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Ciesielska M, Adamiec M, Luciński R. S2P2-the chloroplast-located intramembrane protease and its impact on the stoichiometry and functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus of A. thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1372318. [PMID: 38559762 PMCID: PMC10978774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1372318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
S2P2 is a nuclear-encoded protease, potentially located in chloroplasts, which belongs to the zinc-containing, intramembrane, site-2 protease (S2P) family. In A. thaliana cells, most of the S2P proteases are located within the chloroplasts, where they play an important role in the development of chloroplasts, maintaining proper stoichiometric relations between polypeptides building photosynthetic complexes and influencing the sensitivity of plants to photoinhibitory conditions. Among the known chloroplast S2P proteases, S2P2 protease is one of the least known. Its exact location within the chloroplast is not known, nor is anything known about its possible physiological functions. Therefore, we decided to investigate an intra-chloroplast localization and the possible physiological role of S2P2. To study the intra-chloroplast localization of S2P2, we used specific anti-S2P2 antibodies and highly purified chloroplast fractions containing envelope, stroma, and thylakoid proteins. To study the physiological role of the protease, we used two lines of insertion mutants lacking the S2P2 protease protein. Here, we present results demonstrating the thylakoid localization of S2P2. Moreover, we present experimental evidence indicating that the lack of S2P2 in A. thaliana chloroplasts leads to a significant decrease in the level of photosystem I and photosystem II core proteins: PsaB, PsbA, PsbD, and PsbC, as well as polypeptides building both the main light-harvesting antenna (LHC II), Lhcb1 and Lhcb2, as well as Lhcb4 and Lhcb5 polypeptides, constituting elements of the minor, peripheral antenna system. These changes are associated with a decrease in the number of PS II-LHC II supercomplexes. The consequence of these disorders is a greater sensitivity of s2p2 mutants to photoinhibition. The obtained results clearly indicate that the S2P2 protease is another thylakoid protein that plays an important role in the proper functioning of A. thaliana chloroplasts, especially in high-light-intensity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Luciński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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Zhang X, Wei X, Hu X, Yang Y, Chen X, Tian J, Pan T, Ding B. Effects of different concentrations of CO 2 on Scenedesmus obliquus to overcome sludge extract toxicity and accumulate biomass. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135514. [PMID: 35798159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of toxic excess sludge as well as high concentrations of carbon dioxide can be produced in coal-gasification industry. Microalgae has huge potential in the use of nutrients, the removal of toxic organic matter in excess sludge and CO2 fixation. At the same time, the cultivation of the microalgae and the accumulation of high-quality biomass are also the key problems of concern. In this study, the growth and biomass synthesis of Scenedesmus obliquus cultured in sludge extract under 0%-15% (v/v) CO2 were investigated. Results indicated that the highest microalgae biomass yield of 1.609 ± 0.012 g/L can be achieved under 15% CO2 on the 30th day. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm) decreased in the first 12 h and then increased with the culture time, and the decline amplitude decreased with the increase of the CO2 concentration, indicating that CO2 slowed down the toxic inhibition of sludge extract to Scenedesmus obliquus, which was expressed as the down-regulation of p53 signaling pathway and protein A0A383WFI7. Proteomic analysis showed that under high-concentration CO2, the protein interaction network with the protein of photosystem II assembly (A0A383VSL5) as the core protein regulated the growth of Scenedesmus obliquus in terms of energy metabolism and material transportation. On the 4th day, Methyltransf_11 domain-containing protein (A0A383VH03) was up-regulated and promoted lipid synthesis, leading to the accumulation of lipids in Scenedesmus obliquus in the early stage and the increase of polysaccharides in the later stage. Collectively, this study revealed the regulation mechanism of CO2 on toxicity removal and carbon distribution of Scenedesmus obliquus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xueyang Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiurong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Jinyi Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Tao Pan
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Biao Ding
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Zhu W, Xu L, Yu X, Zhong Y. The immunophilin CYCLOPHILIN28 affects PSII-LHCII supercomplex assembly and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:915-929. [PMID: 35199452 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In plant chloroplasts, photosystem II (PSII) complexes, together with light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), form various PSII-LHCII supercomplexes (SCs). This process likely involves immunophilins, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms are unclear. Here, by comparing Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the chloroplast lumen-localized immunophilin CYCLOPHILIN28 (CYP28) to wild-type and transgenic complemented lines, we determined that CYP28 regulates the assembly and accumulation of PSII-LHCII SCs. Compared to the wild type, cyp28 plants showed accelerated leaf growth, earlier flowering time, and enhanced accumulation of high molecular weight PSII-LHCII SCs under normal light conditions. The lack of CYP28 also significantly affected the electron transport rate. Blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed more Lhcb6 and less Lhcb4 in M-LHCII-Lhcb4-Lhcb6 complexes in cyp28 versus wild-type plants. Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity assays revealed that CYP28 exhibits weak PPIase activity and that its K113 and E187 residues are critical for this activity. Mutant analysis suggested that CYP28 may regulate PSII-LHCII SC accumulation by altering the configuration of Lhcb6 via its PPIase activity. Furthermore, the Lhcb6-P139 residue is critical for PSII-LHCII SC assembly and accumulation. Therefore, our findings suggest that CYP28 likely regulates PSII-LHCII SC assembly and accumulation by altering the configuration of P139 of Lhcb6 via its PPIase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Zhu
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Linqing Xu
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yu
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Chinese Education Ministry's Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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The Assembly of Super-Complexes in the Plant Chloroplast. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121839. [PMID: 34944483 PMCID: PMC8699064 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that the enzymes of several biological pathways assemble into larger supramolecular structures called super-complexes. Indeed, those such as association of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes play an essential role in respiratory activity and promote metabolic fitness. Dynamically assembled super-complexes are able to alternate between participating in large complexes and existing in a free state. However, the functional significance of the super-complexes is not entirely clear. It has been proposed that the organization of respiratory enzymes into super-complexes could reduce oxidative damage and increase metabolism efficiency. There are several protein complexes that have been revealed in the plant chloroplast, yet little research has been focused on the formation of super-complexes in this organelle. The photosystem I and light-harvesting complex I super-complex’s structure suggests that energy absorbed by light-harvesting complex I could be efficiently transferred to the PSI core by avoiding concentration quenching. Here, we will discuss in detail core complexes of photosystem I and II, the chloroplast ATPase the chloroplast electron transport chain, the Calvin–Benson cycle and a plastid localized purinosome. In addition, we will also describe the methods to identify these complexes.
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Nozue H, Shigarami T, Fukuda S, Chino T, Saruta R, Shirai K, Nozue M, Kumazaki S. Growth-phase dependent morphological alteration in higher plant thylakoid is accompanied by changes in both photodamage and repair rates. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1983-1996. [PMID: 33786842 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoid membranes of young leaves consist of grana and stroma lamellae (stroma-grana [SG] structure). The SG thylakoid is gradually converted into isolated grana (IG), almost lacking the stroma lamellae during growth. This morphological alteration was found to cause a reduction in maximum photosynthetic rate and an enhancement of photoinhibition in photosystem II (PSII). In situ microspectrometric measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in individual chloroplasts suggested an increase of the PSII/PSI ratio in IG thylakoids of mature leaves. Western blot analysis of isolated IG thylakoids showed relative increases in some PSII components, including the core protein (D1) and light-harvesting components CP24 and Lhcb2. Notably, a nonphotochemical quenching-related factor in the PSII supercomplex, PsbS, decreased by 40%. Changes in the high light response of PSII were detected through parameters of pulse-amplitude modulation fluorometry. Chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime indicated an increase of fluorescence quantum yield in IG. A minimal photodamage-repair rate analysis on a lincomycin treatment of the leaves indicated that repair rate constant of IG is slower than that of SG, while photodamage rate of IG is higher than that of SG. These results suggest that IG thylakoids are relatively sensitive to high light, which is not only due to a higher photodamage rate caused by some rearrangements of PS complexes, but also to the retarded PSII repair that may result from the lack of stroma lamellae. The IG thylakoids found among many plant species thus seem to be an adaptive form to low light environments, although their physiological roles still remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsumi Nozue
- Research Center for Advanced Plant Factory (SU-PLAF), Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takashi Shigarami
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Chino
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryouta Saruta
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kana Shirai
- Research Center for Advanced Plant Factory (SU-PLAF), Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nozue
- Research Center for Advanced Plant Factory (SU-PLAF), Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shigeichi Kumazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Graça AT, Hall M, Persson K, Schröder WP. High-resolution model of Arabidopsis Photosystem II reveals the structural consequences of digitonin-extraction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15534. [PMID: 34330992 PMCID: PMC8324835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, the photosynthetic process is performed and regulated by Photosystem II (PSII). Arabidopsis thaliana was the first higher plant with a fully sequenced genome, conferring it the status of a model organism; nonetheless, a high-resolution structure of its Photosystem II is missing. We present the first Cryo-EM high-resolution structure of Arabidopsis PSII supercomplex with average resolution of 2.79 Å, an important model for future PSII studies. The digitonin extracted PSII complexes demonstrate the importance of: the LHG2630-lipid-headgroup in the trimerization of the light-harvesting complex II; the stabilization of the PsbJ subunit and the CP43-loop E by DGD520-lipid; the choice of detergent for the integrity of membrane protein complexes. Furthermore, our data shows at the anticipated Mn4CaO5-site a single metal ion density as a reminiscent early stage of Photosystem II photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André T Graça
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karina Persson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Che Y, Kusama S, Matsui S, Suorsa M, Nakano T, Aro EM, Ifuku K. Arabidopsis PsbP-Like Protein 1 Facilitates the Assembly of the Photosystem II Supercomplexes and Optimizes Plant Fitness under Fluctuating Light. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1168-1180. [PMID: 32277833 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In green plants, photosystem II (PSII) forms multisubunit supercomplexes (SCs) containing a dimeric core and light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). In this study, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana PsbP-like protein 1 (PPL1) is involved in the assembly of the PSII SCs and is required for adaptation to changing light intensity. PPL1 is a homolog of PsbP protein that optimizes the water-oxidizing reaction of PSII in green plants and is required for the efficient repair of photodamaged PSII; however, its exact function has been unknown. PPL1 was enriched in stroma lamellae and grana margins and associated with PSII subcomplexes including PSII monomers and PSII dimers, and several LHCII assemblies, while PPL1 was not detected in PSII-LHCII SCs. In a PPL1 null mutant (ppl1-2), assembly of CP43, PsbR and PsbW was affected, resulting in a reduced accumulation of PSII SCs even under moderate light intensity. This caused the abnormal association of LHCII in ppl1-2, as indicated by lower maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and accelerated State 1 to State 2 transitions. These differences would lower the capability of plants to adapt to changing light environments, thereby leading to reduced growth under natural fluctuating light environments. Phylogenetic and structural analyses suggest that PPL1 is closely related to its cyanobacterial homolog CyanoP, which functions as an assembly factor in the early stage of PSII biogenesis. Our results suggest that PPL1 has a similar function, but the data also indicate that it could aid the association of LHCII with PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Che
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shoko Kusama
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shintaro Matsui
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Kawakami K, Tokutsu R, Kim E, Minagawa J. Four distinct trimeric forms of light-harvesting complex II isolated from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:195-201. [PMID: 31493286 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) absorbs light energy and transfers it primarily to photosystem II in green algae and land plants. Although the trimeric structure of LHCII is conserved between the two lineages, its subunit composition and function are believed to differ significantly. In this study, we purified four LHCII trimers from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and analyzed their biochemical properties. We used several preparation methods to obtain four distinct fractions (fractions 1-4), each of which contained an LHCII trimer with different contents of Type I, III, and IV proteins. The pigment compositions of the LHCIIs in the four fractions were similar. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were also similar, although the peak positions differed slightly. These results indicate that this green alga contains four types of LHCII trimer with different biochemical and spectroscopic features. Based on these findings, we discuss the function and structural organization of green algal LHCII antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kawakami
- The OCU Advanced Research Institute for Natural Science & Technology (OCARINA), Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Ryutaro Tokutsu
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Eunchul Kim
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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Nicol L, Nawrocki WJ, Croce R. Disentangling the sites of non-photochemical quenching in vascular plants. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:1177-1183. [PMID: 31659240 PMCID: PMC6861128 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants experience large fluctuations in light intensity and they need to balance the absorption and utilization of this energy appropriately. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) is a rapidly switchable mechanism that protects plants from photodamage caused by high light exposure by dissipating the excess absorbed energy as heat. It is triggered by the pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane and requires the protein PsbS and the xanthophyll zeaxanthin. However, the site and mechanism of the quencher(s) remain unknown. Here, we constructed a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that lacks light-harvesting complex II (LHCII), the main antenna complex of plants, to verify its contribution to NPQ. The mutant plant has normally stacked thylakoid membranes, displays no upregulation of other LHCs but shows a relative decrease in Photosystem I (PSI), which compensates for the decrease of the PSII antenna. The mutant plant exhibits a reduction in NPQ of about 60% and the remaining NPQ resembles that of mutant plants lacking chlorophyll (Chl) b, which lack all PSII peripheral antenna complexes. We thus report that PsbS-dependent NPQ occurs mainly in LHCII, but there is an additional quenching site in the PSII core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Nicol
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wojciech J Nawrocki
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Scherer D, Krust D, Frey W, Mueller G, Nick P, Gusbeth C. Pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted protein recovery from Chlorella vulgaris is mediated by an enzymatic process after cell death. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Pan X, Cao P, Su X, Liu Z, Li M. Structural analysis and comparison of light-harvesting complexes I and II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2019; 1861:148038. [PMID: 31229568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a fundamental biological process involving the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. The initial photochemical and photophysical events of photosynthesis are mediated by photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). Both PSII and PSI are multi-subunit supramolecular machineries composed of a core complex and a peripheral antenna system. The antenna system serves to capture light energy and transfer it to the core efficiently. Both PSII and PSI in the green lineage (plants and green algae) and PSI in red algae have an antenna system comprising a series of chlorophyll- and carotenoid-binding membrane proteins belonging to the light-harvesting complex (LHC) superfamily, including LHCII and LHCI. However, the antenna size and subunit composition vary considerably in the two photosystems from diverse organisms. On the basis of the plant and algal LHCII and LHCI structures that have been solved by X-ray crystallography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy we review the detailed structural features and characteristic pigment properties of these LHCs in PSII and PSI. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Light harvesting, edited by Dr. Roberta Croce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Pan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Su
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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12
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Structure, assembly and energy transfer of plant photosystem II supercomplex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1859:633-644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Su X, Ma J, Wei X, Cao P, Zhu D, Chang W, Liu Z, Zhang X, Li M. Structure and assembly mechanism of plant C 2S 2M 2-type PSII-LHCII supercomplex. Science 2017; 357:815-820. [PMID: 28839073 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the photosynthetic machinery photosystem II (PSII) consists of a core complex associated with variable numbers of light-harvesting complexes II (LHCIIs). The supercomplex, comprising a dimeric core and two strongly bound and two moderately bound LHCIIs (C2S2M2), is the dominant form in plants acclimated to limited light. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of two forms of C2S2M2 (termed stacked and unstacked) from Pisum sativum at 2.7- and 3.2-angstrom resolution, respectively. In each C2S2M2, the moderately bound LHCII assembles specifically with a peripheral antenna complex CP24-CP29 heterodimer and the strongly bound LHCII, to establish a pigment network that facilitates light harvesting at the periphery and energy transfer into the core. The high mobility of peripheral antennae, including the moderately bound LHCII and CP24, provides insights into functional regulation of plant PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Su
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Xuepeng Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Dongjie Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wenrui Chang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xinzheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Center for Biological Imaging, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, P.R. China.
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14
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Albanese P, Nield J, Tabares JAM, Chiodoni A, Manfredi M, Gosetti F, Marengo E, Saracco G, Barber J, Pagliano C. Isolation of novel PSII-LHCII megacomplexes from pea plants characterized by a combination of proteomics and electron microscopy. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 130:19-31. [PMID: 26749480 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, photosystem II (PSII) is a multi-subunit pigment-protein complex embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where it is present mostly in dimeric form within the grana. Its light-harvesting antenna system, LHCII, is composed of trimeric and monomeric complexes, which can associate in variable number with the dimeric PSII core complex in order to form different types of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes. Moreover, PSII-LHCII supercomplexes can laterally associate within the thylakoid membrane plane, thus forming higher molecular mass complexes, termed PSII-LHCII megacomplexes (Boekema et al. 1999a, in Biochemistry 38:2233-2239; Boekema et al. 1999b, in Eur J Biochem 266:444-452). In this study, pure PSII-LHCII megacomplexes were directly isolated from stacked pea thylakoid membranes by a rapid single-step solubilization, using the detergent n-dodecyl-α-D-maltoside, followed by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The megacomplexes were subjected to biochemical and structural analyses. Transmission electron microscopy on negatively stained samples, followed by single-particle analyses, revealed a novel form of PSII-LHCII megacomplexes, as compared to previous studies (Boekema et al.1999a, in Biochemistry 38:2233-2239; Boekema et al. 1999b, in Eur J Biochem 266:444-452), consisting of two PSII-LHCII supercomplexes sitting side-by-side in the membrane plane, sandwiched together with a second copy. This second copy of the megacomplex is most likely derived from the opposite membrane of a granal stack. Two predominant forms of intact sandwiched megacomplexes were observed and termed, according to (Dekker and Boekema 2005 Biochim Biophys Acta 1706:12-39), as (C2S2)4 and (C2S2 + C2S2M2)2 megacomplexes. By applying a gel-based proteomic approach, the protein composition of the isolated megacomplexes was fully characterized. In summary, the new structural forms of isolated megacomplexes and the related modeling performed provide novel insights into how PSII-LHCII supercomplexes may bind to each other, not only in the membrane plane, but also between granal stacks within the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Albanese
- Applied Science and Technology Department - BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Jon Nield
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jose Alejandro Muñoz Tabares
- Center for Space Human Robotics IIT@POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Trento 21, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelica Chiodoni
- Center for Space Human Robotics IIT@POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Trento 21, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- ISALIT-Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Guido Saracco
- Applied Science and Technology Department - BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy
| | - James Barber
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department - BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
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15
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Subramanian S, Souleimanov A, Smith DL. Proteomic Studies on the Effects of Lipo-Chitooligosaccharide and Thuricin 17 under Unstressed and Salt Stressed Conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1314. [PMID: 27625672 PMCID: PMC5003918 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants, being sessile organisms, are exposed to widely varying environmental conditions throughout their life cycle. Compatible plant-microbe interactions favor plant growth and development, and help plants deal with these environmental challenges. Microorganisms produce a diverse range of elicitor molecules to establish symbiotic relationships with the plants they associate with, in a given ecological niche. Lipo-chitooligosaccharide (LCO) and Thuricin 17 (Th17) are two such compounds shown to positively influence plant growth of both legumes and non-legumes. Arabidopsis thaliana responded positively to treatment with the bacterial signal compounds LCO and Th17 in the presence of salt stress (up to 250 mM NaCl). Shotgun proteomics of unstressed and 250 mM NaCl stressed A. thaliana rosettes (7 days post stress) in combination with the LCO and Th17 revealed many known, putative, hypothetical, and unknown proteins. Overall, carbon and energy metabolic pathways were affected under both unstressed and salt stressed conditions when treated with these signals. PEP carboxylase, Rubisco-oxygenase large subunit, pyruvate kinase, and proteins of photosystems I and II were some of the noteworthy proteins enhanced by the signals, along with other stress related proteins. These findings suggest that the proteome of A. thaliana rosettes is altered by the bacterial signals tested, and more so under salt stress, thereby imparting a positive effect on plant growth under high salt stress. The roles of the identified proteins are discussed here in relation to salt stress adaptation, which, when translated to field grown crops can be a crucial component and of significant importance in agriculture and global food production. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD004742.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, McGill UniversityMontréal, QC, Canada
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16
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Albanese P, Manfredi M, Meneghesso A, Marengo E, Saracco G, Barber J, Morosinotto T, Pagliano C. Dynamic reorganization of photosystem II supercomplexes in response to variations in light intensities. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1651-60. [PMID: 27378191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and need to acclimate to ever-changing light conditions in order to survive. These changes trigger a dynamic reorganization of the membrane protein complexes in the thylakoid membranes. Photosystem II (PSII) and its light harvesting system (LHCII) are the major target of this acclimation response, and accumulating evidences indicate that the amount and composition of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes in thylakoids are dynamically adjusted in response to changes in light intensity and quality. In this study, we characterized the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes in thylakoid membranes of pea plants in response to long-term acclimation to different light intensities. We provide evidence of a reorganization of the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes showing distinct changes in their antenna moiety. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed a specific reduction of Lhcb3, Lhcb6 and M-LHCII trimers bound to the PSII cores, while the Lhcb4.3 isoform increased in response to high light intensities. The modulation of Lhcb protein content correlates with the reduction of the functional PSII antenna size. These results suggest that the Lhcb3, Lhcb4.3 and Lhcb6 antenna subunits are major players in modulation of the PSII antenna size upon long-term acclimation to increased light levels. PsbS was not detected in the isolated PSII-LHCII supercomplexes at any light condition, despite an increased accumulation in thylakoids of high light acclimated plants, suggesting that PsbS is not a constitutive component of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Albanese
- Applied Science and Technology Department-BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- ISALIT-Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Andrea Meneghesso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Guido Saracco
- Center for Space Human Robotics IIT@POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Trento 21, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - James Barber
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tomas Morosinotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58 B, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department-BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.
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17
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Niinemets Ü. Within-Canopy Variations in Functional Leaf Traits: Structural, Chemical and Ecological Controls and Diversity of Responses. CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS: FROM BASICS TO APPLICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7291-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Adamiec M, Gibasiewicz K, Luciński R, Giera W, Chełminiak P, Szewczyk S, Sipińska W, van Grondelle R, Jackowski G. Excitation energy transfer and charge separation are affected in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein Lhcb3. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:423-8. [PMID: 26562806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The composition of LHCII trimers as well as excitation energy transfer and charge separation in grana cores of Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lacking chlorophyll a/b binding protein Lhcb3 have been investigated and compared to those in wild-type plants. In grana cores of lhcb3 plants we observed increased amounts of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 apoproteins per PSII core. The additional copies of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 are expected to substitute for Lhcb3 in LHCII trimers M as well as in the LHCII "extra" pool, which was found to be modestly enlarged as a result of the absence of Lhcb3. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements reveal a deceleration of the fast phase of excitation dynamics in grana cores of the mutant by ~15 ps, whereas the average fluorescence lifetime is not significantly altered. Monte Carlo modeling predicts a slowing down of the mean hopping time and an increased stabilization of the primary charge separation in the mutant. Thus our data imply that absence of apoprotein Lhcb3 results in detectable differences in excitation energy transfer and charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Adamiec
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gibasiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Luciński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Giera
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemysław Chełminiak
- Department of Solid State Theory, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Sebastian Szewczyk
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Weronika Sipińska
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081,1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grzegorz Jackowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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19
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Caffarri S, Tibiletti T, Jennings RC, Santabarbara S. A comparison between plant photosystem I and photosystem II architecture and functioning. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2015; 15:296-331. [PMID: 24678674 PMCID: PMC4030627 DOI: 10.2174/1389203715666140327102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is indispensable both for the development and maintenance of life on earth by converting
light energy into chemical energy and by producing molecular oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide. This latter
process has been responsible for reducing the CO2 from its very high levels in the primitive atmosphere to the present low
levels and thus reducing global temperatures to levels conducive to the development of life. Photosystem I and photosystem
II are the two multi-protein complexes that contain the pigments necessary to harvest photons and use light energy to
catalyse the primary photosynthetic endergonic reactions producing high energy compounds. Both photosystems are
highly organised membrane supercomplexes composed of a core complex, containing the reaction centre where electron
transport is initiated, and of a peripheral antenna system, which is important for light harvesting and photosynthetic activity
regulation. If on the one hand both the chemical reactions catalysed by the two photosystems and their detailed structure
are different, on the other hand they share many similarities. In this review we discuss and compare various aspects of
the organisation, functioning and regulation of plant photosystems by comparing them for similarities and differences as
obtained by structural, biochemical and spectroscopic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Laboratoire de Génétique et de Biophysique des Plantes (LGBP), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009, Marseille, France.
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20
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Proteomic characterization and three-dimensional electron microscopy study of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes from higher plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:1454-62. [PMID: 24246636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In higher plants a variable number of peripheral LHCII trimers can strongly (S), moderately (M) or loosely (L) associate with the dimeric PSII core (C2) complex via monomeric Lhcb proteins to form PSII-LHCII supercomplexes with different structural organizations. By solubilizing isolated stacked pea thylakoid membranes either with the α or β isomeric forms of the detergent n-dodecyl-D-maltoside, followed by sucrose density ultracentrifugation, we previously showed that PSII-LHCII supercomplexes of types C2S2M2 and C2S2, respectively, can be isolated [S. Barera et al., Phil. Trans. R Soc. B 67 (2012) 3389-3399]. Here we analysed their protein composition by applying extensive bottom-up and top-down mass spectrometry on the two forms of the isolated supercomplexes. In this way, we revealed the presence of the antenna proteins Lhcb3 and Lhcb6 and of the extrinsic polypeptides PsbP, PsbQ and PsbR exclusively in the C2S2M2 supercomplex. Other proteins of the PSII core complex, common to the C2S2M2 and C2S2 supercomplexes, including the low molecular mass subunits, were also detected and characterized. To complement the proteomic study with structural information, we performed negative stain transmission electron microscopy and single particle analysis on the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes isolated from pea thylakoid membranes solubilized with n-dodecyl-α-D-maltoside. We observed the C2S2M2 supercomplex in its intact form as the largest PSII complex in our preparations. Its dataset was further analysed in silico, together with that of the second largest identified sub-population, corresponding to its C2S2 subcomplex. In this way, we calculated 3D electron density maps for the C2S2M2 and C2S2 supercomplexes, approaching respectively 30 and 28Å resolution, extended by molecular modelling towards the atomic level. This article is part of a special issue entitled: photosynthesis research for sustainability: keys to produce clean energy.
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21
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Luciński R, Jackowski G. AtFtsH heterocomplex-mediated degradation of apoproteins of the major light harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) in response to stresses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1082-1089. [PMID: 23598180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplastic heterocomplex consisting of AtFtsH1, 2, 5 and 8 proteases, integrally bound to thylakoid membrane was shown to play a critical role in degradation of photodamaged PsbA molecules, inherent to photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle and in plastid development. As no one thylakoid bound apoproteins besides PsbA has been identified as target for the heterocomplex-mediated degradation we investigated the significance of this protease complex in degradation of apoproteins of the major light harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) in response to various stressing conditions and in stress-related changes in overall composition of LHCII trimers of PSII-enriched membranes (BBY particles). To reach this goal a combination of approaches was applied based on immunoblotting, in vitro degradation and non-denaturing isoelectrofocusing. Exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves to desiccation, cold and high irradiance led to a step-wise disappearance of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2, while Lhcb3 level remained unchanged, except for high irradiance which caused significant Lhcb3 decrease. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that stress-dependent disappearance of Lhcb1-3 is a proteolytic phenomenon for which a metalloprotease is responsible. No changes in Lhcb1-3 level were observed due to exposition of var1-1 mutant leaves to the three stresses clearly pointing to the involvement of AtFtsH heterocomplex in the desiccation, cold and high irradiance-dependent degradation of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 and in high irradiance-dependent degradation of Lhcb3. Non-denaturing isoelectrofocusing analyses revealed that AtFtsH heterocomplex-dependent differential Lhcb1-3 disappearance behaviour following desiccation stress was accompanied by modulations in abundances of individual LHCII trimers of BBY particles and that LHCII of var1-1 resisted the modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Luciński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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22
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Pan X, Liu Z, Li M, Chang W. Architecture and function of plant light-harvesting complexes II. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2013; 23:515-25. [PMID: 23623335 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antenna system associated with plant photosystem II (PSII) comprises a series of light-harvesting complexes II (LHCIIs) which are supramolecular assemblies of chlorophylls, carotenoids, lipids and integral membrane proteins. These complexes not only function in capturing and transmitting light energy, but also have pivotal roles in photoprotection under high-light conditions through a mechanism known as non-photochemical quenching process. Among them, the most abundant major species (majLHCII) is located at the periphery of PSII and forms homo/hetero-trimers. Besides, three minor species, named CP29, CP26 and CP24, are adjacent to the PSII core, exist in monomeric form and bridge the majLHCII trimers with the core complex. Structural studies on majLHCII and CP29 have revealed the overall architecture of plant LHC family, the binding sites of pigment molecules and the distribution pattern of chromophores in three-dimensional space. The high-resolution structural data of LHCIIs serve as fundamental bases for an improved understanding on the mechanisms of light harvesting, energy transfer and photoprotection processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Pan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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23
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Behrens C, Hartmann K, Sunderhaus S, Braun HP, Eubel H. Approximate calculation and experimental derivation of native isoelectric points of membrane protein complexes of Arabidopsis chloroplasts and mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Yang C. Analysis of heat-induced disassembly process of three different monomeric forms of the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex of photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 111:103-11. [PMID: 21892736 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The temperature-dependent disassembly process of three monomeric isoforms, namely Lhcb1, Lhcb2, and Lhcb3, of the major light-harvesting chlorophyll (Chl) a/b complexes of photosystem II (LHCIIb) were characterized by observing the changes of absorption spectra, circular dichroism (CD), and dissociation processes of the bound pigments to the in vitro reconstituted complexes subjected to high temperatures. Our results suggest that the three isoforms of LHCIIb undergo conformational rearrangements, structural changes, and dissociations of the bound pigments when the ambient temperature increases from 20 to 90°C. The conformation of the complexes changed sensitively to the changing temperatures because the absorption peaks in the Soret region (436 and 471 nm) and the Qy region (650-660 and 680 nm) decreased immediately upon elevating the ambient temperatures. Analyzing temperature-dependent denaturing and pigment dissociation process, we can divide the disassembly process into three stages: The first stage, appeared from 20°C to around 50-60°C, was characterized by the diminishment of the absorption around 650-660 and 680 nm, accompanied by the blue-shift of the peak at 471 nm and disappearance of the absorbance at 436 nm, which is related to changes in the transition energy of the Chl b cluster, and the red-most Chl a cluster in the LHCIIb. The second stage, beginning at about 50-60°C, was signified by the diminishment of the CD signal between (+)483 nm and (-)490 nm, which implied the disturbance of dipole-dipole interaction of pigments, and the onset of the pigment dissociation. The last stage, beginning at about 70-80°C, indicates the complete dissociation of the pigments from the complex. The physiological aspects of the three stages in the denaturing process are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology; Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing, 100093, China
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25
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Gao ZP, Yu QB, Zhao TT, Ma Q, Chen GX, Yang ZN. A functional component of the transcriptionally active chromosome complex, Arabidopsis pTAC14, interacts with pTAC12/HEMERA and regulates plastid gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1733-45. [PMID: 22010110 PMCID: PMC3327189 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.184762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The SET domain-containing protein, pTAC14, was previously identified as a component of the transcriptionally active chromosome (TAC) complexes. Here, we investigated the function of pTAC14 in the regulation of plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) activity and chloroplast development. The knockout of pTAC14 led to the blockage of thylakoid formation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and ptac14 was seedling lethal. Sequence and transcriptional analysis showed that pTAC14 encodes a specific protein in plants that is located in the chloroplast associated with the thylakoid and that its expression depends on light. In addition, the transcript levels of all investigated PEP-dependent genes were clearly reduced in the ptac14-1 mutants, while the accumulation of nucleus-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase-dependent transcripts was increased, indicating an important role of pTAC14 in maintaining PEP activity. pTAC14 was found to interact with pTAC12/HEMERA, another component of TACs that is involved in phytochrome signaling. The data suggest that pTAC14 is essential for proper chloroplast development, most likely by affecting PEP activity and regulating PEP-dependent plastid gene transcription in Arabidopsis together with pTAC12.
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26
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Herascu N, Najafi M, Amunts A, Pieper J, Irrgang KD, Picorel R, Seibert M, Zazubovich V. Parameters of the protein energy landscapes of several light-harvesting complexes probed via spectral hole growth kinetics measurements. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2737-47. [PMID: 21391534 DOI: 10.1021/jp108775y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The parameters of barrier distributions on the protein energy landscape in the excited electronic state of the pigment/protein system have been determined by means of spectral hole burning for the lowest-energy pigments of CP43 core antenna complex and CP29 minor antenna complex of spinach Photosystem II (PS II) as well as of trimeric and monomeric LHCII complexes transiently associated with the pea Photosystem I (PS I) pool. All of these complexes exhibit sixty to several hundred times lower spectral hole burning yields as compared with molecular glassy solids previously probed by means of the hole growth kinetics measurements. Therefore, the entities (groups of atoms), which participate in conformational changes in protein, appear to be significantly larger and heavier than those in molecular glasses. No evidence of a small (∼1 cm(-1)) spectral shift tier of the spectral diffusion dynamics has been observed. Therefore, our data most likely reflect the true barrier distributions of the intact protein and not those related to the interface or surrounding host. Possible applications of the barrier distributions as well as the assignments of low-energy states of CP29 and LHCII are discussed in light of the above results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Herascu
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Khatoon M, Inagawa K, Pospísil P, Yamashita A, Yoshioka M, Lundin B, Horie J, Morita N, Jajoo A, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto Y. Quality control of photosystem II: Thylakoid unstacking is necessary to avoid further damage to the D1 protein and to facilitate D1 degradation under light stress in spinach thylakoids. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25343-52. [PMID: 19617353 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.007740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II is vulnerable to light damage. The reaction center-binding D1 protein is impaired during excessive illumination and is degraded and removed from photosystem II. Using isolated spinach thylakoids, we investigated the relationship between light-induced unstacking of thylakoids and damage to the D1 protein. Under light stress, thylakoids were expected to become unstacked so that the photodamaged photosystem II complexes in the grana and the proteases could move on the thylakoids for repair. Excessive light induced irreversible unstacking of thylakoids. By comparing the effects of light stress on stacked and unstacked thylakoids, photoinhibition of photosystem II was found to be more prominent in stacked thylakoids than in unstacked thylakoids. In accordance with this finding, EPR spin trapping measurements demonstrated higher production of hydroxyl radicals in stacked thylakoids than in unstacked thylakoids. We propose that unstacking of thylakoids has a crucial role in avoiding further damage to the D1 protein and facilitating degradation of the photodamaged D1 protein under light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbuba Khatoon
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Galetskiy D, Susnea I, Reiser V, Adamska I, Przybylski M. Structure and dynamics of photosystem II light-harvesting complex revealed by high-resolution FTICR mass spectrometric proteome analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1004-1013. [PMID: 18455927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Structure and dynamics of membrane-bound light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes (LHCs), which collect and transmit light energy for photosynthesis and thereby play an essential role in the regulation of photosynthesis and photoprotection, were identified and characterized using high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). LHCs from photosystem II (LHCII) were isolated from the thylakoid membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after light stress treatment using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and separated by gel-filtration into LHCII subcomplexes. Using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis, the LHCII proteins, Lhcb1-6 and fibrillins, were efficiently separated and identified by FTICR-MS. Some of the LHCII subcomplexes were shown to migrate from photosystem II to photosystem I as a result of short-term adaptation to changes in light intensity. In the mobile LHCII subcomplexes, decreased levels of fibrillins and a modified composition of LHCII protein isoforms were identified compared to the tightly bound LHCII subcomplexes. In addition, FTICR-MS analysis revealed several oxidative modifications of LHCII proteins. A number of protein spots in 2D gels were found to contain a mixture of proteins, illustrating the feasibility of high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify proteins that remain unseparated in 2D gels even upon extended pH gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Galetskiy
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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29
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Kalbina I, Li S, Kalbin G, Björn LO, Strid Å. Two separate UV-B radiation wavelength regions control expression of different molecular markers in Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:222-227. [PMID: 32688776 DOI: 10.1071/fp07197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluence-response curves were obtained at nine wavelengths in the interval 280-360 nm for mRNA transcripts of four molecular markers induced by ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.: CHS (encoding chalcone synthase), PDX1.3 (encoding an enzyme involved in formation of pyridoxine), MEB5.2 (encoding a protein with unknown function but which is strongly upregulated by UV-B), and LHCB1*3 (encoding a chlorophyll a/b binding protein). Intact Arabidopsis plants were irradiated for 3 h using a high intensity deuterium radiation source and narrow bandwith filters without supplementary PAR. The results obtained suggest the existence of two distinct UV-B signal responses: one sensitive between 300 and 310 nm and the other sensitive around 280-290 nm. Among the investigated molecular markers, CHS and PDX1.3 were regulated through the chromophore absorbing around 300 nm, whereas MEB5.2 and LHCB1*3 were regulated through the chromophore absorbing at 280-290 nm. The results obtained show that at least two signal transduction pathways exist that regulate gene expression as a result of absorption of UV-B radiation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kalbina
- Department of Science and Örebro Life Science Center, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Department of Science and Örebro Life Science Center, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Georgi Kalbin
- Department of Science and Örebro Life Science Center, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lars Olof Björn
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Åke Strid
- Department of Science and Örebro Life Science Center, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
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D’Amici GM, Timperio AM, Zolla L. Coupling of Native Liquid Phase Isoelectrofocusing and Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: A Potent Tool for Native Membrane Multiprotein Complex Separation. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1326-40. [DOI: 10.1021/pr700613r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lello Zolla
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
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31
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Navakoudis E, Vrentzou K, Kotzabasis K. A polyamine- and LHCII protease activity-based mechanism regulates the plasticity and adaptation status of the photosynthetic apparatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1767:261-71. [PMID: 17395150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we aim to dissect the basis of the polyamine mode of action in the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Although the modulating effects of polyamines in photosynthesis have been reported since long [K. Kotzabasis, A role for chloroplast-associated polyamines? Bot. Acta 109 (1996) 5-7], the underlying mechanisms remained until today largely unknown. The diamine putrescine was employed in this study, by being externally added to Scenedesmus obliquus cultures acclimated to either low or high light conditions. The results revealed the high efficiency by which putrescine can alter the levels of the major photosynthetic complexes in a concerted manner inducing an overall structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus similar to that under higher light conditions. The revealed mechanism for this phenomenon involves alterations in the level of the polyamines putrescine and spermine which are bound to the photosynthetic complexes, mainly to the LHCII oligomeric and monomeric forms. In vitro studies point out to a direct impact of the polyamines on the autoproteolytic degradation of LHCII. Concomitantly to the reduction of the LHCII size, exogenously supplied putrescine, induces the reaction centers' density and thus the photosynthetic apparatus is adjusted as if it was adapted to higher light conditions. Thus polyamines, through LHCII, play a crucial role in the regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus' photoadaptation. The protective role of polyamines on the photosynthetic apparatus under various environmental stresses is also discussed in correlation to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Navakoudis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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32
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Kalbina I, Strid A. The role of NADPH oxidase and MAP kinase phosphatase in UV-B-dependent gene expression in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:1783-93. [PMID: 16913867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to supplementary UV-B irradiation have been reported to include formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide, in particular, and regulation by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades which in turn are fine-tuned by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). Here we present direct genetic evidence for the involvement of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase, a source of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the apoplasts, in UV-B signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana, by analysis of gene expression of the UV-B molecular markers in NADPH oxidase (atrbohD, F and DF) and MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1) knockout mutants (mkp1). Whereas the NADPH oxidase mutants were affected in UV-B-dependent CHS, PYROA and MEB5.2 gene expression, the mkp1 mutant was affected in the general expression pattern of the pathogenesis-related (PR) and PDF1.2 genes. The results indicate involvement of MKP1 in repressive action on gene expression of more general stress response pathways, similar to those activated by pathogen attack, while NADPH oxidase is involved in quantitative (rather than absolute) regulation of more UV-B-specific genes. The expressions of the molecular markers in the knockout mutant mkp1 and in its complemented lines (lines 6 and 10) were similar, as opposed to the responses of the corresponding wild-type Wassilewskija-4 (Ws-4). Lines 6 and 10 showed much higher MKP1 mRNA than Ws-4 but did not complement the mutant. This suggests a complex dependency of the MAPK phosporylation level of the PR and PDF1.2 genes. Both NADPH oxidase mutants and the mkp1 mutant phenotypically responded to UV-B by growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kalbina
- Department of Science and Orebro Life Science Center, Orebro University, S-70182 Orebro, Sweden
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Heddad M, Norén H, Reiser V, Dunaeva M, Andersson B, Adamska I. Differential expression and localization of early light-induced proteins in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:75-87. [PMID: 16829586 PMCID: PMC1557597 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.081489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The early light-induced proteins (Elips) in higher plants are nuclear-encoded, light stress-induced proteins located in thylakoid membranes and related to light-harvesting chlorophyll (LHC) a/b-binding proteins. A photoprotective function was proposed for Elips. Here we showed that after 2 h exposure of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves to light stress Elip1 and Elip2 coisolate equally with monomeric (mLhcb) and trimeric (tLhcb) populations of the major LHC from photosystem II (PSII) as based on the Elip:Lhcb protein ratio. A longer exposure to light stress resulted in increased amounts of Elips in tLhcb as compared to mLhcb, due to a reduction of tLhcb amounts. We demonstrated further that the expression of Elip1 and Elip2 transcripts was differentially regulated in green leaves exposed to light stress. The accumulation of Elip1 transcripts and proteins increased almost linearly with increasing light intensities and correlated with the degree of photoinactivation and photodamage of PSII reaction centers. A stepwise accumulation of Elip2 was induced when 40% of PSII reaction centers became photodamaged. The differential expression of Elip1 and Elip2 occurred also in light stress-preadapted or senescent leaves exposed to light stress but there was a lack of correlation between transcript and protein accumulation. Also in this system the accumulation of Elip1 but not Elip2 correlated with the degree of PSII photodamage. Based on pigment analysis, measurements of PSII activity, and assays of the oxidation status of proteins we propose that the discrepancy between amounts of Elip transcripts and proteins in light stress-preadapted or senescent leaves is related to a presence of photoprotective anthocyanins or to lower chlorophyll availability, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Heddad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kalbina I, Strid A. Supplementary ultraviolet-B irradiation reveals differences in stress responses between Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:754-63. [PMID: 17087460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Irradiation of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes C24, Wassilewskija (Ws) and Columbia-0 (Col-0) with supplementary ultraviolet-A+B (UV-A+B) radiation revealed ecotype-specific differences in expression of the gene for the pathogenesis-related protein PR-5. C24 showed an increased expression level of PR-5 (5- and 20-fold higher compared with Col-0 and Ws, respectively). Expression of other molecular markers such as CHS (encoding chalcone synthase), MEB5.2 [encoding a gene strongly up-regulated by ultraviolet-B (UV-B)] and PYROA [encoding a pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) biosynthesis enzyme] only showed slight differences between ecotypes. Oxidative stress during UVA+B exposure was monitored by staining for H2O2. This analysis also revealed important ecotype-specific differences. 'H2O2 hot spots' were found in C24, whereas an even distribution of H2O2 was found in Ws and Col-0. Necrotic lesions also appeared on C24 leaves after prolonged UV-B exposure. There was a reverse correlation between the H2O2 steady-state concentration and the PR-5 gene expression; Ws showed the highest level of H2O2 accumulation but the lowest expression level of the PR-5 gene. Furthermore, application of paraquat on the rosettes led to similar PR-5 expression and H2O2 accumulation patterns as were found after UV-A+B irradiation. The observed ecotypic differences were also reflected in a statistically significant UV-B-dependent decrease in biomass, rosette size and leaf area for Ws, but not for C24 and Col-0. Our results show that a significant ecotype-specific genetic variability in general UV-B responses in Arabidopsis exists. Moreover, the signal transduction or gene regulation pathway for PR-5 differs from the other molecular markers used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kalbina
- Department of Science and Orebro Life Science Center, Orebro University, S-70182 Orebro, Sweden
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35
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Zelisko A, García-Lorenzo M, Jackowski G, Jansson S, Funk C. AtFtsH6 is involved in the degradation of the light-harvesting complex II during high-light acclimation and senescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13699-704. [PMID: 16157880 PMCID: PMC1224624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503472102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the most abundant membrane protein on earth, the light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II (LHC II), is highly regulated under various environmental conditions, e.g., light stress, to prevent photochemical damage to the reaction center. We identified the LHC II degrading protease in Arabidopsis thaliana as a Zn(2+)-dependent metalloprotease, activated by the removal of unknown extrinsic factors, similar to the proteolytic activity directed against Lhcb3 in barley. By using a reversed genetic approach, the chloroplast-targeted protease FtsH6 was identified as being responsible for the degradation. T-DNA KO A. thaliana mutants, lacking ftsH6, were unable to degrade either Lhcb3 during dark-induced senescence or Lhcb1 and Lhcb3 during highlight acclimation. The A. thaliana ftsH6 gene has a clear orthologue in the genome of Populus trichocarpa. It is likely that FtsH6 is a general LHC II protease and that FtsH6-dependent LHC II proteolysis is a feature of all higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zelisko
- Department of Biochemistry and Plant Biology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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36
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Timperio AM, Zolla L. Investigation of the Lateral Light-induced Migration of Photosystem II Light-harvesting Proteins by Nano-high Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28858-66. [PMID: 15944149 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504998200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports a detailed analysis of the light-induced lateral migration of the photosystem II (PSII) antennae between appressed and non-appressed thylakoid membranes. The relative PSII antennae that migrated to stroma lamellae were readily established on the basis of peak areas of the separated stroma proteins in the ultraviolet chromatograms. Phosphorylation was predicted by intact molecular mass measurements, and this was confirmed by immunoblotting. When thylakoid membrane and chloroplasts were illuminated at 100 microE m(-2)s(-1), light-harvesting complex type II (Lhcb2) was the first PSII antenna to migrate, preferentially in phosphorylated form. However, the amount of Lhcb2 that migrated decreased after the first 20 min when the total amount of the three different Lhcb1 isoforms (1.1, 1.2, and 1.3) reached maximum. Lhcb1.1 was always found in the unphosphorylated form and migrated later than the other two isoforms, although the latter were also found to have low levels of phosphorylation. At the same time, major antennae on the grana were not found to be phosphorylated, whereas Lhcb4 showed a significant increase in molecular mass. At higher light intensity Lhcb2 migration was negligible, whereas migration of Lhcb1 isoforms was little changed, increasing in irradiated chloroplasts. Because there was no significant phosphorylation at high light intensity, and yet pigments were found to have significantly increased on the stroma lamellae, it may be that pigments play a role in migration and that, in fact, there is no direct correlation between phosphorylation and migration. We hypothesize that the Lhcb1 isoforms expressed by the multigene families play a role in plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Timperio
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Chen H, Shen S, Liang Y, Leng J, Tang M, Gong Y. Evidence for dissociation of chlorophyll b from the main light-harvesting complex in the oligomerization state isolated from marine alga, Bryopsis corticulans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1707:170-8. [PMID: 15863095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the composition and organization of chlorophylls in monomers, trimers and oligomers (small aggregates) of the main light-harvesting complex (LHC II) isolated from marine alga, Bryopsis corticulans, using a combination of measurements with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and steady-state spectroscopy of absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and low temperature fluorescence. The composition and organization of the chlorophylls in monomeric and trimeric LHC II were essentially identical to those of LHC II from higher plants. For LHC II oligomers, a large decrease of chlorophyll (Chl) b absorption and of CD signals corresponding to Chl b was consistent with the quantitative analysis of Chl b by RP-HPLC, indicating that oligomerization of the LHC II proteins significantly influenced spectroscopic properties and led to the dissociation of Chl b molecules from LHC II. Our data strongly suggested that protein oligomerization constitutes a structural basis for the decrease of Chl b molecules in LHC II of B. corticulans. The LHC II of B. corticulans might play a photoprotective role with the reduction of the ability of light absorption via alteration of its own structural conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing 100093, China.
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García-Lorenzo M, Zelisko A, Jackowski G, Funk C. Degradation of the main Photosystem II light-harvesting complex. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:1065-71. [PMID: 16307124 DOI: 10.1039/b506625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many factors trigger the degradation of proteins, including changes in environmental conditions, genetic mutations, and limitations in the availability of cofactors. Despite the importance for viability, still very little is known about protein degradation and its regulation. The degradation of the most abundant membrane protein on Earth, the light-harvesting complex of Photosystem II (LHC II), is highly regulated under different environmental conditions, e.g. light stress, to prevent photochemical damage of the reaction center. However, despite major effort to identify the protease/proteases involved in the degradation of the apoproteins of LHC II the molecular details of this important process remain obscure. LHC II belongs to the family of chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (CAB proteins) and is located in the thylakoid membrane of the plant chloroplast. The results of biochemical experiments to isolate and characterize the protease degrading LHC II are summarized here and compared to our own recent finding indicating that a metalloprotease of the FtsH family is involved in this process.
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Zelisko A, Jackowski G. Senescence-dependent degradation of Lhcb3 is mediated by a thylakoid membrane-bound protease. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:1157-1170. [PMID: 15535125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel proteolytic activity integrally associated with barley thylakoid membranes has been discovered and characterized. This enzymatic activity mediates senescence-dependent degradation of Lhcb3, one of the apoproteins of the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex of photosystem II. Once senescence of barley leaves is initiated by detachment and dark incubation, the degradation of Lhcb3 can proceed and be followed in vitro in an experimental system composed of thylakoids isolated from senescing leaves incubated in darkness in suitable medium at 25 degrees C. The protease involved is present in its active form and Lhcb3 is susceptible for proteolytic attack already in fresh leaves, although Lhcb3 degradation does not take place unless undefined extrinsic membrane proteins protecting Lhcb3 are removed in a senescence-dependent manner. It is thus concluded that senescence-dependent Lhcb3 degradation is regulated at the substrate availability level. The protease involved is ATP stimulated, has an optimum activity at pH 7.8, and requires 3 mM added Mg2+ (replicable by micromolar doses of Zn2+) for its proper activity. Studies using typical inhibitors of various classes of proteases indicate that the enzyme is a metalloprotease with disulfide linkage essential for its activity. Micromolar doses of Zn2+ were demonstrated to restore the activity of Lhcb3-degrading enzymes abolished by an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid pretreatment of the thylakoids and it is inferred that the protease involved is a zinc-binding metalloprotease. Mg2+ was shown to be able to partially replace zinc as the bound ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zelisko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Al. Niepodległości 14, 61-713 Poznań, Poland
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40
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Standfuss J, Kühlbrandt W. The three isoforms of the light-harvesting complex II: spectroscopic features, trimer formation, and functional roles. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36884-91. [PMID: 15208324 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402348200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The major light-harvesting complex (LHC-II) of higher plants plays a crucial role in capturing light energy for photosynthesis and in regulating the flow of energy within the photosynthetic apparatus. Native LHC-II isolated from plant tissue consists of three isoforms, Lhcb1, Lhcb2, and Lhcb3, which form homo- and heterotrimers. All three isoforms are highly conserved among different species, suggesting distinct functional roles. We produced the three LHC-II isoforms by heterologous expression of the polypeptide in Escherichia coli and in vitro refolding with purified pigments. Although Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 are very similar in polypeptide sequence and pigment content, Lhcb3 is clearly different because it lacks an N-terminal phosphorylation site and has a higher chlorophyll a/b ratio, suggesting the absence of one chlorophyll b. Low temperature absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of the pure isoforms revealed small but significant differences in pigment organization. The oligomeric state of the pure isoforms and of their permutations was investigated by native gel electrophoresis, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and SDS-PAGE. Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 formed trimeric complexes by themselves and with one another, but Lhcb3 was able to do so only in combination with one or both of the other isoforms. We conclude that the main role of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 is in the adaptation of photosynthesis to different light regimes. The most likely role of Lhcb3 is as an intermediary in light energy transfer from the main Lhcb1/Lhcb2 antenna to the photosystem II core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Standfuss
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60439 Frankfurt am Main, Hessen 60439, Germany.
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41
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Zhang S, Scheller HV. Light-harvesting complex II binds to several small subunits of photosystem I. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:3180-7. [PMID: 14617624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311640200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) is implicated in the regulation of excitation energy distribution between Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII) during state transitions. To investigate how LHCII interacts with PSI during state transitions, PSI was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana plants treated with PSII or PSI light. The PSI preparations were made using digitonin. Chemical cross-linking using dithio-bis(succinimidylpropionate) followed by diagonal electrophoresis and immunoblotting showed that the docking site of LHCII (Lhcb1) on PSI is comprised of the PSI-H, -L, and -I subunits. This was confirmed by the lack of energy transfer from LHCII to PSI in the digitonin-PSI isolated from plants lacking PSI-H and -L. Digitonin-PSI was purified further to obtain an LHCII.PSI complex, and two to three times more LHCII was associated with PSI in the wild type in State 2 than in State 1. Lhcb1 was also associated with PSI from plants lacking PSI-K, but PSI from PSI-H, -L, or -O mutants contained only about 30% of Lhcb1 compared with the wild type. Surprisingly, a significant fraction of the LHCII bound to PSI in State 2 was not phosphorylated. Cross-linking prior to sucrose gradient purification resulted in copurification of phosphorylated LHCII in the wild type, but not with PSI from the PSI-H, -L, and -O mutants. The data suggest that migration of LHCII during state transitions cannot be explained sufficiently by different affinity of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated LHCII for PSI but is likely to involve structural changes in thylakoid organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Zhang
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, Frederiksberg C DK-1871, Denmark
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Zolla L, Timperio AM, Walcher W, Huber CG. Proteomics of light-harvesting proteins in different plant species. Analysis and comparison by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Photosystem II. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:198-214. [PMID: 12529528 PMCID: PMC166800 DOI: 10.1104/pp.012823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2002] [Revised: 09/03/2002] [Accepted: 09/24/2002] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the intact molecular masses and the hydrophobic properties of the photosystem II (PSII) light-harvesting proteins in 14 different plant species is presented. The protein separation and identification was achieved by means of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The good correspondence of the molecular masses measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry with those deduced from the DNA sequence (0.008%-0.016% relative deviation in Arabidopsis) enabled the identification of the different protein types. Utilizing this correlation, it was possible in several cases to spot a gene product for the previously cloned genes. In PSII, all antenna proteins show hydrophobic properties considerably different within the same as well as among various species, in contrast to observations made previously with PSI. These differences might reflect a tuning of protein-protein interactions that play a role in inducing different supramolecular organizations of PSII: within the same species as a consequence of short-term adaptations, and among species for seasonal species adaptation. The relative antenna stoichiometry was readily established on the basis of relative peak areas of the separated proteins in the ultraviolet chromatograms. The correspondence found between the high copy number of genes with the gene products reveals that the genes are not silent in their protein expression. Moreover, the high copy number of gene products as well as protein heterogeneity observed in PSII suggest a possible plant strategy to realize the high degree of organization and interconnection of the light-harvesting systems under any environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lello Zolla
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Jackowski G, Pielucha K. Heterogeneity of the main light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex of photosystem II (LHCII) at the level of trimeric subunits. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2001; 64:45-54. [PMID: 11705729 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To study organization of the main light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex of photosystem II (LHCII) from spinach thylakoid membranes at the level of trimeric subcomplexes, we have applied non-denaturing isoelectric focusing (ndIEF) in vertical, slab polyacrylamide gels. When analyzed by two consecutive ndIEF/electroelution runs, spinach BBY membrane preparations (PSII(alpha)-enriched, stacked thylakoid membranes) were resolved into nine fractions of 100% purity, labelled 1-9 in order of decreasing pI values. Seven of these fractions (3-9) were shown by absorption spectroscopy to stand for LHCII subcomplexes. The subcomplexes were established - by monitoring their circular dichroism spectra and comparing them to the spectra of native LHCII trimers and monomers - to be structurally intact trimers. The analysis of polypeptide composition of the subcomplexes in terms of apparent molecular masses and Lhcb genes' products led us to the conclusion that each of the subcomplexes might be a mixed population of closely similar individual trimers, comprising of permutations of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 (subcomplexes 3-7) or Lhcb1, Lhcb2 and Lhcb3 (subcomplexes 8 and 9).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jackowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Al. Niepodleglosci 14, 61-713, Poznan, Poland.
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