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Li P, Li S, Yuan D, Lin K. On-site and high-resolution spectrophotometric measurement of total dissolved sulfide in natural waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160919. [PMID: 36529398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reliable high-resolution data is essential for understanding the aquatic sulfur biogeochemical processes. However, the accurate quantification of total dissolved sulfide (TDS) remains challenging due to its low concentration and vulnerability to oxidation. Furthermore, the frequency and the spatial coverage of TDS measurements are constrained by the cost of the laboratory analysis. In this study, an automated portable system was developed for on-site real-time measurement of trace TDS in natural waters. This system was based on the classic methylene blue (MB) spectrophotometric assay combined with on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and flow injection analysis (FIA). A commercially available weak-cation-exchange cartridge was used as the SPE sorbent. Experimental parameters affecting the performance of the proposed system were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, linear calibration range of 0.02-2.50 μmol L-1 was obtained with a sample loading volume of 5.0 mL and a sample throughput of 12 h-1. The limit of detection could be lowered to 0.003 μmol L-1 by pre-concentrating 10.0 mL sample. The precision, determined as the relative standard deviation (RSD), was <2.75 % (n = 11) and the recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 54.4 % to 97.5 % with RSDs of 1.1-2.3 % (n = 3). Furthermore, the FIA-SPE-MB system was successfully deployed in the Taihu Lake for continuous 48 h monitoring of variations in TDS, demonstrating the applicability of this system for on-site TDS measurement in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen 361102, PR China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Songtao Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen 361102, PR China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Dongxing Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen 361102, PR China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen 361102, PR China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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Li P, Yuan D, Huang Y, Lin K. Improving the measurement of total dissolved sulfide in natural waters: A new on-site flow injection analysis method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154594. [PMID: 35307437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Total dissolved sulfide (TDS) plays multiple important roles in the aquatic environments. However, the determination of trace levels of TDS in natural waters is challenging because TDS is vulnerable to oxidation and volatilization. In this study, a fully automated flow injection analysis spectrophotometric system, incorporating a hollow fiber membrane contactor (HFMC) and a long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell, was fabricated to facilitate the on-site measurement of trace TDS in natural waters. The HFMC was used for matrix separation and analyte preconcentration. The measurement was based on the reaction of sulfide and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine in the presence of FeCl3 under acidic conditions to yield methylene blue (MB). The proposed method was highly sensitive, with detection and quantification limits of 0.57 and 1.90 nmol L-1, respectively. The linear working range was from 1.90 to 150 nmol L-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The repeatability, expressed as the relative standard deviation, was less than 0.86% (n = 15) and the recoveries varied from 76.2 ± 0.1% to 103.9 ± 0.6% (n = 3) for spiked samples. This method was applied to conduct a field analysis of TDS in a reservoir, giving results aligned with those obtained using a standard MB method. This work demonstrates that the new method for determining TDS was effective for both laboratory analysis and on-site measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen 361102, PR China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Dongxing Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen 361102, PR China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Yongming Huang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen 361102, PR China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
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3
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Wen R, Li QH, Li YS, Luo YX, Zhao X, Gao XF. Synthesis optimization of rich-urea carbon-dots and application in the determination of H 2S in rich- and barren-liquids of desulphurizing solutions. Analyst 2021; 146:7635-7644. [PMID: 34797361 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01851e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the research of carbon dots (CDs) containing various nitrogen sources, it was first found that urea/citric acid-CDs showed a selective discolouration reaction with sulphide ions. Therefore, by optimizing various synthesis and detection conditions of the CDs determining sulfur ions, such as the raw material ratio, temperature, time, pH, and oxidation atmosphere in the CD synthesis, a discolour CD-probe method for trace-level sulphide ions was developed. The method is environmentally friendly, shows two linear-response ranges in 0.050-1.0 mg L-1 (A = -0.0827c + 0.8366) and 1.0-15 mg L-1 S2- (A = -0.0209c + 0.7587) and can be used for the high and low concentration quantification of sulphide in various wastewaters. Subsequently, in order to realize the separation and detection of sulphide ions in wastewaters or rich- and barren-liquids containing N-methyldiethanolamine and other substances in desulphurizing solutions, an automatic pretreatment system was also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiao-Hui Li
- School of Engineering, Nanjing agricultural university, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ya-Xiong Luo
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Natural Gas Purification Plant General, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Gao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Wang T, Huang Y, Xu J, Guo W, Yuan D. Development and application of a shipboard method for spectrophotometric determination of nanomolar dissolved sulfide in estuarine surface waters using reverse flow injection analysis coupled with a long path length liquid waveguide capillary cell. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Li P, Yuan D, Lin K. Determination of nanomolar dissolved sulfides in water by coupling the classical methylene blue method with surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119162. [PMID: 33221138 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed a novel method for the determination of nanomolar dissolved sulfides, including H2S, HS-, and S2- (defined as S(-II)) in water by coupling the classical methylene blue (MB) method with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection. Overall, the following analytical procedures were employed: i) precipitation of S(-II) as zinc sulfide, ii) centrifugation to collect zinc sulfide, iii) derivatization of S(-II) to MB by the reaction with N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine in the presence of FeCl3 under acidic conditions, and iv) SERS detection. Parameters affecting the derivatization and SERS detection were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, a linear range of 12.3 nmol/L-200 nmol/L for S(-II) was obtained with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.99. Limits of detection and quantification of the developed method were estimated to be 3.7 nmol/L and 12.3 nmol/L, respectively. In addition, the proposed method demonstrated excellent tolerance to coexisting substances, such as NO2-, NO3-, SO32-, and other common ions. The proposed method demonstrates immense promise for the determination of nanomolar S(-II) in surface waters and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dongxing Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Smith DS, Nasir R, Parker W, Peters A, Merrington G, van Egmond R, Lofts S. Developing understanding of the fate and behaviour of silver in fresh waters and waste waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143648. [PMID: 33316521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) is often used for risk assessment of metals; WHAM can be used to estimate the potential bioavailability of dissolved metals, where metals complexed to dissolved organic matter (DOM) are expected to be less toxic than ionic forms. Silver is a potential metal of concern but WHAM has not been rigorously tested against experimental measurements. This study compares WHAM predictions to measured ionic silver during fixed pH (4, 8 or 10) argentometric titrations of DOM from diverse origins. There were almost two orders of magnitude variation in free silver between sources but, within model uncertainty, WHAM captured this variability. This agreement, between measurements and models, suggests that WHAM is an appropriate tool for silver risk assessment in surface receiving waters when DOM is predominantly in the form of humic/fulvic acids. In sewage samples WHAM dramatically underestimated silver binding by approximately 3 orders of magnitude. Simulations with additional specific strong silver binding sulphide-like binding sites could explain Ag binding at low loadings, but not at higher loadings. This suggests the presence of additional intermediate strength binding sites. These additional ligands would represent components of the raw sewage largely absent in natural waters unimpacted by sewage effluents. A revised empirical model was proposed to account for these sewage-specific binding sites. Further, it is suspected that as sewage organic matter is degraded, either by natural attenuation or by engineered treatment, that sewage organic matter will degrade to a form more readily modelled by WHAM; i.e., humic-like substances. These ageing experiments were performed starting from raw sewage, and the material did in fact become more humic-like, but even after 30 days of aerobic incubation still showed greater Ag+ binding than WHAM predictions. In these incubation experiments it was found that silver (up to 1000 μg/L) had minimal impact on ammonia oxidation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - R Nasir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Wayne Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - A Peters
- WCA Environment Ltd., Brunel House, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - G Merrington
- WCA Environment Ltd., Brunel House, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - R van Egmond
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - S Lofts
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, United Kingdom
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Fletcher ND, Lieb HC, Mullaugh KM. Stability of silver nanoparticle sulfidation products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:854-860. [PMID: 30138885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of silver nanoparticles in consumer goods has raised concerns about the potential environmental harm of their widespread use. We studied chemical transformations that Ag NPs may undergo as they pass through sulfide-rich conditions common in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), which may limit the release of Ag+ from Ag NPs due to the formation of low-solubility silver sulfide (Ag2S). However, it is uncertain whether sulfidation is complete and if sulfidized Ag NPs continue to release Ag+. To address these uncertainties, we monitored the reaction of Ag NPs with various levels of sulfide with an ion selective electrode and UV/visible spectrophotometry over the course of two months. We characterized the products of the sulfidation reactions with a purge-and-trap acid volatile sulfide (AVS) analysis, which served as a measure of the stability of the sulfidized products because sulfide would be readily lost to oxidation unless it is stabilized as Ag2S. The Ag NP surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorbance peak was initially diminished and then returned over the course of several days after reaction with limited amounts of sulfide, suggesting a dynamic system that may retain some characteristics of the pristine Ag NPs. However, ICP-MS analysis of sulfidized Ag NP suspensions over a two-month period demonstrates that sulfidation limits the release of Ag+ ions from nanosilver that pass through a WWTP, even when sulfide concentrations are limited relative to silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 66 George St., College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Heather C Lieb
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 66 George St., College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katherine M Mullaugh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 66 George St., College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA.
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8
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Chen W, Guéguen C, Smith DS, Galceran J, Puy J, Companys E. Metal (Pb, Cd, and Zn) Binding to Diverse Organic Matter Samples and Implications for Speciation Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4163-4172. [PMID: 29498836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties on the speciation of Pb, Zn, and Cd. A total of six DOM samples were categorized into autochthonous and allochthonous sources based on their absorbance and fluorescence properties. The concentration of free metal ions ( CM2+) measured by titration using the absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping (AGNES) method was compared with that predicted by the Windermere humic aqueous model (WHAM). At the same binding condition (pH, dissolved organic carbon, ionic strength, and total metal concentration) the allochthonous DOM showed a higher level of Pb binding than the autochthonous DOM (84- to 504-fold CPb2+ variation). This dependency, however, was less pronounced for Zn (12- to 74-fold CZn2+ variation) and least for Cd (2- to 14-fold CCd2+ variation). The WHAM performance was affected by source variation through the active DOM fraction ( F). The commonly used F = 1.3 provided reliable CPb2+ for allochthonous DOMs and acceptable CCd2+ for all DOM, but it significantly under-predicted CPb2+ and CZn2+ for autochthonous DOM. Adjusting F improved CM2+ predictions, but the optimum F values were metal-specific (e.g., 0.03-1.9 for Pb), as shown by linear correlations with specific optical indexes. The results indicate a potential to improve WHAM by incorporating rapid measurement of DOM optical properties for site-specific F.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Wilfrid Laurier University , 75 University Avenue West , N2L 3C5 Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Josep Galceran
- Departament de Química . Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO , Rovira Roure 191 , 25198 Lleida , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Jaume Puy
- Departament de Química . Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO , Rovira Roure 191 , 25198 Lleida , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Encarnació Companys
- Departament de Química . Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO , Rovira Roure 191 , 25198 Lleida , Catalonia , Spain
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Small JM, Hintelmann H. Sulfide and mercury species profiles in two Ontario boreal shield lakes. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:96-102. [PMID: 24997905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cycling of sulfur in freshwater environments plays an important role in the cycling of metals. In this study, acid volatile sulfides were measured at nanomolar levels using a purge-and-trap preconcentration, followed by methylene blue derivatization with HPLC separation and UV-Vis detection. The limit of detection using the preconcentration step was 7.5ngL(-1) or 0.23nM sulfide. Profiles of sulfide and methylmercury were generated for two Ontario lakes. Sulfide concentrations were inversely related to dissolved oxygen concentrations and significant levels of anoxia had developed in both lakes. In both Plastic Lake and Lake 658, mercury concentrations also increased below the oxycline. Lake 658 showed a strong positive correlation between sulfide and methylmercury (CMeHg=2×10(-6)⋅Csulfide+0.198; r=0.96, p=1.2×10(-5)), at the time of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M Small
- Trent University, Department of Chemistry, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
| | - Holger Hintelmann
- Trent University, Department of Chemistry, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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Deng H, Wang D, Chen Z, Xu S, Zhang J, Delaune RD. A comprehensive investigation and assessment of mercury in intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:6297-6305. [PMID: 23589254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this paper were to survey the total Hg levels and distribution character in intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai, and identify the environment factors that might influence the sediment Hg concentrations, and to assess the pollution degree and potential ecological risk of Hg in sediment. Eighty-eight surface sediment samples and 18 sediment cores were collected for Hg contamination analysis. Physicochemical properties including Eh, particle size, content of total organic carbon (TOC), and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) were also measured. Index of geo-accumulation (I geo) and potential ecological risk index were used respectively to assess the pollution levels and the ecological risk of sediment Hg. The average of total Hg concentrations in surface sediments was 107.4 ± 90.9 ng/g with the range from 0 to 465.9 ng/g. Higher Hg concentrations were generally found in surface sediments near sewage outfalls and the mouth of rivers. Total Hg concentrations were significantly correlated with TOC (p < 0.05) both in surface (r = 0.24) and core (r = 0.29) sediments, but not with the other environment factors (Eh, AVS, and particle size). Geo-accumulation index indicated that Hg contamination in intertidal sediments was generally at none to moderate degree, while potential ecological risk index demonstrated that the risk caused by Hg were at moderate to considerable level. Intertidal sediment in continental coast of Shanghai has generally been contaminated by Hg, and it might pose moderate to considerable risk to the local ecosystem. The Hg contamination is related more to the coastal pollution sources and complicated hydrodynamic and sedimentary conditions than the other environment factors studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanguang Deng
- School of Resources and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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11
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Kong MCR, Salin ED. Spectrophotometric Determination of Aqueous Sulfide on a Pneumatically Enhanced Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10038-43. [PMID: 23075273 DOI: 10.1021/ac302507t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. R. Kong
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street
West, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Eric D. Salin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street
West, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
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Importance of dietary uptake of trace elements in the benthic deposit-feeding Lumbriculus variegatus. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Naddy RB, McNerney GR, Gorsuch JW, Bell RA, Kramer JR, Wu KB, Paquin PR. The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:2019-2029. [PMID: 21779820 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute silver toxicity studies were conducted with and without food for four common freshwater test species: Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow-FHM), and Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout-RBT) in order to generate acute-to-chronic ratios (ACR). The studies were conducted similarly (i.e., static-renewal or flow-through) to chronic/early-life stage studies that were previously performed in this laboratory. The acute toxicity (EC/LC50 values) of silver without food ranged from 0.57 μg dissolved Ag/l for C.dubia to 9.15 μg dissolved Ag/l for RBT. The presence of food resulted in an increase in EC/LC50 values from 1.25× for RBT to 22.4× for C. dubia. Invertebrate food type was also shown to effect acute silver toxicity. Food did not affect EC/LC50s or ACRs as greatly in fish studies as in invertebrate studies. ACRs for both invertebrate species were <1.0 when using acute studies without food but were 1.22 and 1.33 when using acute studies with food. ACRs for FHMs ranged from 4.06 to 7.19, while RBT ACRs ranged from 28.6 to 35.8 depending on whether food was present in acute studies. The data generated from this research program should be useful in re-determining a final ACR for silver in freshwater as well as in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami B Naddy
- Fort Collins Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, AECOM, 4303 W. LaPorte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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14
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Mullaugh KM, Luther GW. Voltammetric Characterization of Dissolved Cadmium Sulfide Species. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Zeng T, Ziegelgruber KL, Chin YP, Arnold WA. Pesticide processing potential in prairie pothole porewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6814-6822. [PMID: 21751789 DOI: 10.1021/es200812e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Prairie pothole lakes (PPLs) are located within the extensively farmed Great Plains region of North America, and many are negatively impacted by nonpoint source pesticide pollution. To date, the environmental fate of pesticides in these lakes remains largely unknown. In this study, two PPLs in the Cottonwood Lake area of North Dakota were sampled, and transformations of four chloroacetanilide pesticides in sediment porewaters were examined. The reduced sulfur species in the porewaters, such as bisulfide (HS(-)) and polysulfides (S(n)(2-)), readily transformed the target pesticides into sulfur-substituted products. Although HS(-) and S(n)(2-) played a dominant role, other reactive constituents in PPL porewaters also contributed to the transformation. Results from this study revealed that abiotic reactions with reduced sulfur species could represent an important removal pathway for pesticides entering PPLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Drive Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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DePalma SGS, Arnold WR, McGeer JC, Dixon DG, Smith DS. Effects of dissolved organic matter and reduced sulphur on copper bioavailability in coastal marine environments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:230-237. [PMID: 21185079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Copper-induced toxicity in aqueous systems depends on its speciation and bioavailability. Natural organic matter (NOM) and reduced sulphur species can complex copper, influencing speciation and decreasing bioavailability. NOM composition in estuaries can vary, depending on inputs of terrigenous, autochthonous, or wastewater source material. At a molecular level, variability in NOM quality potentially results in different extents of copper binding. The aims of this study were to measure acute copper EC(50) values in coastal marine and estuarine waters, and identify the relationships between total dissolved copper EC(50) values and measured water chemistry parameters proportional to NOM and reduced sulphur composition. This has implications on the development of marine-specific toxicity prediction models. NOM was characterised using dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and fluorescence measurements, combined with spectral resolution techniques, to quantify humic-, fulvic-, tryptophan-, and tyrosine-like fractions. Reduced sulphur was measured by the chromium-reducible sulphide (CRS) technique. Acute copper toxicity tests were performed on samples expressing extreme DOC, fluorescent terrigenous, autochthonous, and CRS concentrations. The results show significant differences in NOM quality, independent of DOC concentration. CRS is variable among the samples; concentrations ranging from 4 to 40 nM. The toxicity results suggest DOC as a very good predictive measure of copper EC(50) in estuaries (r(2)=0.87) independent of NOM quality. Furthermore, for filtered samples, CRS exists at concentrations that would be saturated with copper at measured EC(50), suggesting that while CRS might bind Cu and decrease bioavailability, it does not control copper speciation at toxicologically relevant concentrations and therefore is not a good predictive measure of copper toxicity in filtered samples.
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Lavilla I, Pena-Pereira F, Gil S, Costas M, Bendicho C. Microvolume turbidimetry for rapid and sensitive determination of the acid labile sulfide fraction in waters after headspace single-drop microextraction with in situ generation of volatile hydrogen sulfide. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 647:112-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A comparison of flow injection methods for sulfide determination based on phenothiazine dyes produced from diverse aromatic amines. Microchem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Puckett LJ, Zamora C, Essaid H, Wilson JT, Johnson HM, Brayton MJ, Vogel JR. Transport and fate of nitrate at the ground-water/surface-water interface. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2008; 37:1034-1050. [PMID: 18453426 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2006.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies of hyporheic exchange and denitrification have been conducted in pristine, high-gradient streams, few studies of this type have been conducted in nutrient-rich, low-gradient streams. This is a particularly important subject given the interest in nitrogen (N) inputs to the Gulf of Mexico and other eutrophic aquatic systems. A combination of hydrologic, mineralogical, chemical, dissolved gas, and isotopic data were used to determine the processes controlling transport and fate of NO(3)(-) in streambeds at five sites across the USA. Water samples were collected from streambeds at depths ranging from 0.3 to 3 m at three to five points across the stream and in two to five separate transects. Residence times of water ranging from 0.28 to 34.7 d m(-1) in the streambeds of N-rich watersheds played an important role in allowing denitrification to decrease NO(3)(-) concentrations. Where potential electron donors were limited and residence times were short, denitrification was limited. Consequently, in spite of reducing conditions at some sites, NO(3)(-) was transported into the stream. At two of the five study sites, NO(3)(-) in surface water infiltrated the streambeds and concentrations decreased, supporting current models that NO(3)(-) would be retained in N-rich streams. At the other three study sites, hydrogeologic controls limited or prevented infiltration of surface water into the streambed, and ground-water discharge contributed to NO(3)(-) loads. Our results also show that in these low hydrologic-gradient systems, storm and other high-flow events can be important factors for increasing surface-water movement into streambeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Puckett
- U.S. Geological Survey, 413 National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA.
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Naddy RB, Gorsuch JW, Rehner AB, McNerney GR, Bell RA, Kramer JR. Reprint of "Chronic toxicity of silver nitrate to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna, and potential mitigating factors". AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 84:I-X. [PMID: 17706538 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the chronic toxicity of Ag, as silver nitrate, using two freshwater aquatic cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna, to generate data for the development of a chronic ambient water quality criterion for Ag. Preliminary studies with C. dubia showed variable results which were related to the equilibration time between food and silver. Follow-up testing was conducted using a 3 h equilibration time, which stabilized dissolved Ag concentrations and the toxicity of Ag(+). Results with C. dubia conducted individually (1 per cup, n=10) and in mass (30 per chamber, n=2) gave similar results once similar standardized equilibration times were used. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of Ag to C. dubia and D. magna was 9.61 and 3.00 microg dissolved Ag/L, respectively. The chronic toxicity of Ag(+) to C. dubia was also evaluated in the presence of: (1) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and (2) sulfide. The addition of DOC (0.4 mg/L) resulted in a approximately 50% decrease in toxicity while the addition of sulfide (75.4 nM) deceased toxicity by 42%. Whole-body Ag concentration in D. magna was positively correlated with increased levels of Ag exposure, however; we observed a non-statistical decrease in whole-body Na levels, an estimator of sodium homeostasis.
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Naddy RB, Gorsuch JW, Rehner AB, McNerney GR, Bell RA, Kramer JR. Chronic toxicity of silver nitrate to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna, and potential mitigating factors. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 84:1-10. [PMID: 17658626 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the chronic toxicity of Ag, as silver nitrate, using two freshwater aquatic cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna, to generate data for the development of a chronic ambient water quality criterion for Ag. Preliminary studies with C. dubia showed variable results which were related to the equilibration time between food and silver. Follow-up testing was conducted using a 3h equilibration time, which stabilized dissolved Ag concentrations and the toxicity of Ag(+). Results with C. dubia conducted individually (1 per cup, n=10) and in mass (30 per chamber, n=2) gave similar results once similar standardized equilibration times were used. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of Ag to C. dubia and D. magna was 9.61 and 3.00microg dissolved Ag/L, respectively. The chronic toxicity of Ag(+) to C. dubia was also evaluated in the presence of: (1) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and (2) sulfide. The addition of DOC (0.4mg/L) resulted in a approximately 50% decrease in toxicity while the addition of sulfide (75.4nM) deceased toxicity by 42%. Whole-body Ag concentration in D. magna was positively correlated with increased levels of Ag exposure, however; we observed a non-statistical decrease in whole-body Na levels, an estimator of sodium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami B Naddy
- ENSR, Fort Collins Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Fort Collins Colorado 80521, USA.
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Small JM, Hintelmann H. Methylene blue derivatization then LC-MS analysis for measurement of trace levels of sulfide in aquatic samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2881-6. [PMID: 17323053 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The methylene blue method has been widely used for analysis of sulfide for more than 100 years. Direct measurement of methylene blue at nanomolar concentrations is impossible without a preconcentration step, however. In this study the response of LC-MS with electrospray ionization (ESI) to methylene blue was evaluated. HPLC with simple isocratic elution was followed by ESI-MS quantification, which was compared with traditional UV-visible detection. The limit of detection for sulfide was approximately 50 ng L(-1), or 1.5 nmol L(-1). Analysis time was substantially reduced by use of isocratic elution. Interfering compounds produced by side reactions can be eliminated by use of the mass filter. A polysulfide sample was also analyzed to determine which products are formed and whether or not polysulfides react stoichiometrically with methylene blue reagent. It seems that polysulfides do not react quantitatively with methylene blue and so cannot be quantified reliably by use of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Small
- Canada Centre for Inland Waters (CCIW), Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7R 4A6, Canada
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Carapuça HM, Válega M, Pereira E, Duarte AC. Monitoring acid-volatile sulphide by a fast scan voltammetric method: application to mercury contamination studies in salt marsh sediments. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Smith DS, Bell RA, Valliant J, Kramer JR. Determination of strong ligand sites in sewage effluent-impacted waters by competitive ligand titration with silver. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:2120-2125. [PMID: 15112815 DOI: 10.1021/es035045p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A competitive ligand titration, employing Ag+, is used to determine the binding capacity of the small amounts of strong ligands (SL) in natural water samples. Strong ligands are defined here as high-affinity binding sites for group 11 and 12 metals such as Cu(I), Hg(II), and Ag(I). In addition, the conditional binding strength (log K') is determined for Ag- and SL. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC) is the competitive ligand employed. The system is set at constant pH (8.1), ionic strength (0.1 M), and excess-fixed DEDC (10 microM) to determine SLs with log K' for Ag+ of >10. Silver was chosen as the titrant metal because it binds predominantly with S(-II) versus other ligands and reduced sulfur is thought to comprise the majority of SLs in natural waters. A two-phase system, water and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), is required due to the insolubility of Ag-DEDC in water. Added silver partitions into Ag+ and Ag-SL in the aqueous phase and into Ag-DEDC in the DCE phase. An automated system is used to add aliquots of silver and measure Ag-DEDC by UV absorbance in the DCE phase and [Ag+] by specific ion electrode in the aqueous phase. Excess addition of silver and a "Gran's" analysis gives the binding capacity of SL. The stability constant can also be determined for each addition of silver for an overall one-site SL assumption. Cysteine was used to test the method, and urban waters revealed SL capacities from about 50 to 150 nM and log K'(Ag) of 11-12. An independent analysis of chromium-reducible sulfide correlates well with the SL capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5.
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Miura Y, Fujisaki M, Haddad PR. Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulfide in the Presence of Sulfite and Thiosulfate via the Precipitation of Bismuth(III) Sulfide. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:363-7. [PMID: 15055967 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A photometric method has been developed for the determination of sulfide at 10(-5) mol dm(-3) levels, which is based on the reaction of sulfide with a given excess amount of bismuth(III) to form a precipitate of bismuth(III) sulfide and on the spectrophotometric measurement of the residual bismuth(III) at 335 nm after extracting with bismuthiol II reagent from an aqueous solution containing acetate buffer into benzene. The presence of sulfite and thiosulfate up to 0.002 mol dm(-3) did not cause any interference in the determination of sulfide, because both sulfite and thiosulfate do not produce any precipitate with bismuth(III). A linear calibration plot with a negative slope was obtained for sulfide over the range of 5.00 x 10(-7) - 3.00 x 10(-5) mol dm(-3) (16.0 - 960 ppb). An experimental calibration plot was in accord with the theoretical plot, taking into account the known excess of bismuth(III), showing that the reaction of sulfide with bismuth(III) proceeded to completion. The relative standard deviation of results from 10 replicate determinations of standard sulfide (2.00 x 10(-5) mol dm(-3)) was 0.44%. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of sulfide in hotspring water samples without any pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
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