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An JU, Kim SE, Oh DK. Molecular insights into lipoxygenases for biocatalytic synthesis of diverse lipid mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101110. [PMID: 34144023 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins derived mainly from C20- and C22-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), termed lipid mediators (LMs), are essential signalling messengers involved in human physiological responses associated with homeostasis and healing process for infection and inflammation. Some LMs involved in the resolution of inflammation and infection are termed specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which are generated by human M2 macrophages or polymorphonuclear leukocytes and have the potential to protect and treat hosts from bacterial and viral infections by phagocytosis activation. Lipoxygenases (LOXs) biosynthesize regio- and stereoselective LMs. Thus, understanding the regio- and stereoselectivities of LOXs for PUFAs at a molecular level is important for the biocatalytic synthesis of diverse LMs. Here, we elucidate the catalytic mechanisms and discuss regio- and stereoselectivities and their changes of LOXs determined by insertion direction and position of the substrate and oxygen at a molecular level for the biosynthesis of diverse human LMs. Recently, the biocatalytic synthesis of PUFAs to human LMs or analogues has been conducted using microbial LOXs. Such microbial LOXs involved in the biosynthesis of LMs are expected to exert significantly higher activity and stability than human LOXs. Diverse regio- and stereoselective LOXs can be obtained from microorganisms, which represent a wealth of genomic sources. We reconstruct the biosynthetic pathways of LOX-catalyzed LMs in humans and other organisms. Furthermore, we suggest the effective methods of biocatalytic synthesis of diverse human LMs from PUFAs or glucose by using microbial LOXs, increasing the stability and activity of LOXs, combining the reactions of LOXs, and constructing metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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An JU, Song YS, Kim KR, Ko YJ, Yoon DY, Oh DK. Biotransformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to bioactive hepoxilins and trioxilins by microbial enzymes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:128. [PMID: 29317615 PMCID: PMC5760719 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepoxilins (HXs) and trioxilins (TrXs) are involved in physiological processes such as inflammation, insulin secretion and pain perception in human. They are metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, formed by 12-lipoxygenase (LOX) and epoxide hydrolase (EH) expressed by mammalian cells. Here, we identify ten types of HXs and TrXs, produced by the prokaryote Myxococcus xanthus, of which six types are new, namely, HXB5, HXD3, HXE3, TrXB5, TrXD3 and TrXE3. We succeed in the biotransformation of PUFAs into eight types of HXs (>35% conversion) and TrXs (>10% conversion) by expressing M. xanthus 12-LOX or 11-LOX with or without EH in Escherichia coli. We determine 11-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, HXB3, HXB4, HXD3, TrXB3 and TrXD3 as potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ partial agonists. These findings may facilitate physiological studies and drug development based on lipid mediators. Hepoxilins (HXs) and trioxilins (TrXs) are lipid metabolites with roles in inflammation and insulin secretion. Here, the authors discover a prokaryotic source of HXs and TrXs, identify the biosynthetic enzymes and heterologously express HXs and TrXs in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ung An
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Song
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Rok Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF), Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Characterization of a New Trioxilin and a Sulfoquinovosyl Diacylglycerol with Anti-Inflammatory Properties from the Dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15030057. [PMID: 28264430 PMCID: PMC5367014 DOI: 10.3390/md15030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new compounds—a trioxilin and a sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG)—were isolated from the methanolic extract of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina cultivated by feeding on dried yeasts. The trioxilin was identified as (4Z,8E,13Z,16Z,19Z) -7(S),10(S),11(S)-trihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid (1), and the SQDG was identified as (2S)-1-O-hexadecanosy-2-O-docosahexaenoyl-3-O-(6-sulfo-α-d-quinovopyranosyl)-glycerol (2) by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, mass analyses, and chemical reactions. The two compounds were associated with docosahexaenoic acid, which is a major component of O. marina. The two isolated compounds showed significant nitric oxide inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Compound 2 showed no cytotoxicity against hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a), and colon cancer (HCT-116) cells, while weak cytotoxicity was observed for compound 1 against Neuro-2a cells.
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Pace-Asciak CR. Pathophysiology of the hepoxilins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:383-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tamang DL, Pirzai W, Priebe GP, Traficante DC, Pier GB, Falck JR, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, McCormick BA, Gronert K, Hurley BP. Hepoxilin A(3) facilitates neutrophilic breach of lipoxygenase-expressing airway epithelial barriers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4960-9. [PMID: 23045615 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A feature shared by many inflammatory lung diseases is excessive neutrophilic infiltration. Neutrophil homing to airspaces involve multiple factors produced by several distinct cell types. Hepoxilin A(3) is a neutrophil chemoattractant produced by pathogen-infected epithelial cells that is hypothesized to facilitate neutrophil breach of mucosal barriers. Using a Transwell model of lung epithelial barriers infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we explored the role of hepoxilin A(3) in neutrophil transepithelial migration. Pharmacological inhibitors of the enzymatic pathways necessary to generate hepoxilin A(3), including phospholipase A(2) and 12-lipoxygenase, potently interfere with P. aeruginosa-induced neutrophil transepithelial migration. Both transformed and primary human lung epithelial cells infected with P. aeruginosa generate hepoxilin A(3) precursor arachidonic acid. All four known lipoxygenase enzymes capable of synthesizing hepoxilin A(3) are expressed in lung epithelial cell lines, primary small airway epithelial cells, and human bronchial epithelial cells. Lung epithelial cells produce increased hepoxilin A(3) and lipid-derived neutrophil chemotactic activity in response to P. aeruginosa infection. Lipid-derived chemotactic activity is soluble epoxide hydrolase sensitive, consistent with hepoxilin A(3) serving a chemotactic role. Stable inhibitory structural analogs of hepoxilin A(3) are capable of impeding P. aeruginosa-induced neutrophil transepithelial migration. Finally, intranasal infection of mice with P. aeruginosa promotes enhanced cellular infiltrate into the airspace, as well as increased concentration of the 12-lipoxygenase metabolites hepoxilin A(3) and 12-hydroxyeicosa-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-tetraenoic acid. Data generated from multiple models in this study provide further evidence that hepoxilin A(3) is produced in response to lung pathogenic bacteria and functions to drive neutrophils across epithelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Tamang
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Bailey MJ, Coon SL, Carter DA, Humphries A, Kim JS, Shi Q, Gaildrat P, Morin F, Ganguly S, Hogenesch JB, Weller JL, Rath MF, Møller M, Baler R, Sugden D, Rangel ZG, Munson PJ, Klein DC. Night/day changes in pineal expression of >600 genes: central role of adrenergic/cAMP signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7606-22. [PMID: 19103603 PMCID: PMC2658055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808394200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland plays an essential role in vertebrate chronobiology by converting time into a hormonal signal, melatonin, which is always elevated at night. Here we have analyzed the rodent pineal transcriptome using Affymetrix GeneChip(R) technology to obtain a more complete description of pineal cell biology. The effort revealed that 604 genes (1,268 probe sets) with Entrez Gene identifiers are differentially expressed greater than 2-fold between midnight and mid-day (false discovery rate <0.20). Expression is greater at night in approximately 70%. These findings were supported by the results of radiochemical in situ hybridization histology and quantitative real time-PCR studies. We also found that the regulatory mechanism controlling the night/day changes in the expression of most genes involves norepinephrine-cyclic AMP signaling. Comparison of the pineal gene expression profile with that in other tissues identified 334 genes (496 probe sets) that are expressed greater than 8-fold higher in the pineal gland relative to other tissues. Of these genes, 17% are expressed at similar levels in the retina, consistent with a common evolutionary origin of these tissues. Functional categorization of the highly expressed and/or night/day differentially expressed genes identified clusters that are markers of specialized functions, including the immune/inflammation response, melatonin synthesis, photodetection, thyroid hormone signaling, and diverse aspects of cellular signaling and cell biology. These studies produce a paradigm shift in our understanding of the 24-h dynamics of the pineal gland from one focused on melatonin synthesis to one including many cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bailey
- Section on Neuroendocrinology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Nigam S, Zafiriou MP. Hepoxilin A3 synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:161-8. [PMID: 16198304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepoxilins constitute a group of 12S-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12S-HpETE)-derived epoxy-hydroxy fatty acids that have been detected in various cell types and tissues. Although hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) exhibits a myriad of biological activities, its biosynthetic mechanism was not investigated in detail. Here we review the isolation, cloning, and characterization of a leukocyte-type 12S-lipoxygenase (12S-LOX) from rat insulinoma cells RINm5F, which exhibits an intrinsic hepoxilin A3 synthase activity. Confirmation for this observation was achieved by coimmunoprecipitation of HXA3 synthase activity with an anti-leukocyte 12S-LOX antibody, preparation of recombinant rat 12S-LOX enzyme from RINm5F cells, and assay of HXA3 synthase activity therein. Site-directed mutagenesis studies performed on rat 12S-LOX showed that 12-lipoxygenating enzyme species exhibit a strong HXA3 synthase activity that is impaired when the positional specificity of arachidonic acid is altered in favor of 15-lipoxygenation. Inasmuch as cellular glutathione peroxidases (cGPx and PHGPx) and HXA3 synthase compete for the same substrate 12S-HpETE, it can be proposed that the overall activity of glutathione peroxidases, representing the overall peroxide tone, finely tunes the rate of HXA3 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Nigam
- Eicosanoid and Lipid Research Division, Centre of Experimental Gynecology and Breast Research, University Medical Centre Berlin, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany.
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Newman JW, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Epoxide hydrolases: their roles and interactions with lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:1-51. [PMID: 15748653 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes present in all living organisms, which transform epoxide containing lipids by the addition of water. In plants and animals, many of these lipid substrates have potent biologically activities, such as host defenses, control of development, regulation of inflammation and blood pressure. Thus the EHs have important and diverse biological roles with profound effects on the physiological state of the host organisms. Currently, seven distinct epoxide hydrolase sub-types are recognized in higher organisms. These include the plant soluble EHs, the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase, the hepoxilin hydrolase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, the microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and the insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase. While our understanding of these enzymes has progressed at different rates, here we discuss the current state of knowledge for each of these enzymes, along with a distillation of our current understanding of their endogenous roles. By reviewing the entire enzyme class together, both commonalities and discrepancies in our understanding are highlighted and important directions for future research pertaining to these enzymes are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Newman
- Department of Entomology, UCDavis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Vogan CL, Maskrey BH, Taylor GW, Henry S, Pace-Asciak CR, Clare AS, Rowley AF. Hepoxilins and trioxilins in barnacles: an analysis of their potential roles in egg hatching and larval settlement. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:3219-26. [PMID: 12909703 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The barnacle life cycle has two key stages at which eicosanoids are believed to be involved in cellular communication pathways, namely the hatching of nauplii and the settlement of cypris larvae. Barnacle egg-hatching activity has previously been reported to reside in a variety of eicosanoids, including 8-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid and a number of tri-hydroxylated polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives, the trioxilins. The production of the eicosapentaenoic acid metabolite trioxilin A4 (8,11,12-trihydroxy-5,9,14,17-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the barnacles Balanus amphitrite and Elminius modestus was confirmed using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, both linked to mass spectrometry. In addition, both species also generated trioxilin A3 (8,11,12-trihydroxy-5,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid; an arachidonic acid-derived product), 8,11,12-trihydroxy-9,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (a omega3 analogue of trioxilin A3; derived from omega3 arachidonic acid) and 10,13,14-trihydroxy-4,7,11,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid (a docosahexaenoic acid-derived product). In contrast to earlier reports, trioxilin A3 had no E. modestus egg-hatching activity at any of the concentrations tested (10(-9)-10(-6) mol l(-1)). The unstable epoxide precursor hepoxilin A3, however, caused significant levels of hatching at 10(-6) mol l(-1). Furthermore, the stable hepoxilin B3 analogue PBT-3 stimulated hatching at 10(-7) mol l(-1). Neither trioxilin A3, hepoxilin A3 or PBT-3 at 0.25-30 micromol l(-1) served as settlement cues for B. amphitrite cypris larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Vogan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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Sanina NM, Kostetsky EY. Thermotropic behavior of major phospholipids from marine invertebrates: changes with warm-acclimation and seasonal acclimatization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 133:143-53. [PMID: 12381376 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The crystal-liquid crystal-isotropic melt phase transitions of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from muscle tissue of five species (actinia Metridium senile fimbriatum, mussel Crenomytilus grayanus, sea-urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, starfish Distolasterias nipon and the ascidian Halocynthia aurantium) of marine invertebrates, collected in winter at 0 degrees C and then acclimated to 18.5 degrees C for 5 days, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and polarising microscopy. To elevate temperature from 0 to 18.5 degrees C, we used the rate of 4.5 degrees C/h. Although phase transitions of both phospholipids from animals collected in summer occurred already at temperatures below -1.7 oC (minimal temperature of seawater in winter), compensatory mechanisms resulted in a decrease by 29-43 oC in the phase transition temperature of PE in winter. Thermotropic behavior of PCs changed in various trends. However, the total heat of their phase transitions always decreased in winter compared with summer. For all species, except the mussel, the time of warm-acclimation was insufficient to adjust the thermotropic behavior of either phospholipid. Nevertheless, the unsaturation index decreased to achieve summer values, due primarily to decreased proportions of eicosapentaenate and docosahexaenate. The accumulation of arachidonate, during warm-acclimation, might be connected to the signalling properties of n-6 eicosanoids. Absence of effective homeoviscous mechanisms suggests that most of the studied marine invertebrates have very limited capacity to survive an acute temperature elevation, e.g. at the appearance of thermal currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Sanina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Far Eastern National University, Sukhanov st. 8, 690600, Vladivostok, Russia.
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Pace-Asciak CR, Reynaud D, Demin P, Nigam S. The Hepoxilins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4861-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yoshida S, Sato A, Okuyama H. Pathophysiological effects of dietary essential fatty acid balance on neural systems. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 77:11-22. [PMID: 9639056 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.77.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acid balance has been revealed to affect neural functions as well as chronic diseases such as cancer, cerebro- and cardiovascular diseases, and allergic hyper-reactivity. In this review, we focused on the pathophysiological effects of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on brain functions. Long-term n-3 fatty acid deficiency in the presence of n-6 fatty acids has been shown to affect learning behavior, drug sensitivity and retinal functions. Some membrane enzymes and ion channel functions have been shown in experimental animals to be regulated by membrane fatty acid modifications. We also summarized the effects of these fatty acids in diets on human psychotic aspects and brain diseases. Although biochemical mechanisms remain to be elucidated, investigations on the effect of dietary fatty acids on neural networks may provide an important clue to clarify complex brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Research Laboratory Center, Oita Medical University, Japan
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