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Tsai TS, Tsai IH, Qiu JL, Chan YY, Chiang YW. Comparative analysis of Deinagkistrodon acutus venom from Taiwan and China utilizing chromatographic, electrophoretic, and bioinformatic approaches, along with ELISA employing a monospecific antivenom. Toxicon 2024; 241:107663. [PMID: 38423218 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Deinagkistrodon acutus is a medically important pitviper inhabiting mainly South China and Taiwan. The hemorrhagic effects of its envenoming are compatible to its venom, which is abundant in metalloproteases (svMPs) and C-type lectin-like proteins. In this study, we investigated geographic variations in the venom of D. acutus collected from Taiwan and four Mainland Chinese provinces: Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Hunan. The variations were assessed through high-performance liquid chromatography, non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis, gel electrophoresis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a monospecific antivenom (DaMAV) generated against the Taiwanese D. acutus venom, and discussed based on venom-protein sequences in databases and literature related to D. acutus venom. Additionally, the cross-reactivity of DaMAV against Crotalus horridus and Calloselasma rhodostoma venoms was investigated. We noted differential abundances of D. acutus venom metalloproteases, C-type lectin-like proteins, and phospholipase A2, along with point mutations and selective expression of serine protease isoforms. The ELISA results revealed that the venom from Taiwan was more reactive toward Taiwanese DaMAV than the four Mainland Chinese venoms, consistent with chromatographic profile differences, whereas C. horridus venom presented moderate cross-reactivity with DaMAV. The observed immunoreactivities of these venom with DaMAV can be attributed to the high prevalence of their PIII-svMPs, which are the dominant antigens, and the conservation of PIII-svMP epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tein-Shun Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan.
| | - Inn-Ho Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Taipei, 115, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Lin Qiu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Yuen-Ying Chan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 322, Sec. 2, Shipai Rd., Taipei, 112062, Taiwan; Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Centre, No. 161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
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Functional Mining of the Crotalus Spp. Venom Protease Repertoire Reveals Potential for Chronic Wound Therapeutics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153401. [PMID: 32731325 PMCID: PMC7435869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a major health problem that cause millions of dollars in expenses every year. Among all the treatments used, active wound treatments such as enzymatic treatments represent a cheaper and specific option with a fast growth category in the market. In particular, bacterial and plant proteases have been employed due to their homology to human proteases, which drive the normal wound healing process. However, the use of these proteases has demonstrated results with low reproducibility. Therefore, alternative sources of proteases such as snake venom have been proposed. Here, we performed a functional mining of proteases from rattlesnakes (Crotalus ornatus, C. molossus nigrescens, C. scutulatus, and C. atrox) due to their high protease predominance and similarity to native proteases. To characterize Crotalus spp. Proteases, we performed different protease assays to measure and confirm the presence of metalloproteases and serine proteases, such as the universal protease assay and zymography, using several substrates such as gelatin, casein, hemoglobin, L-TAME, fibrinogen, and fibrin. We found that all our venom extracts degraded casein, gelatin, L-TAME, fibrinogen, and fibrin, but not hemoglobin. Crotalus ornatus and C. m. nigrescens extracts were the most proteolytic venoms among the samples. Particularly, C. ornatus predominantly possessed low molecular weight proteases (P-I metalloproteases). Our results demonstrated the presence of metalloproteases capable of degrading gelatin (a collagen derivative) and fibrin clots, whereas serine proteases were capable of degrading fibrinogen-generating fibrin clots, mimicking thrombin activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that Crotalus spp. are a valuable source of proteases that can aid chronic wound-healing treatments.
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Liu Y, Zhang XH, Yu Y, Chen HX, Zhou YL, Zhang XX. Snake venom characteristic peptides: novel fingerprints for species identification by sheathless capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2020; 145:5027-5031. [PMID: 32525167 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00461h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom is a complex mixture mainly consisting of proteins and peptides which varies with different species. These variations lead to different toxic mechanisms and different anti-venom serums for treatment and the determination of their use as drugs. Hence, it is important to develop a sensitive and reliable method to identify the species of snakes from venoms. Herein, we present a novel strategy based on the sheathless capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CESI-MS) system to characterize snake venom proteins. Through the determination of peptides, we found the characteristic peptides of 8 different snakes with high sensitivity (1 μg mL-1) and high selectivity, which provided a reliable method for the species identification and purity detection of snake venom samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Zancolli G, Casewell NR. Venom Systems as Models for Studying the Origin and Regulation of Evolutionary Novelties. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:2777-2790. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A central goal in biology is to determine the ways in which evolution repeats itself. One of the most remarkable examples in nature of convergent evolutionary novelty is animal venom. Across diverse animal phyla, various specialized organs and anatomical structures have evolved from disparate developmental tissues to perform the same function, that is, produce and deliver a cocktail of potent molecules to subdue prey or predators. Venomous organisms therefore offer unique opportunities to investigate the evolutionary processes of convergence of key adaptive traits, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of novel genes, cells, and tissues. Indeed, some venomous species have already proven to be highly amenable as models for developmental studies, and recent work with venom gland organoids provides manipulatable systems for directly testing important evolutionary questions. Here, we provide a synthesis of the current knowledge that could serve as a starting point for the establishment of venom systems as new models for evolutionary and molecular biology. In particular, we highlight the potential of various venomous species for the study of cell differentiation and cell identity, and the regulatory dynamics of rapidly evolving, highly expressed, tissue-specific, gene paralogs. We hope that this review will encourage researchers to look beyond traditional study organisms and consider venom systems as useful tools to explore evolutionary novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zancolli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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5
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Zancolli G, Calvete JJ, Cardwell MD, Greene HW, Hayes WK, Hegarty MJ, Herrmann HW, Holycross AT, Lannutti DI, Mulley JF, Sanz L, Travis ZD, Whorley JR, Wüster CE, Wüster W. When one phenotype is not enough: divergent evolutionary trajectories govern venom variation in a widespread rattlesnake species. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182735. [PMID: 30862287 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origin and maintenance of phenotypic variation, particularly across a continuous spatial distribution, represents a key challenge in evolutionary biology. For this, animal venoms represent ideal study systems: they are complex, variable, yet easily quantifiable molecular phenotypes with a clear function. Rattlesnakes display tremendous variation in their venom composition, mostly through strongly dichotomous venom strategies, which may even coexist within a single species. Here, through dense, widespread population-level sampling of the Mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus, we show that genomic structural variation at multiple loci underlies extreme geographical variation in venom composition, which is maintained despite extensive gene flow. Unexpectedly, neither diet composition nor neutral population structure explain venom variation. Instead, venom divergence is strongly correlated with environmental conditions. Individual toxin genes correlate with distinct environmental factors, suggesting that different selective pressures can act on individual loci independently of their co-expression patterns or genomic proximity. Our results challenge common assumptions about diet composition as the key selective driver of snake venom evolution and emphasize how the interplay between genomic architecture and local-scale spatial heterogeneity in selective pressures may facilitate the retention of adaptive functional polymorphisms across a continuous space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zancolli
- 1 Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Juan J Calvete
- 2 Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, CSIC , Jaume Roig 11, Valencia 46010 , Spain
| | - Michael D Cardwell
- 3 Department of Biology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA 92182 , USA
| | - Harry W Greene
- 4 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University , Corson Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 , USA
| | - William K Hayes
- 5 Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92350 , USA
| | - Matthew J Hegarty
- 6 Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University , Aberystwyth SY23 3EE , UK
| | - Hans-Werner Herrmann
- 7 Wildlife Conservation and Management, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona , 1064 East Lowell Street (ENR2), Tucson, AZ 85721 , USA
| | - Andrew T Holycross
- 8 Natural History Collections, Arizona State University , 734 W. Alameda Drive, Tempe, AZ 85282 , USA
| | - Dominic I Lannutti
- 9 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 W. University, El Paso, TX 79968 , USA
| | - John F Mulley
- 1 Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Libia Sanz
- 2 Evolutionary and Translational Venomics Laboratory, CSIC , Jaume Roig 11, Valencia 46010 , Spain
| | - Zachary D Travis
- 5 Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, CA 92350 , USA
| | - Joshua R Whorley
- 10 Seattle Central College, Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics Division , 1701 Broadway Ave. E., Seattle, WA 98122 , USA
| | - Catharine E Wüster
- 1 Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 2UW , UK
| | - Wolfgang Wüster
- 1 Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 2UW , UK
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Whittington AC, Mason AJ, Rokyta DR. A Single Mutation Unlocks Cascading Exaptations in the Origin of a Potent Pitviper Neurotoxin. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:887-898. [PMID: 29329419 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary innovations and complex phenotypes seemingly require an improbable amount of genetic change to evolve. Rattlesnakes display two dramatically different venom phenotypes. Type I venoms are hemorrhagic with low systemic toxicity and high expression of tissue-destroying snake venom metalloproteinases. Type II venoms are highly neurotoxic and lack snake venom metalloproteinase expression and associated hemorrhagic activity. This dichotomy hinges on Mojave toxin (MTx), a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) based β-neurotoxin expressed in Type II venoms. MTx is comprised of a nontoxic acidic subunit that undergoes extensive proteolytic processing and allosterically regulates activity of a neurotoxic basic subunit. Evolution of the acidic subunit presents an evolutionary challenge because the need for high expression of a nontoxic venom component and the proteolytic machinery required for processing suggests genetic changes of seemingly little immediate benefit to fitness. We showed that MTx evolved through a cascading series of exaptations unlocked by a single nucleotide change. The evolution of one new cleavage site in the acidic subunit unmasked buried cleavage sites already present in ancestral PLA2s, enabling proteolytic processing. Snake venom serine proteases, already present in the venom to disrupt prey hemostasis, possess the requisite specificities for MTx acidic subunit proteolysis. The dimerization interface between MTx subunits evolved by exploiting a latent, but masked, hydrophobic interaction between ancestral PLA2s. The evolution of MTx through exaptation of existing functional and structural features suggests complex phenotypes that depend on evolutionary innovations can arise from minimal genetic change enabled by prior evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carl Whittington
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Andrew J Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Darin R Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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Kalita B, Patra A, Das A, Mukherjee AK. Proteomic Analysis and Immuno-Profiling of Eastern India Russell's Viper ( Daboia russelii) Venom: Correlation between RVV Composition and Clinical Manifestations Post RV Bite. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2819-2833. [PMID: 29938511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The proteomes of Russell's viper venom (RVV) from Burdwan (RVV B) and Nadia (RVV N), the two districts of West Bengal, eastern India (EI), were investigated by gel-filtration chromatography (GFC) followed by tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic fragments of the fractions. A total of 73 and 69 proteins belonging to 15 snake venom protein families were identified in RVV B and RVV N, respectively, by MS/MS search against Viperidae (taxid 8689) protein entries of the nonredundant NCBI database. The minor differences in venom composition of both the EI RV were established unequivocally by their biochemical and pharmacological properties and by SDS-PAGE, gel filtration chromatography, and LC-MS/MS analyses. The composition of EI RVVs was well correlated with published reports on the pathophysiology of RV-envenomed patients from this part of the country. Venom-antivenom cross-reactivity determined by ELISA, Western blotting, and antivenomics approaches demonstrated poor recognition of low molecular mass (<20 kDa) RVV proteins by commercial polyvalent antivenoms, which was substantiated by neutralization of RVV enzymes by antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargab Kalita
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028 , Assam , India
| | - Aparup Patra
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028 , Assam , India
| | - Anjali Das
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028 , Assam , India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , Tezpur University , Tezpur 784028 , Assam , India
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Ben Bacha A, Alonazi MA, Elshikh MS, Karray A. A novel bactericidal homodimeric PLA 2 group-I from Walterinnesia aegyptia venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:1140-1146. [PMID: 29885399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel non-toxic phospholipase A2 was purified to homogeneity in a single chromatography step from the venom of Walterinnesia aegyptia, a monotypic elapid snake caught in Saudi Arabia, and its antimicrobial and hemolytic properties were evaluated as well. This enzyme, namely WaPLA2, is a homodimer with an estimated molecular mass of 30 kDa, and its NH2-terminal sequence exhibits a significant degree of similarity with PLA2 group-I. At optimal pH (8.5) and temperature (45 °C), the purified PLA2 exhibited a specific activity of 2100 U/mg, and it requires bile salts and Ca2+ for its activity. However, other cations such as Cd2+ and Hg2+ diminished the enzyme activity remarkably, thereby suggesting that the catalytic site arrangement has an exclusive structure for Ca2+ binding. Furthermore, WaPLA2 maintained almost 100% and 60% of its full activity in a pH range of 6.0-10 after 24 h incubation or after 60 min treatment at 70 °C, respectively. In the biological activity assays, WaPLA2 displayed potent indirectly hemolytic and antimicrobial activities that were strongly correlated. These promising findings encourage further in-depth research to understand the molecular mechanism of WaPLA2's antimicrobial properties for its possible use as a potential therapeutic lead molecule for treating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to Crop Improvement, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia.
| | - Mona Awad Alonazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Solman Elshikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aida Karray
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Route de Soukra 3038, BP 1173, Sfax, Tunisia
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Tracing the evolution of venom phospholipases A 2 in Gloydius strauchii and related pitvipers: A tale of two acidic isozymes. Toxicon 2017; 141:65-72. [PMID: 29191388 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two acidic Asp49-PLA2s with Glu6 substitution and a neutral Lys49-PLA (designated Gst-K49) were cloned from G. strauchii venom glands, their full amino acid sequences were deduced. The predominant acidic PLA2 (designated Gst-E6a) contains 124 residues and the M18W30 substitutions, while the minor acidic PLA2 (designated Gst-E6b) contains 122 residues and the V18A30 substitutions. Their sequences are most similar to those of the respective orthologous PLA2s of G. intermedius venom. Gst-E6a and Gst-E6b appear to be paralogs and possibly have different predatory targets or functions. The LC-MS/MS results indicate the presence of only three PLA2 gene products in the crude venom, the relative expression levels were in the order of Gst-E6a ≫ Gst-E6b > Gst-K49, as confirmed by qPCR results. In contrast to other Gloydius, G. strauchii venom does not contain neurotoxic or basic anticoagulant Asp49-PLA2s, but Gst-K49 is the first Lys49-PLA2 identified in Gloydius venoms. However, its venom content is relatively low and its pI value 7.3 is much lower than those of other Lys49-PLA2s and. The Lys49-PLA2 genes appear to regress in the venom of most of Gloydius and related rattlesnake, and this evolutionary regression occurred before the dispersal of Asian pitvipers to the New World.
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Durban J, Sanz L, Trevisan-Silva D, Neri-Castro E, Alagón A, Calvete JJ. Integrated Venomics and Venom Gland Transcriptome Analysis of Juvenile and Adult Mexican Rattlesnakes Crotalus simus, C. tzabcan, and C. culminatus Revealed miRNA-modulated Ontogenetic Shifts. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3370-3390. [PMID: 28731347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult rattlesnakes within genus Crotalus express one of two distinct venom phenotypes, type I (hemorrhagic) and type II (neurotoxic). In Costa Rican Central American rattlesnake, ontogenetic changes in the concentration of miRNAs modulate venom type II to type I transition. Venomics and venom gland transcriptome analyses showed that adult C. simus and C. tzabcan expressed intermediate patterns between type II and type I venoms, whereas C. culminatus had a canonical type I venom. Neonate/juvenile and adult Mexican rattlesnakes showed notable inter- and intraspecific variability in the number, type, abundance and ontogenetic shifts of the transcriptional and translational venom gland activities. These results support a role for miRNAs in the ontogenetic venom compositional changes in the three congeneric Mexican rattlesnakes. It is worth noting the finding of dual-action miRNAs, which silence the translation of neurotoxic heterodimeric PLA2 crotoxin and acidic PLA2 mRNAs while simultaneously up-regulating SVMP-targeting mRNAs. Dual transcriptional regulation potentially explains the existence of mutually exclusive crotoxin-rich (type-II) and SVMP-rich (type-I) venom phenotypic dichotomy among rattlesnakes. Our results support the hypothesis that alterations of the distribution of miRNAs, modulating the translational activity of venom gland toxin-encoding mRNAs in response to an external cue, may contribute to the mechanism generating adaptive venom variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Durban
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Libia Sanz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dilza Trevisan-Silva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná , Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Malhotra A, Creer S, Harris JB, Thorpe RS. The importance of being genomic: Non-coding and coding sequences suggest different models of toxin multi-gene family evolution. Toxicon 2015; 107:344-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marques PP, Esteves A, Lancellotti M, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. Novel acidic phospholipase A 2 from Porthidium hyoprora causes inflammation with mast cell rich infiltrate. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 1:78-84. [PMID: 29124136 PMCID: PMC5668520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids at the sn-2 position, being present in all nature. In venomous animals, these proteins assume a special role, being able to exert diverse pharmacological effects. In this work, authors identified a new isoform of PLA2 in the venom of Porthidium hyoprora, which was isolated through sequential chromatographic steps and named PhTX-III. The enzyme was characterized biochemically and structurally. Structural studies using mass spectrometry confirmed an acidic secretory PLA2, family IIA, with molecular mass of 13,620.9 Da and identification of 86% of its primary sequence. PhTX-III did not exhibit myotoxic, anticoagulant or antibacterial effects, often present in this class of enzymes. Although, it was capable of initiate inflammatory response, with local edema and release of cytokines IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α, probably due to mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Pires Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Esteves
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Yang ZM, Guo Q, Ma ZR, Chen Y, Wang ZZ, Wang XM, Wang YM, Tsai IH. Structures and functions of crotoxin-like heterodimers and acidic phospholipases A2 from Gloydius intermedius venom: Insights into the origin of neurotoxic-type rattlesnakes. J Proteomics 2015; 112:210-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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A novel phospholipase A2 (D49) from the venom of the Crotalus oreganus abyssus (North American Grand canyon rattlesnake). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:654170. [PMID: 24707493 PMCID: PMC3953673 DOI: 10.1155/2014/654170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently, Crotalus viridis was divided into two species: Crotalus viridis and Crotalus oreganus. The current classification divides "the old" Crotalus viridis into two new and independent species: Crotalus viridis (subspecies: viridis and nuntius) and Crotalus oreganus (subspecies: abyssus, lutosus, concolor, oreganus, helleri, cerberus, and caliginis). The analysis of a product from cDNA (E6d), derived from the gland of a specie Crotalus viridis viridis, was found to produce an acid phospholipase A2. In this study we isolated and characterized a PLA2 (D49) from Crotalus oreganus abyssus venom. Our studies show that the PLA2 produced from the cDNA of Crotalus viridis viridis (named E6d) is exactly the same PLA2 primary sequence of amino acids isolated from the venom of Crotalus oreganus abyssus. Thus, the PLA2 from E6d cDNA is actually the same PLA2 presented in the venom of Crotalus oreganus abyssus and does not correspond to the venom from Crotalus viridis viridis. These facts highlight the importance of performing more studies on subspecies of Crotalus oreganus and Crotalus viridis, since the old classification may have led to mixed results or mistaken data.
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Ferreira FB, Gomes MSR, Naves de Souza DL, Gimenes SNC, Castanheira LE, Borges MH, Rodrigues RS, Yoneyama KAG, Homsi Brandeburgo MI, Rodrigues VM. Molecular cloning and pharmacological properties of an acidic PLA2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2403-19. [PMID: 24304676 PMCID: PMC3873693 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we describe the molecular cloning and pharmacological properties of an acidic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) isolated from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. This enzyme, denominated BpPLA(2)-TXI, was purified by four chromatographic steps and represents 2.4% of the total snake venom protein content. BpPLA(2)-TXI is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 13.6 kDa, as demonstrated by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis and its theoretical isoelectric point was 4.98. BpPLA(2)-TXI was catalytically active and showed some pharmacological effects such as inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by collagen or ADP and also induced edema and myotoxicity. BpPLA(2)-TXI displayed low cytotoxicity on TG-180 (CCRF S 180 II) and Ovarian Carcinoma (OVCAR-3), whereas no cytotoxicity was found in regard to MEF (Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast) and Sarcoma 180 (TIB-66). The N-terminal sequence of forty-eight amino acid residues was determined by Edman degradation. In addition, the complete primary structure of 122 amino acids was deduced by cDNA from the total RNA of the venom gland using specific primers, and it was significantly similar to other acidic D49 PLA(2)s. The phylogenetic analyses showed that BpPLA(2)-TXI forms a group with other acidic D49 PLA(2)s from the gender Bothrops, which are characterized by a catalytic activity associated with anti-platelet effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Barbosa Ferreira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Mário Sérgio Rocha Gomes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
- Department of Chemical and Physical, State University of Southwest Bahia (UESB), 45506-210 Jequié-BA, Brazil
| | - Dayane Lorena Naves de Souza
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Sarah Natalie Cirilo Gimenes
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Letícia Eulalio Castanheira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | | | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Kelly Aparecida Geraldo Yoneyama
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Maria Inês Homsi Brandeburgo
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
| | - Veridiana M. Rodrigues
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFU, 38400902 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.B.F.); (M.S.R.G.); (D.L.N.S.); (S.N.C.G.); (L.E.C.); (R.S.R.); (K.A.G.Y.); (M.I.H.B.)
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Comparison of total protein and phospholipase A2 levels in individual coralsnake venoms. Toxicon 2013; 76:59-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Malhotra A, Creer S, Harris JB, Stöcklin R, Favreau P, Thorpe RS. Predicting function from sequence in a large multifunctional toxin family. Toxicon 2013; 72:113-25. [PMID: 23831284 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Venoms contain active substances with highly specific physiological effects and are increasingly being used as sources of novel diagnostic, research and treatment tools for human disease. Experimental characterisation of individual toxin activities is a severe rate-limiting step in the discovery process, and in-silico tools which allow function to be predicted from sequence information are essential. Toxins are typically members of large multifunctional families of structurally similar proteins that can have different biological activities, and minor sequence divergence can have significant consequences. Thus, existing predictive tools tend to have low accuracy. We investigated a classification model based on physico-chemical attributes that can easily be calculated from amino-acid sequences, using over 250 (mostly novel) viperid phospholipase A₂ toxins. We also clustered proteins by sequence profiles, and carried out in-vitro tests for four major activities on a selection of isolated novel toxins, or crude venoms known to contain them. The majority of detected activities were consistent with predictions, in contrast to poor performance of a number of tested existing predictive methods. Our results provide a framework for comparison of active sites among different functional sub-groups of toxins that will allow a more targeted approach for identification of potential drug leads in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Malhotra
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
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Tsai IH, Chang HC, Chen JM, Cheng AC, Khoo KH. Glycan structures and intrageneric variations of venom acidic phospholipases A2 from Tropidolaemus pitvipers. FEBS J 2012; 279:2672-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tsai IH, Tsai TS, Wang YM, Tu MC, Chang HC. Cloning and characterization of Trimeresurus gracilis venom phospholipases A2: Comparison with Ovophis okinavensis venom and the systematic implications. Toxicon 2012; 59:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Gibbs HL, Sanz L, Chiucchi JE, Farrell TM, Calvete JJ. Proteomic analysis of ontogenetic and diet-related changes in venom composition of juvenile and adult Dusky Pigmy rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius barbouri). J Proteomics 2011; 74:2169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Tsai IH, Wang YM, Cheng AC, Starkov V, Osipov A, Nikitin I, Makarova Y, Ziganshin R, Utkin Y. cDNA cloning, structural, and functional analyses of venom phospholipases A₂ and a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor from steppe viper Vipera ursinii renardi. Toxicon 2010; 57:332-41. [PMID: 21185324 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom phospholipases A₂ (PLA₂s) display a wide array of biological activities and are each characteristic to the venom. Here, we report on the cDNA cloning and characterization of PLA₂s from the steppe viper Vipera ursinii renardi venom glands. Among the five distinct PLA₂ cDNAs cloned and sequenced, the most common were the clones encoding a basic Ser-49 containing PLA₂ (Vur-S49). Other clones encoded either ammodytin analogs I1, I2d and I2a (designated as Vur-PL1, Vur-PL2 and Vur-PL3, respectively) or an ammodytoxin-like PLA₂ (Vurtoxin). Additionally, a novel Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor for this venom species was cloned and sequenced. Comparison of these PLA₂ and Kunitz inhibitor sequences with those in the sequence data banks suggests that the viper V. u. renardi is closely related to Vipera ammodytes and Vipera aspis. Separation of V. u. renardi venom components by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography showed the presence of many PLA₂ isoforms. Remarkably, the most abundant PLA₂ isolated was Vur-PL2 while Vur-S49 analog was in very low yield. There are great differences between the proportion of cDNA clones and that of the proteins isolated. Two Vur-PL2 isoforms (designated as Vur-PL2A and Vur-PL2B) indistinguishable by masses, peptide mass fingerprinting, N-terminal sequences and CD spectroscopy were purified from the pooled venom. However, when rechromatographed on cation-exchanger, Vur-PL2A showed only one peak corresponding to Vur-PL2B, suggesting the existence of conformers for Vur-PL2. Vur-PL2B was weakly cytotoxic to rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and showed both strong anticoagulant and anti-platelet activities. This is the first case of a strong anticoagulating ammodytin I analog in Vipera venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn-Ho Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, P. O. Box 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Fagundes FHR, Oliveira M, Huancahuire-Vega S, Romero-Vargas FF, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. cDNA and deduced primary structure of basic phospholipase A2 with neurotoxic activity from the venom secretion of the Crotalus durissus collilineatus rattlesnake. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:262-70. [PMID: 20401434 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To illustrate the construction of precursor complementary DNAs, we isolated mRNAs from whole venom samples. After reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we amplified the cDNA coding for a neurotoxic protein, phospholipase A2 D49 (PLA2 D49), from the venom of Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Cdc PLA2). The cDNA encoding Cdc PLA2 from whole venom was sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of this cDNA has high overall sequence identity with the group II PLA2 protein family. Cdc PLA2 has 14 cysteine residues capable of forming seven disulfide bonds that characterize this group of PLA2 enzymes. Cdc PLA2 was isolated using conventional Sephadex G75 column chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The molecular mass was estimated using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. We tested the neuromuscular blocking activities on chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular tissue. Phylogenetic analysis of Cdc PLA2 showed the existence of two lines of N6-PLA2, denominated F24 and S24. Apparently, the sequences of the New World's N6-F24-PLA2 are similar to those of the agkistrodotoxin from the Asian genus Gloydius. The sequences of N6-S24-PLA2 are similar to the sequence of trimucrotoxin from the genus Protobothrops, found in the Old World.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H R Fagundes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Effect of Crotalus viridis viridis snake venom on the ultrastructure and intracellular survival of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitology 2010; 138:46-58. [PMID: 20663246 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010000958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects 16-18 million people in Central and South America. Patient treatment is based on drugs that have toxic effects and limited efficacy. Therefore, new chemotherapeutic agents need to be developed. Snake venoms are sources of natural compounds used in various medical treatments. We observed that Crotalus viridis viridis venom was effective against all developmental forms of T. cruzi. Ultrastructural analysis revealed swelling of mitochondria, blebbing and disruption of the plasma membrane, loss of cytoplasm components and morphological changes of the cell. Staining with propidium iodide and rhodamine 123 confirmed the observed alterations in the plasma and mitochondrial membranes, respectively. The effects of the venom on the parasite intracellular cycle were also analysed. Pre-infected LLC-MK2 cells incubated with Cvv venom showed a 76-93% reduction in the number of parasites per infected cell and a 94-97.4% reduction in the number of parasites per 100 cells after 96 h of infection. Free trypomastigotes harvested from the supernatants of Cvv venom-treated cells were incapable of initiating a new infection cycle. Our data demonstrate that Cvv venom can access the host cell cytoplasm at concentrations that cause toxicity only to the amastigote forms of T. cruzi, and yields altered parasites with limited infective capacity, suggesting the potential use of Cvv venom in Chagas' disease chemotherapy.
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Wang YM, Parmelee J, Guo YW, Tsai IH. Absence of phospholipase A(2) in most Crotalus horridus venom due to translation blockage: comparison with Crotalus horridus atricaudatus venom. Toxicon 2010; 56:93-100. [PMID: 20347857 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the peculiar absence of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) in most Crotalus horridus (CH) venom, we cloned and sequenced the venom PLA(2)s of three CH specimens from different regions. The results revealed that all the venom glands contained mRNAs that encoded an acidic PLA(2) (designated as either CH-E6 or CH-E6'). The predicted CH-E6 from the Iowan CH and CH-E6' from the South Carolinian CH differed by only one amino acid residue, while the PLA(2) cDNA cloned from the Kentuckian CH contained an early stop codon instead of a Tyr(22) codon. Only the individual South Carolinian CH venom was found to contain the CH-E6' protein whose mass was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis. Our results suggest that low PLA(2) expression levels in most CH venom can be attributed to translation blockage. We also purified two acidic PLA(2)s and canebrake toxin from the pooled venom of Crotalus horridus atricaudatus (neurotoxic CH subspecies). One of the acidic PLA(2)s was identical to CH-E6 and showed high lipolytic activity and weak anti-platelet activities. The possibility that C. h. atricaudatus could be a hybrid between CH and Crotalus scutulatus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ming Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
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Guo YW, Liu HW, Chang TY, Chen CT, Li CJ. Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of an edema-producing Asp-49 phospholipase A2fromTrimeresurus mucrosquamatus. TOXIN REV 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15569540903348064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Gibbs HL, Sanz L, Calvete JJ. Snake Population Venomics: Proteomics-Based Analyses of Individual Variation Reveals Significant Gene Regulation Effects on Venom Protein Expression in Sistrurus Rattlesnakes. J Mol Evol 2009; 68:113-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-008-9186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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27
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TSAI INNHO. REVISED SYSTEMATICS OF TAIWANESE VIPERID SNAKES AND THE CORRELATION TO VENOM DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-200046396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Complementary DNA sequencing and identification of mRNAs from the venomous gland of Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma. Toxicon 2008; 51:1457-66. [PMID: 18502463 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To advance our knowledge on the snake venom composition and transcripts expressed in venom gland at the molecular level, we constructed a cDNA library from the venom gland of Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma for the generation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) database. From the randomly sequenced 2112 independent clones, we have obtained ESTs for 1309 (62%) cDNAs, which showed significant deduced amino acid sequence similarity (scores >80) to previously characterized proteins in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Ribosomal proteins make up 47 clones (2%) and the remaining 756 (36%) cDNAs represent either unknown identity or show BLASTX sequence identity scores of <80 with known GenBank accessions. The most highly expressed gene encoding phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) accounting for 35% of A. p. leucostoma venom gland cDNAs was identified and further confirmed by crude venom applied to sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis and protein sequencing. A total of 180 representative genes were obtained from the sequence assemblies and deposited to EST database. Clones showing sequence identity to disintegrins, thrombin-like enzymes, hemorrhagic toxins, fibrinogen clotting inhibitors and plasminogen activators were also identified in our EST database. These data can be used to develop a research program that will help us identify genes encoding proteins that are of medical importance or proteins involved in the mechanisms of the toxin venom.
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Snake venomics of the South and Central American Bushmasters. Comparison of the toxin composition of Lachesis muta gathered from proteomic versus transcriptomic analysis. J Proteomics 2008; 71:46-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rapid Evolution by Positive Selection and Gene Gain and Loss: PLA2 Venom Genes in Closely Related Sistrurus Rattlesnakes with Divergent Diets. J Mol Evol 2008; 66:151-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-008-9067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shashidharamurthy R, Kemparaju K. A neurotoxic phospholipase A2 variant: Isolation and characterization from eastern regional Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom. Toxicon 2006; 47:727-33. [PMID: 16574178 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography profile of Indian cobra (Naja naja) venom from eastern region showed a distinct and a dominant phospholipase peak, peak-10, while it was not seen in either southern or western venom samples. Peak-10 was subjected to CM-Sephadex C-25 and Sephadex G-50 column chromatography to isolate NN-X-PLA(2). NN-X-PLA(2) is a single chain protein with the relative molecular weight of 10kDa by SDS-PAGE. It was toxic to mice with an LD(50) value 0.098 mg/kg body weight (i.p.) and the mice exhibited acute neurotoxic symptoms. Upon indirect stimulation, it inhibited the twitching of frog's gastrocnemius muscle in a dose dependent manner. NN-X-PLA(2) was weakly anticoagulant and devoid of cytotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemorrhage, edema inducing, and directlytic activities and effects on platelet aggregation process. Upon chemical modification independently with p-bromophenacyl bromide and acetic anhydride, NN-X-PLA(2) lost both enzymatic and toxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shashidharamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mnasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
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Kato K, Furihata K, Cheli Y, Radis-Baptista G, Kunicki TJ. Effect of multimer size and a natural dimorphism on the binding of convulxin to platelet glycoprotein (GP)VI. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1107-13. [PMID: 16689765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convulxin (CVX), a C-type lectin from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, is a potent activator of human platelets, binding predominantly to glycoprotein (GP)VI. Native CVX is an octamer composed of four alphabeta-heterodimers [(alphabeta)(4)]. Two different native sequences have been reported, one bearing lysine (K), the other glutamic acid (E), at beta chain residue 89, but the physiological relevance of this difference is unknown. OBJECTIVE We used the Drosophila S2 system to express recombinant CVX (rCVX) heterodimers (alphabeta) and site-directed mutagenesis to evaluate the influence of multimer size and the substitution betaK89E on CVX function. METHODS By flow cytometry, native CVX and both recombinant forms bind to human platelets in whole blood. By surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore, Piscataway, NJ, USA), the calculated equilibrium dissociation constants (K(D)) were: rCVX alphabeta89K, 11.3 x 10(-8) m; rCVX alphabeta89E, 9 x 10(-8) m; and native CVX, 2.8 x 10(-8) m. RESULTS Thus, the affinities of the two rCVX forms for human, recombinant GPVI are essentially the same, but the relative affinity of native CVX is about 3-fold higher. The minimum concentration of native CVX that induces maximal human platelet aggregation (70 pm) is roughly 400-fold lower than that of either rCVX (29 nm). CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the ability of the native CVX octamer to cluster mobile GPVI molecules within the platelet membrane may be the single most important factor that contributes to the efficiency with which CVX is able to induce platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kato
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Hemostasis and Thrombosis, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Wei JF, Wei XL, Chen QY, Huang T, Qiao LY, Wang WY, Xiong YL, He SH. N49 phospholipase A2, a unique subgroup of snake venom group II phospholipase A2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1760:462-71. [PMID: 16413680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with Asn at its site 49 was purified from the snake venom of Protobothrops mucrosquamatus by using SP-Sephadex C25, Superdex 75, Heparin-Sepharose (FF) and HPLC reverse-phage C18 chromatography and designated as TM-N49. It showed a molecular mass of 13.875 kDa on MALDI-TOF. TM-N49 does not possess enzymatic, hemolytic and hemorrhagic activities. It fails to induce platelet aggregation by itself, and does not inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by ADP. However, it exhibits potent myotoxic activity causing inflammatory cell infiltration, severe myoedema, myonecrosis and myolysis in the gastrocnemius muscles of BALB/c mice. Phylogenetic analysis found that that TM-N49 combined with two phospholipase A2s from Trimeresurus stejnegeri, TsR6 and CTs-R6 cluster into one group. Structural and functional analysis indicated that these phospholipase A2s are distinct from the other subgroups (D49 PLA2, S49 PLA2 and K49 PLA2) and represent a unique subgroup of snake venom group II PLA2, named N49 PLA2 subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fu Wei
- Allergy and Inflammation Research Institute, the Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515031, China
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Wang YM, Peng HF, Tsai IH. Unusual venom phospholipases A2 of two primitive tree vipers Trimeresurus puniceus and Trimeresurus borneensis. FEBS J 2005; 272:3015-25. [PMID: 15955061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To explore the venom diversity of Asian pit vipers, we investigated the structure and function of venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) derived from two primitive tree vipers Trimeresurus puniceus and Trimeresurus borneensis. We purified six novel PLA2s from T. puniceus venom and another three from T. borneensis venom. All cDNAs encoding these PLA2s except one were cloned, and the molecular masses and N-terminal sequences of the purified enzymes closely matched those predicted from the cDNA. Three contain K49 and lack a disulfide bond at C61-C91, in contrast with the D49-containing PLA2s in both venom species. They are less thermally stable than other K49-PLA2s which contain seven disulfide bonds, as indicated by a decrease of 8.8 degrees C in the melting temperature measured by CD spectroscopy. The M110D mutation in one of the K49-PLA2s apparently reduced its edematous potency. A phylogenetic tree based on the amino-acid sequences of 17 K49-PLA2s from Asian pit viper venoms illustrates close relationships among the Trimeresurus species and intergeneric segregations. Basic D49-PLA2s with a unique Gly6 substitution were also purified from both venoms. They showed edema-inducing and anticoagulating activities. It is notable that acidic PLA2s from both venoms inhibited blood coagulation rather than platelet aggregation, and this inhibition was only partially dependent on enzyme activity. These results contribute to our understanding of the evolution of Trimeresurus pit vipers and the structure-function relationships between various subtypes of crotalid venom PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ming Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica and Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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de Lima DC, Alvarez Abreu P, de Freitas CC, Santos DO, Borges RO, dos Santos TC, Mendes Cabral L, Rodrigues CR, Castro HC. Snake Venom: Any Clue for Antibiotics and CAM? EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2005; 2:39-47. [PMID: 15841277 PMCID: PMC1062156 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lately several naturally occurring peptides presenting antimicrobial activity have been described in the literature. However, snake venoms, which are an enormous source of peptides, have not been fully explored for searching such molecules. The aim of this work is to review the basis of antimicrobial mechanisms revealing snake venom as a feasible source for searching an antibiotic prototype. Therefore, it includes (i) a description of the constituents of the snake venoms involved in their main biological effects during the envenomation process; (ii) examples of snake venom molecules of commercial use; (iii) mechanisms of action of known antibiotics; and (iv) how the microorganisms can be resistant to antibiotics. This review also shows that snake venoms are not totally unexplored sources for antibiotics and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivy Clementino de Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Modelagem Molecular (LaBioMol), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal FluminenseCEP 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paula Alvarez Abreu
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Modelagem Molecular (LaBioMol), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal FluminenseCEP 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cícero Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Modelagem Molecular (LaBioMol), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal FluminenseCEP 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dilvani Oliveira Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Modelagem Molecular (LaBioMol), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal FluminenseCEP 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Oliveira Borges
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Modelagem Molecular (LaBioMol), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal FluminenseCEP 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcio Mendes Cabral
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em SaúdeFundação Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCEP 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Modelagem Molecular (LaBioMol), Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal FluminenseCEP 24001-970, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Chen YH, Wang YM, Hseu MJ, Tsai IH. Molecular evolution and structure-function relationships of crotoxin-like and asparagine-6-containing phospholipases A2 in pit viper venoms. Biochem J 2004; 381:25-34. [PMID: 15032748 PMCID: PMC1133758 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some myotoxic or neurotoxic PLA2s (phospholipases A2) from pit viper venoms contain characteristic N6 substitutions. Our survey of the venoms of more than ten pit viper genera revealed that N6-PLA2s exist only in limited Asian pit vipers of two genera, Protobothrops and Gloydius, and exist as either monomers or the basic subunits of heterodimers in some New World pit vipers. For the newly identified N6-PLA2s, the neuromuscular blocking activities were assayed with the chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular tissue, whereas the increased serum creatine kinase level assessed their myotoxicities. The purified N6-PLA2s from Protobothrops mangshanensis and Gloydius intermedius saxatilis were found to be presynaptic neurotoxins. In contrast, all N6-PLA2s from the venoms of Sistrurus miliarius strackeri, S. m. barbouri, Crotalus viridis viridis, C. lepidus lepidus, Cerrophidion godmani and Bothreichis schlegelii were myotoxins without neurotoxicity even in the presence of crotoxin A. Crotoxin-like complexes were for the first time purified from the venoms of Sitrurus catenatus tergeminus, C. mitchelli mitchelli, C. horridus atricaudatus, C. basiliscus and C. durissus cumanensis. The cDNAs encoding six novel N6-PLA2s and subunits of the crotoxin-like complex from S. c. tergeminus were cloned and fully sequenced. Phylogeny analysis showed that two structural subtypes of N6-PLA2s with either F24 or S24 substitution have been evolved in parallel, possibly descended respectively from species related to present-day Protobothrops and Gloydius. Calmodulin binds all the N6-PLA2s but crotoxin A may inhibit its binding to crotoxin B and to other neurotoxic N6-PLA2s. Structure-activity relationships at various regions of the PLA2 molecules were extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chen
- *Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, POB 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ming Wang
- *Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, POB 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jhy Hseu
- *Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, POB 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Ho Tsai
- *Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, POB 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
- †Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (e-mail )
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Tsai IH, Wang YM, Chen YH, Tsai TS, Tu MC. Venom phospholipases A2 of bamboo viper (Trimeresurus stejnegeri): molecular characterization, geographic variations and evidence of multiple ancestries. Biochem J 2004; 377:215-23. [PMID: 12959640 PMCID: PMC1223832 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Revised: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 09/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) were purified from the Trimeresurus stejnegeri venom obtained from various localities in Taiwan and three provinces in China, by gel filtration followed by reversed-phase HPLC. The precise molecular mass and N-terminal sequence of each PLA2 were determined. In addition to the six previously documented PLA2 isoforms of this species, we identified ten novel isoforms. The venom gland cDNAs of individual specimens of the viper from four localities were used for PCR and subsequent cloning of the PLA2s. The molecular masses and partial sequences of most of the purified PLA2s matched with those deduced from a total of 13 distinct cDNA sequences of these clones. Besides the commonly known Asp49 or Lys-49 PLA2s of crotalid venoms, a novel type of PLA2 with Asn-49 substitution at the Ca2+-binding site was discovered. This type of PLA2 is non-catalytic, but may cause local oedema and appears to be a venom marker of many tree vipers. In particular, we showed that T. stejnegeri displayed high geographic variations of the PLA2s within and between their Taiwanese and Chinese populations, which can be explained by geological isolation and prey ecology. A phylogenetic tree of the acidic venom PLA2s of this species and other related Asian vipers reveals that T. stejnegeri contains venom genes related to those from several sympatric pit vipers, including the genera Tropedolaemus and Gloydius besides the Trimeresurus itself. Taken together, these findings may explain the exceptionally high variations in the venom as well as the evolutionary advantage of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inn-Ho Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, P.O. Box 23-106, Taipei 107, Taiwan.
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Tsai I, Wang Y, Chen Y. Variations of Phospholipases A2in the Geographic Venom Samples of Pitvipers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/txr-120026919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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