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Hoffmann W. Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Links to Inflammation: A Re-evaluation and New Medical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094909. [PMID: 34066339 PMCID: PMC8125380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3), together with mucins, are typical exocrine products of mucous epithelia. Here, they act as a gastric tumor suppressor (TFF1) or they play different roles in mucosal innate immune defense (TFF2, TFF3). Minute amounts are also secreted as endocrine, e.g., by the immune and central nervous systems. As a hallmark, TFF peptides have different lectin activities, best characterized for TFF2, but also TFF1. Pathologically, ectopic expression occurs during inflammation and in various tumors. In this review, the role of TFF peptides during inflammation is discussed on two levels. On the one hand, the expression of TFF1-3 is regulated by inflammatory signals in different ways (upstream links). On the other hand, TFF peptides influence inflammatory processes (downstream links). The latter are recognized best in various Tff-deficient mice, which have completely different phenotypes. In particular, TFF2 is secreted by myeloid cells (e.g., macrophages) and lymphocytes (e.g., memory T cells), where it modulates immune reactions triggering inflammation. As a new concept, in addition to lectin-triggered activation, a hypothetical lectin-triggered inhibition of glycosylated transmembrane receptors by TFF peptides is discussed. Thus, TFFs are promising players in the field of glycoimmunology, such as galectins and C-type lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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2
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Jahan R, Shah A, Kisling SG, Macha MA, Thayer S, Batra SK, Kaur S. Odyssey of trefoil factors in cancer: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188362. [PMID: 32298747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil factors 1, 2, and 3 (TFFs) are a family of small secretory molecules involved in the protection and repair of the gastrointestinal tract (GI). TFFs maintain and restore epithelial structural integrity via transducing key signaling pathways for epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and invasion. In recent years, TFFs have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, especially cancer. Initially recognized as tumor suppressors, emerging evidence demonstrates their key role in tumor progression and metastasis, extending their actions beyond protection. However, to date, a comprehensive understanding of TFFs' mechanism of action in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis remains obscure. The present review discusses the structural, functional and mechanistic implications of all three TFF family members in tumor progression and metastasis. Also, we have garnered information from studies on their structure and expression status in different organs, along with lessons from their specific knockout in mouse models. In addition, we highlight the emerging potential of using TFFs as a biomarker to stratify tumors for better therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ashu Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sophia G Kisling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir, India -191201
| | - Sarah Thayer
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, 68198, USA.
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3
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Hung LY, Sen D, Oniskey TK, Katzen J, Cohen NA, Vaughan AE, Nieves W, Urisman A, Beers MF, Krummel MF, Herbert DR. Macrophages promote epithelial proliferation following infectious and non-infectious lung injury through a Trefoil factor 2-dependent mechanism. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:64-76. [PMID: 30337651 PMCID: PMC6301101 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated efforts between macrophages and epithelia are considered essential for wound healing, but the macrophage-derived molecules responsible for repair are poorly defined. This work demonstrates that lung macrophages rely upon Trefoil factor 2 to promote epithelial proliferation following damage caused by sterile wounding, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Bleomycin sulfate. Unexpectedly, the presence of T, B, or ILC populations was not essential for macrophage-driven repair. Instead, conditional deletion of TFF2 in myeloid-restricted CD11cCre TFF2 flox mice exacerbated lung pathology and reduced the proliferative expansion of CD45- EpCAM+ pro-SPC+ alveolar type 2 cells. TFF2 deficient macrophages had reduced expression of the Wnt genes Wnt4 and Wnt16 and reconstitution of hookworm-infected CD11cCre TFF2flox mice with rWnt4 and rWnt16 restored the proliferative defect in lung epithelia post-injury. These data reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism wherein lung myeloid phagocytes utilize a TFF2/Wnt axis as a mechanism that drives epithelial proliferation following lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yin Hung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Debasish Sen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Taylor K. Oniskey
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jeremey Katzen
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Monell Chemical Senses Center, and Philadelphia VA Medical Center Surgical Service
| | - Andrew E. Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wildaliz Nieves
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael F. Beers
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,PENN Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - De’Broski R. Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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4
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TFF1 Promotes EMT-Like Changes through an Auto-Induction Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072018. [PMID: 29997345 PMCID: PMC6073196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is a small secreted protein expressed in the gastrointestinal tract where, together with the other two members of its family, it plays an essential role in mucosal protection and repair against injury. The molecular mechanisms involved in the protective function of all three TFF proteins are not fully elucidated. In this paper, we investigated the role of TFF1 in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) events. The effects of TFF1 on cellular models in normoxia and/or hypoxia were evaluated by western blot, immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR and trans-well invasion assays. Luciferase reporter assays were used to assess the existence of an auto-regulatory mechanism of TFF1. The methylation status of TFF1 promoter was measured by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. We demonstrate a TFF1 auto-induction mechanism with the identification of a specific responsive element located between −583 and −212 bp of its promoter. Our results suggest that TFF1 can regulate its own expression in normoxic, as well as in hypoxic, conditions acting synergistically with the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) pathway. Functionally, this auto-induction mechanism seems to promote cell invasion and EMT-like modifications in vitro. Additionally, exogenously added human recombinant TFF1 protein was sufficient to observe similar effects. Together, these findings suggest that the hypoxic conditions, which can be induced by gastric injury, promote TFF1 up-regulation, strengthened by an auto-induction mechanism, and that the trefoil peptide takes part in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition events eventually triggered to repair the damage.
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Esposito R, Morello S, Vllahu M, Eletto D, Porta A, Tosco A. Gastric TFF1 Expression from Acute to Chronic Helicobacter Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:434. [PMID: 29085807 PMCID: PMC5649190 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TFF1, a mucin-associated secreted peptide of gastric mucous cells, is known as a protective agent for stomach epithelium under different stimuli, but its role upon Helicobacter infection is still not clear. In this paper we characterized TFFs expression, with particular attention to TFF1, under Helicobacter infection in gastric cell lines. A mouse model was used to distinguish TFF1 mRNA expression between acute and chronic stages of Helicobacter infection. Our results show that TFF1 expression is induced in infected cells; in addition, the inflammatory response upon Helicobacter infection is inversely associated to pre-existing TFF1 protein levels. In infected mice, TFF1 is initially upregulated in gastric antrum in the acute phase of infection, along with IL-1β and IL-6. Then, expression of TFF1 is gradually silenced when the infection becomes chronic and IFN-γ, CXCL5, and CXCL15 reach higher levels. Our data suggest that TFF1 might help cells to counteract bacteria colonization and the development of a chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Megi Vllahu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Daniela Eletto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Amalia Porta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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Human Trefoil Factor 3 induces the transcription of its own promoter through STAT3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30421. [PMID: 27453253 PMCID: PMC4958921 DOI: 10.1038/srep30421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trefoil factor 3 (hTFF3) is a small peptide of potential therapeutic value. The
mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of hTFF3 remain unclear. The
purpose of this study was to identify the core functional elements for the
self-induction action of hTFF3 and transcription factors. First, truncated promoters
were constructed to identify the functional regions of the hTFF3 promoter. Next,
point mutation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA interference, and gene
overexpression experiments were performed to analyze the transcriptional binding
sites responsible for the self-induced transcription of hTFF3. Our results revealed
the −1450 bp to −1400 bp fragment of
the hTFF3 promoter was the functional region for the self-induction action of hTFF3.
Bioinformatics analysis confirmed that a STAT3 binding site is present in the
−1417 bp to −1409 bp region.
Subsequently, site-directed mutagenesis analysis determined that this STAT3 binding
site was critical for the self-induction effect of hTFF3. ChIP experiments confirmed
that STAT3 binds to the hTFF3 promoter. STAT3 overexpression and knockdown
experiments revealed that STAT3 enhanced the self-induction effect and the
expression of hTFF3. This study confirmed that hTFF3 exhibits self-induction action,
and that STAT3 is the key transcription factor to maintain the function of
self-induction.
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7
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Involvement of trefoil factor family 2 in the enlargement of intestinal tumors in Apc(Min/+) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:859-63. [PMID: 26056002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that tumor size may be associated with malignant tumor conversion. However, the molecules responsible for determination of tumor size are not well understood. We counted the number of intestinal tumors in 8, 12 and 30-week-old Apc(Min/+) mice and measured tumor sizes, respectively. Genes involved in determining tumor size were examined using microarray analysis. Cultured cells were then, transfected with a mammalian expression vector containing a candidate gene to examine the functional role of the gene. The effect of forced expression of candidate gene on cell growth was evaluated by measuring the doubling time of the cultured cells and the growth of grafted cells in nude mice. Unexpectedly, microarray analysis identified trefoil factor family 2 (Tff2) rather than growth related genes and/or oncogenes as a most variable gene. Overexpressing Tff2 in cultured cells reduced doubling time in vitro and rapidly increased xenograft tumor size in vivo. We found Tff2 as a novel important factor that to be able to enlarge an intestinal tumor size.
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Judd LM, Chalinor HV, Walduck A, Pavlic DI, Däbritz J, Dubeykovskaya Z, Wang TC, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS. TFF2 deficiency exacerbates weight loss and alters immune cell and cytokine profiles in DSS colitis, and this cannot be rescued by wild-type bone marrow. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G12-24. [PMID: 25324506 PMCID: PMC9925116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00172.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The trefoil factor TFF2 is a member of a tripartite family of small proteins that is produced by the stomach and the colon. Recombinant TFF2, when applied intrarectally in a rodent model of hapten colitis, hastens mucosal healing and reduces inflammatory indexes. Additionally, TFF2 is expressed in immune organs, supporting a potential immunomodulatory and reparative role in the bowel. In this study we confirm that TFF2 is expressed in the colon and is specifically enriched in epithelial cells relative to colonic leukocytes. TFF2-deficient, but not TFF1-deficient, mice exhibit a more severe response to acute or chronic dextran sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis that correlates with a 50% loss of expression of TFF3, the principal colonic trefoil. In addition, the response to acute colitis is associated with altered expression of IL-6 and IL-33, but not other inflammatory cytokines. While TFF2 can reduce macrophage responsiveness and block inflammatory cell recruitment to the colon, the major role in limiting the susceptibility to acute colitis appears to be maintenance of barrier function. Bone marrow transfer experiments demonstrate that leukocyte expression of TFF2 is not sufficient for prevention of colitis induction but, rather, that the gastrointestinal epithelium is the primary source of TFF2. Together, these findings illustrate that epithelial TFF2 is an important endogenous regulator of gut mucosal homeostasis that can modulate immune and epithelial compartments. Because of its extreme stability, even in the corrosive gut lumen, TFF2 is an attractive candidate as an oral therapeutic scaffold for future drug development in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. Judd
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather V. Chalinor
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Daniel I. Pavlic
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Däbritz
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zinaida Dubeykovskaya
- 3Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Centre, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- 3Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Centre, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- 1Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Jiang Z, Lossie AC, Applegate TJ. Evolution of trefoil factor(s): genetic and spatio-temporal expression of trefoil factor 2 in the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). PLoS One 2011; 6:e22691. [PMID: 21829480 PMCID: PMC3146476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factors are essential healing initiators participating in mucosal reconstitution and tissue morphogenesis, especially on the surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract. This family has been cloned and characterized predominantly from mammals and amphibians. Avian species ingest stone and grit to help digest food, which may expose their gut to severe physical conditions. To further the understanding of the function of the TFF gene family across species, we undertook this research to clone, sequence, and characterize the spatio-temporal expression patterns of chicken TFF2 (ChTFF2) cDNA. Bioinformatics analysis of the promoter region and deduced amino acid sequence demonstrated that ChTFF2 contained unique characteristics; specifically the chicken promoter has multiple start sites and the protein contains a series of Lys-Lys-Val repeats. Unlike mammals, where TFF2 is detected primarily in the stomach, and occasionally in the proximal duodenum, chicken TFF2 transcripts are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract, with major expression sites in the glandular and muscular stomach as well as evident expression in the colon, small intestine, cecal tonsil and crop. Temporal analysis of intestinal ChTFF2 transcripts by quantitative RT-PCR showed high levels in embryos and a trend of constant expression during embryonic and post-hatch development, with a reduction occurring around hatch. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted the conservation of TFF proteins and functional divergence of trefoil domains, which suggest a transitional role in the bird during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Jiang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Lossie
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Applegate
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Peterson AJ, Menheniott TR, O’Connor L, Walduck AK, Fox JG, Kawakami K, Minamoto T, Ong EK, Wang TC, Judd LM, Giraud AS. Helicobacter pylori infection promotes methylation and silencing of trefoil factor 2, leading to gastric tumor development in mice and humans. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:2005-17. [PMID: 20801119 PMCID: PMC3970568 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Trefoil factors (TFFs) regulate mucosal repair and suppress tumor formation in the stomach. Tff1 deficiency results in gastric cancer, whereas Tff2 deficiency increases gastric inflammation. TFF2 expression is frequently lost in gastric neoplasms, but the nature of the silencing mechanism and associated impact on tumorigenesis have not been determined. METHODS We investigated the epigenetic silencing of TFF2 in gastric biopsy specimens from individuals with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, gastric cancer, and disease-free controls. TFF2 function and methylation were manipulated in gastric cancer cell lines. The effects of Tff2 deficiency on tumor growth were investigated in the gp130(F/F) mouse model of gastric cancer. RESULTS In human tissue samples, DNA methylation at the TFF2 promoter began at the time of H pylori infection and increased throughout gastric tumor progression. TFF2 methylation levels were inversely correlated with TFF2 messenger RNA levels and could be used to discriminate between disease-free controls, H pylori-infected, and tumor tissues. Genome demethylation restored TFF2 expression in gastric cancer cell lines, so TFF2 silencing requires methylation. In Tff2-deficient gp130(F/F)/Tff2(-/-) mice, proliferation of mucosal cells and release of T helper cell type-1 (Th-1) 1 cytokines increased, whereas expression of gastric tumor suppressor genes and Th-2 cytokines were reduced, compared with gp130(F/F)controls. The fundus of gp130(F/F)/Tff2(-/-) mice displayed glandular atrophy and metaplasia, indicating accelerated preneoplasia. Experimental H pylori infection in wild-type mice reduced antral expression of Tff2 by increased promoter methylation. CONCLUSIONS TFF2 negatively regulates preneoplastic progression and subsequent tumor development in the stomach, a role that is subverted by promoter methylation during H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Peterson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Louise O’Connor
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria
| | - Anna K. Walduck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kazuyuki Kawakami
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshinari Minamoto
- Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eng Kok Ong
- Sequenom Platform Facility, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Jung KH, Kim PJ, Kim JK, Noh JH, Bae HJ, Eun JW, Xie HJ, Shan JM, Ping WY, Park WS, Lee JY, Nam SW. Decreased expression of TFF2 and gastric carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-010-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Tu SP, Chi AL, Ai W, Takaishi S, Dubeykovskaya Z, Quante M, Fox JG, Wang TC. p53 inhibition of AP1-dependent TFF2 expression induces apoptosis and inhibits cell migration in gastric cancer cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G385-96. [PMID: 19541923 PMCID: PMC2724087 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90620.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) is associated with increased cell migration, resistance to apoptosis, and possibly increased gastric cancer invasion. Dysregulation of p53 is frequently observed in preneoplastic conditions of the stomach. Here, we investigated the effect of p53 on the expression and function of TFF2 in gastric cancer cell lines. Gene expression was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and promoter activity was assessed by dual luciferase reporter assays. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and cell migration was evaluated by the Boyden chamber assay. Exogenous expression of p53 dose dependently inhibited endogenous TFF2 mRNA, protein, and promoter activity and resulted in induction of cell apoptosis and inhibition of cell migration. Downregulation of TFF2 by small interfering RNA sensitized gastric cancer cells to drug-induced p53-dependent apoptosis. Addition of human TFF2 peptide reversed p53-dependent apoptosis and inhibition of cell migration. The p53-responsive element was mapped to an AP-1-like cis-element at -182 bp upstream of the TFF2 transcription start site. Mutation of this AP-1-like element abrogated p53-mediated inhibition of TFF2 promoter activity. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that c-Jun and c-Fos bind to this AP-1-like element. Ectopic expression of c-Jun/c-Fos or p300 or treatment of cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulated endogenous TFF2 mRNA expression and promoter activity, and p53 inhibited the effects of AP-1 and PMA on TFF2. p53 induces cell apoptosis and inhibits cell migration in part by downregulating TFF2 expression through an AP-1-like site, suggesting that TFF2 may be an important downstream target of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Ping Tu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Alfred L. Chi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Walden Ai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shigeo Takaishi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Zina Dubeykovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Quante
- Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James G. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Tu S, Chi AL, Lim S, Cui G, Dubeykovskaya Z, Ai W, Fleming JV, Takaishi S, Wang TC. Gastrin regulates the TFF2 promoter through gastrin-responsive cis-acting elements and multiple signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1726-37. [PMID: 17332476 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Trefoil family factor 2 (TFF2) is expressed in gastrointestinal epithelial cells where it serves to maintain mucosal integrity and promote epithelial repair. The peptide hormone, gastrin, stimulates acid secretion but also induces proliferation of the acid-secreting mucosa. Because the relationship between these peptides of overlapping function is not understood, we chose to investigate the regulatory effect of gastrin on TFF2 expression. The expression of mRNA and protein of TFF2 was determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining, respectively. A series of truncated and mutant murine TFF2 promoter constructs was generated. Promoter activity was assessed using dual luciferase reporter assays. Gastrin-responsive DNA-binding sites in the TFF2 promoter were evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Gastrin significantly increased the level of endogenous mRNA of TFF2 in the gastrin receptor-expressing AGS-E gastric cancer cell line in a time- and dose-dependent manner. TFF2 protein expression in the gastric fundus was elevated in hypergastrinemic (INS-GAS) transgenic mice and reduced in gastrin-deficient mice. Gastrin treatment increased TFF2 promoter activity through cis-acting regions, containing CCAATA- and GC-rich enhancers. Pretreatment with Y-F476, a gastrin/CCK(B) receptor antagonist, abolished gastrin-dependent promoter activity. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK1), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) reduced gastrin-dependent TFF2 promoter activity, whereas an epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor had no effect. We found that gastrin regulates TFF2 transcription through a GC-rich DNA-binding site and a PKC-, MEK1- and PI 3-kinase-dependent but EGFR-independent pathway. Regulation of TFF2 by gastrin may play a role in the maintenance and repair of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Benzodiazepinones/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromones/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- GC Rich Sequence
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Gastrins/genetics
- Gastrins/metabolism
- Gastrins/pharmacology
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Luciferases
- MAP Kinase Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- MAP Kinase Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Mucins/genetics
- Mucins/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Mutation
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/drug effects
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Staurosporine/pharmacology
- Stomach/drug effects
- Stomach/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
- Trefoil Factor-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiping Tu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Dept. of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia Univ., 1130 St. Nicholas Ave., Rm. 925, 9th Fl., New York, NY 10032, USA
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14
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N/A, 任 建. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2907-2912. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i30.2907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Kang W, Rathinavelu S, Samuelson LC, Merchant JL. Interferon gamma induction of gastric mucous neck cell hypertrophy. J Transl Med 2005; 85:702-15. [PMID: 15765119 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the gastric epithelium is believed to induce mucosal changes that can eventually develop into gastric cancer. In gastrin-deficient (G-/-) mice exhibiting chronic inflammation in the hypochlorhydric stomach, we documented a prominent fundic mucous cell lineage sharing morphological similarity with preneoplastic changes reported in Helicobacter-infected mice. To study the identity and origin of this cell lineage, we screened for different gastric mucosal cell markers. The clusters of large, foamy cells stained for trefoil factor 2 (TFF2/SP), MUC6 and the lectin Griffonia Simplicifolia II (GSII), but not for the intestine-specific transcription factor Cdx2, suggested that they arise from gastric mucous neck cells. Ki67-labeled GSII-positive neck cells in Helicobacter felis-infected, but not G-/- stomachs, suggested that mucous neck cell proliferation accounted for expansion of this compartment in the H. felis model of gastritis, but not the G-/- model. Using RNase protection assays and quantitative PCR, we found that interferon gamma (IFNgamma) was the most abundant proinflammatory cytokine in the G-/- stomach. We also found that this Th1 cytokine can increase the abundance of mucous neck cells, since its infusion into mice recapitulated the appearance of these cells as observed in both G-/- and H. felis-infected mice. Using the human gastric cell line NCI-N87, we showed that IFNgamma induces the secretion of mucus and expression of MUC6, TFF2 and pepsinogen II, but not of pepsinogen I and intrinsic factor. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that inflammation, specifically the proinflammatory cytokine IFNgamma, induced expansion of the fundic mucous neck cell compartment, which likely represents both increased mucus production and cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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16
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Conlin VS, Curtis SB, Zhao Y, Moore EDW, Smith VC, Meloche RM, Finlay BB, Buchan AMJ. Helicobacter pylori infection targets adherens junction regulatory proteins and results in increased rates of migration in human gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5181-92. [PMID: 15322013 PMCID: PMC517469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5181-5192.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori attaches to antral epithelial cells in vivo. Cultured human antral epithelial cells, AGS and NCI-N87 cell lines, were grown in the absence or presence of H. pylori and compared with respect to gene transcript levels, protein expression, organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and the regulation of cell migration. The Clontech Neurobiology array detected differentially expressed transcripts, while Western blots were used to investigate related changes in protein levels. Infection with H. pylori consistently upregulated annexin II, S100 A7, Rho-GTP, and IQGAP-1, whereas SSTR-1 was downregulated upon H. pylori infection. In the adherens junction, E-cadherin and IQGAP-1 were translocated from the plasma membrane to intracellular vesicles. The primary and NCI-N87 cells were similar with respect to cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and cell migratory behavior; in contrast the AGS cells were significantly different from the primary gastric epithelial cell preparations, and thus caution must be used when using this cell line for studies of gastric disease. These studies demonstrate a correlation between H. pylori infection and alterations to epithelial cell adhesion molecules, including increased levels of Rho-GTP and cell migration. These data indicate that destabilizing epithelial cell adherence is one of the factors increasing the risk of H. pylori-infected individuals developing gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Conlin
- Department of Physiology, University of British Columbia, 2146 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
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17
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Chi AL, Lim S, Wang TC. Characterization of a CCAAT-enhancer element of trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) promoter in MCF-7 cells. Peptides 2004; 25:839-47. [PMID: 15177880 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factors family 2 (TFF2), also known as spasmolytic polypeptide, is primarily expressed in the mucus neck cells of gastrointestinal tracts. It has been proposed that TFF2 plays an important physiological role in protection, repair, and healing of gastrointestinal mucosa. To investigate the cis-acting regulatory element that control TFF2 tissue-specific expression, we studied the basal TFF2 promoter activity through transient transfection in several human cancer cell lines. Expression of TFF2 was found to be significantly greater in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells compared to other cancer cells. Results from TFF2 promoter luciferase reporter constructs revealed that the basal level of TFF2 promoter activity was overall more than two-fold higher in MCF-7 cells compared to that of other cell lines examined. Using EMSA assays and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a cell line-specific transcriptional regulation element located in the TFF2 promoter 5'-flank sequence at -32/-27, and which contains a CCAAT/enhance binding proteins (C/EBPs) consensus-binding site. Mutation of this consensus site reduced the basal promoter activity by more than 50% in MCF-7 cells but had no effect in human gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, we have identified a CCAAT sequence as a cell line-specific cis-acting regulatory element that may contribute to the high level expression of TFF2 in MCF-7 cells. These results also suggest the possibility that TFF2 could play a role in mammary gland tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred L Chi
- Gastroenterology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical Centre, Worcester 01655, USA
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18
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Abstract
Maintaining the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract, despite the continual presence of microbial flora and injurious agents, is essential. Epithelial continuity depends on a family of small, yet abundant, secreted proteins--the trefoil factors (TFFs). TFFs protect mucous epithelia from a range of insults and contribute to mucosal repair, although the signalling events that mediate these responses are only partially understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Taupin
- The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Nikolaidis NM, Zimmermann N, King NE, Mishra A, Pope SM, Finkelman FD, Rothenberg ME. Trefoil factor-2 is an allergen-induced gene regulated by Th2 cytokines and STAT6 in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:458-64. [PMID: 12702542 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0309oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a complex chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder, is on the rise despite intense ongoing research, underscoring the need for new scientific inquiry. In an effort to provide unbiased insight into the pathogenesis of this disease, we took an empirical approach involving transcript expression profiling of lung tissue from mice with experimental asthma. Employing asthma models induced by different allergens (ovalbumin [OVA] and Aspergillus fumigatus), we found strong induction of trefoil factor-2 (TFF2), a gene involved in epithelial restitution and mucosal secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. Using a combination of pharmacologic delivery and transgenic overexpression, TFF2 was demonstrated to be strongly induced in the lung by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Notably, TFF2 induction by both OVA and pharmacologic delivery of IL-4 and IL-13 was dependent upon signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6. However, the upregulation of TFF2 by both chronic expression of IL-4 and Aspergillus fumigatus antigen was independent of STAT6. These results establish that TFF2 is an allergen-induced lung gene product differentially regulated by Th2 cytokines and STAT6. Given the important role of trefoil factors in wound healing, epithelial restitution, and maintenance of mucosal integrity in the gastrointestinal tract, these results support a potential role for TFF2, in both the acute and chronic phase of experimental asthma, via separate induction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos M Nikolaidis
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7028 Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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