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Ikeda M, Karakawa A, Takizawa H, Azetsu Y, Sakai N, Chatani M, Suzuki N, Takami M. Effects of Anti-RANKL Antibody and Zoledronic Acid on Periapical Lesion Development in Mice. J Endod 2022; 48:632-640. [PMID: 35181456 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-resorptive drugs are widely used to treat osteoporosis and other systemic bone diseases, though their efficacy for local bone resorption following localized inflammation has not been fully elucidated. We examined the effects of an anti-receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) antibody and the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZOL) on periapical lesion (PL) development in mice. METHODS Dental pulps of lower first molars in mice were removed, with the exposed dental pulp chambers left open to the oral environment to induce apical periodontitis. An anti-RANKL antibody or ZOL was intraperitoneally injected once per week until postoperative day 21, then micro-computed tomography and histological analyses were performed. RESULTS PL enlargement was inhibited by both the anti-RANKL antibody and ZOL in a dose-dependent manner and reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration in apical tissues inhibited periapical bone resorption. The anti-RANKL antibody decreased the number of osteoclasts in periapical tissues, while ZOL suppressed periapical bone resorption with osteoclast numbers maintained. While administration of each of the anti-resorptive drugs increased femoral bone mass, femoral bone mineral density in the PL group was lower as compared to the sham-operated group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an anti-resorptive drug administered systemically is distributed to areas of local inflammation in the jaw and can prevent PL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Ikeda
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan; Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Karakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan; Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Hideomi Takizawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan; Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan; Department of Orthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan
| | - Yuki Azetsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan; Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan; Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Chatani
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan; Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 145-8515, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takami
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan; Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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Thein HSS, Hashimoto K, Kawashima N, Noda S, Okiji T. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of surface-reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer filler containing root canal sealer in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Dent Mater J 2021; 41:150-158. [PMID: 34602587 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A prototype surface-reaction-type pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler containing root canal sealer (S-PRG sealer) exhibits bioactive potential by releasing multiple ions. This study explored the suppressive effects and modes of action of S-PRG sealer extracts on proinflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines was evaluated by RT-qPCR and ELISA. Expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-kB) p65 was evaluated by western blotting. S-PRG sealer extracts significantly downregulated mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells; the extracts also reduced the levels of IL-6 protein and p-NF-kB. In order to verify that Zn2+ was responsible for downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) was used as a heavy metal chelator with strong affinity for Zn2+. These effects were mitigated by TPEN. The application of ZnCl2 reproduced the actions of S-PRG sealer extracts. These data suggest that S-PRG sealer has anti-inflammatory potential involving heavy metal ions such as Zn2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Htoo Shwe Sin Thein
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.,Department of Paediatric Dentistry, University of Dental Medicine Mandalay
| | - Kentaro Hashimoto
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Sonoko Noda
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Takashi Okiji
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Chang MC, Wang TM, Chien HH, Pan YH, Tsai YL, Jeng PY, Lin LD, Jeng JH. Effect of butyrate, a bacterial by-product, on the viability and ICAM-1 expression/production of human vascular endothelial cells: Role in infectious pulpal/periapical diseases. Int Endod J 2021; 55:38-53. [PMID: 34420220 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of butyric acid (BA), a metabolic product generated by pulp and root canal pathogens, on the viability and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) production of endothelial cells, which are crucial to angiogenesis and pulpal/periapical wound healing. METHODOLOGY Endothelial cells were exposed to butyrate with/without inhibitors. Cell viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated using an MTT assay, PI/annexin V and DCF fluorescence flow cytometry respectively. RNA and protein expression was determined using a polymerase chain reaction assay and Western blotting or immunofluorescent staining. Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The quantitative results were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) of the mean. The data were analysed using a paired Student's t-test where necessary. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference between groups. RESULTS Butyrate (>4 mM) inhibited cell viability and induced cellular apoptosis and necrosis. It inhibited cyclin B1 but stimulated p21 and p27 expression. Butyrate stimulated ROS production and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression as well as activated the Ac-H3, p-ATM, p-ATR, p-Chk1, p-Chk2, p-p38 and p-Akt expression of endothelial cells. Butyrate stimulated ICAM-1 mRNA/protein expression and significant sICAM-1 production (p < .05). Superoxide dismutase, 5z-7oxozeaenol, SB203580 and compound C (p < .05), but not ZnPP, CGK733, AZD7762 or LY294002, attenuated butyrate cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. Notably, little effect on butyrate-stimulated sICAM-1 secretion was found. Valproic acid, phenylbutyrate and trichostatin (three histone deacetylase inhibitors) significantly induced sICAM-1 production (p < .05). CONCLUSION Butyric acid inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, stimulated ROS and HO-1 production and increased ICAM-1 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in endothelial cells. Cell viability affected by BA was diminished by some inhibitors; however, the increased sICAM-1 secretion by BA was not affected by any of the tested inhibitors. These results facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of pulpal/periapical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Mei Wang
- School of Dentistry & Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Hong Chien
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yu-Hwa Pan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Tsai
- School of Dentistry & Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Jeng
- School of Dentistry & Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Deh Lin
- School of Dentistry & Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- School of Dentistry & Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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4
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Wang HW, Kok SH, Yang CN, Hong CY, Chi CW, Chen MH, Cheng SJ, Shun CT, Yang H, Lin SK. Blockade of fatty acid signalling inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage recruitment and progression of apical periodontitis. Int Endod J 2021; 54:902-915. [PMID: 33369764 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the role of palmitic acid in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated chemotaxis of macrophages and the potential contribution of saturated fatty acid in signalling during the pathogenesis of apical periodontitis. METHODOLOGY J774, a mouse macrophage cell line, was used in the experiments. After treatment with LPS, proteolytic maturation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) were examined by Western analysis. Levels of palmitic acid were measured by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Knockdown of SREBP-1c and FASN was accomplished by small interfering RNA technology. Secretion of CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and cellular chemotaxis were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and transwell migration assay, respectively. Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (SSO) treatment was used to inhibit fatty acid signalling in vitro and also in a rat model of apical periodontitis. All data were first subjected to Levene's test. In vitro data were then analysed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Data from animal experiments were analysed by independent t-tests. The significant level was set at 0.05. RESULTS LPS stimulated proteolytic maturation of SREBP-1c and FASN expression in macrophages and significantly enhanced palmitic acid synthesis (P < 0.05). Knockdown of SREBP-1c attenuated LPS-enhanced FASN expression. Knockdown of FASN significantly suppressed LPS-enhanced palmitic acid synthesis (P < 0.05). LPS and exogenous palmitic acid significantly enhanced CCL2 secretion and macrophage chemotaxis (all P < 0.05). Inhibition of FASN expression significantly alleviated LPS-augmented CCL2 secretion (P < 0.05). SSO significantly suppressed CCL2 secretion and macrophage chemotaxis augmented by LPS and palmitic acid (all P < 0.05). In a rat model of induced apical periodontitis, SSO treatment significantly attenuated progression of apical periodontitis and macrophage recruitment (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LPS/SREBP-1c/FASN/palmitic acid signalling contributed to tissue destruction caused by bacterial infection. Modulation of lipid metabolism and signalling may be helpful for the management of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-W Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-H Kok
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-N Yang
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Hong
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-W Chi
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - M-H Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-J Cheng
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-T Shun
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - H Yang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-K Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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An S. Nitric Oxide in Dental Pulp Tissue: From Molecular Understanding to Clinical Application in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 26:327-347. [PMID: 32131706 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS), is a versatile endogenous molecule with multiple biological effects on many tissues and organs. In dental pulp tissue, NO has been found to play multifaceted roles in regulating physiological activities, inflammation processes, and tissue repair events, such as cell proliferation, neuronal degeneration, angiogenesis, and odontoblastic differentiation. However, there is a deficiency of detailed discussion on the NO-mediated interactions between inflammation and reparative/regenerative responses in wounded dental pulp tissue, which is a central determinant of ultimate clinical outcomes. Thus, the purpose of this review is to outline the current molecular understanding on the roles of Janus-faced molecule NO in dental pulp physiology, inflammation, and reparative activities. Based on this knowledge, advanced physicochemical techniques designed to manipulate the therapeutic potential of NOS and NO production in endodontic regeneration procedures are further discussed. Impact statement The interaction between inflammation and reparative/regenerative responses is very important for regenerative endodontic procedures, which are biologically based approaches intended to replace damaged tissues. Inside dental pulp tissue, endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is generated mainly by immunocompetent cells and dental pulp cells and mediates not only inflammatory/immune activities but also signaling cascades that regulate tissue repair and reconstruction, indicating its involvement in both tissue destruction and regeneration. Thus, it is feasible that NO acts as one of the indicators and modulators in dental pulp repair or regeneration under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng An
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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6
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Li XY, Li Q, Cui BM, Wang LW, Fan YP, Chen J, Feng Y, Zhang P. [Saliva of periodontitis patients promotes macrophage differentiation and activation]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:508-513. [PMID: 30465344 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis (CPD) on the differentiation, activation, and secretion of osteoclast-maturing mediators of macrophages. METHODS A total of 40 saliva samples were collected from healthy donors (n=20) and severe periodontitis patients (n=20). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and THP-1 monocyte line cells were challenged with 15% saliva for 5 days. The phenotype, surface marker, and phagocytosis of macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry and microscopy. Osteoclast-maturing mediators were assayed by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS When PBMCs were treated with CPD saliva for 5 days, 61.25%±11.33% of cells were transformed into large granular cells; 86.78%±13.69% of large granular cells were identified as CD14⁺⁺CD16⁺ macrophages. When THP-1 cells were treated with CPD saliva, most cells attached to the bottom of cell culture plates, thereby exhibiting macrophage morphology and releasing additional osteoclast-maturing mediators. Furthermore, the phagocytosis of THP-1 cells considerably increased in the presence of CPD saliva (66.35%±9.67%) compared with medium control (33.33%±7.52%), or healthy saliva (40.71%±3.52%). CONCLUSIONS Saliva from patients with CPD can induce macrophage differentiation, activate phagocytose microorganisms, and secrete osteoclast-maturing mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo-Miao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ya-Ping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Papadopoulos G, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB, Huang N, Viglianti GA, Henderson AJ, Kantarci A, Gibson FC. Immunologic environment influences macrophage response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2016; 32:250-261. [PMID: 27346827 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages adapt both phenotypically and functionally to the cytokine balance in host tissue microenvironments. Recent studies established that macrophages contribute an important yet poorly understood role in the development of infection-elicited oral bone loss. We hypothesized that macrophage adaptation to inflammatory signals encountered before pathogen interaction would significantly influence the subsequent immune response of these cells to the keystone oral pathobiont Porphyromonas gingivalis. Employing classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) murine bone-marrow-derived macrophage (BMDMø), we observed that immunologic activation of macrophages before P. gingivalis challenge dictated phenotype-specific changes in the expression of inflammation-associated molecules important to sensing and tuning host response to bacterial infection including Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, CD14, CD18 and CD11b (together comprising CR3), major histocompatibility complex class II, CD80, and CD86. M2 cells responded to P. gingivalis with higher expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted, and KC than M1 cells. M1 BMDMø expressed higher levels of interleukin-10 to P. gingivalis than M2 BMDMø. Functionally, we observed that M2 BMDMø bound P. gingivalis more robustly than M1 BMDMø. These data describe an important contribution of macrophage skewing in the subsequent development of the cellular immune response to P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Papadopoulos
- Section of infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y B Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb
- Section of infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Huang
- Section of infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G A Viglianti
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A J Henderson
- Section of infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Kantarci
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - F C Gibson
- Section of infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Cathepsin K Inhibitor Regulates Inflammation and Bone Destruction in Experimentally Induced Rat Periapical Lesions. J Endod 2015; 41:1474-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Goodman SC, Letra A, Dorn S, Araujo-Pires AC, Vieira AE, Chaves de Souza L, Yadlapati M, Garlet GP, Silva RM. Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in Periapical Granulomas. J Endod 2014; 40:830-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Matsui H, Yamasaki M, Nakata K, Amano K, Nakamura H. Expression of MMP-8 and MMP-13 in the development of periradicular lesions. Int Endod J 2011; 44:739-45. [PMID: 21447140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the expressions of MMP-8 and MMP-13 in experimentally induced rat periradicular lesions by means of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining. METHODOLOGY Thirty rats were used and periradicular lesions in mandibular first molar teeth were established following pulp exposure. The animals were sacrificed at 0 (no exposure control), 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks after pulp exposure. The right molars were used for RT-PCR analysis of MMP-8 and MMP-13. The left molars were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with both MMPs. The areas of these lesions were measured histometrically, and the numbers of both reactive cells in the periapical portion were counted per unit area. Significant differences were analysed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS MMP-8 gene expression gradually increased from 2 to 4 weeks, but slightly decreased at 6 weeks. MMP-13 gene expression gradually increased from 1 to 3 weeks. At 4 and 6 weeks, the level of expression was as high as that at 3 weeks. Immunohistochemically, MMP-8 was first detected at 2 weeks and gradually increased until 4 weeks. MMP-13 gradually increased from 1 to 4 weeks. Both MMPs decreased at 6 weeks. The area of the periradicular lesions gradually increased from 1 to 4 weeks, showing a large increase in week 2 and 3 in particular, but then decreased in week 6. MMP-13-expressing cells were significantly greater than MMP-8-positive cells at week 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that MMP-8 and MMP-13 were related to the development of periradicular lesions. It is suggested that MMP-13 increased from an early stage during their development and that MMP-8 is involved in the progression of tissue destruction including bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsui
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Chkusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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11
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Tripuwabhrut P, Brudvik P, Fristad I, Rethnam S. Experimental orthodontic tooth movement and extensive root resorption: periodontal and pulpal changes. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 118:596-603. [PMID: 21083621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported changes both in dental pulp and in periodontal ligament (PDL) following orthodontic tooth movement. However, pulpal changes following extensive root resorption after orthodontic tooth movement have not been studied in detail. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate inflammatory changes, both in the dental pulp and in the compressed PDL, after experimentally induced extensive root resorption. Extensive root resorption was induced in rats by the activation and re-activation of orthodontic force, with a short intervening period of no force application. The distribution of immune cells, nerve fibres and blood vessels was studied immunohistochemically using antibodies against CD68-immunoreactive (IR) cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II Ia-expressing cells, CD43-IR cells, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), and laminin. In the compressed PDL of experimental first molars, significantly increased density of CD68-IR cells and MHC class II Ia-expressing cells were found, whereas the density of CD43-IR cells were unchanged when compared with control second molars. In the compressed PDL, there was an increased density of blood vessels, but no sprouting of nerve fibres. In the dental pulp, however, no increased density of immune cells or sprouting of nerve fibres was recorded. In conclusion, inflammation after extensive root resorption was confined to the compressed PDL, whereas the dental pulp was unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polbhat Tripuwabhrut
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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12
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Desai SV, Love RM, Rich AM, Seymour GJ. Antigen recognition and presentation in periapical tissues: a role for TLR expressing cells? Int Endod J 2010; 44:87-99. [PMID: 21083574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are the prime cause of periapical diseases and root canal microbiology is a well-researched area of endodontics. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are present in periapical lesions of endodontic origin and play a substantial role in recognizing, processing and presenting pathogenic antigens to the adaptive immune system such as an effective and long-lasting immune response is generated against the specific pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germ-line encoded pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) expressed by various APCs which induce their maturation, lead to gene transcription in the nucleus and the production of several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Thirteen TLRs have been discovered, 10 of which have been identified in humans so far. Preliminary studies of dental pulp tissue have demonstrated various cell types expressing different TLRs in response to commonly encountered microorganisms. However, there is little information available regarding the expression and function of the various TLRs in human periapical lesions. This review discusses the interactions of various APCs in periapical lesions and the possible roles of different TLRs and APCs in pulp/periapical pathogen recognition and presentation to the adaptive immune system in the initiation and sustaining of periapical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Desai
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Ibayashi H, Nishiyama T, Tanaka M, Pham TM, Yano J, Sakai K, Kobayashi A, Yakura N, Matsuda S. Effects of Oral Health Care on Salivary Flow Rate in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Asia Pac J Public Health 2009; 21:279-86. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539509335448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of the authors' oral health care program on the stimulated whole salivary flow rate and buffer capacity before and after a 6-month intervention. The authors conducted the intervention study among 25 participants with diabetes. The salivary flow rate and buffer capacity were evaluated before and after this intervention. Overall, the results showed a significant increase in salivary flow rate and no significant change in buffer capacity. Also, it was likely that salivary flow rate significantly increased among patients with more than 20 remaining teeth and patients with well-controlled diabetes. The findings suggest that this program for type 2 diabetes led to an increase in the stimulated whole salivary flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Ibayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health,
School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu,
| | | | - Masayuki Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health,
School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu
| | - Truong-Minh Pham
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health,
School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu
| | - Junko Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health,
School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu
| | - Kazuyo Sakai
- Community Comprehensive Support Center, Kagoshima
| | | | - Naonori Yakura
- Sonpo Japan Research Institute Incorporation, Tokyo
Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuda
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health,
School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu
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14
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Fukada SY, Silva TA, Saconato IF, Garlet GP, Avila-Campos MJ, Silva JS, Cunha FQ. iNOS-derived nitric oxide modulates infection-stimulated bone loss. J Dent Res 2009; 87:1155-9. [PMID: 19029085 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808701207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in host defense, as well as in inflammation-induced tissue lesions. Here we evaluated the role of NO in bone loss in bacterial infection-induced apical periodontitis by using iNOS-deficient mice (iNOS(-/-)). The iNOS(-/-) mice developed greater inflammatory cell recruitment and osteolytic lesions than WT mice. Moreover, tartrate-resistant acid-phosphatase-positive (TRAP(+)) osteoclasts were significantly more numerous in iNOS(-/-) mice. Furthermore, the increased bone resorption in iNOS(-/-) mice also correlated with the increased expression of receptor activator NF-kappaB (RANK), stromal-cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha/CXCL12), and reduced expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG). These results show that NO deficiency was associated with an imbalance of bone-resorption-modulating factors, leading to severe infection-stimulated bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Fukada
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto SP, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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The expression of macrophage and neutrophil elastases in rat periradicular lesions. J Endod 2009; 34:1072-6. [PMID: 18718368 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage elastase and neutrophil elastase are involved in tissue destruction in periradicular lesions. The purpose of this study was to examine these elastases immunohistochemically during development of periradicular lesions induced in rat mandibular first molar by pulpal exposure for 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days. Histologically, periapical inflammation developed from 7 to 21 days and then subsided after 28 days. The area of these lesions gradually increased from 7 to 28 days and subsequently decreased at 42 days. Macrophage elastase was first detected at 7 days and predominantly shown from 14 to 28 days, whereas neutrophil elastase gradually increased from 14 to 28 days. Macrophage elastase was significantly greater than neutrophil elastase from 7 to 21 days. These results suggest that macrophage elastase was enhanced from an early stage during the development of these lesions and that neutrophil elastase was related to the expansion of periapical tissue destruction including bone resorption.
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16
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Marcato LG, Ferlini AP, Bonfim RCF, Ramos-Jorge ML, Ropert C, Afonso LFC, Vieira LQ, Sobrinho APR. The role of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production by macrophage cells stimulated with root canal pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:353-9. [PMID: 18793356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periapical lesions arise as a result of the activation and interaction of the host immune responses against root canal infection. Recently identified Toll-like receptors (TLR) seem to be involved in the recognition and development of immune responses against a myriad of microorganisms. However, very little information is available on the role of TLR in the induction of periapical lesions. METHOD The role of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in the activation of murine macrophages stimulated using Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius was investigated. The production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed. RESULTS The results demonstrate that TLR-2 and TLR-4 are involved in the production of ROS by activated macrophages. The microorganisms induced similar levels of NO production by TLR-2-competent and TLR-2-deficient macrophages, regardless of the addition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), ruling out a role for TLR-2 in the NO production induced by these bacteria. Only P. anaerobius induced NO production by TLR-4-competent macrophages without the addition of IFN-gamma. However, after IFN-gamma addition, F. nucleatum induced macrophage NO production. Therefore, NO production stimulated by IFN-gamma and these microorganisms seems to be TLR-4-independent. CONCLUSION TLR-2 seems to be involved in the induction of ROS production by macrophages in response to prevalent root canal bacteria, while only F. nucleatum induced ROS production by TLR-4-competent macrophages. Both microorganisms significantly induced large amounts of NO independent of TLR-2 and TLR-4. We conclude that microorganisms may participate in the induction and progression of periapical lesions through NO and ROS production by activated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Marcato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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17
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Tadokoro O, Kawahara I, Vandevska-Radunovic V, Inoue K. Distribution of epithelial cells and their relationship to immunocompetent cells in rat molars: a confocal and transmission electron microscope study. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 57:315-25. [PMID: 19029402 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.952788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the distribution of cytokeratin (CK)-immunopositive cells and their relationship to immunocompetent ED1- and OX6-immunopositive cells in rat periodontium by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. CK-immunopositive cells were generally distributed along the surface of the tooth root. They could also be found between root dentin and cementum, in the perivascular space, and close to or in the alveolar bone lacunae. ED1-immunopositive cells exhibited a compact shape with small processes and were widely distributed in the periodontium. Few sections demonstrated an intimate relationship between the CK- and ED1-immunopositive cells close to the cementum, in the perivascular space, and close to or in the alveolar bone. Numerous OX6-immunopositive cells with long branching processes were widely distributed in the periodontal ligament, surrounding and holding CK-immunopositive cells in the cell clusters, close to the cementum. Transmission electron microscopy revealed OX6-immunopositive cells that extended their cytoplasmic processes, which contained vesicles and occasionally lysosomes in between the epithelial cells. This study demonstrates the close relationship between the epithelial cells and the immunocompetent cells in a rat periodontium, indicating a functional interrelationship. It is possible that in a non-inflammatory periodontium, the epithelial cells act not independently, but through interaction with immunocompetent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Tadokoro
- Department of Oral Anatomy 1, Matsumoto Dental University, School of Dentistry, Nagano, Japan.
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18
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Kaneko T, Okiji T, Kaneko R, Nör JE, Suda H. Antigen-presenting cells in human radicular granulomas. J Dent Res 2008; 87:553-7. [PMID: 18502964 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial numbers of dendritic cells have been detected in radicular granulomas. To test the hypothesis that local antigen presentation from dendritic cells to T-cells is involved critically in immunological responses within radicular granulomas, we compared characteristics of dendritic cells and macrophages by morphological and biological analyses. Under light microscopy, HLA-DR+ and CD68+ cells showed diverse profiles, including dendritic-shaped cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that HLA-DR+ dendritic cells, with long cytoplasmic processes and lacking distinct phagosomes, were concentrated in the lymphocyte-rich area. HLA-DR alpha-chain, CD83, and CD86 mRNAs from HLA-DR+ dendritic cells, and CD28 mRNA from CD28+ T-cells were up-regulated in lymphocyte-rich area. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the density of gold particles on dendritic cells was higher than that on HLA-DR+ macrophages. These results suggest that dendritic cells in radicular granulomas are associated with local defense reactions as stronger antigen-presenting cells, as compared with macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneko
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Comparative immunohistochemical and quantitative analysis of inflammatory cells in symptomatic and asymptomatic chronic periapical lesions. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2008; 65:435-40. [DOI: 10.2298/vsp0806435l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim. It has been demonstrated that lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes represent the predominant cells of the inflammatory lesion of the dental granulomas. Other cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells comprise minor, but functionally important cell populations. Most of the data considering cells that take part in these processes have been derived from immunohistological studies. This study was undertaken with the aim to determine the phenotype profile of inflammatory cells of dental granulomas using immunohistochemical method in order to study the differences of their quantitative properties and distribution between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions. Methods. The material for the analysis originated from 42 individuals with clinic and radiographic diagnosis of chronic periapical lesions. The tissue was take either during the periradicular surgery, or tooth extraction. Cryostat tissue sections were stained using the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase assay (APAAP). This method is highly valid and sensitive using a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD38, CD14, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, CD45 and CD123. Results. The composition of the cell population revealed that there was no homogenous and site-specific pattern of the distribution of inflammatory cells. The results of our investigation revealed that the majority of inflammatory cells comprised lymphocytes and plasma cells, followed by subpopulations CD4+, CD8+ and CD14+ cells. Much lower in number were CD80+, CD86+ and CD83+ and CD1a+ cells. There were no statistically significant differences in mean values of inflammatory cells number between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions, with the exception of CD86+ cells, the number of which was statistically higher in symptomatic lesions. Conclusion. Inflammatory infiltrate cells in dental granulomas are dominated by T- and Blymphocytes. It points out the complexity of immunopathogenic events in imitiating and progressing of dental granulomas that involve mechanisms of both cellular and humoral immunity. Regarding the quantitative presence of immunocompetent cells in symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions no statistically significant difference was determined unless in mature dendritic cells present in symptomatic lesions.
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20
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Kawashima N, Suzuki N, Yang G, Ohi C, Okuhara S, Nakano-Kawanishi H, Suda H. Kinetics of RANKL, RANK and OPG expressions in experimentally induced rat periapical lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 103:707-11. [PMID: 17336108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The object of this study was to elucidate the kinetics of receptor activator of NFkB ligand (RANKL), RANK, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and cytokine expressions in experimentally induced rat periapical lesions. STUDY DESIGN The mRNA expressions of RANKL, RANK, OPG, and cytokines in experimentally induced rat periapical lesions were evaluated by real-time PCR. The lesions were induced in male Wistar rats (n = 48, 5 weeks of age) by unsealed pulp exposure of the lower first molars. RESULTS Expression of RANKL was up-regulated at the beginning of lesion expansion, and expression ratio of RANKL against OPG, a competitor of RANKL, peaked at 2 and 3 weeks. Expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, and IL-1beta also increased at this stage, suggesting contribution of synergic effects of RANKL and proinflammatory cytokine signaling to lesion expansion. Most of RANKL+ cells were fibroblastic, but few of them were T cells. CONCLUSION Expression of RANKL and proinflammatory cytokines was correlated with periapical lesion expansion.
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21
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Kawashima N, Wongyaofa I, Suzuki N, Kawanishi HN, Suda H. NK and NKT cells in the rat dental pulp tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 102:558-63. [PMID: 16997125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to elucidate the presence of natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells in rat dental pulp. STUDY DESIGN Male Wistar rats (n = 10) were used. The presence of NK and NKT cells in the coronal and root pulps of the lower first molars was detected immunohistochemically. RESULTS Infiltration of NK and NKT cells into the normal pulp was observed, and most of these cells were located in the coronal pulp rather than in the root pulp. The population of NKT cells in the pulp was only small compared to the population of NK cells. CONCLUSION NK and NKT cells are present in normal pulp, indicating an important role for the innate immune system in the pulp tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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23
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Liapatas S, Nakou M, Rontogianni D. Inflammatory infiltrate of chronic periradicular lesions: an immunohistochemical study. Int Endod J 2003; 36:464-71. [PMID: 12823701 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2591.2003.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the cellular profile of human chronic periradicular lesions using immunohistochemical methods in order to study the differences in the cell infiltrate of periradicular granulomas and cysts. METHODOLOGY The study population consisted of 45 individuals without any systemic disease. Biopsies were obtained during periradicular surgery. Paraffin-embedded sections were stained by the avidin-biotin complex method (ABC), whilst cryostat tissue sections were stained using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase assay (APAAP). These methods are highly valid and sensitive using a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies: CD4, CD8, CD3, CD10, HLADR, CD20, CD45RO, CD68 and CD57. The 45 specimens were characterized by the use of both techniques. RESULTS The 45 specimens were histologically diagnosed as: 25 periradicular granulomas, 17 periradicular cysts and 3 scar tissues. No statistically significant differences were detected in the inflammatory infiltrate between periradicular granulomas and cysts. Observation of the sections showed that the majority of inflammatory cells consisted of T and B lymphocytes and macrophages. T and B lymphocytes were equally distributed in 60% of the cases. The T4/T8 ratio ranged approximately from 1 to 3 and greater, being consistent with inflammation of periradicular tissues. The final differentiation of B lymphocytes to plasma cells was also detected, whilst natural killer (NK) cells were found in only 10 cases (22%). Moreover, antigen presenting cells and T suppressor/cytotoxic cells were found to be associated with both pre-existing and newly formed epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Periradicular granulomas and cysts represent two different stages in the development of chronic periradicular pathosis as a normal result of the process of immune reactions that cannot be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liapatas
- Dental School, Athens University, and Pathology Department, 'Evangelismos' General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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24
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Lara VS, Figueiredo F, da Silva TA, Cunha FQ. Dentin-induced in vivo inflammatory response and in vitro activation of murine macrophages. J Dent Res 2003; 82:460-5. [PMID: 12766199 DOI: 10.1177/154405910308200611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of inflammatory cells and consequent release of mediators play an important role in the resorption of mineralized tissues. In the present study, we examined the ability of dentin extracts to induce inflammatory cell recruitment and activation. We showed here that dentin extracts triggered an intense cell migration and progressive cell maturation, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was also up-regulated by dentin extracts. These results show that inflammatory events can be elicited in response to dentin, which may suggest a possible involvement of dentin molecules in the inflammatory events, coupled with their release at the root resorption sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Lara
- Department of Stomatology, Pathology, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo-Bauru, Rua Sérvio Túlio Carrijo Coube, 3-33, Apto 91-C, Jardim Infante Dom Henrique, 17012-632-Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Suzuki T, Kumamoto H, Ooya K, Motegi K. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and heat shock proteins in periapical inflammatory lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 2002; 31:488-93. [PMID: 12220357 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2002.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms responsible for activation and proliferation of lining epithelium involved in inflammatory processes in periapical inflammatory lesions remain unclear. In this study, the expression and distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were immunohistochemically investigated in periapical inflammatory lesions. METHODS Control specimens of periodontal ligaments including Malassez epithelial rests from seven teeth and periapical inflammatory lesions (15 apical granulomas (AGs), 16 radicular cysts (RCs), and 10 residual radicular cysts (RRCs)) were prepared and examined by the standard streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex method using anti-iNOS rabbit polyclonal antiserum, and anti-HSP27, -HSP60, -HSP70 mouse monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for iNOS was detected in macrophages, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells of granulation tissue and in lining epithelium of periapical inflammatory lesions. Malassez epithelial rests showed no or slight staining for iNOS. The epithelial staining intensity of iNOS in RCs was greater than that in Malassez epithelial rests and RRCs. Immunoreactivity for HSP27 was recognized in inflammatory cells, endothelial cells and lining epithelium of periapical inflammatory lesions and in Malassez epithelial rests. HSP60 was detected in some lymphocytes of granulation tissue and in lining epithelium of periapical inflammatory lesions, whereas Malassez epithelial rests showed no staining for HSP60. Epithelial HSP60 reactivity was more intense in RCs than in RRCs. HSP70 was expressed in lymphocytes, endothelial cells and lining epithelium of periapical inflammatory lesions and in Malassez epithelial rests. The staining intensity of HSP70 in Malassez epithelial rests was slightly lower than that in lining epithelium of RCs and RRCs. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the expressions of iNOS, HSP60, and HSP70 are involved in inflammatory processes and might play a role in the activation and proliferation of lining epithelium, leading to progression of periapical inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgical Science, Division of Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan.
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26
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Kim SA, Lim SS. T lymphocyte subpopulations and interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4 in rat pulpitis experimentally induced by specific bacteria. J Endod 2002; 28:202-5. [PMID: 12017181 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200203000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the expression of surface markers on T lymphocytes and the Th1/Th2 immune response in pulpal inflammation associated with specific bacteria. Pulpal inflammation was experimentally induced in rat mandibular incisors by drilling, without coolant, to open pulp chambers. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans group), Porphyromonas endodontalis (P. endodontalis group), and a sterile cotton pellet only (control group) were inoculated in the canal. The expression of CD25 and CD54 on CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes in pulp tissues was determined by using a flow cytometer. The levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-4 were measured by ELISA. Flow-cytometric analysis showed that the mean ratio of CD4+:CD8+ was 0.96 in the control group, 0.99 in the S. mutans group, and 0.52 in the P. endodontalis group. An increase in CD25 and CD54 expression on CD4+ T lymphocytes was related to the bacterial infection (p < 0.05) and accompanied an increase in IL-2 concentration. The higher concentration of IFN-gamma than IL-4 in the P. endodontalis group suggested a Th1 reaction in the early stage of pulpal inflammation induced by P. endodontalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ah Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Seoul National University Dental College, Korea
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Kaneko T, Okiji T, Kan L, Suda H, Takagi M. An immunoelectron-microscopic study of class II major histocompatibility complex molecule-expressing macrophages and dendritic cells in experimental rat periapical lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2001; 46:713-20. [PMID: 11389863 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(01)00031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that heterogeneous populations of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule-expressing non-lymphoid cells, ultrastructurally classified as macrophages and dendritic cell (DC) cell-like cells, comprise the major immune cell population in experimental periapical lesions in rat molars. In this study, the temporal changes in relative proportions of the two types of cells were examined, on the hypothesis that they are involved in different aspects of the pathogenesis of the lesions. The lesions were induced by making surgical pulp exposures in mandibular first molars of 5-week-old Wistar rats. Observation periods were set at 0 (normal), 3, 14, 28, and 56 days. Non-lymphoid cells immunoreactive to OX6 (reactive to class II MHC molecules) were classified as macrophages and DC cell-like cells according to their ultrastructure, and the frequencies of the two types of cells were assessed at each time-point. ED1 (reactive to nearly all macrophages and DCs) was also used to identify macrophages and DC cell-like cells. At 3 days, most OX6+ cells and ED1+ cells in the periapical tissue had the ultrastructural appearance of newly recruited macrophages. At 14 days, when the lesion was actively expanding, there were significantly more OX6+ macrophages than OX6+ DC cell-like cells (P<0.01). However, at 28 days, when lesion expansion had ceased, DC cell-like cells significantly outnumbered OX6+ macrophages (P<0.01); this remained constant at 56 days. Cell-to-cell contact between OX6+ non-lymphoid cells and OX6- lymphocytes, suggesting a functional interaction, was most frequently seen at 28 days. These results support the notion that class II MHC molecule-expressing macrophages play some part in the initial lesion expansion, and suggest that DC cell-like cells may primarily be involved in immune defence against perpetuated antigenic challenges following lesion stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneko
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45 Yushima-1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8549, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Kan L, Okiji T, Kaneko T, Suda H. Localization and density of myeloid leucocytes in the periodontal ligament of normal rat molars. Arch Oral Biol 2001; 46:509-20. [PMID: 11311198 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(01)00015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic distribution and density of macrophage-associated antigen-expressing cells in the periodontal ligament (PDL) of normal rat mandibular first molars was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and an attempt made to identify dendritic cells (DCs) by immunoelectron microscopy. Cells immunopositive to ED1 (a general macrophage marker) were widely distributed throughout the PDL and were most common around blood vessels. A small number of T lymphocytes and OX62 (anti-veiled cells and gammadelta T cells)-positive DC-like cells were also found. The relative density of cells immunopositive to ED9 (CD14), OX42 (CD11b), OX6 (anti-class II MHC molecules), ED2 (anti-tissue-resident macrophages), 8A2 (CD11c) and WT.1 (CD11a) varied in the mesial, distal and periapical regions of the distal root and the furcal region. This finding suggests that there are several subpopulations of ED1-positive cells which express various combinations of these markers. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that a small, but distinct, subpopulation of ED1- and OX6-positive cells did have a DC-like ultrastructure, although the majority of these cells were identified as macrophages. The DC-like cells were characterized by poorly developed lysosomal structures and an absence of phagocytic vesicles. It was concluded that the normal rat PDL is equipped with heterogeneous populations of macrophages with regional variations in density. The DC-like cells may function as antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kan
- Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 5-45, Yushima 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8549, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakanishi T, Shimizu H, Hosokawa Y, Matsuo T. An immunohistological study on cyclooxygenase-2 in human dental pulp. J Endod 2001; 27:385-8. [PMID: 11487130 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200106000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressing cells in human dental pulp were immunohistologically studied. Extirpated pulpal tissues from extracted teeth were examined to elucidate the localization and distribution of COX-2. Pulpal tissues were examined by the labeled streptavidin biotin method using specific mouse monoclonal antibodies for COX-2. Cell types of the COX-2 expressing cells were also investigated by the double stain technique using both monoclonal antibodies for CD68/macrophage and anti-COX-2. COX-2 expressing cells could be found in all of the inflamed pulps, and these cells were mostly distributed close to the area of accumulation of inflammatory cells. COX-2 was mainly expressed in fibroblasts rather than macrophages. In contrast, COX-2 expressing cells were scarcely found in the normal pulps. These findings indicate that pulpal fibroblasts, as well as macrophages, may participate in the production of prostaglandin through COX-2 expression in pulpal inflammation, and might be involved in the pathogenesis of irreversible pulpitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakanishi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Tokushima, Japan
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Kaneko T, Okiji T, Kan L, Takagi M, Suda H. Ultrastructural analysis of MHC class II molecule-expressing cells in experimentally induced periapical lesions in the rat. J Endod 2001; 27:337-42. [PMID: 11485252 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200105000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Periapical lesions were induced by making 28 days of unsealed pulp exposures in the lower first molars of Wistar rats. Major histocompatibility complex class II molecule-expressing cells were then demonstrated by means of immunoperoxidase staining using a monoclonal antibody OX6, and the ultrastructure of these cells was analyzed under electron microscopy. OX6+ cells were classified into two major populations, (i.e. macrophages and dendritic cell (DC)-like cells. DC-like cells had elongated cytoplasmic processes, contained a few lysosomal structures, lacked distinct phagosomes, and were the most predominant cell type in the established lesion. Some of lymphocytes and plasma cells also showed a positive immunoreactivity. Both OX6+ macrophages and DC-like cells often showed a cell-to-cell attachment with lymphocytes. These findings suggested that major histocompatibility complex class 11 molecule-expressing macrophages and DC-like cells may play a crucial role in periapical lesion development by acting as antigen-presenting cells to memory T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneko
- Department of Restorative Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Bost KL, Bento JL, Petty CC, Schrum LW, Hudson MC, Marriott I. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by osteoblasts following infection with Staphylococcus aureus or Salmonella. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:297-304. [PMID: 11429160 DOI: 10.1089/107999001300177484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two common pathogens of bone, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, were investigated for their ability to induce chemokine expression in bone-forming osteoblasts. Cultured mouse or human osteoblasts could rapidly respond to bacterial infection by upregulating the mRNA encoding the chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). This rapid induction occurred on infection with either the gram-positive pathogen, S. aureus, or the gram-negative pathogen, Salmonella. Increased mRNA expression translated into MCP-1 secretion by cultured mouse or human osteoblasts in response to viable bacteria, whereas UV-killed bacteria were less effective in stimulating chemokine secretion. There was a dose-response relationship observed between the amount of input bacteria and increases in MCP-1 secretion. Immunohistochemical staining of infected osteoblasts indicated that the majority of cells could express MCP-1, with some osteoblasts having a higher intensity of staining than others. Organ cultures of mouse calvaria (skullcap) bone showed increases in MCP-1 immunostaining following bacterial infection. The immunoreactive MCP-1 in infected calvaria localized to areas containing active osteoblasts. Taken together, these studies demonstrate a conserved osteoblast-derived MCP-1 response to two very different pathogens of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Bost
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA.
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