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Ferris WF. The Role and Interactions of Programmed Cell Death 4 and its Regulation by microRNA in Transformed Cells of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Oncol 2022; 12:903374. [PMID: 35847932 PMCID: PMC9277020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates that there were 19.3 million new cases of cancer and 10.0 million cancer-related deaths in 2020 and that this is predicted to increase by 47% in 2040. The combined burden of cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including oesophageal-, gastric- and colorectal cancers, resulted in 22.6% of the cancer-related deaths in 2020 and 18.7% of new diagnosed cases. Understanding the aetiology of GI tract cancers should have a major impact on future therapies and lessen this substantial burden of disease. Many cancers of the GI tract have suppression of the tumour suppressor Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and this has been linked to the expression of microRNAs which bind to the untranslated region of PDCD4 mRNA and either inhibit translation or target the mRNA for degradation. This review highlights the properties of PDCD4 and documents the evidence for the regulation of PDCD4 expression by microRNAs in cancers of the GI tract.
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Shuvalova E, Egorova T, Ivanov A, Shuvalov A, Biziaev N, Mukba S, Pustogarov N, Terenin I, Alkalaeva E. Discovery of a novel role of tumor suppressor PDCD4 in stimulation of translation termination. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101269. [PMID: 34606825 PMCID: PMC8551656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 protein (PDCD4) regulates many vital cell processes, although is classified as a tumor suppressor because it inhibits neoplastic transformation and tumor growth. For example, PCDC4 has been implicated in the regulation of transcription and mRNA translation. PDCD4 is known to inhibit translation initiation by binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4A and elongation of oncogenic c- and A-myb mRNAs. Additionally, PDCD4 has been shown to interact with poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), which affects translation termination, although the significance of this interaction is not fully understood. Considering the interaction between PABP and PDCD4, we hypothesized that PDCD4 may also be involved in translation termination. Using in vitro translation systems, we revealed that PDCD4 directly activates translation termination. PDCD4 stimulates peptidyl-tRNA hydrolysis induced by a complex of eukaryotic release factors, eRF1-eRF3. Moreover, in combination with the PABP, which also stimulates peptide release, PDCD4 activity in translation termination increases. PDCD4 regulates translation termination by facilitating the binding of release factors to the ribosome, increasing the GTPase activity of eRF3, and dissociating eRF3 from the posttermination complex. Using a toe-printing assay, we determined the first stage at which PDCD4 functions-binding of release factors to the A-site of the ribosome. However, preventing binding of eRF3 with PABP, PDCD4 suppresses subsequent rounds of translation termination. Based on these data, we assumed that human PDCD4 controls protein synthesis during translation termination. The described mechanism of the activity of PDCD4 in translation termination provides a new insight into its functioning during suppression of protein biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shuvalova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Egorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Shuvalov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita Biziaev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sabina Mukba
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Pustogarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Terenin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Alkalaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Moscow, Russia.
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Proteomic Analysis of Hypoxia-Induced Senescence of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5555590. [PMID: 34484348 PMCID: PMC8416403 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5555590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods Hypoxia in hBMSCs was induced for 0, 4, and 12 hours, and cellular senescence was evaluated by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. Tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling was combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for differential proteomic analysis of hypoxia in hBMSCs. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis was used to validate the candidate proteins. Verifications of signaling pathways were evaluated by western blotting. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V/7-AAD staining by flow cytometry. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by the fluorescent probe 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Results Cell senescence detected by SA-β-gal activity was higher in the 12-hour hypoxia-induced group. TMT analysis of 12-hour hypoxia-induced cells identified over 6000 proteins, including 686 differentially expressed proteins. Based on biological pathway analysis, we found that the senescence-associated proteins were predominantly enriched in the cancer pathways, PI3K-Akt pathway, and cellular senescence signaling pathways. CDK1, CDK2, and CCND1 were important nodes in PPI analyses. Moreover, the CCND1, UQCRH, and COX7C expressions were verified by PRM. Hypoxia induction for 12 hours in hBMSCs reduced CCND1 expression but promoted ROS production and cell apoptosis. Such effects were markedly reduced by the PI3K agonist, 740 Y-P, and attenuated by LY294002. Conclusions Hypoxia of hBMSCs inhibited CCND1 expression but promoted ROS production and cell apoptosis through activating the PI3K-dependent signaling pathway. These findings provided a detailed characterization of the proteomic profiles related to hypoxia-induced senescence of hBMSCs and facilitated our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to stem cell senescence.
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Ning T, Li J, He Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Deng T, Liu R, Li H, Bai M, Fan Q, Zhu K, Ying G, Ba Y. Exosomal miR-208b related with oxaliplatin resistance promotes Treg expansion in colorectal cancer. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2723-2736. [PMID: 33905821 PMCID: PMC8417448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin resistance is a challenge in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are well known for their immunosuppressive roles, and targeting Tregs is an effective way to improve chemosensitivity. Exosome-delivered microRNA (miRNA) might be used as a potential biomarker for predicting chemosensitivity. However, the relationship between Tregs and exosomal miRNAs remains largely unknown. TaqMan low-density array was performed to screen the differentially expressed serum miRNAs from pooled serum of patients who had FOLFOX treatment. Differential expression was validated using qRT-PCR in individual samples. Exosomes were isolated by sequential differential centrifugation, and they were verified by transmission electron microscopy. The RNA and protein levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. A mouse xenograft model was adopted to evaluate the correlation between exosome-derived miR-208b and Tregs in vivo. We demonstrated that circulating miR-208b is a non-invasive marker for predicting FOLFOX sensitivity in CRC. miR-208b in colon cancer was secreted by tumor cells in the pattern of exosomes, and oxaliplatin-resistant cells showed the most obvious phenomenon of miR-208b increase. Colon cancer cell-secreted miR-208b was sufficiently delivered into recipient T cells to promote Treg expansion by targeting programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4). Furthermore, in vivo studies indicated that Treg expansion mediated by cancer cell-secreted miR-208b resulted in tumor growth and oxaliplatin resistance. Our results demonstrate that tumor-secreted miR-208b promotes Treg expansion by targeting PDCD4, and it may be related to a decrease of oxaliplatin-based chemosensitivity in CRC. These findings highlight a potential role of exosomal miR-208b as a predictive biomarker for oxaliplatin-based therapy response, and they provide a novel target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ning
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jialu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi He
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ting Deng
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Kegan Zhu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Guoguang Ying
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Yi Ba
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China.
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5
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Matsuhashi S, Manirujjaman M, Hamajima H, Ozaki I. Control Mechanisms of the Tumor Suppressor PDCD4: Expression and Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092304. [PMID: 31075975 PMCID: PMC6539695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PDCD4 is a novel tumor suppressor to show multi-functions inhibiting cell growth, tumor invasion, metastasis, and inducing apoptosis. PDCD4 protein binds to the translation initiation factor eIF4A, some transcription factors, and many other factors and modulates the function of the binding partners. PDCD4 downregulation stimulates and PDCD4 upregulation inhibits the TPA-induced transformation of cells. However, PDCD4 gene mutations have not been found in tumor cells but gene expression was post transcriptionally downregulated by micro environmental factors such as growth factors and interleukins. In this review, we focus on the suppression mechanisms of PDCD4 protein that is induced by the tumor promotors EGF and TPA, and in the inflammatory conditions. PDCD4-protein is phosphorylated at 2 serines in the SCFβTRCP ubiquitin ligase binding sequences via EGF and/or TPA induced signaling pathway, ubiquitinated, by the ubiquitin ligase and degraded in the proteasome system. The PDCD4 protein synthesis is inhibited by microRNAs including miR21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsuhashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - M Manirujjaman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hamajima
- Saga Food & Cosmetics Laboratory, Division of Food Manufacturing Industry Promotion, SAGA Regional Industry Support Center, 114 Yaemizo, Nabesima-Machi, Saga 849-0932, Japan.
| | - Iwata Ozaki
- Health Administration Center, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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6
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Zhang Y, Ni M, Liu N, Zhou Y, Chen X, Ding Y, He J, Wang Y, Liu X, Geng Y, Xie L. Expression and function of Pdcd4 in mouse endometrium during early pregnancy. Reproduction 2018; 155:393-402. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Embryo implantation is a complex process involving synchronised crosstalk between a receptive endometrium and functional blastocysts. Apoptosis plays an important role in this process as well as in the maintenance of pregnancy. In this study, we analysed the expression pattern of programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4), a gene associated with apoptosis in the mouse endometrium, during early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridisation, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that Pdcd4 was increased along with days of pregnancy and significantly reduced at implantation sites (IS) from day 5 of pregnancy (D5). The level of Pdcd4 at IS was substantially lower than that at interimplantation sites (IIS) on D6 and D7. In addition, Pdcd4 expression in the endometrium was reduced in response to artificially induced decidualisation in vivo and in vitro. Downregulation of Pdcd4 gene expression in cultured primary stromal cells promoted decidualisation, while upregulation inhibited the decidualisation process by increasing apoptosis. These results demonstrate that Pdcd4 is involved in stromal cell decidualisation by mediating apoptosis and therefore plays a role in embryo implantation in mice.
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7
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Nedaeinia R, Avan A, Ahmadian M, Nia SN, Ranjbar M, Sharifi M, Goli M, Piroozmand A, Nourmohammadi E, Manian M, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Salehi R. Current Status and Perspectives Regarding LNA-Anti-miR Oligonucleotides and microRNA miR-21 Inhibitors as a Potential Therapeutic Option in Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4129-4140. [PMID: 28401648 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of cancer-related death, principally due to its metastatic spread and multifactorial chemoresistance. The therapeutic failure can also be explained by inter- or intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity and tumor stromal content. Thus, the identification of novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic options are warranted in the management of CRC patients. There are data showing that microRNA-21 is elevated in different types of cancer, particularly colon adenocarcinoma and that this is association with a poor prognosis. This suggests that microRNA-21 may be of value as a potential therapeutic target. Furthermore, locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified oligonucleotides have recently emerged as a therapeutic option for targeting dysregulated miRNAs in cancer therapy, through antisense-based gene silencing. Further work is required to identify innovative anticancer drugs that improve the current therapy either through novel combinatorial approaches or with better efficacy than conventional drugs. We aimed to provide an overview of the preclinical and clinical studies targeting key dysregulated signaling pathways in CRC as well as the therapeutic application of LNA-modified oligonucleotides, and miR inhibitors in the treatment of CRC patients. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4129-4140, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nedaeinia
- Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Department of medical biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ahmadian
- Department of Gastroentrology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sasan Nedaee Nia
- Department of Agricultural engineering and Weed science, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Ranjbar
- Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Goli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Piroozmand
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan, Iran
| | - Esmail Nourmohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of medical biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Manian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PH, Sussex, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Zhou B, Wang J, Zheng G, Qiu Z. Methylated urolithin A, the modified ellagitannin-derived metabolite, suppresses cell viability of DU145 human prostate cancer cells via targeting miR-21. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:375-384. [PMID: 27725205 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Urolithins are bioactive ellagic acid-derived metabolites produced by human colonic microflora. Although previous studies have demonstrated the cytotoxicity of urolithins, the effect of urolithins on miRNAs is still unclear. In this study, the suppressing effects of methylated urolithin A (mUA) on cell viability in human prostate cancer DU145 cells was investigated. mUA induced caspase-dependent cell apoptosis, mitochondrial depolarization and down-regulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. The results showed that upon exposure to mUA, miR-21 expression was decreased and the expression of PTEN and Pdcd4 protein was elevated. mUA could further suppress Akt phosphorylation and increase protein expression of FOXO3a, and the effects of mUA on Akt phosphorylation and protein expression of FOXO3a were blocked by PTEN silence. Moreover, mUA suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation of MMP-7 and c-Myc, and this function of mUA on MMP-7 and c-Myc was attenuated by over-expression of miR-21. In conclusion, our data suggest that mUA can suppress cell viability in DU145 cells through modulating miR-21 and its downstream series-wound targets, including PTEN, Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenpeng Qiu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1, West Huangjiahu Road, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China.
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SRSF3 represses the expression of PDCD4 protein by coordinated regulation of alternative splicing, export and translation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:431-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Downregulation of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in tumorigenesis and progression of human digestive tract cancers. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3879-85. [PMID: 23838800 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, digestive tract cancers become the commonest neoplasia and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. The development of diagnosis and therapy is urgently required. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), a new tumor suppressor, has been documented to be a potential diagnostic tool and treatment target for neoplasia due to the inhabitation of tumor promotion/progression and metastasis. However, its role in human digestive tract cancers is few available up to now. In this study, we examined the expression of PDCD4 in human digestive tract cancers (61 gastric cancer, 65 colorectal cancer, and 69 pancreatic cancer patients) by Western blot analysis, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Western blot, RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry examination showed that expressions of PDCD4 were significantly lower in cancers specimens than in noncancerous tissues. Among the different differentiated cancer tissues, PDCD4 expression was significantly lower in moderately or poorly differentiated cancers than in well-differentiated cancers (p < 0.05). Our findings suggested that PDCD4 might be a potentially valuable molecular target in diagnosis and therapy for human digestive tract cancers.
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11
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Narasimhan M, Rathinam M, Riar A, Patel D, Mummidi S, Yang HS, Colburn NH, Henderson GI, Mahimainathan L. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4): a novel player in ethanol-mediated suppression of protein translation in primary cortical neurons and developing cerebral cortex. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 37:96-109. [PMID: 22757755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to ethanol (EtOH) elicits a range of neuro-developmental abnormalities, microcephaly to behavioral deficits. Impaired protein synthesis has been connected to pathogenesis of EtOH-induced brain damage and abnormal neuron development. However, mechanisms underlying these impairments of protein synthesis are not known. In this study, we illustrate the effects of EtOH on programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4), a tumor and translation repressor. METHODS Primary cortical neurons (PCNs) were treated with 2.5 and 4 mg/ml EtOH for different time points (4 to 24 hours), and PDCD4 expression was detected by Western blotting. Protein synthesis was determined using [(35) S] methionine incorporation assay. Methyl cap pull-down assay was performed to establish the effect of EtOH on association of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) with capped mRNA. Luciferase assay was performed to determine the in vivo translation. A 2-day acute 5-dose binge model with EtOH (4 g/kg body wt, 25% v/v) was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats at 12-hour intervals and analyzed for PDCD4, eIF4A, and eIF4A-methyl cap association. RESULTS EtOH increased PDCD4 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner in PCNs, which inhibited the association of eIF4A with methyl cap. EtOH and ectopic PDCD4 expression suppressed in vivo translation in PCNs and RNAi targeting of PDCD4 blocked the inhibitory effect of EtOH on protein synthesis. In utero exposure of pregnant rats to EtOH resulted in a significant increase in PDCD4 in fetal cerebral cortex along with the inhibition of methyl cap-associated eIF4A, compared with isocaloric controls. Increased PDCD4 also occurred in pooled fractions of remaining brain regions. CONCLUSIONS Our data, for the first time, illustrate that PDCD4 mediates inhibitory effects of EtOH on protein synthesis in PCNs and developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudhanan Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Guo X, Shi Y, Gou Y, Li J, Han S, Zhang Y, Huo J, Ning X, Sun L, Chen Y, Sun S, Fan D. Human ribosomal protein S13 promotes gastric cancer growth through down-regulating p27(Kip1). J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:296-306. [PMID: 19912438 PMCID: PMC3822796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous works revealed that human ribosomal protein S13 (RPS13) was up-regulated in multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells and overexpression of RPS13 could protect gastric cancer cells from drug-induced apoptosis. The present study was designed to explore the role of RPS13 in tumorigenesis and development of gastric cancer. The expression of RPS13 in gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric mucosa was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis. It was found RPS13 was expressed at a higher level in gastric cancer tissues than that in normal gastric mucosa. RPS13 was then genetically overexpressed in gastric cancer cells or knocked down by RNA interference. It was demonstrated that up-regulation of RPS13 accelerated the growth, enhanced in vitro colony forming and soft agar cologenic ability and promoted in vivo tumour formation potential of gastric cancer cells. Meanwhile, down-regulation of RPS13 in gastric cancer cells resulted in complete opposite effects. Moreover, overexpression of RPS13 could promote G1 to S phase transition whereas knocking down of RPS13 led to G1 arrest of gastric cancer cells. It was further demonstrated that RPS13 down-regulated p27kip1 expression and CDK2 kinase activity but did not change the expression of cyclin D, cyclin E, CDK2, CDK4 and p16INK4A. Taken together, these data indicate that RPS13 could promote the growth and cell cycle progression of gastric cancer cells at least through inhibiting p27kip1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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13
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Promoter cloning and characterization of the human programmed cell death protein 4 (pdcd4) gene: evidence for ZBP-89 and Sp-binding motifs as essential Pdcd4 regulators. Biosci Rep 2012; 32:281-97. [DOI: 10.1042/bsr20110045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pdcd4 (programmed cell death protein 4) is an important novel tumour suppressor inhibiting transformation, translation, invasion and intravasation, and its expression is down-regulated in several cancers. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulation and the promoter of this important tumour suppressor. So far the following is the first comprehensive study to describe the regulation of Pdcd4 transcription by ZBP-89 (zinc-finger-binding protein 89), besides characterizing the gene promoter. We identified the transcriptional start sites of the human pdcd4 promoter, a functional CCAAT-box, and the basal promoter region. Within this basal region, computer-based analysis revealed several potential binding sites for ZBPs, especially for Sp (specificity protein) family members and ZBP-89. We identified four Sp1/Sp3/Sp4-binding elements to be indispensable for basal promoter activity. However, overexpression of Sp1 and Sp3 was not sufficient to enhance Pdcd4 protein expression. Analysis in different solid cancer cell lines showed a significant correlation between pdcd4 and zbp-89 mRNA amounts. In contrast with Sp transcription factors, overexpression of ZBP-89 led to an enhanced expression of Pdcd4 mRNA and protein. Additionally, specific knockdown of ZBP-89 resulted in a decreased pdcd4 gene expression. Reporter gene analysis showed a significant up-regulation of basal promoter activity by co-transfection with ZBP-89, which could be abolished by mithramycin treatment. Predicted binding of ZBP-89 to the basal promoter was confirmed by EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift assay) data and supershift analysis for ZBP-89. Taken together, data for the first time implicate ZBP-89 as a regulator of Pdcd4 by binding to the basal promoter either alone or by interacting with Sp family members.
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Wedeken L, Ohnheiser J, Hirschi B, Wethkamp N, Klempnauer KH. Association of Tumor Suppressor Protein Pdcd4 With Ribosomes Is Mediated by Protein-Protein and Protein-RNA Interactions. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:293-301. [PMID: 21779451 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910364227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pdcd4 (programmed cell death gene 4) gene has been implicated as a novel tumor suppressor gene in the development of several types of human cancer. The Pdcd4 protein is believed to act as a translation suppressor of mRNAs containing structured 5' UTRs. Pdcd4 contains 2 copies of so-called MA3 domains that mediate tight interactions with the translation initiation factor eIF4A, resulting in the inhibition of the eIF4A helicase activity. The N-terminal part of Pdcd4, which has been less well characterized, binds RNA in vitro, but as yet, it has not been clear whether RNA binding by Pdcd4 plays a role in vivo. Here, the authors have identified 2 highly conserved clusters of basic amino acid residues that are essential for the RNA binding activity of Pdcd4. They also show that a substantial fraction of Pdcd4 is present, together with small ribosomal subunits, in translation preinitiation complexes. Using mutants that disrupt RNA binding or the Pdcd4-eIF4A interaction, they demonstrate that the ribosomal association of Pdcd4 is dependent on its RNA binding activity as well as on its ability to interact with eIF4A. Their work provides the first direct evidence for an essential role of the Pdcd4 RNA binding activity in vivo and suggests that RNA binding is required for recruiting Pdcd4 to the translation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wedeken
- Institute for Biochemistry, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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Zargar S, Moreira TS, Samimi-Seisan H, Jeganathan S, Kakade D, Islam N, Campbell J, Adegoke OAJ. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis and the abundance of the mRNA translation initiation repressor PDCD4 are inversely regulated by fasting and refeeding in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E986-92. [PMID: 21406616 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00642.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Optimal skeletal muscle mass is vital to human health, because defects in muscle protein metabolism underlie or exacerbate human diseases. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 is critical in the regulation of mRNA translation and protein synthesis. These functions are mediated in part by the ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) through mechanisms that are poorly understood. The tumor suppressor programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) has been identified as a novel substrate of S6K1. Here, we examined 1) the expression of PDCD4 in skeletal muscle and 2) its regulation by feed deprivation (FD) and refeeding. Male rats (~100 g; n = 6) were subjected to FD for 48 h; some rats were refed for 2 h. FD suppressed muscle fractional rates of protein synthesis and Ser(67) phosphorylation of PDCD4 (-50%) but increased PDCD4 abundance (P < 0.05); refeeding reversed these changes (P < 0.05). Consistent with these effects being regulated by S6K1, activation of this kinase was suppressed by FD (-91%, P < 0.05) but was increased by refeeding. Gavaging rats subjected to FD with a mixture of amino acids partially restored muscle fractional rates of protein synthesis and reduced PDCD4 abundance relative to FD. Finally, when myoblasts were grown in amino acid- and serum-free medium, phenylalanine incorporation into proteins in cells depleted of PDCD4 more than doubled the values in cells with a normal level of PDCD4 (P < 0.0001). Thus feeding stimulates fractional protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in parallel with the reduction of the abundance of this mRNA translation inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zargar
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Waters LC, Strong SL, Ferlemann E, Oka O, Muskett FW, Veverka V, Banerjee S, Schmedt T, Henry AJ, Klempnauer KH, Carr MD. Structure of the tandem MA-3 region of Pdcd4 protein and characterization of its interactions with eIF4A and eIF4G: molecular mechanisms of a tumor suppressor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:17270-80. [PMID: 21454508 PMCID: PMC3089569 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.166157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key regulatory points of translation initiation is recruitment of the 43S preinitation complex to the 5' mRNA cap by the eIF4F complex (eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G). The tumor suppressor protein Pdcd4 has been shown to inhibit cap-dependent translation by interacting tightly with the RNA helicase eIF4A via its tandem MA-3 domains. The NMR studies reported here reveal a fairly extensive and well defined interface between the two MA-3 domains in solution, which appears to be stabilized by a network of interdomain salt bridges and hydrogen bonds, and reveals a unique orientation of the two domains. Characterization of the stoichiometry of the Pdcd4-eIF4A complex suggests that under physiological conditions Pdcd4 binds to a single molecule of eIF4A, which involves contacts with both Pdcd4 MA-3 domains. We also show that contacts mediated by a conserved acidic patch on the middle MA-3 domain of Pdcd4 are essential for forming a tight complex with eIF4A in vivo, whereas the equivalent region of the C-terminal MA-3 domain appears to have no role in complex formation in vivo. The formation of a 1:1 eIF4A-Pdcd4 complex in solution is consistent with the reported presence in vivo of only one molecule of eIF4A in the eIF4F complex. Pdcd4 has also been reported to interact directly with the middle region of eIF4G, however, we were unable to obtain any evidence for even a weak, transient direct interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna C. Waters
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Strong
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ferlemann
- the Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Ojore Oka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W. Muskett
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Vaclav Veverka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Sreemoti Banerjee
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Thore Schmedt
- the Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Alistair J. Henry
- Research and Development, UCB-Celltech, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Karl-Heinz Klempnauer
- the Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Mark D. Carr
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
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Pdcd4 expression in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas: its association with tumor progression and proliferation. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:1507-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Reis PP, Tomenson M, Cervigne NK, Machado J, Jurisica I, Pintilie M, Sukhai MA, Perez-Ordonez B, Grénman R, Gilbert RW, Gullane PJ, Irish JC, Kamel-Reid S. Programmed cell death 4 loss increases tumor cell invasion and is regulated by miR-21 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:238. [PMID: 20831814 PMCID: PMC2949797 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor suppressor Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) has been found to be under-expressed in several cancers and associated with disease progression and metastasis. There are no current studies characterizing PDCD4 expression and its clinical relevance in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Since nodal metastasis is a major prognostic factor in OSCC, we focused on determining whether PDCD4 under-expression was associated with patient nodal status and had functional relevance in OSCC invasion. We also examined PDCD4 regulation by microRNA 21 (miR-21) in OSCC. RESULTS PDCD4 mRNA expression levels were assessed in 50 OSCCs and 25 normal oral tissues. PDCD4 was under-expressed in 43/50 (86%) OSCCs, with significantly reduced mRNA levels in patients with nodal metastasis (p = 0.0027), and marginally associated with T3-T4 tumor stage (p = 0.054). PDCD4 protein expression was assessed, by immunohistochemistry (IHC), in 28/50 OSCCs and adjacent normal tissues; PDCD4 protein was absent/under-expressed in 25/28 (89%) OSCCs, and marginally associated with nodal metastasis (p = 0.059). A matrigel invasion assay showed that PDCD4 expression suppressed invasion, and siRNA-mediated PDCD4 loss was associated with increased invasive potential of oral carcinoma cells. Furthermore, we showed that miR-21 levels were increased in PDCD4-negative tumors, and that PDCD4 expression may be down-regulated in OSCC by direct binding of miR-21 to the 3'UTR PDCD4 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our data show an association between the loss of PDCD4 expression, tumorigenesis and invasion in OSCC, and also identify a mechanism of PDCD4 down-regulation by microRNA-21 in oral carcinoma. PDCD4 association with nodal metastasis and invasion suggests that PDCD4 may be a clinically relevant biomarker with prognostic value in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Reis
- Division of Applied Molecular Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Chae MJ, Sung HY, Kim EH, Lee M, Kwak H, Chae CH, Kim S, Park WY. Chemical inhibitors destabilize HuR binding to the AU-rich element of TNF-alpha mRNA. Exp Mol Med 2010; 41:824-31. [PMID: 19949288 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hu protein R (HuR) binds to the AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3UTR to stabilize TNF-alpha mRNA. Here, we identified chemical inhibitors of the interaction between HuR and the ARE of TNF-alpha mRNA using RNA electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA) and filter binding assay. Of 179 chemicals screened, we identified three with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) below 10 microM. The IC(50) of quercetin, b-40, and b-41 were 1.4, 0.38, and 6.21 microM, respectively, for binding of HuR protein to TNF-alpha mRNA. Quercetin and b-40 did not inhibit binding of tristetraprolin to the ARE of TNF-alpha mRNA. When LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells were treated with quercetin and b-40, we observed decreased stability of TNF-alpha mRNA and decreased levels of secreted TNF-alpha. From these results, we could find inhibitors for the TNF-alpha mRNA stability, which might be used advantageously for both the study for post-transcriptional regulation and the discovery of new anti-inflammation drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ju Chae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Allgayer H. Pdcd4, a colon cancer prognostic that is regulated by a microRNA. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 73:185-91. [PMID: 19836969 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel tumor suppressor Pdcd4 inhibits neoplastic transformation, tumor progression and translation. Furthermore, we and others have recently shown that Pdcd4 suppresses invasion and intravasation, at least in part by suppressing expression of the invasion-related urokinase receptor (u-PAR) gene via the transcription factors Sp1/Sp3. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about mechanisms that regulate Pdcd4 expression in cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been recently discovered and shown to be naturally occurring non-coding RNAs that control gene expression via specific sites within the 3'UTR of target miRNAs. This short review will focus on our recent finding that the microRNA miR-21 posttranscriptionally regulates Pdcd4, as well as invasion, intravasation, and metastasis. Furthermore, we will review the first translational and clinical results concerning the prognostic value of Pdcd4, in particular our own data that show Pdcd4 to be a novel and independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, and a potential supportive diagnostic tool for discriminating normal colonic tissues from benign adenomas and colorectal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Allgayer
- Dept. Experimental Surgery/Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors (Collaboration Unit German Cancer Research Center-DKFZ-Heidelberg), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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Wei NA, Liu SS, Leung THY, Tam KF, Liao XY, Cheung ANY, Chan KKL, Ngan HYS. Loss of Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) associates with the progression of ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:70. [PMID: 19728867 PMCID: PMC2745358 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) is a novel tumour suppressor and originally identified as a neoplastic transformation inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression, prognostic significance and potential function of Pdcd4 in ovarian cancer. Results The expression of Pdcd4 was examined in 30 normal ovarian tissues, 16 borderline and 93 malignant ovarian tissues. A continuous down regulation of Pdcd4 expression in the sequence of normal, borderline and malignant tissues was observed. The expressions of Pdcd4 in both ovarian borderline tissues and carcinomas were significantly lower than the expression in normal ovarian tissues (p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients with lower Pdcd4 expressions were found to have shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.037). The expression of Pdcd4 was also assessed by immunohistochemical analysis in 13 ovarian normal tissues and 44 carcinomas. Different subcellular localization of Pdcd4 was observed in normal compared to malignant cells. Predominant nuclear localization of Pdcd4 was found in normal ovarian tissues while ovarian carcinomas showed mainly cytoplasmic localization of Pdcd4. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the loss of Pdcd4 was a common abnormality at molecular level in ovarian cancer and it might be a potential prognostic factor in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Wei
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
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The tumour suppressor Pdcd4: recent advances in the elucidation of function and regulation. Biol Cell 2009; 101:309-17. [PMID: 19356152 DOI: 10.1042/bc20080191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pdcd4 (programmed cell death 4) has been known as a tumour suppressor gene and potential target for anticancer therapies for several years. Initially, Pdcd4 was identified as a gene that is up-regulated during apoptosis, but its precise role still remains to be defined. However, there is increasing evidence that Pdcd4 levels influence transcription, as well as translation, modulate different signal transduction pathways and might act as a tumour suppressor. Interestingly, recent data suggest that Pdcd4 function may depend on cell type and/or genetic background. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the function and regulation of Pdcd4.
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PDCD4 inhibits translation initiation by binding to eIF4A using both its MA3 domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3274-9. [PMID: 18296639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0712235105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) is a protein known to bind eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), inhibit translation initiation, and act as a tumor suppressor. PDCD4 contains two C-terminal MA3 domains, which are thought to be responsible for its inhibitory function. Here, we analyze the structures and inhibitory functions of these two PDCD4 MA3 domains by x-ray crystallography, NMR, and surface plasmon resonance. We show that both MA3 domains are structurally and functionally very similar and bind specifically to the eIF4A N-terminal domain (eIF4A-NTD) using similar binding interfaces. We found that the PDCD4 MA3 domains compete with the eIF4G MA3 domain and RNA for eIF4A binding. Our data provide evidence that PDCD4 inhibits translation initiation by displacing eIF4G and RNA from eIF4A. The PDCD4 MA3 domains act synergistically to form a tighter and more stable complex with eIF4A, which explains the need for two tandem MA3 domains.
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Mudduluru G, Medved F, Grobholz R, Jost C, Gruber A, Leupold JH, Post S, Jansen A, Colburn NH, Allgayer H. Loss of programmed cell death 4 expression marks adenoma-carcinoma transition, correlates inversely with phosphorylated protein kinase B, and is an independent prognostic factor in resected colorectal cancer. Cancer 2007; 110:1697-707. [PMID: 17849461 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) inhibits malignant transformation, and initial studies of Pdcd4 suggested the regulation of Pdcd4 localization by protein kinase B (Akt). However, supporting patient tissue data are missing, and the diagnostic/prognostic potential of Pdcd4 rarely has been studied. The objectives of the current were 1) to determine Pdcd4 as a diagnostic marker in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, 2) to support phosphorylated Akt (pAkt)-mediated Pdcd4 regulation in vivo, and 3) to obtain the first prognostic evidence of Pdcd4 in colorectal cancer. METHODS Tumor samples and normal tissues from 71 patients with colorectal cancer who were followed prospectively (median follow-up, 36 months) and 42 adenomas were analyzed for Pdcd4, Akt, and pAkt in immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. RESULTS A significant reduction in Pdcd4 was observed between normal mucosa and adenomas and between adenomas and tumor samples (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively). Normal mucosa demonstrated strong nuclear Pdcd4, which was reduced significantly in adenomas (P < .01) and almost was lost in tumors (P < .01). pAkt was correlated inversely with Pdcd4 and with the transition of Pdcd4 from nucleus to cytoplasm (P < .01). Kaplan-Meier analysis (using the Mantel-Cox log-rank test) indicated a significant correlation between the loss of total and nuclear Pdcd4 in tumors and overall survival (P < .05 and P < .02, respectively) and disease-specific survival (P < .01 and P < .01, respectively). In multivariate analysis, loss of total or nuclear Pdcd4 was an independent predictor of disease-specific or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an independent prognostic impact of Pdcd4 and its expression pattern in colorectal cancer. Data from this study support the regulation of Pdcd4 localization by pAkt in vivo. Pdcd4 immunohistochemistry may be useful as a supportive diagnostic tool for the transition between normal, adenoma, and tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giridhar Mudduluru
- Department of Experimental Surgery Mannheim/Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) post-transcriptionally downregulates tumor suppressor Pdcd4 and stimulates invasion, intravasation and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2007; 27:2128-36. [PMID: 17968323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1424] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-suppressor Pdcd4 inhibits transformation and invasion and is downregulated in cancers. So far, it has not been studied as to whether miRNAs, suppressing target expression by binding to the 3'-UTR, regulate Pdcd4 or invasion. The present study was conducted to investigate the regulation of Pdcd4, and invasion/intra-vasation, by miRNAs. A bioinformatics search revealed a conserved target-site for miR-21 within the Pdcd4-3'-UTR at 228-249 nt. In 10 colorectal cell lines, an inverse correlation of miR-21 and Pdcd4-protein was observed. Transfection of Colo206f-cells with miR-21 significantly suppressed a luciferase-reporter containing the Pdcd4-3'-UTR, whereas transfection of RKO with anti-miR-21 increased activity of this construct. This was abolished when a construct mutated at the miR-21/nt228-249 target site was used instead. Anti-miR-21-transfected RKO cells showed an increase of Pdcd4-protein and reduced invasion. Moreover, these cells showed reduced intra-vasation and lung metastasis in a chicken-embryo-metastasis assay. In contrast, overexpression of miR-21 in Colo206f significantly reduced Pdcd4-protein amounts and increased invasion, while Pdcd4-mRNA was unaltered. Resected normal/tumor tissues of 22 colorectal cancer patients demonstrated an inverse correlation between miR-21 and Pdcd4-protein. This is the first study to show that Pdcd4 is negatively regulated by miR-21. Furthermore, it is the first report to demonstrate that miR-21 induces invasion/intravasation/metastasis.
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The action of Pdcd4 may be cell type specific: evidence that reduction of dUTPase levels might contribute to its tumor suppressor activity in Bon-1 cells. Apoptosis 2007; 13:157-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Matsuhashi S, Narisawa Y, Ozaki I, Mizuta T. Expression patterns of programmed cell death 4 protein in normal human skin and some representative skin lesions. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:179-84. [PMID: 17286809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Expression of a tumor suppressor gene, programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), was investigated at the protein level in the human skin. Immunohistochemically, PDCD4 protein expressed mainly in suprabasal layers, while PDCD4-positive and -negative areas were observed discontinuously in the basal cell layer of the epidermis. In hair follicles, the suprabulbar area including the hair and inner root sheath was immunoreactive, while the bulbar area, containing germinative cells which were strongly proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive, was not or less. PDCD4 therefore appears to be important in the differentiation of hair follicles. PDCD4-positive cells were localized in the inside layers while PCNA-positive cells were located in the basal layer in the outer root sheath of hair follicles. The cells of sebaceous glands and sweat glands also were PDCD4-positive. The PDCD4 protein was localized mostly in nuclei of cutaneous cells. PDCD4 expression was found to be suppressed in the epidermis overlying an adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL), possibly reflecting a paracrine effect of factors produced by ATL cells. PDCD4 expression was suppressed in the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT by exposure of cultures to epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta1 or hepatocyte growth factor. Immunohistochemically, various skin cancers tended to show less PDCD4 expression than normal skin. Promotion of expression might prove useful in preventing or treating certain skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Matsuhashi
- Division of Hepatology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
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Leupold JH, Yang HS, Colburn NH, Asangani I, Post S, Allgayer H. Tumor suppressor Pdcd4 inhibits invasion/intravasation and regulates urokinase receptor (u-PAR) gene expression via Sp-transcription factors. Oncogene 2007; 26:4550-62. [PMID: 17297470 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor Pdcd4 has recently been shown to inhibit invasion by activating activator protein-1 (AP-1); however, little is known of the functionally significant Pdcd4-target genes. The urokinase receptor (u-PAR) promotes invasion/metastasis, and is associated with poor cancer-patient survival. The present study was conducted (1) to investigate a role for Pdcd4 in intravasation, invasion and u-PAR regulation, and (2) to describe mechanisms by which this is achieved. Fourteen cell lines showed reciprocal expression of u-PAR/Pdcd4. Resected tumor/normal tissues of 29 colorectal cancer patients demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between Pdcd4/u-PAR. siRNA-Pdcd4-transfected GEO cells significantly increased endogenous u-PAR mRNA/protein. A u-PAR-promoter-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT)-reporter was reduced in activity with increasing Pdcd4 expression in RKO. Deletion of a putative Sp-1-binding site (-402/-350) inhibited u-PAR promoter regulation by Pdcd4, this being paralleled by a reduction of Sp1 binding to this region in pdcd4-transfected cells. Pdcd4-transfected cells showed an increase in Sp3 binding to u-PAR promoter region -152/-135, the deletion of which reduces the ability of Pdcd4 to suppress u-PAR promoter activity. Surprisingly, the u-PAR-AP-1 site was not targeted by Pdcd4. Finally, RKO cells overexpressing Pdcd4 showed an inhibition of invasion/intravasation (chicken embryo metastasis assay). These data suggest Pdcd4 as a new negative regulator of intravasation, and qas the invasion-related gene u-PAR. It is the first study to implicate Pdcd4 regulation of gene expression via Sp1/Sp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Leupold
- The Department of Experimental Surgery and Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg and DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany
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Dorrello NV, Peschiaroli A, Guardavaccaro D, Colburn NH, Sherman NE, Pagano M. S6K1- and betaTRCP-mediated degradation of PDCD4 promotes protein translation and cell growth. Science 2006; 314:467-71. [PMID: 17053147 DOI: 10.1126/science.1130276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) inhibits the translation initiation factor eIF4A, an RNA helicase that catalyzes the unwinding of secondary structure at the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In response to mitogens, PDCD4 was rapidly phosphorylated on Ser67 by the protein kinase S6K1 and subsequently degraded via the ubiquitin ligase SCF(betaTRCP). Expression in cultured cells of a stable PDCD4 mutant that is unable to bind betaTRCP inhibited translation of an mRNA with a structured 5'UTR, resulted in smaller cell size, and slowed down cell cycle progression. We propose that regulated degradation of PDCD4 in response to mitogens allows efficient protein synthesis and consequently cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Valerio Dorrello
- Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 599, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Shigenobu S, Kitadate Y, Noda C, Kobayashi S. Molecular characterization of embryonic gonads by gene expression profiling in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13728-33. [PMID: 16950879 PMCID: PMC1559405 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603767103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In many animal species, germ-line progenitors associate with gonadal somatic cells to form the embryonic gonads (EGs) that later develop into functional organ producing gametes. To explore the genetic regulation of the germ-line development, we initiated a comprehensive identification and functional analysis of the genes expressed within the EGs. First, we generated a cDNA library from gonads purified from Drosophila embryos by FACS. Using this library, we catalogued the genes expressed in the gonad by EST analysis. A total of 17,218 high-quality ESTs representing 3,051 genes were obtained, corresponding to 20% of the predicted genes in the genome. The EG transcriptome is unexpectedly distinct from that of adult gonads and includes an extremely high proportion of retrotransposon-derived transcripts. We verified 101 genes preferentially expressed in the EGs by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Within this subset, 39 and 58 genes were expressed predominantly in germ-line and somatic cells, respectively, whereas four genes were expressed in the both cell lineages. The gonad-enriched genes encompassed a variety of predicted functions. However, genes implicated in SUMOylation and protein translation, including germ-line-specific ribosomal proteins, are preferentially expressed in the germ line, whereas the expression of various retrotransposons and RNAi-related genes are more prominent in the gonadal soma. These transcriptome data are a resource for understanding the mechanism of various cellular events during germ-line development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Shigenobu
- *Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; and
| | - Yu Kitadate
- *Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; and
| | - Chiyo Noda
- *Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- *Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; and
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Guclu B, Ozturk AK, Pricola KL, Bilguvar K, Shin D, O'Roak BJ, Gunel M. Mutations in apoptosis-related gene, PDCD10, cause cerebral cavernous malformation 3. Neurosurgery 2006; 57:1008-13. [PMID: 16284570 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000180811.56157.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the CCM3 gene in a population of 61 families with a positive family history of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM), 8 of which had suggestive linkage to the CCM3 locus. METHODS We searched for mutations within the CCM3 interval using a high-throughput screening technique, temperature-gradient capillary electrophoresis. Mutations detected by this device were subsequently sequenced, and the results were analyzed. RESULTS A recent study by Bergametti et al. established Programmed Cell Death 10 (PDCD10) as the gene responsible for CCM3. We hereby confirm PDCD10 as the CCM3 gene by reporting four novel mutations in 61 CCM families. Two of these mutations were identical and produced a stop codon in exon 7. Another two resulted in frameshift mutations in exon 6, although the mutations occurred at different points along the exon. The last mutation caused a frameshift in exon 9. Of note, mutations in these families completely cosegregated with the trait. Three of the five families had prior linkage data suggestive of the CCM3 locus, whereas the remaining two were identified in index patients with a positive family history but no linkage data. CONCLUSION Our data establish PDCD10 as the gene responsible for CCM in families linking to the CCM3 locus. The discovery of the third gene involved in inherited forms of CCM, after KRIT1 and Malcavernin, is an important step toward dissecting the molecular pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Guclu
- Yale Neurovascular Surgery Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Zhang H, Ozaki I, Mizuta T, Hamajima H, Yasutake T, Eguchi Y, Ideguchi H, Yamamoto K, Matsuhashi S. Involvement of programmed cell death 4 in transforming growth factor-beta1-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2006; 25:6101-12. [PMID: 16682950 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) gene was originally identified as a tumor-related gene in humans and acts as a tumor-suppressor in mouse epidermal carcinoma cells. However, its function and regulatory mechanisms of expression in human cancer remain to be elucidated. We therefore investigated the expression of PDCD4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the role of PDCD4 in human HCC cells. Downregulation of PDCD4 protein was observed in all HCC tissues tested compared with corresponding noncancerous liver, as revealed by Western blotting or immunohistochemical staining. Human HCC cell line, Huh7, transfected with PDCD4 cDNA showed nuclear fragmentation and DNA laddering characteristic of apoptotic cells associated with mitochondrial changes and caspase activation. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) treatment of Huh7 cells resulted in increased PDCD4 expression and occurrence of apoptosis, also concomitant with mitochondrial events and caspase activation. Transfection of Smad7, a known antagonist to TGF-beta1 signaling, protected cells from TGF-beta1-mediated apoptosis and suppressed TGF-beta1-induced PDCD4 expression. Moreover, antisense PDCD4 transfectants were resistant to apoptosis induced by TGF-beta1. In conclusion, these data suggest that PDCD4 is a proapoptotic molecule involved in TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis in human HCC cells, and a possible tumor suppressor in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hepatology and Metabolism, Saga Medical School, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Yang HS, Matthews CP, Clair T, Wang Q, Baker AR, Li CCH, Tan TH, Colburn NH. Tumorigenesis suppressor Pdcd4 down-regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 expression to suppress colon carcinoma cell invasion. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:1297-306. [PMID: 16449643 PMCID: PMC1367180 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.26.4.1297-1306.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) suppresses neoplastic transformation by inhibiting the activation of c-Jun and consequently AP-1-dependent transcription. We report that Pdcd4 blocks c-Jun activation by inhibiting the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP4K1)/hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1, a kinase upstream of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). cDNA microarray analysis of Pdcd4-overexpressing RKO human colon carcinoma cells revealed MAP4K1 as the sole target of Pdcd4 on the JNK activation pathway. Cotransfection of a MAP4K1 promoter-reporter with Pdcd4 demonstrated inhibition of transcription from the MAP4K1 promoter. Ectopic expression of Pdcd4 in metastatic RKO cells suppressed invasion. MAP4K1 activity is functionally significant in invasion, as overexpression of a dominant negative MAP4K1 (dnMAP4K1) mutant in RKO cells inhibited not only c-Jun activation but also invasion. Overexpression of a MAP4K1 cDNA in Pdcd4-transfected cells rescued the kinase activity of JNK. Thus, Pdcd4 suppresses tumor progression in human colon carcinoma cells by the novel mechanism of down-regulating MAP4K1 transcription, with consequent inhibition of c-Jun activation and AP-1-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Sheng Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Jansen AP, Camalier CE, Colburn NH. Epidermal expression of the translation inhibitor programmed cell death 4 suppresses tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6034-41. [PMID: 16024603 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) is a novel repressor of in vitro transformation. Pdcd4 directly inhibits the helicase activity of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A, a component of the translation initiation complex. To ascertain whether Pdcd4 suppresses tumor development in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice that overexpress Pdcd4 in the epidermis (K14-Pdcd4). K14-regulated Pdcd4 expression caused a neonatal short-hair phenotype due to early catagen entry compared with matched wild-type siblings. In response to the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) mouse skin carcinogenesis protocol, K14-Pdcd4 mice showed significant reductions in papilloma formation, carcinoma incidence, and papilloma-to-carcinoma conversion frequency compared with wild-type mice. The translational efficiency of an mRNA engineered to form a structured 5' untranslated region (UTR) was attenuated in primary keratinocytes when Pdcd4 was overexpressed. Pdcd4 inhibited by 46% TPA-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1)-dependent transcription, an event required for tumorigenesis. CDK4 and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) are candidates for Pdcd4-regulated translation as their mRNAs contain 5'structured UTRs. In K14-Pdcd4 primary keratinocytes expressing activated Ha-Ras to mimic DMBA-initiated epidermis, ODC and CDK4 protein levels were decreased by 40% and 46%, respectively. Expression of a protein encoded by 5' unstructured mRNA showed no change. These results extend to an in vivo model the observations that Pdcd4 inhibits both translation initiation and AP-1 activation while decreasing benign tumor development and malignant progression. The K14-Pdcd4 mice seem to validate translation initiation as a novel target for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Jansen
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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35
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Getchell TV, Peng X, Green CP, Stromberg AJ, Chen KC, Mattson MP, Getchell ML. In silico analysis of gene expression profiles in the olfactory mucosae of aging senescence-accelerated mice. J Neurosci Res 2004; 77:430-52. [PMID: 15248299 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We utilized high-density Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays to investigate gene expression in the olfactory mucosae of near age-matched aging senescence-accelerated mice (SAM). The senescence-prone (SAMP) strain has a significantly shorter lifespan than does the senescence-resistant (SAMR) strain. To analyze our data, we applied biostatistical methods that included a correlation analysis to evaluate sources of methodologic and biological variability; a two-sided t-test to identify a subpopulation of Present genes with a biologically relevant P-value <0.05; and a false discovery rate (FDR) analysis adjusted to a stringent 5% level that yielded 127 genes with a P-value of <0.001 that were differentially regulated in near age-matched SAMPs (SAMP-Os; 13.75 months) compared to SAMRs (SAMR-Os, 12.5 months). Volcano plots related the variability in the mean hybridization signals as determined by the two-sided t-test to fold changes in gene expression. The genes were categorized into the six functional groups used previously in gene profiling experiments to identify candidate genes that may be relevant for senescence at the genomic and cellular levels in the aging mouse brain (Lee et al. [2000] Nat Genet 25:294-297) and in the olfactory mucosa (Getchell et al. [2003] Ageing Res Rev 2:211-243), which serves several functions that include chemosensory detection, immune barrier function, xenobiotic metabolism, and neurogenesis. Because SAMR-Os and SAMP-Os have substantially different median lifespans, we related the rate constant alpha in the Gompertz equation on aging to intrinsic as opposed to environmental mechanisms of senescence based on our analysis of genes modulated during aging in the olfactory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Getchell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0230, USA.
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36
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Bitomsky N, Böhm M, Klempnauer KH. Transformation suppressor protein Pdcd4 interferes with JNK-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun and recruitment of the coactivator p300 by c-Jun. Oncogene 2004; 23:7484-93. [PMID: 15334056 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The transformation suppressor gene Pdcd4 (programmed cell death gene 4) inhibits the tumor-promoter mediated transformation of mouse keratinocytes and has recently been implicated as a potential tumor suppressor gene in the development of human lung cancer. Biochemical analysis has suggested that the Pdcd4 protein is involved in protein translation as well as in nuclear events. Recent work has shown that Pdcd4 suppresses the transactivation of AP-1 responsive promoters by c-Jun, suggesting that the transformation-suppressor activity of Pdcd4 might be due, at least in part, to the inhibition of c-Jun activity. Here, we have addressed how Pdcd4 inhibits c-Jun. We show that Pdcd4 interferes with the phosphorylation of c-Jun by Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation by Pdcd4 appears not to be due to a general suppression of JNK activity, our data rather suggest that Pdcd4 interacts with c-Jun and thereby blocks phosphorylation of c-Jun. In addition to affecting c-Jun phosphorylation, Pdcd4 blocks the recruitment of the coactivator p300 by c-Jun. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Pdcd4 is directly involved in the regulation of c-Jun activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Bitomsky
- Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, D-48149, Germany
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37
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Göke R, Barth P, Schmidt A, Samans B, Lankat-Buttgereit B. Programmed cell death protein 4 suppresses CDK1/cdc2 via induction of p21(Waf1/Cip1). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C1541-6. [PMID: 15317660 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00025.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We show that the recently discovered tumor suppressor pdcd4 represses the transcription of the mitosis-promoting factor cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)1/cdc2 via upregulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1). p21(Waf1/Cip1) inhibits CDK4/6 and CDK2. Decrease of CDK4/6 and CDK2 enhances the binding of pRb to E2F/DP, which in turn together bind to and repress the cdc2 promoter. Upregulation of CDK1/cdc2 accompanied by a malignant change was previously reported in colon cancer. We show that expression of pdcd4 as an indirect suppressor of CDK1/cdc2 is lost in progressed carcinomas of lung, breast, colon, and prostate. Furthermore, it seems that localization and expression of pdcd4 directly correlate with tumor progression. Finally, the CDK1/cdc2 inhibitor roscovitine reduces the proliferation of several tumor cell lines, suggesting that inhibition of CDK1/cdc2 may be a useful strategy against malignant transformation. Therefore, pdcd4 might serve as a novel target for antineoplastic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Göke
- Clinical Research Unit, University Hospital of Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.
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38
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Toshimitsu H, Hashimoto K, Tangoku A, Iizuka N, Yamamoto K, Kawauchi S, Oga A, Furuya T, Oka M, Sasaki K. Molecular signature linked to acquired resistance to cisplatin in esophageal cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2004; 211:69-78. [PMID: 15194218 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the molecular basis of acquired cisplatin (CDDP) resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we used cDNA microarray technology. A CDDP-resistant cell line (YES-2/CDDP), which shows a 7.5-fold increase in resistance to CDDP and a 3-fold decrease in CDDP accumulation compared with the parental YES-2 ESCC cell line, was generated from YES-2 by exposure to increased concentrations of CDDP. By cDNA microarray analysis, we identified 44 genes with significantly different expression levels between YES-2/CDDP and YES-2 cells. Interestingly, 15 of these 44 genes encoded ribosome-related proteins, almost all of which were underexpressed in YES-2/CDDP cells. Our present data suggest that many ribosome-related genes may be involved in the acquired resistance to CDDP in ESCC and that such information may allow us to better understand the mechanism of CDDP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Toshimitsu
- Department of Pathology II, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
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39
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Kim MS, Kim YC, Cho BH. Gene expression analysis in cucumber leaves primed by root colonization with Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 upon challenge-inoculation with Corynespora cassiicola. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2004; 6:105-8. [PMID: 15045660 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-817803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Root colonization by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6, a non-pathogenic rhizobacterium, induced systemic resistance in cucumber against target leaf spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola. A cDNA library was constructed using mRNA extracted from cucumber leaves 12 h after inoculation with C. cassiicola, using plants colonized by O6. To identify genes involved in O6-mediated induced systemic resistance (ISR), we employed a subtractive hybridization method using mRNAs extracted from pathogen-challenged cucumber leaves of plants lacking colonization. Differential screening of the cDNA library led to the isolation of six distinct genes encoding a GTP binding protein, a 60S ribosomal protein, a hypersensitive-induced reaction protein, a ubiquitin extension protein, a pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase, and a signal recognition particle receptor. Expression of these genes was not induced by O6 colonization alone. Rather, transcript accumulation of these genes increased significantly faster and stronger in the O6 colonized than in non-colonized plants after challenge infection. Therefore, O6-mediated ISR may be associated with an enhanced capacity for the rapid and effective activation of cellular defence responses after challenge inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kim
- Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center and Institute of Agriculture, Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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40
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Jansen AP, Camalier CE, Stark C, Colburn NH. Characterization of programmed cell death 4 in multiple human cancers reveals a novel enhancer of drug sensitivity. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.103.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4), originally identified as an inhibitor of murine cellular transformation, inhibits protein synthesis by directly interacting with eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) of the translation initiation complex. The relevance of Pdcd4 to a broad range of human cancers derived from multiple tissue sites is unknown. Protein expression patterns from the National Cancer Institute drug-screening panel of 60 human cancer cells (NCI60) were analyzed by Western blot methods and revealed frequent reduction of Pdcd4 protein levels in renal-, lung-, and glia-derived tumors. Greater than mean Pdcd4 protein levels correlated with the antitumor activity of geldanamycin and tamoxifen. Stable expression of antisense PDCD4 significantly reduced the sensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to geldanamycin and to tamoxifen. Sensitivity to geldanamycin significantly increased in UO-31 renal cancer cells expressing sense PDCD4 cDNA. Increased geldanamycin sensitivity was accompanied by enhanced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. One primary mode of inactivation of Pdcd4 in human cancers appears to involve down-regulated expression, and this down-regulation causes a decreased sensitivity to geldanamycin cytotoxicity. Thus, up-regulating Pdcd4 expression may be promising for geldanamycin-based combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P. Jansen
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Corinne E. Camalier
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Cristi Stark
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Nancy H. Colburn
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
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Böhm M, Sawicka K, Siebrasse JP, Brehmer-Fastnacht A, Peters R, Klempnauer KH. The transformation suppressor protein Pdcd4 shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm and binds RNA. Oncogene 2003; 22:4905-10. [PMID: 12894233 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Pdcd4 gene has originally been isolated in a search for genes that are activated in cells undergoing apoptosis. Independent of these studies, the Pdcd4 gene has been implicated in the suppression of tumor-promoter-mediated transformation of keratinocytes and as a downstream target of Myb in hematopoietic cells. The Pdcd4 protein has weak homology to the eucaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G and has been shown to interact with certain translation initiation factors. To explore the molecular function of the Pdcd4 protein, we have studied its subcellular localization. We show that the Pdcd4 protein is a predominantly nuclear protein under normal growth conditions and that it is exported from the nucleus by a leptomycin B-sensitive mechanism upon serum withdrawal. The protein contains two nuclear export signals, one of which is very potent. In addition, we demonstrate that the Pdcd4 protein has RNA-binding activity and that the sequences involved in RNA-binding are located in the amino-terminal part of the protein. Taken together, our data raise the possibility that Pdcd4 is involved in some aspect of nuclear RNA metabolism in addition to its suspected role in protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maret Böhm
- Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, D-48149 Münster1, Germany
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Yang HS, Jansen AP, Komar AA, Zheng X, Merrick WC, Costes S, Lockett SJ, Sonenberg N, Colburn NH. The transformation suppressor Pdcd4 is a novel eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A binding protein that inhibits translation. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:26-37. [PMID: 12482958 PMCID: PMC140682 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.1.26-37.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Revised: 09/19/2002] [Accepted: 10/02/2002] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pdcd4 is a novel transformation suppressor that inhibits tumor promoter-induced neoplastic transformation and the activation of AP-1-dependent transcription required for transformation. A yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that Pdcd4 associates with the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4AI and eIF4AII. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy showed that Pdcd4 colocalizes with eIF4A in the cytoplasm. eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase needed to unwind 5' mRNA secondary structure. Recombinant Pdcd4 specifically inhibited the helicase activity of eIF4A and eIF4F. In vivo translation assays showed that Pdcd4 inhibited cap-dependent but not internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation. In contrast, Pdcd4(D418A), a mutant inactivated for binding to eIF4A, failed to inhibit cap-dependent or IRES-dependent translation or AP-1 transactivation. Recombinant Pdcd4 prevented eIF4A from binding to the C-terminal region of eIF4G (amino acids 1040 to 1560) but not to the middle region of eIF4G(amino acids 635 to 1039). In addition, both Pdcd4 and Pdcd4(D418A) bound to the middle region of eIF4G. The mechanism by which Pdcd4 inhibits translation thus appears to involve inhibition of eIF4A helicase, interference with eIF4A association-dissociation from eIF4G, and inhibition of eIF4A binding to the C-terminal domain of eIF4G. Pdcd4 binding to eIF4A is linked to its transformation-suppressing activity, as Pdcd4-eIF4A binding and consequent inhibition of translation are required for Pdcd4 transrepression of AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Sheng Yang
- Gene Regulation Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Young MR, Yang HS, Colburn NH. Promising molecular targets for cancer prevention: AP-1, NF-kappa B and Pdcd4. Trends Mol Med 2003; 9:36-41. [PMID: 12524209 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4914(02)00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There are still many unanswered questions regarding the processes by which extracellular signals are transduced from plasma-membrane receptors to the transcription machinery in the nucleus and the translation machinery in the cytoplasm. Some of these gene expression events become misregulated as a result of environmental or endogenous exposure to agents that cause multistage carcinogenesis. We are now beginning to identify and validate the crucial molecular events that drive the rate-limiting steps of carcinogenesis and to target these events for cancer prevention. Transcription factors AP-1 and nuclear factor kappa B can be specifically targeted to prevent cancer induction in mouse models. A protein known as programmed-cell-death-4 is a new potential molecular target that has a surprising mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Young
- The Gene Regulation Section, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute - Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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