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Ji Y, Tang Y, Wu Q, Huang D, Zhu J, Kang F. The effects of mandibular osteotomy on maxillary orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodelling in a rat model. Eur J Orthod 2020; 43:467-472. [PMID: 32929502 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The accelerated tooth movement phenomenon after orthognathic surgery has been observed. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. There is no experimental study showing the effect of orthognathic surgery on orthodontic tooth movement of the opposing jaw. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating if mandibular osteotomy enhances maxillary tooth movement and bone remodelling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: maxillary tooth movement (TM) and maxillary tooth movement + mandibular surgery (TM + MS). The orthodontic force was delivered to move the left maxillary first molar mesially. The surgical intervention was performed on the left mandible. Microcomputed tomography, histological analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess changes at 3, 7, and 21 days after surgery. RESULTS The mandibular osteotomy accelerates the rate of maxillary tooth movement with decreased bone volume fraction on the seventh day. Bone resorption was observed on the third and seventh day after mandibular osteotomy. It was found that serum interleukin-1β level increased significantly in the TM + MS group compared with the TM group, as well as the high expression level of cathepsin K and tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 of the orthodontic tooth on the third and seventh day after mandibular osteotomy. CONCLUSION Data from the present study suggested that mandibular osteotomy accelerates maxillary osteoclast activity and post-operative tooth movement, providing evidence for accelerated tooth movement phenomenon after orthognathic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchen Ji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, China
| | - Danqing Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, China
| | - Feiwu Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, China
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Comparative assessment of mouse models for experimental orthodontic tooth movement. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12154. [PMID: 32699355 PMCID: PMC7376195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments are essential for the elucidation of biological-cellular mechanisms in the context of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). So far, however, no studies comparatively assess available mouse models regarding their suitability. OTM of first upper molars was induced in C57BL/6 mice either via an elastic band or a NiTi coil spring for three, seven or 12 days. We assessed appliance survival rate, OTM and periodontal bone loss (µCT), root resorptions, osteoclastogenesis (TRAP+ area) and local expression of OTM-related genes (RT-qPCR). Seven days after the elastic bands were inserted, 87% were still in situ, but only 27% after 12 days. Survival rate for the NiTi coil springs was 100% throughout, but 8.9% of the animals did not survive. Both methods induced significant OTM, which was highest after 12 (NiTi spring) and 7 days (band), with a corresponding increase in local gene expression of OTM-related genes and osteoclastogenesis. Periodontal bone loss and root resorptions were not induced at a relevant extent by neither of the two procedures within the experimental periods. To induce reliable OTM in mice beyond 7 days, a NiTi coil spring is the method of choice. The elastic band method is recommended only for short-term yes/no-questions regarding OTM.
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Putranto R, Oba Y, Kaneko K, Shioyasono A, Moriyama K. Effects of bisphosphonates on root resorption and cytokine expression during experimental tooth movement in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.odw.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Putranto
- The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oba
- The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kaneko
- The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shioyasono
- The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Institute of Health Biosciences, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Expression of biological mediators during orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:170-186. [PMID: 30130671 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present systematic review was to offer a timeline of the events taking place during orthodontic tooth movement(OTM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched up to November 2017. All studies describing the expression of signaling proteins in the periodontal ligament(PDL) of teeth subjected to OTM or describing the expression of signaling proteins in human cells of the periodontal structures subjected to static mechanical loading were considered eligible for inclusion for respectively the in-vivo or the in-vitro part. Risk of bias assessment was conducted according to the validated SYRCLE's RoB tool for animal studies and guideline for assessing quality of in-vitro studies for in-vitro studies. RESULTS We retrieved 7583 articles in the initial electronic search, from which 79 and 51 were finally analyzed. From the 139 protein investigated, only the inflammatory proteins interleukin(IL)-1β, cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 and prostaglandin(PG)-E2, osteoblast markers osteocalcin and runt-related transcription factor(RUNX)2, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand(RANKL) and osteoprotegerin(OPG) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK)1/2 are investigated in 10 or more studies. CONCLUSION The investigated proteins were presented in a theoretical model of OTM. We can conclude that the cell activation and differentiation and recruitment of osteoclasts is mediated by osteocytes, osteoblasts and PDL cells, but that the osteogenic differentiation is only seen in stem cell present in the PDL. In addition, the recently discovered Ephrin/Ephs seem to play an role parallel with the thoroughly investigated RANKL/OPG system in mediating bone resorption during OTM.
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Yamada S, Ozaki N, Tsushima K, Yamaba S, Fujihara C, Awata T, Sakashita H, Kajikawa T, Kitagaki J, Yamashita M, Yanagita M, Murakami S. Transcriptome Reveals Cathepsin K in Periodontal Ligament Differentiation. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1026-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516645796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligaments (PDLs) play an important role in remodeling the alveolar bond and cementum. Characterization of the periodontal tissue transcriptome remains incomplete, and an improved understanding of PDL features could aid in developing new regenerative therapies. Here, we aimed to generate and analyze a large human PDL transcriptome. We obtained PDLs from orthodontic treatment patients, isolated the RNA, and used a vector-capping method to make a complementary DNA library from >20,000 clones. Our results revealed that 58% of the sequences were full length. Furthermore, our analysis showed that genes expressed at the highest frequencies included those for collagen type I, collagen type III, and proteases. We also found 5 genes whose expressions have not been previously reported in human PDL. To access which of the highly expressed genes might be important for PDL cell differentiation, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure their expression in differentiating cells. Among the genes tested, the cysteine protease cathepsin K had the highest upregulation, so we measured its relative expression in several tissues, as well as in osteoclasts, which are known to express high levels of cathepsin K. Our results revealed that PDL cells express cathepsin K at similar levels as osteoclasts, which are both expressed at higher levels than those of the other tissues tested. We also measured cathepsin K protein expression and enzyme activity during cell differentiation and found that both increased during this process. Immunocytochemistry experiments revealed that cathepsin K localizes to the interior of lysosomes. Last, we examined the effect of inhibiting cathepsin K during cell differentiation and found that cathepsin K inhibition stimulated calcified nodule formation and increased the levels of collagen type I and osteocalcin gene expression. Based on these results, cathepsin K seems to regulate collagen fiber accumulation during human PDL cell differentiation into hard tissue-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - N. Ozaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K. Tsushima
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Yamaba
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - C. Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Awata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - H. Sakashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Kajikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - J. Kitagaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M. Yamashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M. Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Wen X, Yi LZ, Liu F, Wei JH, Xue Y. The role of cathepsin K in oral and maxillofacial disorders. Oral Dis 2015; 22:109-15. [PMID: 26458004 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin K (CTSK) was thought to be a collagenase, specifically expressed by osteoclasts, and played an important role in bone resorption. However, more and more research found that CTSK was expressed in more extensive cells, tissues, and organs. It may not only participate in regulating human physiological activity, but also be closely related to a variety of disease. In this review, we highlight the relationship between CTSK and oral and maxillofacial disorders on the following three aspects: oral and maxillofacial abnormities in patients with pycnodysostosis caused by CTSK mutations, oral and maxillofacial abnormities in Ctsk(-/-) mice, and the role of CTSK in oral and maxillofacial diseases, including periodontitis, peri-implantitis, tooth movement, oral and maxillofacial tumor, root resorption, and periapical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - L-z Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - F Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - J-h Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Clinic of Oral Rare and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Alhadlaq AM. Biomarkers of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Systematic Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:578-87. [PMID: 26329414 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be an acceptable way to examine the ongoing biochemical processes associated with bone turnover during orthodontic tooth movement. If it is possible to biologically monitor and predict the outcome of orthodontic forces, then the management of appliances could be based on individual tissue responses, and the effectiveness of the treatment could be improved. METHODOLOGY A literature search was carried out in major databases, such as medline, EMBASE, cochrane library, web of science, google scholar and scopus for relevant studies. Publications in English between 2000 and 2014 which estimated GCF markers as indicators of orthodontic tooth movement were included. RESULTS The list of biomarkers available to date was compiled and presented in table format. Each biomarker is discussed separately based on the available evidence. CONCLUSION Several sensitive GCF markers are available to detect the biomechanical changes occurring during orthodontic tooth movement. Further focused research might help to analyze the sensitivity and reliability of these indicators, which in turn can lead to the development of chairside tests to assess the outcome of orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Alhadlaq
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box No. 60169 Riyadh-11545, Saudi Arabia, e-mail:
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Meeran NA. Biological response at the cellular level within the periodontal ligament on application of orthodontic force - An update. J Orthod Sci 2014; 1:2-10. [PMID: 24987618 PMCID: PMC4072349 DOI: 10.4103/2278-0203.94769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic force elicits a biological response in the tissues surrounding the teeth, resulting in remodeling of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone. The force-induced tissue strain result in reorganization of both cellular and extracellular matrix, besides producing changes in the local vascularity. This in turn leads to the synthesis and release of various neurotransmitters, arachidonic acid, growth factors, metabolites, cytokines, colony-stimulating factors, and enzymes like cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinases, and aspartate aminotransferase. Despite the availability of many studies in the orthodontic and related scientific literature, a concise integration of all data is still lacking. Such a consolidation of the rapidly accumulating scientific information should help in understanding the biological processes that underlie the phenomenon of tooth movement in response to mechanical loading. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe the biological processes taking place at the molecular level on application of orthodontic force and to provide an update of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Ahmed Meeran
- Departments of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Priyadarshini Dental College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Effect of cytokines on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during mechanical force loading of the periodontal membrane. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:617032. [PMID: 24574904 PMCID: PMC3916098 DOI: 10.1155/2014/617032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical force loading exerts important effects on the skeleton by controlling bone mass and strength. Several in vivo experimental models evaluating the effects of mechanical loading on bone metabolism have been reported. Orthodontic tooth movement is a useful model for understanding the mechanism of bone remodeling induced by mechanical loading. In a mouse model of orthodontic tooth movement, TNF-α was expressed and osteoclasts appeared on the compressed side of the periodontal ligament. In TNF-receptor-deficient mice, there was less tooth movement and osteoclast numbers were lower than in wild-type mice. These results suggest that osteoclast formation and bone resorption caused by loading forces on the periodontal ligament depend on TNF-α. Several cytokines are expressed in the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement. Studies have found that inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-γ strongly inhibit osteoclast formation and tooth movement. Blocking macrophage colony-stimulating factor by using anti-c-Fms antibody also inhibited osteoclast formation and tooth movement. In this review we describe and discuss the effect of cytokines in the periodontal ligament on osteoclast formation and bone resorption during mechanical force loading.
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10
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Lv S, Liu H, Cui J, Hasegawa T, Hongo H, Feng W, Li J, Sun B, Kudo A, Amizuka N, Li M. Histochemical examination of cathepsin K, MMP1 and MMP2 in compressed periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement in periostin deficient mice. J Mol Histol 2013; 45:303-9. [PMID: 24202437 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate immunolocalization of collagenolytic enzymes including cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and 2 in the compressed periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth movement using a periostin deficient (Pn-/-) mouse model. Twelve-week-old male mice homozygous for the disrupted periostin gene and their wild type (WT) littermates were used in these experiments. The tooth movement was performed according to Waldo's method, in which elastic bands of 0.5 mm thickness were inserted between the first and second upper molars of mice under anesthesia. At 1 and 3 days after orthodontic force application, mice were fixed with transcardial perfusion of 4 % paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and the first molars and peripheral alveolar bones were extracted for histochemical analyses. Compared with WT mice, immunolocalization of cathepsin K, MMP1 and MMP2 was significantly decreased at 1 and 3 days after orthodontic tooth movement in the compressed PDL of Pn-/- mice, although MMP1-reactivity and MMP2-reactivity decreased at different amounts. Very little cathepsin K-immunoreactivity was observed in the assessed regions of Pn-/- mice, both before and after orthodontic force application. Furthermore, Pn-/- mice showed a much wider residual PDL than WT mice. Taken together, we concluded that periostin plays an essential role in the function of collagenolytic enzymes like cathepsin K, MMP1 and MMP2 in the compressed PDL after orthodontic force application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Lv
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44-1, Jinan, 250012, China
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Ingman T, Apajalahti S, Rice D, Sorsa T. Gingival Crevicular Fluid, Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Their Bioactive Regulators as Potential Adjunctive Chair-Side Point-of-Care Biomarkers in Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Semin Orthod 2012. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Mazzoni A, Breschi L, Carrilho M, Nascimento FD, Orsini G, Ruggeri A, Gobbi P, Manzoli L, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Tjäderhane L. A review of the nature, role, and function of dentin non-collagenous proteins. Part II: enzymes, serum proteins, and growth factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yamalik N, Günday S, Uysal S, Kilinç K, Karabulut E, Tözüm TF. Analysis of Cathepsin-K Activity at Tooth and Dental Implant Sites and the Potential of This Enzyme in Reflecting Alveolar Bone Loss. J Periodontol 2012; 83:498-505. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Brisby H, Wei AQ, Molloy T, Chung SA, Murrell GA, Diwan AD. The effect of running exercise on intervertebral disc extracellular matrix production in a rat model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35:1429-36. [PMID: 20592578 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181e0f5bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Using a running rat model, the effects of physical exercise on cellular function and intervertebral disc (IVD) extracellular matrix were studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether 3-weeks treadmill running exercise can stimulate matrix production and cellular proliferation of the IVD. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Appropriate physical exercise plays an important role in the treatment of patients with low back pain-associated IVD disorder. However, it is unknown how regular exercise affects the disc at the cellular level. METHODS Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a daily treadmill exercise regime for a total of 3 weeks. Twelve nonexercised rats served as controls. The spinal lumbar IVD were collected and paraffin embedded for histologic analysis. Cell counts were determined on hematoxylin-eosin- and Masson-Trichrome-stained paraffin sections. Protein expression of collagen-I, collagen-II, aggrecan, Sox-9, and Sox-6 was evaluated with immunohistochemical staining. mRNA expression of Sox-9 and collagen-2 were studied by in situ hybridization. Proteoglycans were visualized with Alcian blue. Apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. RESULTS The cell numbers in the anulus fibrosus (AF) increased by 25% (P < 0.05) after 3 weeks of exercise. Collagen-2 and Sox-9 mRNA were strongly expressed in the nucleus pulposus (NP) samples of the running group, but weakly expressed in the controls. An increase in collagen-II, aggrecan, and Sox-9 protein expression in NP and AF regions of the disc was detected in the exercised rats compared with controls. Quantification of Alcian blue staining demonstrated increased proteoglycan in both NP (8-fold) and AF (7-fold) in the exercised group compared with controls (P < 0.05). In addition, no significant differences were observed between the experimental groups in cellular apoptosis, collagen-I, or Sox-6 expression. CONCLUSION In this study, increased extracellular matrix production and cell proliferation with no induction of disc cell apoptosis was observed in the lumbar IVD after a 3-week running regimen in rats, suggesting that regular exercise may have an augmentative effect on cells and matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Brisby
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Yamaguchi M, Hayashi M, Fujita S, Yoshida T, Utsunomiya T, Yamamoto H, Kasai K. Low-energy laser irradiation facilitates the velocity of tooth movement and the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-9, cathepsin K, and alpha(v) beta(3) integrin in rats. Eur J Orthod 2010; 32:131-9. [PMID: 20159792 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjp078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been reported that low-energy laser irradiation stimulated the velocity of tooth movement via the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK)/RANK ligand and the macrophage colony-stimulating factor/its receptor (c-Fms) systems. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, cathepsin K, and alpha(v) beta(3) [alpha(v)beta3] integrin are essential for osteoclastogenesis; therefore, the present study was designed to examine the effects of low-energy laser irradiation on the expression of MMP-9, cathepsin K, and alpha(v)beta3 integrin during experimental tooth movement. Fifty male, 6-week-old Wistar strain rats were used in the experiment. A total force of 10g was applied to the rat molars to induce tooth movement. A Ga-Al-As diode laser was used to irradiate the area around the moving tooth and, after 7 days, the amount of tooth movement was measured. To determine the amount of tooth movement, plaster models of the maxillae were made using a silicone impression material before (day 0) and after tooth movement (days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7). The models were scanned using a contact-type three-dimensional (3-D) measurement apparatus. Immunohistochemical staining for MMP-9, cathepsin K, and integrin subunits of alpha(v)beta3 was performed. Intergroup comparisons of the average values were conducted with a Mann-Whitney U-test for tooth movement and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), MMP-9, cathepsin K, and integrin subunits of alpha(v)beta3-positive cells. In the laser-irradiated group, the amount of tooth movement was significantly greater than that in the non-irradiated group at the end of the experiment (P < 0.05). Cells positively stained with TRAP, MMP-9, cathepsin K, and integrin subunits of alpha(v)beta3 were found to be significantly increased in the irradiated group on days 2-7 compared with those in the non-irradiated group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that low-energy laser irradiation facilitates the velocity of tooth movement and MMP-9, cathepsin K, and integrin subunits of alpha(v)beta3 expression in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Yamaguchi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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16
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Garg G, Pradeep AR, Thorat MK. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on crevicular fluid levels of Cathepsin K in periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:1046-51. [PMID: 19782963 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cathepsin K (CTSK), predominantly expressed in osteoclasts, is a potent extracellular matrix degrading enzyme that plays a critical role in osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Its increased gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels in periodontal disease have been reported in a previous study. The present study has been carried out to assess the role of CTSK in periodontal disease and to determine the effect of periodontal treatment on CTSK concentration in GCF. DESIGN 60 subjects were divided into three groups (n=20) based on gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL): healthy (group I), gingivitis (group II) and chronic periodontitis (group III). A fourth group (group IV) consisted of 20 subjects from group III, 6-8 weeks after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing). GCF samples collected from each patient were quantified for CTSK using ELISA. RESULTS The mean CTSK concentration in GCF was found to be the highest in group III, i.e. 55.55 pmol/l. The mean CTSK concentration in GCF in group I and group II was 5.95 pmol/l and 6.90 pmol/l respectively. The mean CTSK concentration in GCF in group IV decreased to 11.15 pmol/l, slightly more than that in groups I and II. CONCLUSIONS GCF CTSK levels increased in periodontitis and correlated negatively with clinical parameters like GI, PPD and CAL. CTSK levels decreased after nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. Thus, CTSK can be considered as a 'marker of osteoclastic activity' in periodontal disease and also deserves further consideration as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Garg
- Department of Periodontics, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Fort, Bangalore 560002, Karnataka, India.
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Rhee SH, Kang J, Nahm DS. Cystatins and cathepsin B during orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 135:99-105. [PMID: 19121508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B is known to play an important role in the resolution of organic matrix, a final step in bone resorption. Cystatins function as an inhibitor of cathepsin B. Determining the correlation between cathepsin B and cystatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid at various times might provide a better understanding of both the dynamics and the metabolic stages of orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS Human gingival crevicular fluid was collected at the distal sulcus from the canines of persons not in orthodontic treatment, in retention, and in retraction at various times (initial, 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postretraction). Cathepsin B and its inhibitor, cystatin, were found with fluorometry. RESULTS The level of cathepsin B was varied in the retraction group; this was different from the retention and the nonorthodontic groups. Significant initial decreases after force application and subsequent increases by 1 month posttreatment were observed in the retraction group. The variations and differences among groups were negatively correlated with cystatin. CONCLUSIONS The balance between enzyme and inhibitor might reflect the clinical status of orthodontic tooth movement and provide valuable information for the assessment of recall intervals and retention procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Rhee
- Department of Pharmacy, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwan, Korea
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Yoshimatsu M, Shibata Y, Kitaura H, Chang X, Moriishi T, Hashimoto F, Yoshida N, Yamaguchi A. Experimental model of tooth movement by orthodontic force in mice and its application to tumor necrosis factor receptor-deficient mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2006; 24:20-7. [PMID: 16369894 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-005-0641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement is achieved by mechanical loading; however, the biological mechanism involved in this process is not clearly understood owing to the lack of a suitable experimental model. In the present study, we established an orthodontic tooth movement model in mice using a Ni-Ti closed coil spring that was inserted between the upper incisors and the upper first molar. Histological examination demonstrated that the orthodontic force moved the first upper molar mesially without necrosis of the periodontium during tooth movement. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts on the pressure side significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. Quantitative real time-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated increased levels of mRNA for cathepsin K. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in periodontium on the pressure side of the first molar during orthodontic tooth movement. When this tooth movement system was applied to TNF type 1 receptor-deficient mice and TNF type 2 receptor-deficient mice, tooth movement observed in TNF type 2 receptor-deficient mice was smaller than that in the wild-type mice and TNF type 1 receptor-deficient mice. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts on the pressure side was significantly small in TNF type 2 receptor-deficient mice compared with that in TNF type 1 receptor-deficient mice on day 6 after application of the appliance. The present study indicates that TNFalpha signaling plays some important roles in orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Yoshimatsu
- Division of Oral Pathology and Bone Metabolism, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Afanador E, Yokozeki M, Oba Y, Kitase Y, Takahashi T, Kudo A, Moriyama K. Messenger RNA expression of periostin and Twist transiently decrease by occlusal hypofunction in mouse periodontal ligament. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:1023-31. [PMID: 15922993 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Periostin, which is a secreted protein that supports cell adhesion, is highly expressed in the periodontal ligament (PDL). Twist, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor and a negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation, has been found to regulate the periostin gene transcription. Since occlusal force is thought to be important in the homeostasis of the PDL, in this study we investigated the expression of periostin and Twist mRNA in the mouse periodontal tissue following removal of antagonizing teeth. Unilateral maxillary tooth extraction was performed in 3-week-old male mice to produce occlusal hypofunction of the right mandibular molars. The expressions of periostin and Twist mRNA were examined by real time-PCR and in situ hybridization at 12, 24, 72 and 168 h after the tooth extraction. The real-time PCR analysis showed that periostin and Twist mRNA significantly decreased at 24 h to 14.5 and 49.9% of those in control group, respectively. But the recovery began at 72 and 168 h, no significant difference was observed. As determined by in situ hybridization analysis, the number of periostin and Twist mRNA-expressing PDL cells showed a marked decrease at 24 h, although an increase was observed from 72 h until the distribution was almost similar to that of the control group at 168 h. These results suggested that occlusal force might have putative roles in periostin and Twist gene expression in the PDL and the changes in their expression level during hypofunction may be considered a form of adaptation to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Afanador
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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Gu Z, Jin X, Feng J, Shibata T, Hu J, Zhan J, Hu Y. Type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA expressions in rabbit condyle following disc displacement. J Oral Rehabil 2005; 32:254-9. [PMID: 15790379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to study the remodelling of cartilage in the mandibular condyle following disc displacement (DD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Forty adult Japanese white rabbits were used in this study. The right joints of 28 of the 40 rabbits had their discs surgically displaced. Four of the 28 were killed at 4 days or 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of aggrecan and type II collagen in cartilages were measured using in situ hybridization techniques. Results showed that aggrecan mRNA expression reduced in the first week after DD. The expression began to recover after 4 weeks and reached a normal level after 6 weeks. Type II collagen mRNA expression reduced from 4 weeks and the expression recovered after 8 weeks. This suggests that the chondrocyte reacting to the displacement of the TMJ disc, alters its matrix gene expression patterns and it is may be the cause of the shape changes of TMJ after DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
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21
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Localization of Cathepsin B and L in Rat Periodontal Tissues During Experimental Tooth Movement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.5466/ijoms.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Deaton DN, Kumar S. Cathepsin K Inhibitors: Their Potential as Anti-Osteoporosis Agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004; 42:245-375. [PMID: 15003723 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David N Deaton
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Okaji M, Sakai H, Sakai E, Shibata M, Hashimoto F, Kobayashi Y, Yoshida N, Okamoto K, Yamamoto K, Kato Y. The regulation of bone resorption in tooth formation and eruption processes in mouse alveolar crest devoid of cathepsin k. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 91:285-94. [PMID: 12719657 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.91.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclastic bone resorption has recently been implicated in the tooth formation and eruption in alveolar bone. Cathepsin K (CK) is a cysteine proteinase expressed predominantly in osteoclasts and is believed to play a critical role in degradation of bone matrix proteins. Here we present evidence that the alveolar bone resorption is essential for the tooth formation and that eruption proceeds normally in CK-deficient (CK-/-) mice. Radiographic and histological analyses revealed that the alveolar bone from these animals had no significant abnormalities during the tooth development between 5 and 28 days after birth. The tooth crown was normally erupted through the alveolar bone layer at 28 days after birth. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinuclear cells in the alveolar bone around the tooth germ was apparently increased in 5-day-old CK-/- mice compared with age-matched littermates. More important, however, the immunohistochemical localization of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was clearly increased in the CK-/- osteoclasts. In contrast, no significant difference in the immunoreactivity for cathepsin D was observed between the CK-/- osteoclasts and the wild-type ones. These results indicate that CK-/- osteoclasts are fully differentiated and are capable of degrading the organic phase of alveolar bone during the tooth formation and eruption, which may result from the compensatory action by MMP-9 increasingly expressed in the osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Okaji
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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Type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in rabbit temporomandibular joint posterior attachment following disc displacement. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:55-62. [PMID: 12615142 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathological changes and mRNA expression were studied in the posterior attachment of 40 adult Japanese white rabbits. The right temporomandibular joints of 28 rabbits were subjected to surgical disc displacement. Joints were studied by histochemistry and in situ hybridization. The collagen in the posterior attachment became dense, especially near the posterior band of the disc. Chondrocytes were found not only in the disc but also in the posterior attachment. Sometimes cartilage formation was seen. Type II collagen mRNA expression was first detected in the posterior attachment 4 days postoperatively and became progressively stronger with time. Aggrecan expression in the posterior attachment decreased at first, then increased gradually. It was concluded that, in the temporomandibular joint, chondrocytes appear in the posterior attachment as a result of biomechanical stimuli and the attachment becomes fibrocartilaginous following disc displacement.
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Dickinson DP. Cysteine peptidases of mammals: their biological roles and potential effects in the oral cavity and other tissues in health and disease. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2002; 13:238-75. [PMID: 12090464 DOI: 10.1177/154411130201300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine peptidases (CPs) are phylogenetically ubiquitous enzymes that can be classified into clans of evolutionarily independent proteins based on the structural organization of the active site. In mammals, two of the major clans represented in the genome are: the CA clan, whose members share a structure and evolutionary history with papain; and the CD clan, which includes the legumains and caspases. This review focuses on the properties of these enzymes, with an emphasis on their potential roles in the oral cavity. The human genome encodes at least (but possibly no more than) 11 distinct enzymes, called cathepsins, that are members of the papain family C1A. Ten of these are present in rodents, which also carry additional genes encoding other cathepsins and cathepsin-like proteins. Human cathepsins are best known from the ubiquitously expressed lysosomal cathepsins B, H, and L, and dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP I), which until recently were considered to mediate primarily "housekeeping" functions in the cell. However, mutations in DPP I have now been shown to underlie Papillon-Lefevre syndrome and pre-pubertal periodontitis. Other cathepsins are involved in tissue-specific functions such as bone remodeling, but relatively little is known about the functions of several recently discovered enzymes. Collectively, CPs participate in multiple host systems that are active in health and in disease. They are involved in tissue remodeling and turnover of the extracellular matrix, immune system function, and modulation and alteration of cell function. Intracellularly, CPs function in diverse processes including normal protein turnover, antigen and proprotein processing, and apoptosis. Extracellularly, they can contribute directly to the degradation of foreign proteins and the extracellular matrix. However, CPs can also participate in proteolytic cascades that amplify the degradative capacity, potentially leading to pathological damage, and facilitating the penetration of tissues by cancer cells. We know relatively little regarding the role of human CPs in the oral cavity in health or disease. Most studies to date have focused on the potential use of the lysosomal enzymes as markers for periodontal disease activity. Human saliva contains high levels of cystatins, which are potent CP inhibitors. Although these proteins are presumed to serve a protective function, their in vivo targets are unknown, and it remains to be discovered whether they serve to control any human CP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Dickinson
- Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, and Maxillofacial Pathology, Augusta 30912, USA.
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Rody WJ, King GJ, Gu G. Osteoclast recruitment to sites of compression in orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 120:477-89. [PMID: 11709665 DOI: 10.1067/mod.2001.118623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely acknowledged that osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of mononuclear cells of hematopoietic origin, it has been extremely difficult to understand how they originate after appliance activation. The purpose of this study was to quantify osteoclast recruitment at compression sites as a function of time following orthodontic force application. Appliances were placed in 96 rats. At day 0, the animals were randomized to either appliance activation or sham activation followed by the injection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Thus, BrdU was incorporated into the nuclei of cells in S-phase, including hematopoietic stem cells. Groups of 10 to 13 rats were killed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after activation/sham, and the tissue samples were prepared. The numbers of BrdU-labeled cells positively stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were measured in the periodontium. A significant number of BrdU-positive preosteoclasts was observed in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and bone surface at day 3. The number of osteoclastic cells in the bone marrow also peaked at day 3; however, the highest percentage of cells in this location was observed at day 1. These data suggest that osteoclasts in the PDL originate by the fusion of recently recruited preosteoclasts from the marrow instead of from local PDL cells. Furthermore, the alveolar bone marrow plays a role in the formation of osteoclasts during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Rody
- School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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