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Nallani R, Miller BJ, Noel-MacDonnell JR, Tracy M, Brown JR, O'Brien JE, Jensen DR. Impact of Tracheostomy Status on Sternal Wound Infections in Children Following Median Sternotomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024. [PMID: 39126285 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sternal wound infection (SWI) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication in children following sternotomy. Risk factors include young age, extended preoperative hospitalization, and prolonged ventilatory support. Few studies have explored the impact of pre-existing tracheostomy on SWI in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of tracheostomy and other factors on SWI in children undergoing sternotomy. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of a 12 year period. SETTING Tertiary children's hospital. METHODS Children with a tracheostomy prior to sternotomy (TPS) were identified and matched by age, height, and weight to children who underwent sternotomy alone. Demographics, medical comorbidities, surgical details, SWI diagnosis and management information, and surgical outcomes were collected. RESULTS We identified 60 unique individuals representing 80 sternotomies. The incidence of SWI was 22.5% (n = 9) in children with a tracheostomy and 2.5% (n = 1) in those without. The incidence of SWI was greater in children with a tracheostomy (90% vs 10% in those without, P = .007) and underlying pulmonary disease (90% vs 10% in those without, P = .020). Infections in the TPS group also demonstrated greater frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 3) and polymicrobial growth (n = 2). CONCLUSION The risk of developing a SWI in children undergoing sternotomy is significantly greater in those with a tracheostomy and underlying pulmonary disease. Further study is needed to understand other contributing factors and ways to mitigate this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Nallani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Brevin J Miller
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Janelle R Noel-MacDonnell
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Meghan Tracy
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason R Brown
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - James E O'Brien
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel R Jensen
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Gebreyesus MS, Dresner A, Wiesner L, Coetzee E, Verschuuren T, Wasmann R, Denti P. Dose optimization of cefazolin in South African children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38962872 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cefazolin is an antibiotic used to prevent surgical site infections. During cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), its efficacy target could be underachieved. We aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin in children and optimize the prophylactic dosing regimen. Children under 25 kg undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB and receiving cefazolin at standard doses (50 mg/kg IV every 4-6 h) were included in this analysis. A population pharmacokinetic model and Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the probability of target attainment (PTA) for efficacy and toxicity with the standard regimen and an alternative regimen of continuous infusion, where loading and maintenance doses were calculated from model-derived individual parameters. Twenty-two patients were included, with median (range) age, body weight, and eGFR of 19.5 (1-94) months, 8.7 (2-21) kg, and 116 (48-159) mL/min, respectively. Six patients received an additional dose in the CPB circuit. A two-compartment disposition model with an additional compartment for the CPB was developed, including weight-based allometric scaling and eGFR. For a 10 kg patient with eGFR of 120 mL/min/1.73 m2, clearance was estimated as 0.856 L/h. Simulations indicated that the standard dosing regimen fell short of achieving the efficacy target >40% of the time within a dosing duration and in patients with good renal function, PTA ranged from <20% to 70% for the smallest to the largest patients, respectively, at high MICs. In contrast, the alternative regimen consistently maintained target concentrations throughout the procedure for all patients while using a lower overall dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manna Semere Gebreyesus
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alexandra Dresner
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ettienne Coetzee
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tess Verschuuren
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roeland Wasmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Hosokawa T, Tanami Y, Sato Y, Deguchi K, Takei H, Oguma E. Role of ultrasound in the treatment of pediatric infectious diseases: case series and narrative review. World J Pediatr 2023; 19:20-34. [PMID: 36129633 PMCID: PMC9490683 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are common in pediatric patients. In these patients, ultrasound is a useful imaging modality that involves no irradiation or sedation and can be performed repeatedly at the patient's bedside. The purpose of this review was to show pediatric cases with infectious disease that used ultrasound to decide the methods of treatment. DATA SOURCES Literature review was performed using Pubmed as the medical database source. No year-of-publication restriction was placed. The mesh terms used were: "ultrasound", "sonography", "infectious disease", "treatment", "antibiotics", "surgical intervention", "pediatric", "children", "deep neck abscess", "pyothorax", "empyema", "pneumonia", "urinary tract infection", "intra-abdominal abscess", "soft tissue infection", "septic arthritis", "osteomyelitis", and "surgical site infection". RESULTS We presented pediatric case series with infectious diseases, including deep neck abscess, pyothorax and empyema, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, intra-abdominal abscess, soft tissue infection, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, and surgical-site infection. Ultrasound was useful for evaluating the extent and location of inflammation and abscess and for decision-making concerning surgical intervention. CONCLUSION Knowledge of these sonographic findings is important for sonographers during examinations and for physicians when determining the treatment plan and period of antibiotic therapy for infected lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hosokawa
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin Chuo-ku, Saitama, 330-8777, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Tanami
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children’s Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin Chuo-ku, Saitama, 330-8777 Japan
| | - Yumiko Sato
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children’s Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin Chuo-ku, Saitama, 330-8777 Japan
| | - Kuntaro Deguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Saitama Children’s Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Haruka Takei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Saitama Children’s Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eiji Oguma
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children’s Medical Center, 1-2 Shintoshin Chuo-ku, Saitama, 330-8777 Japan
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Chen C, Gao Y, Zhao D, Ma Z, Su Y, Mo R. Deep sternal wound infection and pectoralis major muscle flap reconstruction: A single-center 20-year retrospective study. Front Surg 2022; 9:870044. [PMID: 35903265 PMCID: PMC9314736 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.870044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundOne of the most drastic complications of median sternal incision is deep sternal wound infection (DSWI), as it can lead to prolonged hospitalization, increased expected costs, re-entry into the ICU and even reoperation. Since the pectoralis major muscle flap (PMMF) technique was proposed in the 1980s, it has been widely used for sternal reconstruction after debridement. Although numerous studies on DSWI have been conducted over the years, the literature on DSWI in Chinese population remains limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of DSWI in patients and the clinical effect of the PMMF at our institution.MethodsThis study retrospectively analyzed all 14,250 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Drum Tower Hospital from 2001 to 2020. Ultimately, 134 patients were diagnosed with DSWI.,31 of whom had recently undergone radical debridement and transposition of the PMMF in the cardiothoracic surgery or burns and plastic surgery departments because of DSWIs, while the remaining patients had undergone conservative treatment or other methods of dressing debridement.ResultsIn total, 9,824 patients were enrolled in the study between 2001 and 2020, of whom 134 met the DSWI criteria and 9690 served as controls. Body mass index (OR = 1.08; P = 0.02; 95% CI, 1.01∼1.16) and repeat sternotomy (OR = 5.93; P < 0.01; 95% CI, 2.88∼12.25) were important risk factors for DSWI. Of the 134 patients with DSWI, 31 underwent the PMMF technique, and the remaining 103 served as controls. There were significant differences in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (P < 0.01), valve replacement (P = 0.04) and repeat sternotomy (P < 0.01) between the case group and the control group. The postoperative extubation time (P < 0.001), ICU time (P < 0.001), total hospitalization time (P < 0.001) and postoperative hospitalization time (P < 0.001) in the PMMF group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that PMMF surgery was an important protective factor for the postoperative survival of DSWI patients (OR = 0.12; P = 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01∼0.90).ConclusionsStaphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria causing DSWI, which was associated with BMI and reoperation, and can be validly treated with PMMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Demei Zhao
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhouji Ma
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunyan Su
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence: Ran Mo Yunyan Su
| | - Ran Mo
- Department of Burns & Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Correspondence: Ran Mo Yunyan Su
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Çeli K M, Aygün F, Özkan M. Sternotomy with electrocautery and sternal wound infection in congenital heart surgery in patients under 1 year of age. J Card Surg 2021; 36:2336-2341. [PMID: 33896040 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.15561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to compare the rate of wound site infection in patients <1 year of age who underwent sternotomy using electrocautery, a routinely performed procedure in our clinic, with those reported in the literature. METHODS This double-center study included patients <1 year of age who underwent cardiac surgery via sternotomy performed with electrocautery for congenital heart disease between January 2017 and June 2019. Patient's data were retrospectively obtained from the hospital records. RESULTS In our study, seven patients developed SSI, which was superficial in six (1.3%) patients and in the form of mediastinitis in one (0.2%) patient. CONCLUSION Sternotomy with electrocautery, which we consider an easy and safe method, was also not found to be statistically different from the other methods in terms of SWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Çeli K
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Konya Medical and Research Center, Başkent University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatih Aygün
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Konya Medical and Research Center, Başkent University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Murat Özkan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sugiyama K, Watanuki H, Okada M, Futamura Y, Imazu R, Makino S, Matsuyama K. Resternotomy and coronary artery bypass grafting after omental flap procedure: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:3154-3157. [PMID: 33363897 PMCID: PMC7752500 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have reported resternotomy after an omental flap procedure. We describe the case of a 78-year-old man who received resternotomy after omental flap procedure for deep sternal wound infection and successfully underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Although preoperative computed tomography showed funnel chest and limited space between the sternum and omentum, resternotomy was performed safely using circular electric sternum saw under partial cardiopulmonary bypass. Because the omentum functioned as cushioning material between the sternum and mediastinal organs, no injuries of the mediastinal organs occurred. An ultrasonic scalpel effectively dissected between the omentum and mediastinal organs, especially above the ascending aorta. The targeted coronary arteries were easily detected. The patient experienced no major cardiac or infectious events for three months. An ultrasonic scalpel is recommended for dissecting between the omentum and mediastinal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Sugiyama
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryAichi Medical University HospitalNagakuteJapan
| | - Hirotaka Watanuki
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryAichi Medical University HospitalNagakuteJapan
| | - Masaho Okada
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryAichi Medical University HospitalNagakuteJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Futamura
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryAichi Medical University HospitalNagakuteJapan
| | - Rintaro Imazu
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryAichi Medical University HospitalNagakuteJapan
| | - Satoshi Makino
- Department of Cardiac SurgeryAichi Medical University HospitalNagakuteJapan
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Hosokawa T, Shibuki S, Tanami Y, Sato Y, Ko Y, Nomura K, Oguma E. Extracardiac Complications in Intensive Care Units after Surgical Repair for Congenital Heart Disease: Imaging Review with a Focus on Ultrasound and Radiography. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2020; 10:85-105. [PMID: 33884209 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric patients show various extracardiac complications after cardiovascular surgery, and radiography and ultrasound are routinely performed in the intensive care unit to detect and evaluate these complications. This review presents images of these complications, sonographic approach, and timing of occurrence that are categorized based on their extracardiac locations and include complications pertaining to the central nervous system, mediastinum, thorax and lung parenchyma, diaphragm, liver and biliary system, and kidney along with pleural effusion and iatrogenic complications. This pictorial review will make it easier for medical doctors in intensive care units to identify and manage various extracardiac complications in pediatric patients after cardiovascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hosokawa
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Saki Shibuki
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanami
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Sato
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ko
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eiji Oguma
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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Hosokawa T, Tanami Y, Sato Y, Ko Y, Nomura K, Oguma E. Comparison of sonographic findings between pediatric patients with mediastinitis and without mediastinitis after cardiovascular surgery. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2020; 47:625-633. [DOI: 10.1007/s10396-020-01029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Targeted Multidrug Resistant Organism Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Postoperative Infections in Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgical Patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:514-518. [PMID: 32084113 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine if receiving targeted antimicrobial (AM) prophylaxis has an effect on the rate of postoperative infections in patient's colonized with a multidrug resistant organism (MDRO) undergoing cardiothoracic surgery (CTS). METHODS Single-center, retrospective medical record review of pediatric patients from birth to 18 years of age undergoing CTS from January 2013 to September 2018. Demographic data collected included age, specific MDRO, site of MDRO colonization, type of surgery, perioperative AM agent and type of infection. Patients were stratified into 2 groups, MDRO+ and MDRO-. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between groups with a Student's t test for continuous variables and a χ2, Fisher exact test or Mann-Whitney U test for noncontinuous variables. A 2-sided significance level of α = 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS Fifty patients (26 males/24 females) were included in the MDRO (+) group and 295 patients (168 males/127 females) in the MDRO (-) group. The median age was 0.48 years (interquartile range 0.24-1 year) and 0.9 years (interquartile range 0.19-8 years) in the MDRO (+) and MDRO (-) groups, P = 0.003. 2 of 50 (4%) MDRO (+) patients and 15 of 295 (5.1 %) MDRO (-) patients developed an infection, P = 1. 10 of 50 (20%) MDRO (+) patients received targeted AM toward the MDRO and none developed an infection. Of the 2 MDRO (+) patients with infection, 1 was infected with the MDRO. For MDRO (+) patients, there was no difference in the rate of infection whether targeted AM therapy was received, P = 1. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in the rate of postoperative infection between MDRO (+) and MDRO (-) patients. Additionally, these preliminary pediatric data suggest targeting AM agents to a specific MDRO does not impact the rate of postoperative infection in children undergoing CTS. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Hosokawa T, Yamada Y, Tanami Y, Sato Y, Ko Y, Nomura K, Oguma E. Computed tomography findings of mediastinitis after cardiovascular surgery. Pediatr Int 2020; 62:206-213. [PMID: 31845441 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge, no systematic study has been conducted on computed tomography (CT) imaging of mediastinitis in children post-cardiovascular surgery. We aimed to assess the CT findings of pediatric patients diagnosed with mediastinitis after cardiovascular surgery. METHODS We included 28 pediatric patients with suspected mediastinitis after undergoing cardiovascular surgery and who underwent CT. Patients were divided into a group with mediastinitis requiring antibiotic therapy (n = 15) confirmed by positive bacterial culture from the mediastinum and a group without mediastinitis (n = 13). Fisher's exact test was used to compare the following CT findings between the two groups: (i) mediastinal fluid collection; (ii) free gas bubble within fluid collection; (iii) sternal destruction; and (iv) capsular ring enhancement. The enhancement extent was categorized into the following four grades: whole rim enhancement, >50% of the rim enhancement, <50% of the rim enhancement, and no rim enhancement. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to establish a cut-off point for obtaining the maximum diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS A significant difference was observed between patients, with and without mediastinitis in sternal destruction (73.6% vs 0%, P = <0.0001) and capsular ring enhancement (100.0% vs 38.5%, P = 0.0004). By using a cut-off grade of the whole rim enhancement, the estimated sensitivity and specificity for mediastinitis diagnosis were 100% and 92.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION Computed tomography findings of sternal destruction and capsular ring enhancement were observed more in patients with mediastinitis than in those without mediastinitis, and should be assessed carefully to diagnose mediastinitis accurately in pediatric patients who have undergone cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hosokawa
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Yamada
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tanami
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Sato
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ko
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eiji Oguma
- Department of Radiology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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11
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Onan IS, Yildiz O, Tüzün B, Timur B, Haydin S. Vacuum‐Assisted Closure for Mediastinitis in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Single‐Center Experience. Artif Organs 2018; 43:119-124. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismihan Selen Onan
- İstanbul SBU Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Research and Training Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Okan Yildiz
- İstanbul SBU Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Research and Training Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Behzat Tüzün
- İstanbul SBU Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Research and Training Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Barış Timur
- İstanbul SBU Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Research and Training Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sertaç Haydin
- İstanbul SBU Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Research and Training Hospital Istanbul Turkey
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12
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Perioperative antibiotics in pediatric cardiac surgery: protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2017; 6:107. [PMID: 28558846 PMCID: PMC5450342 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-operative infections in pediatric cardiac surgery are an ongoing clinical challenge, with rates between 1 and 20%. Perioperative antibiotics remain the standard for prevention of surgical-site infections, but the type of antibiotic and duration of administration remain poorly defined. Current levels of practice variation through informal surveys are very high. Rates of antibiotic-resistant organisms are increasing steadily around the world. METHODS/DESIGN We will identify all controlled observational studies and randomized controlled trials examining prophylactic antibiotic use in pediatric cardiac surgery. Data sources will include MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and proceedings from recent relevant scientific meetings. For each included study, we will conduct duplicate independent data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and evaluation of quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. DISCUSSION We will report the results of this review in agreement with the PRISMA statement and disseminate our findings at relevant critical care and cardiology conferences and through publication in peer-reviewed journals. We will use this systematic review to inform clinical guidelines, which will be disseminated in a separate stand-alone publication. STUDY REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42016052978C.
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review are to discuss the prevalence and risk factors associated with the development of hospital-acquired infections in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery and the published antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens and rational approaches to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of nosocomial infections in these patients. DATA SOURCE MEDLINE and PubMed. CONCLUSION Hospital-acquired infections remain a significant source of potentially preventable morbidity and mortality in pediatric cardiac surgical patients. Through improved understanding of these conditions and implementation of avoidance strategies, centers caring for these patients may improve outcomes in this vulnerable population.
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Axelrod DM, Alten JA, Berger JT, Hall MW, Thiagarajan R, Bronicki RA. Immunologic and Infectious Diseases in Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care: Proceedings of the 10th International Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society Conference. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2016; 6:575-87. [PMID: 26467872 DOI: 10.1177/2150135115598211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society (PCICS) in 2003, remarkable advances in the care of children with critical cardiac disease have been developed. Specialized surgical approaches, anesthesiology practices, and intensive care management have all contributed to improved outcomes. However, significant morbidity often results from immunologic or infectious disease in the perioperative period or during a medical intensive care unit admission. The immunologic or infectious illness may lead to fever, which requires the attention and resources of the cardiac intensivist. Frequently, cardiopulmonary bypass leads to an inflammatory state that may present hemodynamic challenges or complicate postoperative care. However, inflammation unchecked by a compensatory anti-inflammatory response may also contribute to the development of capillary leak and lead to a complicated intensive care unit course. Any patient admitted to the intensive care unit is at risk for a hospital acquired infection, and no patients are at greater risk than the child treated with mechanical circulatory support. In summary, the prevention, diagnosis, and management of immunologic and infectious diseases in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit is of paramount importance for the clinician. This review from the tenth PCICS International Conference will summarize the current knowledge in this important aspect of our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Axelrod
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Alten
- Section of Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John T Berger
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA Division of Cardiology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark W Hall
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ravi Thiagarajan
- Intensive Care Unit, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronald A Bronicki
- Section of Critical Care Medicine and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Roughton M, Agarwal S, Song DH, Gottlieb LJ. Rigid sternal fixation in the management of pediatric postmedian sternotomy mediastinitis: A 20-year study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015; 68:1656-61. [PMID: 26386647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pediatric patients are at a risk of mediastinitis, a life-threatening complication of median sternotomy, following cardiac surgery for congenital conditions. Our experience with rigid internal sternal fixation in pediatric patients with postmedian sternotomy mediastinitis is presented. METHODS AND MATERIALS A retrospective chart review was performed of patients <18 years of age diagnosed with postoperative mediastinitis between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2009. Charts were reviewed for demographic data, cardiac history, causative microorganism, and infectious risk factors. The methods of surgical intervention including flap coverage and use and type of sternal plating (resorbable and/or titanium) were also recorded. The primary end point of interest was overall survival. RESULTS Twenty-five pediatric patients were diagnosed with postoperative mediastinitis. Rigid fixation of the sternum following debridement was performed in 20 patients (age range: 1 month-18 years), all of whom successfully tolerated the procedure. Resorbable plates were used in 13 patients. Five patients did not undergo rigid fixation due to either serious ill-health or lack of adequate sternal bone stock. No patient experienced recurrent sternal wound infection. A total of 20 patients (80%) survived to discharge. Three patients succumbed to their heart condition prior to rigid fixation, one died following sternal closure from unrelated causes, and one patient was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Post-sternotomy mediastinitis in pediatric patients may be addressed using wide debridement, rigid sternal fixation, and flap coverage. In our series of 25 patients with pediatric mediastinitis, none died from mediastinitis. Placement of hardware did not adversely affect patient survival. This study demonstrates the feasibility of rigid sternal fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Roughton
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shailesh Agarwal
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David H Song
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence J Gottlieb
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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16
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Filippelli S, Perri G, Brancaccio G, Iodice FG, Albanese SB, Trimarchi E, Carotti A. Vacuum-Assisted Closure System in Newborns After Cardiac Surgery. J Card Surg 2014; 30:190-3. [DOI: 10.1111/jocs.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Filippelli
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Gianluigi Perri
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Gianluca Brancaccio
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Francesca G. Iodice
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Sonia B. Albanese
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
| | - Eugenio Trimarchi
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit; San Vincenzo Hospital; Taormina Italy
| | - Adriano Carotti
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery; Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital; IRCCS; Rome Italy
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Maleb A, Nya F, Amahzoune B, Lemnouer A, Elouennass M. Postoperative mediastinitis due to Candida tropicalis : First reported case in Morocco. J Mycol Med 2014; 24:225-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Murray MT, Corda R, Turcotte R, Bacha E, Saiman L, Krishnamurthy G. Implementing a standardized perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocol for neonates undergoing cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:927-33. [PMID: 25038006 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A lack of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines for neonates undergoing cardiac surgery has resulted in a wide variation in practice. We sought to do the following: (1) Determine the safety of a perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocol for neonatal cardiac surgery as measured by surgical site infections (SSIs) rates before and after implementation of the protocol; and (2) evaluate compliance with selected process measures for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. METHODS This quasi-experimental study included all cardiac procedures performed on neonates from July 2009 to June 2012 at a single center. An interdisciplinary task force developed a standardized perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocol in the fourth quarter of 2010. The SSI rates were compared in the preintervention (July 2009 to December 2010) versus the postintervention periods (January 2011 to June 2012). Compliance with process measures (appropriate drug, dose, timing, and discontinuation of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis) was compared in the 2 periods. RESULTS During the study period, 283 cardiac procedures were performed. The SSI rates were similar in the preintervention and postintervention periods (6.21 vs 5.80 per 100 procedures, respectively). Compliance with the 4 process measures significantly improved postintervention. CONCLUSIONS Restricting the duration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis after neonatal cardiac surgery to 48 hours in neonates with a closed sternum and to 24 hours after sternal closure was safe and did not increase the rate of SSIs. Compliance with selected process measures improved in the postintervention period. Additional multicenter studies are needed to develop national guidelines for perioperative prophylaxis for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Murray
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rozelle Corda
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca Turcotte
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Emile Bacha
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Saiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ganga Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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Takahara S, Sai S, Kagatani T, Konishi A. Efficacy and haemodynamic effects of vacuum-assisted closure for post-sternotomy mediastinitis in children. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 19:627-31. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivu234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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20
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Kawajiri H, Aeba R, Takaki H, Yozu R, Iwata S. Negative pressure therapy for post-sternotomy wound infections in young children. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2014; 19:102-6. [PMID: 24648466 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Post-sternotomy wound infection remains a significant morbidity in congenital and paediatric cardiac surgery. However, the techniques used for this complication in children are not optimal in terms of mortality, morbidity and the use of medical resources. Negative pressure therapy is an effective modality in the treatment in adults, but reports of its use in children are limited. This study evaluated the use of negative pressure therapy in young children for post-sternotomy wound infections. METHODS From October 2004 to June 2012, 15 consecutive cases of post-sternotomy wound infections in patients ≤6 years of age were managed with negative pressure therapy, and these patients were followed up for ≥12 months after wound closure. The median Aristotle comprehensive complexity score was 9.9 ± 4.0. The infection was identified at a median of 16 days after surgery, and the procedure was performed within 24 h of diagnosis. No additional surgical procedures were applied. RESULTS No cases of hospital mortality or second surgery for infection control occurred. The median duration until wound closure was 25 days (range: 5-92 days). Further, no patient showed sternal instability at treatment termination. During the mean follow-up period of 45.8 ± 31.3 months after wound closure, no admission occurred for infection recurrence. According to a multivariable analysis, the infection depth and patient weight significantly lengthened treatment duration (P = 0.008 and 0.046, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Negative pressure therapy is an effective treatment modality for wound infections in paediatric cardiac surgery and results in low morbidity, mortality and medical resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo Aeba
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Takaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yozu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Mangukia CV, Agarwal S, Satyarthy S, Datt V, Satsangi D. Mediastinitis Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. J Card Surg 2013; 29:74-82. [DOI: 10.1111/jocs.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chirantan V. Mangukia
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery; G.B. Pant Hospital; New Delhi India
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery; G.B. Pant Hospital; New Delhi India
| | - Subodh Satyarthy
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery; G.B. Pant Hospital; New Delhi India
| | - Vishnu Datt
- Department of Anesthesiology; G.B. Pant Hospital; New Delhi India
| | - Deepak Satsangi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery; G.B. Pant Hospital; New Delhi India
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22
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Woodward CS, Son M, Taylor R, Husain SA. Prevention of sternal wound infection in pediatric cardiac surgery: a protocolized approach. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2013; 3:463-9. [PMID: 23804910 DOI: 10.1177/2150135112454145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sternal wound infections (SWIs) are a costly complication for children after cardiac surgery, increasing morbidity, mortality, and financial cost. There are no pediatric guidelines to reduce the incidence of SWI in this vulnerable population. METHODS A quality improvement, multidisciplinary team was formed, and a protocol to prevent SWI was developed. A prospective review of patients who underwent pediatric cardiac surgery was conducted over a two-year period to follow adherence to the protocol and incidence of SWI. The Centers for Disease Control definitions for surgical site infections were used to determine the depth and presence of infection. RESULTS Three hundred and eight children <18 years of age had sternotomies during the study period. There was a reduction in all SWI between the first and second years of the study (odds ratio [OR] = 0.35; confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.12-1.01; P = .059). Delayed sternal closure (DSC) was associated with increased risk of SWI (OR = 5.4; CI 95% 2.13-14.9; P ≤ .001). Institution of a protocol in patients with DSC was associated with decreased infections during the second year (first year: n = 7 (14%), second year: n = 2 (4%), P = .14). CONCLUSIONS Institution of a protocol was associated with a decreased number of infections in children. A multicenter study of a bundled protocol approach to SWI prevention is needed. Children with DSC had a significantly higher risk of developing a wound infection. Initiating strategies to reduce SWI with a focus on children with DSC may result in improved overall infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy S Woodward
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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23
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Volumetric Computed Tomography Angiography in the Evaluation of Mediastinal Fluid Collections following Congenital Cardiac Surgery. Case Rep Pediatr 2013; 2013:426923. [PMID: 23424699 PMCID: PMC3569889 DOI: 10.1155/2013/426923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present 3 patients with 4 causes of mediastinal fluid collection after congenital cardiac surgery in this extended case report. Volumetric computed tomography played an essential role in diagnosing causes and extent, relevant to subsequent management. Recent advances in volumetric computed tomography allow fast and accurate imaging of cardiovascular and extravascular structures in children with acceptable radiation dose, providing a powerful imaging tool for the evaluation of complications after congenital cardiac surgery.
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Kansy A, Jacobs JP, Pastuszko A, Mirkowicz-Małek M, Manowska M, Jezierska E, Maruszewski P, Burczyński P, Maruszewski B. Major Infection After Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: External Validation of Risk Estimation Model. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94:2091-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Since the launch of the 100,000 Lives Campaign by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), preventing medical adverse events to reduce avoidable mortality has emerged as a central focus for health care providers, institutions, regulators, insurance companies, and patients. Evidence-based interventions targeting the 6 interventions in the campaign have been associated with a reduction in preventable hospital deaths in the United States. The generalizability of the IHI's campaign to the pediatric population is only partly applicable. Pediatric experiences with rapid response teams and preventing central-line infections parallel the published experience of adults, with promise to significantly reduce preventable pediatric mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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26
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Hosseinrezaei H, Rafiei H, Amiri M. Incidence and risk factors of sternal wound infection at site of incision after open-heart surgery. J Wound Care 2012; 21:408-11. [PMID: 22885314 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2012.21.8.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the incidence of sternal wound infection and the risk factors before, during and after open-heart surgery in an Iranian critical care unit. METHOD A descriptive, analytic study investigating all open-heart surgery patients from March 2010 to March 2011, in terms of the incidence of sternal wound infection and the risk factors before, during, and after surgery. Patients were examined for signs of infection at the site of surgical incision on presentation to the ward, daily during their stay, and on discharge. The same investigator reviewed all wounds, every day. RESULTS The incidence of sternal wound infection was found to be 10%. Multivariate regression analysis identified the following risk factors: diabetes (OR: 0.439; 95%CI: 0.21-0.95; p=0.04), age (OR: 1.033; 95%CI: 1.003-1.064; p=0.03), hyperlipidaemia (OR: 1.008; 95%CI: 1.005-1.011; p<0.001), history of respiratory disorders ([COPD] OR: 2.952; 95%CI: 1.3-6.4; p=0.007), female gender (OR: 2.06; 95%CI: 1.40-3.03; p<0.008), and history of addiction to opiates (OR: 2.33; 95%CI: 1.56-3.49; p<0.006). CONCLUSION This study found a high rate of surgical sternal wound infection in open-heart surgery patients in an Iranian critical care unit, suggesting that the medical and care-giving team in the cardiac intensive care unit need further education. DECLARATION OF INTEREST There were no external sources of funding for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hosseinrezaei
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery
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27
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Echo A, Kelley BP, Bullocks JM, Morales DL. The treatment of an unusual complication associated with a HeartMate II LVAD in an adolescent. Pediatr Transplant 2012; 16:E130-3. [PMID: 21323825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2011.01474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The HeartMate II LVAD has provided a bridge to heart transplantation or a permanent fixture for destination therapy for patients with heart failure. LVAD infections are associated with significant morbidity even when treated with explantation, device exchange, or a salvage procedure. We present an unusual complication following the placement of the HeartMate II device in an adolescent, whereby a pocket infection resulted in a large soft tissue defect overlying and surrounding the device. The novel use of a VRAM flap was successfully used to repair the defect and salvage the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Echo
- Divisions of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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28
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The Neonate After Cardiac Surgery: What do You Need to Worry About in the Emergency Department? CLINICAL PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Knoderer CA, Saft SA, Walker SG, Rodefeld MD, Turrentine MW, Brown JW, Healy DP, Sowinski KM. Cefuroxime Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011; 25:425-30. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Das S, Rubio A, Simsic JM, Kirshbom PM, Kogon B, Kanter KR, Maher K. Bloodstream infections increased after delayed sternal closure: cause or coincidence. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:793-7. [PMID: 21353000 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants who undergo major cardiac operations are at risk for developing bloodstream infections which contribute to the morbidity, mortality, and cost of treatment. Determining what factors are associated with this increased risk of infection may aid in prevention. We sought to evaluate the practice of delayed sternal closure after neonatal cardiac surgery to determine its role as a risk factor for postoperative bloodstream infection. METHODS We reviewed 110 consecutive patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome after stage 1 Norwood procedure at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. The rates of bloodstream infections were determined and risks analyzed with regard to postoperative status of sternal closure; primary versus delayed. RESULTS Delayed sternal closure was utilized in 67 of 110 patients (61%), while 43 patients had primary sternal closure in the operating room. Overall rate of bloodstream infection was 22% (24 of 110), with 83% (20 of 24) of infections occurring in the delayed closure group. Among infants with delayed closure, 30% developed bloodstream infection, as compared with 9% of patients with primary closure (p = 0.017). Patients with delayed closure had a fourfold increased risk (odds ratio 3.9, p = 0.03) of developing bloodstream infection in-hospital. Predominant organisms were coagulase negative Staphylococcus species; there was one case of mediastinitis. CONCLUSIONS Delayed sternal closure is associated with an increased likelihood of bloodstream infection and should be recognized as a risk factor after neonatal cardiac operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikant Das
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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31
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Woodward CS, Son M, Calhoon J, Michalek J, Husain SA. Sternal Wound Infections in Pediatric Congenital Cardiac Surgery: A Survey of Incidence and Preventative Practice. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:799-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Durandy Y. Mediastinitis in pediatric cardiac surgery: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. World J Cardiol 2010; 2:391-8. [PMID: 21179306 PMCID: PMC3006475 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i11.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of advances in the management of mediastinitis following sternotomy, mediastinitis is still associated with significant morbidity. The prognosis is much better in pediatric surgery compared to adult surgery, but the prolonged hospital stays with intravenous therapy and frequent required dressing changes that occur with several therapeutic approaches are poorly tolerated. Prevention includes nasal decontamination, skin preparation, antibioprophylaxis and air filtration in the operating theater. The expertise of the surgical team is an additional factor that is difficult to assess precisely. Diagnosis is often very simple, being made on the basis of a septic state with wound modification, while retrosternal puncture and CT scan are rarely useful. Treatment of mediastinitis following sternotomy is always a combination of surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy. Continued use of numerous surgical techniques demonstrates that there is no consensus and the best treatment has yet to be determined. However, we suggest that a primary sternal closure is the best surgical option for pediatric patients. We propose a simple technique with high-vacuum Redon's catheter drainage that allows early mobilization and short term antibiotherapy, which thus decreases physiological and psychological trauma for patients and families. We have demonstrated the efficiency of this technique, which is also cost-effective by decreasing intensive care and hospital stay durations, in a large group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Durandy
- Yves Durandy, Perfusion and Intensive Care Unit in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Institut Hospitalier Jacques Cartier, Avenue du Noyer Lambert, 91300 Massy, France
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Ugaki S, Kasahara S, Arai S, Takagaki M, Sano S. Combination of continuous irrigation and vacuum-assisted closure is effective for mediastinitis after cardiac surgery in small children. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2010; 11:247-51. [PMID: 20442210 DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2010.235903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is still no consensus on the optimal management to treat pediatric mediastinitis. We assessed the efficacy of continuous irrigation and vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) for mediastinitis in children. This study retrospectively reviewed 20 patients aged <5 years with mediastinitis from December 2002 to December 2009. The median age at the onset was 12 months (0.6-60 months), and the median body weight was 6.9 kg (3.1-15.3 kg). Continuous irrigation was applied for extensive mediastinitis or unstable hemodynamic cases and VAC for localized or ineffective cases after continuous irrigation. A 2-4-week course of intravenous antibiotics was administered after sternal closure. Continuous irrigation was initially applied in 19 patients and VAC in one patient. VAC was employed in six patients because of recurrent or prolonged mediastinitis after continuous irrigation. All patients underwent direct sternal closure without any flap. The median duration of the hospital stay was 49.5 days (15-158 days). Although two patients died of low cardiac output, 18 children survived and had no recurrence after the discharge during a median follow-up of 14 months (1-81 months). The combination of continuous irrigation and VAC is, therefore, considered to be a safe and effective option to minimize the morbidity and mortality in pediatric mediastinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ugaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata, Okayama City, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Major infection after pediatric cardiac surgery: a risk estimation model. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 89:843-50. [PMID: 20172141 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pediatric cardiac surgery, infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. We created a model to predict risk of major infection in this population. METHODS Using the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database, we created a multivariable model in which the primary outcome was major infection (septicemia, mediastinitis, or endocarditis). Candidate-independent variables included demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, preoperative factors, and cardiac surgical procedures. We created a reduced model by backward selection and then created an integer scoring system using a scaling factor with scores corresponding to percent risk of infection. RESULTS Of 30,078 children from 48 centers, 2.8% had major infection (2.6% septicemia, 0.3% mediastinitis, and 0.09% endocarditis). Mortality and postoperative length of stay were greater in those with major infection (mortality, 22.2% versus 3.0%; length of stay >21 days, 69.9% versus 10.7%). Young age, high complexity, previous cardiothoracic operation, preoperative length of stay more than 1 day, preoperative ventilator support, and presence of a genetic abnormality were associated with major infection after backward selection (p < 0.001). Estimated infection risk ranged from less than 0.1% to 13.3%; the model discrimination was good (c index, 0.79). CONCLUSIONS We created a simple bedside tool to identify children at high risk for major infection after cardiac surgery. These patients may be targeted for interventions to reduce the risk of infection and for inclusion in future clinical trials.
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35
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Knoderer CA, Morris JL, Cox EG. Continuous Infusion of Nafcillin for Sternal Osteomyelitis in an Infant After Cardiac Surgery. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2010. [DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-15.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of the continuous infusion of nafcillin for the treatment of an infant who had methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus sternal osteomyelitis not responsive to traditional nafcillin dosing. The patient was successfully treated with surgical debridement and the continuous infusion of nafcillin. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the successful use of the continuous infusion of nafcillin to treat an infant who had sternal osteomyelitis after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A. Knoderer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pharmacy, Riley Hospital for Children, Clarian Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jennifer L. Morris
- Department of Pharmacy, Riley Hospital for Children, Clarian Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Elaine G. Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Abstract
Median sternotomy has been used for a long time as a standard approach for many cardiothoracic procedures in children. Many complications have been reported to result from this approach with different incidences. Iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia has not been reported as a definite complication of such approach. This paper presents a case report for a 14-month-old boy with iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia following median sternotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Ashour
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Candida mediastinitis with aortic rupture after congenital heart surgery. Int J Cardiol 2009; 134:e76-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kosaka T, Kokufu T, Shime N, Sugioka N, Kato R, Hamaoka K, Fujita N. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of linezolid for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mediastinitis in paediatric patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33:368-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ghafoori AF, Twite MD, Friesen RH. Postoperative hyperglycemia is associated with mediastinitis following pediatric cardiac surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18:1202-7. [PMID: 19076575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2008.02808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mediastinitis is an infrequent, but significant complication of median sternotomy. Perioperative hyperglycemia is associated with increased morbidity, including infection in pediatric and adult cardiac surgical patients. We hypothesized that perioperative blood glucose levels would be higher in patients who later developed mediastinitis. METHODS We examined the medical records of all infants and children diagnosed with poststernotomy mediastinitis (n = 24) from July 2001 to December 2005. Data recorded included postoperative blood glucose levels, age, diagnosis, operation, surgical complexity score, duration of operation and cardiopulmonary bypass, delayed sternal closure, perioperative use of steroids and total parenteral nutrition, and duration of postoperative inotropic and ventilatory support. Records of patients without mediastinitis matched for age, complexity score, and month of operation (control group, n = 32) were also reviewed. Data were analyzed with t-tests and chi-square tests. Variables with P < 0.21 on univariate tests were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS Initially, postoperative blood glucose levels were elevated, but similar in both mediastinitis and control groups. The number of subjects having peak blood glucose levels >7.2 mm (>130 mg.dl(-1)) during the first 24 h was greater in the mediastinitis group (P = 0.07). The significant multivariate predictor of mediastinitis was 24 h peak blood glucose >7.2 mM (>130 mg.dl(-1)) (P = 0.039). CONCLUSION Our data support the hypothesis that postoperative hyperglycemia is a risk factor for the development of mediastinitis in infants and children following cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fawad Ghafoori
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA
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40
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Congenital cardiac surgical complications of the integument, vascular system, vascular-line(s), and wounds: consensus definitions from the Multi-Societal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease. Cardiol Young 2008; 18 Suppl 2:245-55. [PMID: 19063799 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951108003016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A complication is an event or occurrence that is associated with a disease or a healthcare intervention, is a departure from the desired course of events, and may cause, or be associated with, suboptimal outcome. A complication does not necessarily represent a breech in the standard of care that constitutes medical negligence or medical malpractice. An operative or procedural complication is any complication, regardless of cause, occurring (1) within 30 days after surgery or intervention in or out of the hospital, or (2) after 30 days during the same hospitalization subsequent to the operation or intervention. Operative and procedural complications include both intraoperative/intraprocedural complications and postoperative/postprocedural complications in this time interval. The MultiSocietal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease has set forth a comprehensive list of complications associated with the treatment of patients with congenital cardiac disease, related to cardiac, pulmonary, renal, haematological, infectious, neurological, gastrointestinal, and endocrinal systems, as well as those related to the management of anaesthesia and perfusion, and the transplantation of thoracic organs. The objective of this manuscript is to examine the definitions of operative morbidity as they relate specifically to a collection of loosely related topics that include the following groups of complications: 1) Complications of the Integument, 2) Complications of the Vascular System, 3) Complications of the Vascular-Line(s), 4) Complications of Wounds. These specific definitions and terms will be used to track morbidity associated with surgical and transcatheter interventions and other forms of therapy in a common language across many separate databases. As surgical survival in children with congenital cardiac disease has improved in recent years, focus has necessarily shifted to reducing the morbidity of congenital cardiac malformations and their treatment. A comprehensive list of complications is presented. This list is a component of a systems-based compendium of complications that will standardize terminology and thereby allow the study and quantification of morbidity in patients with congenital cardiac malformations. Clinicians caring for patients with congenital cardiac disease will be able to use this list for databases, initiatives to improve quality, reporting of complications, and comparing strategies of treatment.
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Macedo CAD, Baena MEDS, Uezumi KK, Castro CCD, Lucarelli CL, Cerri GG. Mediastinite aguda: aspectos de imagem pós-cirurgias cardíacas na tomografia computadorizada de multidetectores. Radiol Bras 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-39842008000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediastinite pós-cirurgias torácicas é definida como a infecção dos órgãos e tecidos do espaço mediastinal, ocorrendo em 0,4% a 5% dos casos. A gravidade da infecção pós-operatória varia desde infecção de tecidos superficiais da parede torácica até mediastinite fulminante com envolvimento esternal. O critério diagnóstico da tomografia computadorizada para mediastinite aguda pós-cirúrgica é a presença de coleção mediastinal, podendo estar associada ou não a anormalidades periesternais como edema/borramento de partes moles, separação dos segmentos esternais com reabsorção óssea marginal, esclerose e osteomielite. Achados associados incluem linfonodomegalias, consolidações pulmonares e derrame pleural e pericárdico. Pequenas coleções e gás mediastinais podem ser usualmente encontradas em pós-operatório recente de cirurgias torácicas sem a presença de infecções, limitando a eficácia da tomografia computadorizada nas duas primeiras semanas. Após esse período, a tomografia alcança quase 100% de sensibilidade e especificidade. Pacientes com suspeita clínica de mediastinite devem ser submetidos a exame de tomografia para pesquisa de coleções, identificando a extensão da doença e sua natureza. A versão de multidetectores propicia recursos de reconstruções em diversos planos e janelas, contribuindo especialmente para o estudo do esterno.
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Kuroczynski W, Muench M, Kampmann C, Parker J, Peivandi AA, Heinemann M, Pruefer D, Vahl CF. Risikofaktoren bei Patienten mit zweizeitigem Thoraxverschluss nach Korrektur eines angeborenen Herzfehlers. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-008-0619-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mitsukawa N, Yasunaga H, Tananari Y. Chest wall reconstruction in a patient with Cantrell syndrome. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 62:814-8. [PMID: 18164253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cantrell syndrome is a very rare congenital anomaly with up to five features: a midline, upper abdominal wall abnormality, lower sternal defect, anterior diaphragmatic defect, diaphragmatic pericardial defect, and congenital abnormalities of the heart. This report describes our experience of performing a reconstruction of a chest wall defect in a Cantrell syndrome case with herniation of the heart. The patient was a 1-month-old female infant who received surgical patch repair of a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and atrial septal defect (ASD) at the Department of Cardiac Surgery. Subsequently, the patient underwent reconstruction at the second-stage surgery. A rhomboid skin flap with an inferior pedicle was used to close the defect. In this process the flap, including portions of the rectus abdominis muscles, was elevated and transferred into the defect. The sectioned ends of the divided pectoralis major muscles were sutured together to simultaneously reconstruct the muscles. It has been 2 years since the surgery, and the defect is covered with normal skin, and the protrusion of the heart from the chest wall and the externally visible pulsation have been resolved. The progress has been very good functionally and cosmetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Mitsukawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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44
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Salehi Omran A, Karimi A, Ahmadi SH, Davoodi S, Marzban M, Movahedi N, Abbasi K, Boroumand MA, Davoodi S, Moshtaghi N. Superficial and deep sternal wound infection after more than 9000 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): incidence, risk factors and mortality. BMC Infect Dis 2007; 7:112. [PMID: 17888179 PMCID: PMC2075514 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sternal wound infection (SWI) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of cardiac surgery. Predisposing factors for SWI are multiple with varied frequencies in different studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence, risk factors, and mortality of SWI after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) at Tehran Heart Center. Methods This study prospectively evaluated multiple risk factors for SWI in 9201 patients who underwent CABG at Tehran Heart Center between January 2002 and February 2006. Cases of SWI were confirmed based on the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deep SWI (bone and mediastinitis) was categorized according to the Oakley classification. Results In the study period, 9201 CABGs were performed with a total SWI rate of 0.47 percent (44 cases) and deep SWI of 0.22 percent (21 cases). Perioperative (in-hospital) mortality was 9.1% for total SWI and about 14% for deep SWI versus 1.1% for non-SWI CABG patients. Female gender, preoperative hypertension, high functional class, diabetes mellitus, obesity, prolonged intubation time (more than 48 h), and re-exploration for bleeding were significant risk factors for developing SWI (p = 0.05) in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, hypertension (OR = 10.7), re-exploration (OR = 13.4), and female gender (OR = 2.7) were identified as significant predictors of SWI (p < 0.05 for all). The rate of SWI was relatively similar in 3 groups of prophylactic antibiotic regimen (Cefazolin, Cefazolin + Gentamycin and Cefazolin + Amikacin: 0.5%, 0.5%, and 0.34% respectively). Conclusion Rarely reported previously, the two risk factors of hypertension and the female gender were significant risk factors in our study. Conversely, some other risk factors such as cigarette smoking and age mentioned as significant in other reports were not significant in our study. Further studies are needed for better documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbasali Karimi
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Hossein Ahmadi
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Davoodi
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Infection Disease Department, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrab Marzban
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Namvar Movahedi
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kyomars Abbasi
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Davoodi
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Moshtaghi
- Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Anslot C, Hulin S, Durandy Y. Postoperative mediastinitis in children: improvement of simple primary closed drainage. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84:423-8. [PMID: 17643610 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mediastinitis is a significant cause of postoperative morbidity. In 1989, we proposed simple primary closed drainage as a new treatment. Our goal is to describe improvements made to the original technique. METHODS After wound debridement, infected areas were drained with Redon catheters connected to strong negative-pressure drainage bottles. Mediastinal effluents were cultured every day, and the catheters were withdrawn when the effluent culture was negative for microorganisms. Patients were classified into three groups: isolated mediastinitis (group 1), mediastinitis associated with endocarditis (group 2), and mediastinitis associated with other organ failure (group 3). RESULTS Sixty-four patients were treated during a 10-year period: 15 neonates, 33 infants, and 16 children. Group 1 consisted of 40 patients. The time to mediastinal sterilization was 4 days (range, 1 to 14 days), and the antibiotic course was 11 days (range, 7 to 28 days), with a hospital stay of 13 days (range, 10 to 30 days). No deaths occurred in this group. Group 2 consisted of 7 patients. The time to mediastinal sterilization was 8 days (range, 3 to 10 days), and the antibiotic course was 30 days (range, 26 to 37 days), with a hospital stay of 37 days (range, 20 to 54 days). One patient in group 2 did not survive. Group 3 consisted of 17 patients. The time to mediastinal sterilization was 6 days (range, 1 to 10 days), and the antibiotic course was 15 days (range, 10 to 31 days), with a hospital stay of 20 days (range, 18 to 36 days). Two patients in group 3 did not survive. None of the deaths was directly related to mediastinitis, as the mediastinum was sterile in all 3 patients before death. CONCLUSIONS This simple treatment was efficient and reliable in achieving mediastinal sterilization. In addition, short antibiotic courses decreased restraint, which is poorly tolerated in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Anslot
- Intensive Care Unit of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Institut Jacques Cartier, Massy, France
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Kato Y, Shime N, Hashimoto S, Nomura M, Okayama Y, Yamagishi M, Fujita N. Effects of controlled perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis on infectious outcomes in pediatric cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:1763-8. [PMID: 17507823 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000269027.50834.fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the efficacy of a protocol for the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in pediatric cardiac surgery. DESIGN Nonrandomized comparison of two groups of patients studied sequentially. SETTING Pediatric intensive care unit of university hospital. PATIENTS Infants and children <18 yrs of age who had undergone cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS Limitation of prophylactic antimicrobials to <48 hrs after operation and, in patients at high risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, strong recommendation to use glycopeptides. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS No intervention was applied in 189 patients (control group) during the first 21 months, whereas the intervention was applied in 185 patients (intervention group) during the next 18 months. In the intervention group, prophylaxis was recommended to be discontinued <48 hrs postoperatively. As a result, antimicrobials were administered for a median of 4 days (range 2-14) in the intervention group, significantly shorter than 7 days (3-35) in controls. This was associated with a trend toward a lower frequency of postoperative infections, including at the surgical site, and with significantly lower costs of antimicrobial therapy and a significantly lower rate of newly acquired nasal colonization with antibiotic-resistant pathogens in the intervention group (8%) than in controls (17%).Since, in the intervention group, glycopeptides were strongly recommended for patients at high risk of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, the frequency of surgical-site infections (0% vs. 18%) and the frequency of all infections (11% vs. 39%) were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Limiting the duration of prophylactic antimicrobials was cost-effective and reduced the risk of acquiring resistant pathogens without increasing the frequency of postoperative infections. The use of glycopeptides in properly selected patients at high risk of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection can lower the risk of postoperative infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kato
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Kyoto Prefectural University, School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Salazard B, Niddam J, Ghez O, Metras D, Magalon G. Vacuum-assisted closure in the treatment of poststernotomy mediastinitis in the paediatric patient. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007; 61:302-5. [PMID: 17586108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delayed sternal closure after paediatric open heart procedure is often necessary. The risk of delayed sternal closure is infection: superficial wound or sternal and mediastinal infection. The incidence of sternal wound infection reported in the literature varies from 0.5 to 10%. The mortality for poststernotomy deep sternal infection continues to be high--from 14 to 47%. Established treatment includes surgical debridement, drainage and irrigation, antibiotics, frequent change of wound dressing and direct or secondary closure with omentum or pectoral muscle flap. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between October 2003 and August 2005, three children, aged from 9 days to 2 years and who had developed severe mediastinitis after cardiac surgery were treated with the vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) system. RESULTS The duration of VAC treatment ranged from 12 to 21 days. The response to VAC was rapid with local purulence and C-reactive protein (CRP) both decreasing within 72 h in all cases. After good granulation was obtained, two patients required a thin skin graft. DISCUSSION All three children had peritoneal dialysis which did not permit omental use. The use of pectoralis major is a difficult technique in neonates and the haemodynamic conditions were poor in our cases. The VAC technique is a good indication in post-cardiotomy mediastinitis in children: it plays a role in the reduction of infection and provides good healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salazard
- Department of Paediatric Plastic Surgery, Timone Children's Hospital, 264 rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Vida VL, Leon-Wyss J, Larrazabal A, Cruz S, Castaneda AR. Mediastinitis in pediatric cardiac surgery: treatment and cost-effectiveness in a low-income country. Pediatr Cardiol 2007; 28:163-6. [PMID: 17505863 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-006-0008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mediastinitis is a serious postoperative complication following pediatric cardiac surgery. The objective of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of surgical treatment for mediastinitis in Guatemala. All children who underwent a median sternotomy and developed postoperative mediastinitis between January 2004 and December 2005 were evaluated. Type of surgical treatment for mediastinitis, hospital outcome, and costs were analyzed. Eighteen (3.3%) of the 535 children who underwent a median sternotomy developed mediastinitis. Two patients underwent debridement of the infected tissues and delayed sternal closure, whereas 16 patients had debridement, primary chest closure, and continuous antibiotic irrigation of the mediastinum. All 11 patients who had the diagnosis of mediastinitis within 2 weeks after the operation survived. Three of the 7 patients (43%) who had delayed diagnosis died (p = 0.0003); all 3 had osteomyelitis (p = 0.0007). Primary closure with antibiotic irrigation was associated to a lower mortality rate and proved less expensive in comparison to delayed sternal closure (p = 0.003) mainly due to the shorter intensive care requirement. Debridement followed by primary closure of the chest and continuous antibiotic irrigation of the mediastinum seems to be a feasible and less expensive method to treat selected cases of postoperative mediastinitis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Vida
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery of Guatemala, UNICAR, 9a Avenida, 8-00 Zone 11, Guatemala City, CA, Guatemala.
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Shah SS, Kagen J, Lautenbach E, Bilker WB, Matro J, Dominguez TE, Tabbutt S, Gaynor JW, Bell LM. Bloodstream infections after median sternotomy at a children's hospital. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 133:435-40. [PMID: 17258580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postoperative bloodstream infections are a major source of morbidity and increased health care costs. In adults, mediastinitis has been described as a risk factor for bloodstream infections. The objectives of this retrospective cohort study were to determine the incidence and to identify risk factors for postoperative bloodstream infections among children after median sternotomy in an urban tertiary care children's hospital. METHODS For this study, 192 patients were randomly selected from among all patients undergoing median sternotomy between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2003. RESULTS Ninety-eight (51%) of the 192 eligible patients were male. The median patient age was 5.4 months (interquartile range: 1 day-41.5 years). Bloodstream infections occurred in 12 (6.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3%-10.7%) patients within the first 30 days after median sternotomy. Bloodstream infections developed a median of 11 days (range: 3-29 days) after median sternotomy. Gram-negative bacilli caused 6 (50%) of the 12 bloodstream infections. Specific causes of bloodstream infections included Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 3), coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 3), Pseudomonas fluorescens-putida (n = 2), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 2), Serratia marcescens (n = 1), and Candida albicans (n = 1). Multivariable analysis revealed that the development of mediastinitis (odds ratio [OR], 28.16; 95% CI, 3.37-235.22) and the requirement for postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OR, 12.52; 95% CI, 2.99-52.41) were associated with bloodstream infections after median sternotomy. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative bloodstream infections occurred in 6.3% of children undergoing median sternotomy. Postoperative mediastinitis and the requirement for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were risk factors for bloodstream infections after median sternotomy. These findings warrant exploration in a larger, multicenter study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir S Shah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa 19104, USA.
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Alphonso N, Anagnostopoulos PV, Scarpace S, Weintrub P, Azakie A, Raff G, Karl TR. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in paediatric cardiac surgery. Cardiol Young 2007; 17:12-25. [PMID: 17244387 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951107000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Alphonso
- Paediatric Heart Center, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California 94143-0117, USA
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