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Tran VV, Tran NHT, Hwang HS, Chang M. Development strategies of conducting polymer-based electrochemical biosensors for virus biomarkers: Potential for rapid COVID-19 detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 182:113192. [PMID: 33819902 PMCID: PMC7992312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, accurate, portable, and large-scale diagnostic technologies for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are crucial for controlling the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The current standard technologies, i.e., reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, serological assays, and computed tomography (CT) exhibit practical limitations and challenges in case of massive and rapid testing. Biosensors, particularly electrochemical conducting polymer (CP)-based biosensors, are considered as potential alternatives owing to their large advantages such as high selectivity and sensitivity, rapid detection, low cost, simplicity, flexibility, long self-life, and ease of use. Therefore, CP-based biosensors can serve as multisensors, mobile biosensors, and wearable biosensors, facilitating the development of point-of-care (POC) systems and home-use biosensors for COVID-19 detection. However, the application of these biosensors for COVID-19 entails several challenges related to their degradation, low crystallinity, charge transport properties, and weak interaction with biomarkers. To overcome these problems, this study provides scientific evidence for the potential applications of CP-based electrochemical biosensors in COVID-19 detection based on their applications for the detection of various biomarkers such as DNA/RNA, proteins, whole viruses, and antigens. We then propose promising strategies for the development of CP-based electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Van Tran
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Nhu Hoa Thi Tran
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, HoChiMinh City 700000, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University, HoChiMinh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Hye Suk Hwang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea; Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea; School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
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Nezakati T, Seifalian A, Tan A, Seifalian AM. Conductive Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges in Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6766-6843. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toktam Nezakati
- Google Inc.., Mountain View, California 94043, United States
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Tan
- UCL Medical School, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- NanoRegMed Ltd. (Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre), The London Innovation BioScience Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
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Polypyrrole as Electrically Conductive Biomaterials: Synthesis, Biofunctionalization, Potential Applications and Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1078:347-370. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0950-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hatada M, Tsugawa W, Kamio E, Loew N, Klonoff DC, Sode K. Development of a screen-printed carbon electrode based disposable enzyme sensor strip for the measurement of glycated albumin. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 88:167-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Aydemir N, Malmström J, Travas-Sejdic J. Conducting polymer based electrochemical biosensors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8264-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymer (CP)-based electrochemical biosensors have gained great attention as such biosensor platforms are easy and cost-effective to fabricate, and provide a direct electrical readout of the presence of biological analytes with high sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Aydemir
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Jenny Malmström
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre
- School of Chemical Sciences
- University of Auckland
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
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Green R, Abidian MR. Conducting Polymers for Neural Prosthetic and Neural Interface Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7620-37. [PMID: 26414302 PMCID: PMC4681501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neural-interfacing devices are an artificial mechanism for restoring or supplementing the function of the nervous system, lost as a result of injury or disease. Conducting polymers (CPs) are gaining significant attention due to their capacity to meet the performance criteria of a number of neuronal therapies including recording and stimulating neural activity, the regeneration of neural tissue and the delivery of bioactive molecules for mediating device-tissue interactions. CPs form a flexible platform technology that enables the development of tailored materials for a range of neuronal diagnostic and treatment therapies. In this review, the application of CPs for neural prostheses and other neural interfacing devices is discussed, with a specific focus on neural recording, neural stimulation, neural regeneration, and therapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylie Green
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Materials Science & Engineering Department, Chemical Engineering Department, Materials Research Institute, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (USA)
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YAN XF, WANG MH, AN D. Progress of Interdigitated Array Microelectrodes Based Impedance Immunosensor. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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YAN XF, WANG MH, AN D. Progress of Interdigitated Array Microelectrodes Based Impedance Immunosensor. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Gade VK, Shirale DJ, Gaikwad PD, Savale PA, Kakde KP, Kharat HJ, Shirsat MD. Immobilization of GOD on Ppy–PVS Composite Film for Determination of Glucose: A Comparative Study of Phosphate and Acetate Buffers. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01904160701219971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mahmoud KA, Kraatz HB. A Bioorganometallic Approach for the Electrochemical Detection of Proteins: A Study on the Interaction of Ferrocene–Peptide Conjugates with Papain in Solution and on Au Surfaces. Chemistry 2007; 13:5885-95. [PMID: 17455185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a new bioorganometallic approach for the detection of proteins using surface-bound ferrocene-peptide conjugates is presented. Specifically, a series of peptide conjugates of 1'-aminoferrocene-1-carboxylic acid (ferrocene amino acid, Fca) is synthesized: Boc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Tyr(Bzl)-Arg(NO2)-OMe (2), Thc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Tyr(Bzl)-Arg(NO2)-OMe (3), Thc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Tyr(Bzl)-Arg(NO2)-OH (4), Boc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Arg(Mtr)-Tyr-OMe (7), Thc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Arg(Mtr)-Tyr-OMe (8), Thc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Arg(Mtr)-Tyr-OH (9), Thc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Arg-Tyr-OH (10). The peptide is conjugated to the C-terminal side of Fca and compounds 4, 7-10 possess a thiostic acid linked to the N-terminal side of Fca in order to facilitate formation of thin films on gold substrates. Competitive inhibition towards papain was determined for Thc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Tyr(Bzl)-Arg(NO2)-OH (4), Thc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Arg(Mtr)-Tyr-OH (9) and Thc-Fca-Gly-Gly-Arg-Tyr-OH (10). The binding interaction between the peptide modified substrates and papain enzyme was studied using real-time surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. Peptide 10 showed the strongest binding affinity to papain. Adsorption/desorption rate constants were ka = 1.75+/-0.05 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) and kd = 2.90 +/- 0.05 x 10(-2) s(-1). Interactions of papain with Fca-peptide 10 were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The interaction results were also verified by measuring the electrochemical response of the peptide-papain interaction as function of increasing enzyme concentration. A linear relationship was observed for papain concentration of up to 80 nM. Shifting to higher potentials as well as decrease in the overall signal intensity was observed. The detection limit was 4 x 10(-9) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, University Of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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Gade V, Shirale D, Gaikwad P, Savale P, Kakde K, Kharat H, Shirsat M. Immobilization of GOD on electrochemically synthesized Ppy–PVS composite film by cross-linking via glutaraldehyde for determination of glucose. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Shi M, Peng Y, Zhou J, Liu B, Huang Y, Kong J. Immunoassays based on microelectrodes arrayed on a silicon chip for high throughput screening of liver fibrosis markers in human serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:2210-6. [PMID: 16378723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel immunoassays for screening of disease markers in human serum are presented by miniaturizing interdigitated array (IDA) of microelectrodes via micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) on a silicon chip for multi-channel electrochemical measurement. Different selected antibodies (Abs) are incorporated site-specifically into the electrochemically deposited polypyrrole (PPy) formed on the IDA of the silicon chip, which was characterized by fluorescence microscope photo and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements. The selective recognition of Ab to the corresponding antigen (Ag) is monitored through the measurable conductivity change, which is directly visualized by cyclic voltammograms (CVs) in presence of the redox probe, Fe (CN)6(3-/4-). By using the strategy presented here, three liver fibrosis markers, hyaluronic acid (HA), lamin (LN) and collagen type IV (IV-C), are detected simultaneously and specifically at the surface of the chip with calibration curves, y = 21.75 + 0.84x (R = 0.995), y = 57.54 + 0.47x (R = 0.999) and y = 37.92 + 0.28x (R = 0.999), separately. Either the standard or the serum samples can be detected at ng/mL concentration level in a tiny amount of volume, approximately 50 microL. The chip-based immunoassay shows the advantages of high sensitivity, good specificity, high throughput, low sample consumption, and the stability offered via batch production by MEMS as well, which is expected to benefit the multi-target screening of desired clinical analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianhong Shi
- Chemistry Department, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Reagentless Immunosensing Assay via Electrochemical Impedance for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Monitoring Based on Polypyrrole and Gold Nanoparticles as Matrices. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bisht V, Takashima W, Kaneto K. An amperometric urea biosensor based on covalent immobilization of urease onto an electrochemically prepared copolymer poly (N-3-aminopropyl pyrrole-co-pyrrole) film. Biomaterials 2005; 26:3683-90. [PMID: 15744952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric biosensor has been developed for the quantitative determination of urea in aqueous solution. The principle is based on the use of pH-sensitive redox active dissolved hematein molecule. The enzyme, urease (Urs), was covalently immobilized on a conducting copolymer poly (N-3-aminopropyl pyrrole-co-pyrrole) film, electrochemically prepared onto an indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-coated glass plate. The covalent linkage of enzyme and porous morphology of the polymer film lead to high enzyme loading and an increased lifetime stability of the enzyme electrode. Amperometric response was measured as a function of concentration of urea, at fixed bias voltage of 0.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The electrode gives a linear response range of 0.16-5.02 mM for urea in aqueous medium. The response time is 40 s reaching to a 95% steady-state current value, and 80% of the enzyme activity is retained for about 2 months.
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Gooding JJ, Wasiowych C, Barnett D, Hibbert DB, Barisci JN, Wallace GG. Electrochemical modulation of antigen-antibody binding. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:260-8. [PMID: 15308230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The label-free amperometric detection of a rabbit IgG antigen by an anti-rabbit IgG antibody is achieved by observing the electrochemistry at a glassy carbon electrode modified with antibody entrapped in an electrodeposited polypyrrole membrane. In a flow injection apparatus the electrode is pulsed between -0.2 and +0.4 V versus Ag/AgCl. The pulsing of the electrode switches the polypyrrole membrane between the oxidised and reduced states. When antigen is injected into the flow stream a change in current is observed at the electrode despite the antigen or antibody being redox inactive at the potentials employed. It is proposed that this current is due to a change in the flux of ions into and out of the polypyrrole matrix during a pulse when the poly-anionic antigen is present. The immunoreaction was reversible because the 200 ms pulse at each potential was too short to allow secondary bonding forces (hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic forces) which are responsible for the strength of the antibody-antigen complex to be established. The consequence of the reversibility of the antigen-antibody binding is a low apparent affinity constant but an easily regenerated recognition interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Fu Y, Yuan R, Xu L, Chai Y, Zhong X, Tang D. Indicator free DNA hybridization detection via EIS based on self-assembled gold nanoparticles and bilayer two-dimensional 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane onto a gold substrate. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rajesh, Bisht V, Takashima W, Kaneto K. Development of a potentiometric urea biosensor based on copolymer poly(N-3-aminopropyl pyrrole-co-pyrrole) film. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2004.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Labeless and reversible immunosensor assay based upon an electrochemical current-transient protocol. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Brahim S, Narinesingh D, Guiseppi-Elie A. Bio-smart hydrogels: co-joined molecular recognition and signal transduction in biosensor fabrication and drug delivery. Biosens Bioelectron 2002; 17:973-81. [PMID: 12392946 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two classes of polymers that are currently receiving widespread attention in biosensor development are hydrogels and conducting electroactive polymers. The present study reports on the integration of these two materials to produce electroactive hydrogel composites that physically entrap enzymes within their matrices for biosensor construction and chemically stimulated controlled release. Enhanced biosensing capabilities of these membranes have been demonstrated in the fabrication of glucose, cholesterol and galactose amperometric biosensors. All biosensors displayed extended linear response ranges (10(-5)-10(-2) M), rapid response times (<60 s), retained storage stabilities of up to 1 year, and excellent screening of the physiological interferents ascorbic acid, uric acid, and acetaminophen. When the cross-linked hydrogel components of these composite membranes were prepared with the amine containing dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate monomer the result was polymeric devices that swelled in response to pH changes (neutral to acidic). Entrapment of glucose oxidase within these materials made them glucose-responsive through the formation of gluconic acid. When insulin was co-loaded with glucose oxidase into these "bio-smart" devices, there was a twofold increase in insulin release rate when the devices were immersed in glucose solutions. This demonstrates the potential of such systems to function as a chemically-synthesized artificial pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Brahim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips (C3B), Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 843038, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284-3038, USA
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Yan J, Tender LM, Hampton PD, López GP. Direct Electrochemical Transduction of Biorecognition at Viologen-Containing Monolayer Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011233v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juchao Yan
- Departments of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering and of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Leonard M. Tender
- Departments of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering and of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Philip D. Hampton
- Departments of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering and of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Gabriel P. López
- Departments of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering and of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Abstract
The deleterious effect that biofouling has on sensor stability is a serious impediment to the development of long term implanted biosensors. This paper reviews the surface modification strategies currently employed to minimize membrane biofouling of in vivo sensors. Nine sensor modifications are discussed herein: hydrogels, phospholipid-based biomimicry, flow-based systems, Nafion, surfactants, naturally derived materials, covalent attachments, diamond-like carbons, and topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T McQuade
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Wang J, Jiang M, Fortes A, Mukherjee B. New label-free DNA recognition based on doping nucleic-acid probes within conducting polymer films. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00531-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003, USA
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