year follow-up period. METHODS Of 3600 consecutive patients examined, 158 patients presented with CAC as detected by DPR. The final study group was composed of 96 patients who had CAC confirmed by DUSG or CT angiogram. The control group was composed of 62 patients who has normal DUSG. The end point of the study was the occurrence of any cardiovascular event. RESULTS 72 (75%) of the 96 patients with CAC confirmed by DUSG (16 patients had significant stenosis) had bilateral and 24 (25%) had unilateral CAS as detected by DUSG. There was a low agreement between the examination results with a κ value of 0.488 (p < 0.005) for calcification. Study data revealed that smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus (DM) and diastolic hypertension were significantly more common in patients with CAC than the control group (p < 0.05). During the follow-up period, 13 subjects had myocardial infarction and 1 subject died; in the control group, 1 patient died after MI and 1 patient died of a non-cardiac event. CONCLUSION Patients with CAC detectable by DPR concomitant with COPD, DM, smoking or diastolic hypertension are more likely to suffer from vascular events. Therefore, patients with detectable carotid plaque in DPR require referral to a cardiovascular surgery clinic for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Akkemik
- Dept. of Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakkı Kazaz
- Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery, Private Western Anatolia Central Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sadik Tamsel
- Dept. of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Dündar
- Dept. of Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sahin Sahinalp
- Dept. of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hulya Ellidokuz
- Dept. of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
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[Relationship between the CT features of colorectal cancer metastases calcification and tumor response to chemotherapy]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51. [PMID: 31848508 PMCID: PMC7433575 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between CT features of metastatic calcification and the response to chemotherapy in colorectal cancer metastases. METHODS A total of 27 patients with 30 sites of calcified metastases who underwent chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy (cetuximab) between January 2011 and December 2016 comprised this retrospective study population. Two radiologists independently evaluated the occurrence of tumor calcification before and after treatment, and evaluated the tumor response after therapy. According to the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (version 1.1), the best curative effect evaluation of the patients was recorded. The patients were divided into groups as below: (1) Patients who showed complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) were assigned to the response group, and the stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) were assigned to the non-response group. (2) Patients showed CR or PR, or patients showed SD with longer progress free survival (PFS) were assigned to the benefit group, and the remaining patients were assigned to the no benefit group. The difference of different imaging calcification features (morphology, maximum density, and density-time slope) were analyzed. RESULTS The most common site of metastases calcification was liver (63.3%), followed by lymph nodes (26.7%). There were 12 cases in the response group, 15 cases in the non-response group; and 13 cases in the benefit group, 14 cases in the no benefit group. The density time growth slope was higher in the response group when compared with the non-response group (P=0.025). The proportion of thhe patients with increased number of calcified foci in the benefit group (61.5%) was higher than that in the no benefit group (14.3%), P=0.018. There was no significant difference in the maximum density between the groups. The calcification of liver metastases were all amorphous calcification, with central calcification (36.8%), eccentric calcification (36.8%), garland calcification (15.8%) and diffuse calcification (10.6%). The lymph node metastases could be diffuse (75.0%), and curve or eggshell calcification (25.0%). There was no statistical difference between the groups. CONCLUSION In patients with advanced colorectal cancer metastases treated with cetuximab combined chemotherapy, rapid growth of calcification density and increased calcification number may be valuable imaging features of therapeutic efficacy. The maximal calcification density and morphology of calcification are not related to the therapeutic efficacy.
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Bourebaba L, Marycz K. Pathophysiological Implication of Fetuin-A Glycoprotein in the Development of Metabolic Disorders: A Concise Review. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122033. [PMID: 31766373 PMCID: PMC6947209 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha 2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein, also known as fetuin-A (Fet-A), is a multifunctional plasma glycoprotein that has been identified in both animal and human beings. The protein is a hepatokine predominantly synthesized in the liver, which is considered as an important component of diverse normal and pathological processes, including bone metabolism regulation, vascular calcification, insulin resistance, and protease activity control. Epidemiological studies have already consistently demonstrated significant elevated circulating Fet-A in the course of obesity and related complications, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disorder (NAFLD). Moreover, Fet-A has been strongly correlated with many parameters related to metabolic homeostasis dysregulation, such as insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, circulating lipid levels (non-esterified free fatty acids and triglycerides), and circulating levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6). Metabolic-interfering effects of Fet-A have thus been shown to highly exacerbate insulin resistance (IR) through blocking insulin-stimulated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) translocation and protein kinase B (Akt) activation. Furthermore, the protein appeared to interfere with downstream phosphorylation events in insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate signaling. The emerging importance of Fet-A for both diagnosis and therapeutics has therefore come to the attention of researchers and the pharmaceutical industry, in the prospect of developing new therapeutic strategies and diagnosis methods for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
- International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114 Wisznia Mała, Poland
- Collegium Medicum, Institute of Medical Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University (UKSW), Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-5202
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Hong D, Zaky SH, Chong R, Lukashova L, Beniash E, Verdelis K, Witte F, Sfeir C. Controlling magnesium corrosion and degradation-regulating mineralization using matrix GLA protein. Acta Biomater 2019; 98:142-151. [PMID: 31330328 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) alloys are embraced for their biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, Mg degrades spontaneously in the biological environment in vivo and in vitro, triggering deposition of calcium phosphate on the metal. Upon complete metal absorption, minerals remain in the tissue, which could lead to pathogenic calcification. Hence, our aims are to test the feasibility of matrix GLA protein (MGP) to locally inhibit Mg mineralization that is induced by metal alloy degradation. MGP is a small secretory protein that has been shown to inhibit soft tissue calcification. We exposed Mg to MGP, stably transfected into mammalian cells. Results showed that less calcium and phosphorous deposition on the Mg surface when MGP was present relative to when it was not. In the in vivo mouse intramuscular model conducted for 4 and 6 weeks, Mg rods were embedded in collagen scaffolds, seeded with cells overexpressing MGP. Microtomography, electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and histology assessments revealed lower deposited mineral volume around Mg rods from the MGP group. Compared to other groups, higher volume loss after implantation was observed from the MGP group at both time points, indicating a higher corrosion rate without the protective mineral layer. This study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate that local exposure to a biomolecule, such as MGP, can modulate the corrosion of Mg-based implants. These findings may have important implications for the future design of endovascular stents and orthopedic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Hong
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samer H Zaky
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rong Chong
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lyudmila Lukashova
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elia Beniash
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Konstantinos Verdelis
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank Witte
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Straße 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles Sfeir
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ishida K, Ashizawa N, Matsumoto K, Kobashi S, Kurita N, Shigematsu T, Iwanaga T. Novel bisphosphonate compound FYB-931 preferentially inhibits aortic calcification in vitamin D3-treated rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:796-804. [PMID: 30712064 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-00987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or those undergoing hemodialysis, pathological calcific deposition known as ectopic calcification occurs in soft tissue, resulting in a life-threatening disorder. A potent and effective inhibitor of ectopic calcification is eagerly expected. In the current study, the effects of FYB-931, a novel bisphosphonate compound synthesized for the prevention of ectopic calcification, were compared with those of etidronate using both in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro, FYB-931 inhibited calcification of human aortic smooth muscle cells induced by high phosphate medium in a concentration-dependent manner, and the effect was slightly more potent than that of etidronate. In vivo, rats were administered with three subcutaneous injections of vitamin D3 to induce vascular calcification, and were given FYB-931 (1.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or etidronate (9, 30, or 60 mg/kg) orally once daily for 14 days. The increased aortic phosphorus content as an index of vascular calcification was inhibited by both FYB-931 and etidronate in a dose-dependent manner; however, FYB-931 was 10 times more potent than etidronate. FYB-931 inhibited serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) activity as a bone resorption marker 5.2 times more potently than etidronate. FYB-931, but not etidronate, significantly decreased serum phosphorus levels. The preferential inhibition of aortic calcification by FYB-931 suggested that possible additional effect including a decline in serum phosphorus may lead to an advantage in terms of its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ishida
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1 Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-0068, Japan.
| | - Naoki Ashizawa
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1 Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-0068, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1 Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-0068, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kobashi
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1 Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-0068, Japan
| | - Naoki Kurita
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1 Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-0068, Japan
| | - Takashi Shigematsu
- Department of Nephrology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Research Laboratories 2, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1 Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-0068, Japan
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Vitamin K as a Powerful Micronutrient in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Pros and Cons from Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174150. [PMID: 31450694 PMCID: PMC6747195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a multifunctional micronutrient implicated in age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Although vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) are described to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, novel roles have emerged for vitamin K, independently of its role in VKDPs carboxylation. Vitamin K has been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory by suppressing nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signal transduction and to exert a protective effect against oxidative stress by blocking the generation of reactive oxygen species. Available clinical evidences indicate that a high vitamin K status can exert a protective role in the inflammatory and mineralization processes associated with the onset and progression of age-related diseases. Also, vitamin K involvement as a protective super-micronutrient in aging and ‘inflammaging’ is arising, highlighting its future use in clinical practice. In this review we summarize current knowledge regarding clinical data on vitamin K in skeletal and cardiovascular health, and discuss the potential of vitamin K supplementation as a health benefit. We describe the clinical evidence and explore molecular aspects of vitamin K protective role in aging and age-related diseases, and its involvement as a modulator in the interplay between pathological calcification and inflammation processes.
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47
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How does osteocalcin lacking γ-glutamic groups affect biomimetic apatite formation and what can we say about its structure in mineral-bound form? J Struct Biol 2019; 207:104-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gelli R, Ridi F, Baglioni P. The importance of being amorphous: calcium and magnesium phosphates in the human body. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 269:219-235. [PMID: 31096075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the relevance of amorphous calcium (and magnesium) phosphates in living organisms. Although crystalline calcium phosphate (CaP)-based materials are known to constitute the major inorganic constituents of human hard tissues, amorphous CaP-based structures, often in combination with magnesium, are frequently employed by Nature to build up components of our body and guarantee their proper functioning. After a brief description of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) formation mechanism and structure, this paper is focused on the stabilization strategies that can be used to enhance the lifetime of the poorly stable amorphous phase. The various locations of our body in which ACP (pure or in combination with Mg2+) can be found (i.e. bone, enamel, small intestine, calciprotein particles and casein micelles) are highlighted, showing how the amorphous nature of ACP is often of paramount importance for the achievement of a specific physiological function. The last section is devoted to ACP-based biomaterials, focusing on how these materials differ from their crystalline counterparts in terms of biological response.
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49
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Gourgas O, Muiznieks LD, Bello DG, Nanci A, Sharpe S, Cerruti M. Cross-Linked Elastin-like Polypeptide Membranes as a Model for Medial Arterial Calcification. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2625-2636. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Gourgas
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Lisa D. Muiznieks
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Dainelys Guadarrama Bello
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Antonio Nanci
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Simon Sharpe
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marta Cerruti
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
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50
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Bonetti A, Marchini M, Ortolani F. Ectopic mineralization in heart valves: new insights from in vivo and in vitro procalcific models and promising perspectives on noncalcifiable bioengineered valves. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:2126-2143. [PMID: 31285908 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.04.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic calcification of native and bioprosthetic heart valves represents a major public health problem causing severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Valve procalcific degeneration is known to be caused mainly by calcium salt precipitation onto membranes of suffering non-scavenged cells and dead-cell-derived products acting as major hydroxyapatite nucleators. Although etiopathogenesis of calcification in native valves is still far from being exhaustively elucidated, it is well known that bioprosthesis mineralization may be primed by glutaraldehyde-mediated toxicity for xenografts, cryopreservation-related damage for allografts and graft immune rejection for both. Instead, mechanical valves, which are free from calcification, are extremely thrombogenic, requiring chronic anticoagulation therapies for transplanted patients. Since surgical substitution of failed valves is still the leading therapeutic option, progressive improvements in tissue engineering techniques are crucial to attain readily available valve implants with good biocompatibility, proper functionality and long-term durability in order to meet the considerable clinical demand for valve substitutes. Bioengineered valves obtained from acellular non-valvular scaffolds or decellularized native valves are proving to be a compelling alternative to mechanical and bioprosthetic valve implants, as they appear to permit repopulation by the host's own cells with associated tissue remodelling, growth and repair, besides showing less propensity to calcification and adequate hemodynamic performances. In this review, insights into valve calcification onset as revealed by in vivo and in vitro procalcific models are updated as well as advances in the field of valve bioengineering.
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