1
|
Abdullah CS, Remex NS, Aishwarya R, Nitu S, Kolluru GK, Traylor J, Hartman B, King J, Bhuiyan MAN, Hall N, Murnane KS, Goeders NE, Kevil CG, Orr AW, Bhuiyan MS. Mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy activation are associated with cardiomyopathy developed by extended methamphetamine self-administration in rats. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102523. [PMID: 36335762 PMCID: PMC9641018 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent rise in illicit use of methamphetamine (METH), a highly addictive psychostimulant, is a huge health care burden due to its central and peripheral toxic effects. Mounting clinical studies have noted that METH use in humans is associated with the development of cardiomyopathy; however, preclinical studies and animal models to dissect detailed molecular mechanisms of METH-associated cardiomyopathy development are scarce. The present study utilized a unique very long-access binge and crash procedure of METH self-administration to characterize the sequelae of pathological alterations that occur with METH-associated cardiomyopathy. Rats were allowed to intravenously self-administer METH for 96 h continuous weekly sessions over 8 weeks. Cardiac function, histochemistry, ultrastructure, and biochemical experiments were performed 24 h after the cessation of drug administration. Voluntary METH self-administration induced pathological cardiac remodeling as indicated by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocyte disarray, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis accompanied by compromised cardiac systolic function. Ultrastructural examination and native gel electrophoresis revealed altered mitochondrial morphology and reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) supercomplexes (SCs) stability and assembly in METH exposed hearts. Redox-sensitive assays revealed significantly attenuated mitochondrial respiratory complex activities with a compensatory increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity reminiscent of metabolic remodeling. Increased autophagy flux and increased mitochondrial antioxidant protein level was observed in METH exposed heart. Treatment with mitoTEMPO reduced the autophagy level indicating the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the adaptive activation of autophagy in METH exposed hearts. Altogether, we have reported a novel METH-associated cardiomyopathy model using voluntary drug seeking behavior. Our studies indicated that METH self-administration profoundly affects mitochondrial ultrastructure, OXPHOS SCs assembly and redox activity accompanied by increased PDH activity that may underlie observed cardiac dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chowdhury S Abdullah
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Naznin Sultana Remex
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Richa Aishwarya
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Sadia Nitu
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Gopi K Kolluru
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - James Traylor
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Brandon Hartman
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Judy King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Mohammad Alfrad Nobel Bhuiyan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Informatics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Nicole Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Kevin Sean Murnane
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Nicholas E Goeders
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Glucomannan as a Dietary Supplement for Treatment of Breast Cancer in a Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101746. [PMID: 36298611 PMCID: PMC9608331 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a water-soluble polysaccharide derived from the Amorphophallus’s tuber and, as herbal medicine has shown, can suppress tumor growth or improve health. However, there has been no investigation into the effects of KGM on breast tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, in two cohort experiments, we assessed the effect of glucomannan at daily doses of 2 and 4 mg for 28 days as a dietary supplement and also glucomannan in combination with tumor lysate vaccine as an adjuvant. Tumor volume was monitored twice weekly. In addition, TNF-α cytokines and granzyme B (Gr–B) release were measured with ELISA kits, and IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, and IFN-γ were used as an index for cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Moreover, TGF-β and Foxp3 gene expression were assessed in a real-time PCR test. The results show that glucomannan as a dietary supplement increased the IFN-γ cytokine and Th1 responses to suppress tumor growth. Glucomannan as a dietary supplement at the 4 mg dose increased the IL-4 cytokine response compared to control groups. In addition, cell lysate immunization with 2 or 4 mg of glucomannan suppressed tumor growth. As an adjuvant, glucomannan at both doses showed 41.53% and 52.10% tumor suppression compared with the PBS group. Furthermore, the administration of glucomannan as a dietary supplement or adjuvant reduced regulatory T cell response through decreasing TGF-β and Foxp3 gene expression in the tumor microenvironment. In conclusion, glucomannan as a dietary supplement or adjuvant enhanced the immune responses of tumor-bearing mice and decreased immune response suppression in the tumor milieu, making it a potentially excellent therapeutic agent for lowering breast tumor growth.
Collapse
|
3
|
Shaban NZ, Zaki MM, Koutb F, Abdul-Aziz AA, Elshehawy AAH, Mehany H. Protective and therapeutic role of mango pulp and eprosartan drug and their anti-synergistic effects against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51427-51441. [PMID: 35244847 PMCID: PMC9288381 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was done to evaluate the protective and therapeutic role of mango pulp (M), eprosartan drug (E), and their co-administration (EM) against hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide (T). Seven groups of rats were prepared as follows: the control (C) group (normal rats), T group (the rats were injected with T), T-M group (the rats were injected with T, and then treated with M), T-E group (the rats were injected with T, and then treated with E), T-EM group (the rats were injected with T, and then treated with E and M), M-TM-M group (the rats were administered with M before, during, and after T injection), and M group (the healthy rats were administered with M only). Firstly, the characterizations of M were determined. Also, the markers of hepatic oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GSR)], inflammation and fibrosis [(tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) levels and gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta1(TGF-β1)], and liver functions and microscopic examination were evaluated. The present results revealed that M contains 419 ± 1.04 μg total phenolics as gallic acid equivalent and 6.8 ± 0.05 μg total flavonoids as quercetin equivalent. The analysis of phenolics and flavonoids showed the presence of chlorogenic, caffeic, 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic, tannic, cinnamic acidS, and catechin, phloridzin, and quercetin with different concentrations. Also, M contains various minerals with different concentrations involving potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese. The current results showed that the total antioxidant capacity of 1 g of M was 117.2 ± 1.16 as μg ascorbic acid equivalent. Our biochemical studies showed that all treatments significantly reduced T-induced hepatotoxicity and liver injuries, as the oxidative stress and inflammatory and fibrotic markers were diminished where MDA level and the activities of GST, GSSG, and GR were decreased when compared with T group. In contrast, GSH level and the activities of SOD and GPx and GSH/GSSG ratio were increased. In addition, TNF-α and PDGF-BB levels were reduced, and the gene expression of TGF-β1 was down-regulated. Consequently, the liver functions were significantly improved. In conclusion, each E, M, and EM has a therapeutic effect against T-induced hepatotoxicity via the reduction of the OS, inflammation, and fibrosis. Unfortunately, treatment with M and E simultaneously revealed the less effectiveness than the treatment with M or E demonstrates the presence of anti-synergistic effect between them. Additionally, M-TM-M treatment showed a better effect than T-M treatment against T-induced hepatotoxicity revealing the prophylactic role of M. The administration of healthy rats with M for 12 weeks has no side effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Zaki Shaban
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad Mohammad Zaki
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Fayed Koutb
- Nucleic Acid Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Alaa Abdul-Aziz
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Hany Mehany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
El-Ashmawy NE, Al-Ashmawy GM, Fakher HE, Khedr NF. The role of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and glutamine metabolism in the pathogenesis of CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis: Repositioning of niclosamide and concerns about lithium. Cytokine 2020; 136:155250. [PMID: 32882667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is a serious health problem which may lead to advanced liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and glutamine aminohydrolase enzyme (l-glutaminase) in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and the potential benefits of niclosamide in treating liver fibrosis. METHODS Ninety male Albino rats were divided into 6 equal groups (n = 15) as follows: a normal control group (NC), CCl4-only treated group (Fib.) which received 1 mg/kg CCl4 two times weekly, niclosamide-treated group (Niclo.) which received 5 mg/kg of niclosamide one time daily, lithium chloride-treated group (LiCl) which received 100 mg/kg of LiCl one time daily, niclosamide-and-CCl4-treated group (Niclo. + Fib.) which received same doses of niclosamide and CCl4 given to other groups, and finally lithium chloride-and-CCl4-treated rat group (LiCl + Fib.) which received same doses of LiCl and CCl4 given to other groups. All treatments were administered orally for 8 weeks. Liver tissue was assessed for l-hydroxyproline, beta-catenin (β-catenin), l-glutaminase activity, as well as the gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) and Dishevelled-2 (Dvl2). Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of alpha smooth muscle actin α-SMA were performed. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total bilirubin were measured. RESULTS The group of niclosamide-and-CCl4-treated rats showed a significant decrease in total bilirubin, ALT and AST, β-catenin, l-hydroxyproline, l-glutaminase activity, and gene expression of TGF-β1 and Dvl2. Moreover, the liver tissue in this group of rats showed mild α-SMA reactivity compared with the rats treated with CCl4 only (fibrosis group). On the other hand, lithium chloride-and-CCl4-treated rats showed a significant increase in liver indices, TGF-β1 expression, β-catenin, l-hydroxyproline, and l-glutaminase activity with severe α-SMA reactivity and apoptosis in the liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS Niclosamide protected rats against liver fibrosis by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and glutaminolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla E El-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Postal code: 31527, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Al-Ashmawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Postal code: 31527, Egypt
| | - Hoda E Fakher
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Postal code: 32511, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa F Khedr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Postal code: 31527, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Combination Therapy with Radiation and PARP Inhibition Enhances Responsiveness to Anti-PD-1 Therapy in Colorectal Tumor Models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 108:81-92. [PMID: 32036006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of colorectal cancers are resistant to cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors. Ionizing radiation (IR) and several radiosensitizers, including PARP inhibitors, can enhance responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors by potentially complementary mechanisms of action. We assessed the ability of radiation and PARP inhibition to induce proimmunogenic changes in tumor cells and enhance their in vivo responsiveness to anti-PD-1 antibodies. METHODS AND MATERIALS We performed a candidate drug screen and used flow cytometry to assess effects of the PARP inhibitor veliparib on IR-mediated changes in MHC-1 antigen presentation and surface localization of immune-modulating proteins including PD-L1 and calreticulin in colorectal cancer tumor models. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the effects of veliparib and radiation on the expression of proinflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines. The ability of concurrent PARP inhibition and subablative doses of radiation therapy to enhance in vivo responsiveness to anti-PD-1 antibodies was assessed using unilateral flank-tumor models with or without T-cell depletion. RESULTS Veliparib was a potent radiosensitizer in both cell lines. Radiation increased surface localization of MHC-1 and PD-L1 in a dose-dependent manner, and veliparib pretreatment significantly enhanced these effects with high (8 Gy) but not with lower radiation doses. Enhancement of MHC-1 and PD-L1 surface localization by IR and IR+ veliparib remained significant 1, 3, and 7 days after treatment. IR significantly increased delayed tumoral expression of proinflammatory cytokines interferon-Ƴ and CXCL10 but had no significant effect on the expression of IL-6 or TGF-β. Concurrent administration of veliparib and subablative radiation therapy (8 Gy × 2) significantly prolonged anti-PD-1-mediated in vivo tumor growth delay and survival in both tumor models. Moreover, these effects were more pronounced in the microsatellite instability-mutated MC38 tumor model. Enhancement of anti-PD-1 mediated tumor growth delay with veliparib and IR was attenuated by CD8+ T-cell depletion. CONCLUSIONS We provide preclinical evidence for a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance responsiveness of colorectal tumors to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rezaei M, Hosseini SN, Khavari-Nejad RA, Najafi F, Mahdavi M. HBs antigen and mannose loading on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles in order to immuno-targeting: fabrication, characterization, cellular and humoral immunoassay. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:1543-1558. [PMID: 31007088 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1577888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mannosylation of nanovaccine is an appropriate strategy for targeting the mannose receptors on DCs. Here, HBsAg and mannose loaded on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles to increases HBsAg vaccine potency. Nanoparticles are made by co-precipitation method and bonded to the HBsAg and mannose by chemical bonding. The physicochemical properties of nano-vaccines, their toxicity and antigenicity were determined. The synthesized nano-vaccine showed spherical shape with a mean particle size of 60 nm, a zeta potential of -44 mV, an antigen-binding efficiency of around 100% and for mannose 78%. In vitro release of nanoparticles exhibited about 30% at the first day and about 60% until the third day. SDSPAGE analysis confirmed structural integrity of HBsAg loaded on nanoparticles. The HBsAg-loaded LCMNP and MLCMNP nanoparticles had no toxic effects on HEK293 cell line. The quantification of the intracellular Fe by ICP-OES as a criterion of nano-vaccine uptake revealed mannose intensify uptake of MLCMNP. In addition, mannose in the structure of MLCMNP improved IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ (>16 fold) cytokines genes expression by macrophage/dendritic cells after exposure in 12 h. Immunization of experimental mice (subcutaneously, two times with 2-week intervals) with 5 µg of HBsAg loaded on MLCMNP nanoparticles increased specific total IgG and IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. In addition, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines in mannosylated nano-vaccine increased versus nano-vaccine group while lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ responses in the targeted nano-vaccine group show a tiny increase versus the nano-vaccine group. The results show that mannosylated nano-vaccine promotes higher level of cellular and humoural immune responses against HBsAg nano-vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Rezaei
- a Department of Biology , Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Nezamedin Hosseini
- b Department of Hepatitis B Vaccine Production , Production & Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Farhood Najafi
- c Department of Resin and Additives , Institute for Color Science and Technology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- d Recombinant Vaccine Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Immunology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Zhang H, Pan L, Zou H, Miao X, Cheng J, Wu Y. Puerarin alleviates liver fibrosis via inhibition of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:133-138. [PMID: 31258646 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complex pathological process and an early step in the progression of liver cirrhosis, which can eventually develop into hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there is no effective treatment for liver fibrosis. Puerarin is a traditional Chinese herb, which is commonly used in the treatment of various diseases. In addition, it is also believed to have a therapeutic effect in liver fibrosis. However, whether puerarin reduces liver fibrosis via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway to inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) and excessive collagen deposition in liver fibrosis remains unknown. The aim of the current study was to establish a liver fibrosis in vivo model by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA) and investigate the effect of puerarin in the treatment of liver fibrosis. Hematoxylin and eosin and Van Gieson's staining were used to examine histopathological changes associated with liver fibrosis. Liver hydroxyproline content was examined to determine the total amount of collagen in the liver. The relative protein expression levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen type I, fibronectin, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 were determined by western blot analysis. In the TAA group, histopathological changes and collagen fiber content in rat liver tissue samples were significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05). In addition, treatment with puerarin significantly decreased histopathological changes and collagen fiber content in rat liver tissue samples (P<0.05). The relative protein expression levels of TGFβ1, α-SMA, collagen type I, fibronectin and p-ERK1/2 were significantly upregulated in the TAA group compared with the control group (P<0.05), whereas puerarin treatment reversed these changes. These findings suggest that treatment with puerarin may reduce HSC activation and alleviate extracellular matrix protein expression levels by inhibiting the TGF-β/ERK1/2 pathway in liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lianyungang Oriental Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222042, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222023, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lianyungang Oriental Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222042, P.R. China
| | - Haiou Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lianyungang Oriental Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222042, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lianyungang Oriental Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222042, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lianyungang Oriental Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222042, P.R. China
| | - Youshan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lianyungang Oriental Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222042, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kamdem SD, Moyou-Somo R, Brombacher F, Nono JK. Host Regulators of Liver Fibrosis During Human Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2781. [PMID: 30546364 PMCID: PMC6279936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing process purposely aimed at restoring organ integrity after severe injury caused by autoimmune reactions, mechanical stress or infections. The uncontrolled solicitation of this process is pathogenic and a pathognomonic feature of diseases like hepatosplenic schistosomiasis where exacerbated liver fibrosis is centrally positioned among the drivers of the disease morbidity and mortality. Intriguingly, however, liver fibrosis occurs and progresses dissimilarly in schistosomiasis-diseased individuals with the same egg burden and biosocial features including age, duration of residence in the endemic site and gender. This suggests that parasite-independent and currently poorly defined host intrinsic factors might play a defining role in the regulation of liver fibrosis, the hallmark of morbidity, during schistosomiasis. In this review, we therefore provide a comprehensive overview of all known host candidate regulators of liver fibrosis reported in the context of human schistosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Severin Donald Kamdem
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roger Moyou-Somo
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Cape Town Component, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Unit, South African Medical Research Center, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Karababa A, Groos-Sahr K, Albrecht U, Keitel V, Shafigullina A, Görg B, Häussinger D. Ammonia Attenuates LPS-Induced Upregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine mRNA in Co-Cultured Astrocytes and Microglia. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:737-749. [PMID: 27655254 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with cerebral microglia activation. Ammonia, a major toxin of HE, activates microglia in vitro but does not trigger pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis. In the present study we analysed effects of ammonia on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced upregulation of microglia activation and cytokine mRNA as well as on cytokine secretion in mono-cultured microglia and co-cultured astrocytes and microglia. In mono-cultured microglia LPS (100 ng/ml, 18 h) strongly elevated mRNA levels of the microglia activation marker CD14 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α/β, IL-6 and TNF-α. NH4Cl (5 mmol/l) had no effect on LPS-induced upregulation of CD14, IL-1α/β and IL-6 mRNA but enhanced LPS-induced upregulation of TNF-α mRNA in mono-cultured microglia. In co-cultured astrocytes and microglia, however, LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1α/β, TNF-α, IL-6, CD14 but not of IL-10, IL-12A/B or TGFβ1-3 mRNA was attenuated by NH4Cl. LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1α/β, IL-6 and TNF-α was also diminished by the TGR5-ligands allopregnanolone and taurolithocholic acid in mono-cultured microglia. NH4Cl also attenuated LPS-induced release of MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in mono-cultured microglia. mRNA level of surrogate marker for microglia activation (CD14) and for the anti-inflammatory M2-type microglia (CD163, CXCL1, CXCL2) were also elevated in post mortem brain tissue taken from the fusiforme gyrus of patients with liver cirrhosis and HE. The findings suggest that ammonia attenuates LPS-induced microglia reactivity in an astrocyte-dependent way. One may speculate that these anti-inflammatory effects of ammonia may be triggered by neurosteroids derived from astrocytes and may account for absence of microglia reactivity in cerebral cortex of cirrhotic patients with HE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karababa
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katerina Groos-Sahr
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aygul Shafigullina
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Boris Görg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moodley K, Naidoo Y, Mackraj I. Effects of Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) rhizome methanolic extract on kidney function and morphology in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1194-1203. [PMID: 25017374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tulbaghia violacea has been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments, including hypertension. The herb has been shown to have antihypertensive properties which have been attributed to its angiotensin-converting enzymeinhibitory (ACEI) activity. It could, therefore, prove beneficial in ameliorating renal pathology associated with hypertension. To evaluate the effects of long-term administration of Tulbaghia violacea on renal function and morphology in the Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male DSS rats were treated intra-peritoneally (i.p.) as follows: methanolic extract of Tulbaghia violacea: (TVL) (50 mg/kg/b.w.), captopril: (CAP) (25 mg/kg/b.w.), or distilled water, control: (CON) (3 ml/kg/b.w.). Blood pressure (BP) was measured bi-weekly, whilst 24-h urine volumes and electrolyte concentrations were assessed weekly. Animals were sacrificed on day 49 by halothane overdose. Blood was removed for determination of plasma and serum electrolytes. Left kidney tissues were harvested for the determination of nuclear factor-kappaβ (NF-kβ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) gene expressions. RESULTS TVL significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). TVL showed reduced blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, total protein in urine as well as increased serum total protein. TVL decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and nitric oxide significantly. NF-kβ and TGF-β) gene expressions were significantly reduced in TVL and CAP treated rats. Moreover, renal morphology improved significantly in TVL and CAP treated animals. CONCLUSION TVL and CAP demonstrated marked improvement in renal function and morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kogi Moodley
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- Department of Biology, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Irene Mackraj
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Anthony BJ, James KR, Gobert GN, Ramm GA, McManus DP. Schistosomajaponicum Eggs Induce a Proinflammatory, Anti-Fibrogenic Phenotype in Hepatic Stellate Cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68479. [PMID: 23840855 PMCID: PMC3686876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis induced by egg deposition is the most serious pathology associated with chronic schistosomiasis, in which the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) plays a central role. While the effect of Schistosoma mansoni eggs on the fibrogenic phenotype of HSCs has been investigated, studies determining the effect of eggs of S. japonicum on HSCs are lacking. Disease caused by S. japonicum is much more severe than that resulting from S. mansoni infection so it is important to compare the pathologies caused by these two parasites, to determine whether this phenotype is due to the species interacting differently with the mammalian host. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of S. japonicum eggs on the human HSC cell line, LX-2, with and without TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor beta) co-treatment, so as to determine the impact on genes associated with fibrogenesis, inflammation and matrix re-organisation. Activation status of HSCs was assessed by αSMA (Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin) immunofluorescence, accumulation of Oil Red O-stained lipid droplets and the relative expression of selected genes associated with activation. The fibrogenic phenotype of HSCs was inhibited by the presence of eggs both with or without TGF-β treatment, as evidenced by a lack of αSMA staining and reduced gene expression of αSMA and Col1A1 (Collagen 1A1). Unlike S. mansoni-treated cells, however, expression of the quiescent HSC marker PPAR-γ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma) was not increased, nor was there accumulation of lipid droplets. In contrast, S. japonicum eggs induced the mRNA expression of MMP-9 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 9), CCL2 (Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2) and IL-6 (Interleukin 6) in HSCs indicating that rather than inducing complete HSC quiescence, the eggs induced a proinflammatory phenotype. These results suggest HSCs in close proximity to S. japonicum eggs in the liver may play a role in the proinflammatory regulation of hepatic granuloma formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barrie J. Anthony
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kylie R. James
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N. Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grant A. Ramm
- The Hepatic Fibrosis Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vial C, Gutiérrez J, Santander C, Cabrera D, Brandan E. Decorin interacts with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)/CCN2 by LRR12 inhibiting its biological activity. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24242-52. [PMID: 21454550 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.189365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders are the end point of many chronic diseases in different tissues, where an accumulation of the extracellular matrix occurs, mainly because of the action of the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2). Little is known about how this growth factor activity is regulated. We found that decorin null myoblasts are more sensitive to CTGF than wild type myoblasts, as evaluated by the accumulation of fibronectin or collagen III. Decorin added exogenously negatively regulated CTGF pro-fibrotic activity and the induction of actin stress fibers. Using co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro interaction assays, decorin and CTGF were shown to interact in a saturable manner with a K(d) of 4.4 nM. This interaction requires the core protein of decorin. Experiments using the deletion mutant decorin indicated that the leucine-rich repeats (LRR) 10-12 are important for the interaction with CTGF and the negative regulation of the cytokine activity, moreover, a peptide derived from the LRR12 was able to inhibit CTGF-decorin complex formation and CTGF activity. Finally, we showed that CTGF specifically induced the synthesis of decorin, suggesting a mechanism of autoregulation. These results suggest that decorin interacts with CTGF and regulates its biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Vial
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, MIFAB, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Angiotensin II increases mRNA levels of all TGF-beta isoforms in quiescent and activated rat hepatic stellate cells. Cell Biol Int 2011; 34:969-78. [PMID: 20557291 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AII (angiotensin II) is a vasoactive peptide that plays an important role in the development of liver fibrosis mainly by regulating profibrotic cytokine expression such as TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta). Activated HSCs (hepatic stellate cells) are the major cell type responsible for ECM (extracellular matrix) deposition during liver fibrosis and are also a target for AII and TGF-beta actions. Here, we studied the effect of AII on the mRNA levels of TGF-beta isoforms in primary cultures of rat HSCs. Both quiescent and activated HSCs were stimulated with AII for different time periods, and mRNA levels of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 isoforms were evaluated using RNaseI protection assay. The mRNA levels of all TGF-beta isoforms, particularly TGF-beta2and TGF-beta3, were increased after AII treatment in activated HSCs. In addition, activated HSCs were able to produce active TGF-beta protein after AII treatment. The mRNA expression of TGF-beta isoforms induced by AII required both ERK1/2 and Nox (NADPH oxidase) activation but not PKC (protein kinase C) participation. ERK1/2 activation induced by AII occurs via AT1 receptors, but independently of either PKC and Nox activation or EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) transactivation. Interestingly, AII has a similar effect on TGF-beta expression in quiescent HSCs, although it has a smaller but significant effect on ERK1/2 activation in these cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Denecke B, Wickert L, Liu Y, Ciuclan L, Dooley S, Meindl-Beinker NM. Smad7 dependent expression signature highlights BMP2 and HK2 signaling in HSC transdifferentiation. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:5211-24. [PMID: 21049555 PMCID: PMC2975092 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i41.5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyse the influence of Smad7, antagonist of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β canonical signaling pathways on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) transdifferentiation in detail.
METHODS: We systematically analysed genes regulated by TGF-β/Smad7 in activated HSCs by microarray analysis and validated the results using real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis.
RESULTS: We identified 100 known and unknown targets underlying the regulation of Smad7 expression and delineated 8 gene ontology groups. Hk2, involved in glycolysis, was one of the most downregulated proteins, while BMP2, activator of the Smad1/5/8 pathway, was extremely upregulated by Smad7. However, BMP2 dependent Smad1 activation could be inhibited in vitro by Smad7 overexpression in HSCs.
CONCLUSION: We conclude (1) the existence of a tight crosstalk of TGF-β and BMP2 pathways in HSCs and (2) a Smad7 dependently decreased sugar metabolism ameliorates HSC activation probably by energy withdrawal.
Collapse
|
15
|
Anthony B, Allen JT, Li YS, McManus DP. Hepatic stellate cells and parasite-induced liver fibrosis. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:60. [PMID: 20663176 PMCID: PMC2915969 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrogenesis is a common feature of many diseases where there is severe insult to the liver. The hepatic stellate cell trans-differentiation into a myofibroblast has been identified as an important event in liver fibrogenesis and has been well investigated over the last few years in a number of liver diseases. The trans-differentiation process can be monitored in vitro by evaluation of biomarkers that are characteristic of normal quiescent hepatic stellate cells or activated myofibroblasts. Two major parasitic diseases associated with liver injury and fibrosis are schistosomiasis and echinococcosis. Recent studies have highlighted a role for activated hepatic stellate cells in both murine and human schistosomiasis as well as demonstrating that schistosome antigens are able to regulate this trans-differentiation process. Study of the hepatic stellate cell and its interaction with parasite-derived antigens may be pivotal in our understanding of the pathology associated with schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases, including echinococcosis, as well as revealing new information on the trans-differentiation process in this cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barrie Anthony
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Q 4029, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Anthony B, Mathieson W, de Castro-Borges W, Allen J. Schistosoma mansoni: egg-induced downregulation of hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis. Exp Parasitol 2010; 124:409-20. [PMID: 20045695 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eggs of Schistosoma mansoni trapped in human liver can lead to fibrosis. Since liver fibrosis requires activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) from a quiescent to a myofibroblastic phenotype, we investigated the effects of S. mansoni eggs on this process using in vitro co-cultures with human HSC and evaluated established biomarkers for activation and fibrosis. HSC demonstrate significantly reduced expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (p<0.001), connective tissue growth factor (p<0.01) and type I collagen (p<0.001) but significantly increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (p<0.01). Morphologically, HSC exhibited elongated fine cellular processes and reduced size, increased accumulation of lipid droplets and reduced expression and organization of alpha-smooth muscle actin and F-actin stress fibres. Additionally, schistosome eggs prevented the HSC fibrogenic response to exogenous transforming growth factor-beta. In summary, schistosome eggs blocked fibrogenesis in HSC, a finding which may have implications for our understanding of the fibrotic pathology in S. mansoni infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barrie Anthony
- Centre for Parasitology and Disease, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Inhibition of renin/prorenin receptor attenuated mesangial cell proliferation and reduced associated fibrotic factor release. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:155-61. [PMID: 19174157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the physiological roles of renin/prorenin receptor in cultured rat mesangial cells. The presence of renin/prorenin receptor in mesangial cells was determined by immunofluorescence staining, real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and Western blotting assay. The expression of renin/prorenin receptors was identified in both rat renal slices and cultured mesangial cells. Meanwhile, the cultured mesangial cells were demonstrated synthesizing and secreting (Pro)renin as well. Knockdown of renin/prorenin receptor expression was performed by small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. Either knockdown or blockade of renin/prorenin receptor by handle region peptide (HRP) reduced mesangial cell proliferation. In the meantime, release of type IV collagen, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and mRNA level of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were decreased. On the other hand, both the production and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2, a key enzyme to degrade type IV collagen, was increased. The present results indicated that renin/prorenin receptor played a regulatory role in mesangial cells proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation. Blockade of renin/prorenin receptors may postpone over extracellular accumulation, which occurs in some pathological situations, via suppressed both mesangial cell proliferation and fibrotic factor release.
Collapse
|
18
|
Holzapfel B, Wickert L. Die quantitative Real-Time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Methoden und Anwendungsgebiete. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/biuz.200610332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Jiroutova A, Slavkovsky R, Cermakova M, Majdiakova L, Hanovcova I, Bolehovska R, Hajzlerova M, Radilova H, Ruszova E, Kanta J. Expression of mRNAs related to connective tissue metabolism in rat hepatic stellate cells and myofibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 58:263-73. [PMID: 17056239 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and liver myofibroblasts (MFB) are two cell populations most likely responsible for the synthesis of most connective tissue components in fibrotic liver. They differ in their origin and location, and possibly in patterns of gene expression. Normal and carbon tetrachloride-cirrhotic livers from rats were used to isolate HSC. Liver was perfused with pronase and collagenase solutions, followed by centrifugation of the cell suspension on a density gradient. HSC were quiescent 2 days after plating on plastic but they became activated after another 5 days in culture. When the culture was passaged 5 times, its character changed profoundly as HSC were replaced by MFB. Microarray analysis was used to determine gene expression in quiescent HSC, activated HSC and MFB. The expression of 49 genes coding for connective tissue proteins, proteoglycans, metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, growth factors and cellular markers was determined. The pattern of gene expression changed during HSC activation and there were distinct differences between HSC and MFB. Little difference between normal cells and cells isolated from cirrhotic liver was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Jiroutova
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Simkova 870, 500 38 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
N/A, 徐 可. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2789-2792. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i28.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
21
|
Yun JJ, Heisler LE, Hwang IIL, Wilkins O, Lau SK, Hyrcza M, Jayabalasingham B, Jin J, McLaurin J, Tsao MS, Der SD. Genomic DNA functions as a universal external standard in quantitative real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:e85. [PMID: 16840529 PMCID: PMC1524913 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a powerful tool for quantifying specific DNA target sequences. Although determination of relative quantity is widely accepted as a reliable means of measuring differences between samples, there are advantages to being able to determine the absolute copy numbers of a given target. One approach to absolute quantification relies on construction of an accurate standard curve using appropriate external standards of known concentration. We have validated the use of tissue genomic DNA as a universal external standard to facilitate quantification of any target sequence contained in the genome of a given species, addressing several key technical issues regarding its use. This approach was applied to validate mRNA expression of gene candidates identified from microarray data and to determine gene copies in transgenic mice. A simple method that can assist achieving absolute quantification of gene expression would broadly enhance the uses of real-time qPCR and in particular, augment the evaluation of global gene expression studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Lawrence E. Heisler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Irene I. L. Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Suzanne K. Lau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret HospitalToronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Martin Hyrcza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Bamini Jayabalasingham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - JoAnne McLaurin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H2
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret HospitalToronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Sandy D. Der
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Medical Science Building Room 6316, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8. Tel: +1 416 978 8878; Fax: +1 416 978 5959;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wiercinska E, Wickert L, Denecke B, Said HM, Hamzavi J, Gressner AM, Thorikay M, ten Dijke P, Mertens PR, Breitkopf K, Dooley S. Id1 is a critical mediator in TGF-beta-induced transdifferentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 2006; 43:1032-41. [PMID: 16628634 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is critically involved in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) that occurs during the process of liver damage, for example, by alcohol, hepatotoxic viruses, or aflatoxins. Overexpression of the TGF-beta antagonist Smad7 inhibits transdifferentiation and arrests HSCs in a quiescent stage. Additionally, bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced fibrosis is ameliorated by introducing adenoviruses expressing Smad7 with down-regulated collagen and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression. The aim of this study was to further characterize the molecular details of TGF-beta pathways that control the transdifferentiation process. In an attempt to elucidate TGF-beta target genes responsible for fibrogenesis, an analysis of Smad7-dependent mRNA expression profiles in HSCs was performed, resulting in the identification of the inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1) gene. Ectopic Smad7 expression in HSCs strongly reduced Id1 mRNA and protein expression. Conversely, Id1 overexpression in HSCs enhanced cell activation and circumvented Smad7-dependent inhibition of transdifferentiation. Moreover, knock-down of Id1 in HSCs interfered with alpha-SMA fiber formation, indicating a pivotal role of Id1 for fibrogenesis. Treatment of HSCs with TGF-beta1 led to increased Id1 protein expression, which was not directly mediated by the ALK5/Smad2/3, but the ALK1/Smad1 pathway. In vivo, Id1 expression and Smad1 phosphorylation were co-induced during fibrogenesis. In conclusion, Id1 is identified as TGF-beta/ALK1/Smad1 target gene in HSCs and represents a critical mediator of transdifferentiation that might be involved in hepatic fibrogenesis. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Wiercinska
- Molecular Alcohol Research in Gastroenterology, II. Medical Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hashida SN, Kishima Y, Mikami T. DNA methylation is not necessary for the inactivation of the Tam3 transposon at non-permissive temperature in Antirrhinum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 162:1292-6. [PMID: 16323282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that DNA methylation plays an important role in the inactivation of transposons. This view stems from a comparison of the degree of methylation of transposons in the active and inactive state. However, direct evidence for the degree of methylation required for the suppression of transposition has not been reported. Transposon Tam3 in Antirrhinum majus undergoes somatic reversal of its transposition activity, which is tightly controlled by temperature: low temperature around 15 degrees C permits transposition, high temperatures around 25 degrees C strongly inhibits it. Our previous study had shown that the methylation state of the Tam3 end regions is negatively correlated with the Tam3 transposition frequency. The results of the present study reveal that the inactive state of Tam3 copies at high temperature is unlikely to be directly coupled to the methylation state. Treatment with methylation inhibitors (5-azacytidine or 5-azacytidine+ethionine) does not affect Tam3 excision frequency in calli derived from Antirrhinum hypocotyls. The results suggest that methylation is not essential for the suppression of Tam3 transposition at high temperature, but rather that some other mechanism(s) involved in the control of Tam3 transposition may be obscured by methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-nosuke Hashida
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bolkenius U, Hahn D, Gressner AM, Breitkopf K, Dooley S, Wickert L. Glucocorticoids decrease the bioavailability of TGF-beta which leads to a reduced TGF-beta signaling in hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 325:1264-70. [PMID: 15555563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids bound to their receptors transmit information, which regulates numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses, amongst others glucose metabolism, wound healing, inflammation, and stress, either directly as transcription factors by binding DNA elements of target genes or indirectly by protein-protein interactions with other transcription factors. TGF-beta, a key factor in activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), induces production of extracellular matrix, this being a prerequisite for the development of liver fibrosis. Glucocorticoids and their receptors may provide a crosstalk with the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway by antagonizing TGF-beta effects. We studied the influence of glucocorticoids on the TGF-beta isoform and Smad mRNA expression, TGF-beta secretion, and signaling in activated HSC using gene-specific real-time PCR, ELISA, and transfection techniques. Dexamethasone treatment reduces TGF-beta mRNA transcription in a time-dependent manner. Activated HSC produce TGF-beta and secrete it into the cell culture medium. After dexamethasone treatment, TGF-beta secretion into the medium is reduced dose-dependently but restorable by mifepristone. Further, we found that reduced secretion of endogenous TGF-beta is accompanied by a reduced TGF-beta signal. Additionally, reporter gene analysis after adenoviral infection with a recombinant virus encoding a Smad-binding-element showed that TGF-beta-Smad signaling is significantly down-regulated by dexamethasone in primary HSC and CFSC, a HSC related cell line. Our data suggest that glucocorticoids inhibit TGF-beta expression, prevent TGF-beta from efficient secretion, and finally lead to reduced TGF-beta signaling in primary HSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Bolkenius
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jemiolo B, Trappe S. Single muscle fiber gene expression in human skeletal muscle: validation of internal control with exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:1043-50. [PMID: 15240153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription and real-time PCR have become the method of choice for the detection of low-abundance mRNA transcripts obtained from small human muscle biopsy samples. GAPDH, beta-actin, beta-2M, and 18S rRNA are widely employed as endogenous control genes, with the assumption that their expression is unregulated and constant for given experimental conditions. The aim of this study was to determine if mRNA transcripts could be performed on isolated human single muscle fibers and to determine reliable housekeeping genes (HKGs) using quantitative gene expression protocols at rest and in response to an acute exercise bout. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the gastrocnemius of three adult males before, immediately after, and 4 h following 30 min of treadmill running at 70% of VO2max. A total of 40 single fibers (MHC I and IIa) were examined for GAPDH, beta-actin, beta-2M, and 18S rRNA using quantitative RT-PCR and SYBR Green detection. All analyzed single fiber segments showed ribosomal RNA (28S/18S). No degradation or additional bands below ribosomal were detected (rRNA ratio 1.5-1.8). Also, no high or low-molecular weight genomic DNA contamination was observed. For each housekeeping gene the duplicate average SD was +/-0.13 with a CV of 0.58%. Stable expression of GAPDH was observed at all time points for each fiber type (MHC I and IIa). Inconsistent expression of beta-actin, beta-2M, and 18S rRNA was observed during the post-exercise time points for each fiber type. These data indicate that successful extraction of high quality RNA from human single muscle fibers along with quantification of mRNA of selected genes can be performed. Furthermore, exercise does influence the expression of certain HKGs with GAPDH being the most stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Jemiolo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball Sate University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wickert L, Abiaka M, Bolkenius U, Gressner AM. Corticosteroids stimulate selectively transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor type III expression in transdifferentiating hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 2004; 40:69-76. [PMID: 14672616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptors mediate TGF-beta signaling in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC). This leads to pleiotropic cellular effects, e.g. to the production of extracellular matrix which is a hallmark for the development of liver fibrosis. Glucocorticoids and their receptors interact with the TGF-beta signaling pathway on the transcriptional and translational level. METHODS To characterize TGF-beta receptor expression during HSC transdifferentiation and to study the influence of corticosteroids on receptor transcription in several liver cells, we established a real-time polymerase chain reaction procedure for mRNA quantification with gene-specific standards. RESULTS All three TGF-beta receptor mRNAs are present in HSC and myofibroblasts. Whereas TGF beta receptor type I (T beta RI) shows a comparable mRNA expression during HSC transdifferentiation, T beta RII and T beta RIII mRNA concentration decreases in the course of time. In comparison with activated HSC T beta RIII mRNA is very low expressed in freshly isolated Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. Eight hours after corticosteroid treatment T beta RIII mRNA increased significantly in a time-and dose-dependent manner while the mRNA expression of T beta RI and T beta RII is not altered. The degree of induction of T beta RIII mRNA levels is also dependent upon the nature of the stimulating hormone: dexamethasone, hydrocortisone and aldosterone show different effects. CONCLUSIONS The increase of T beta RIII by corticosteroids indicates that these hormones are important regulators of this receptor and thereby they can modulate TGF-beta signaling.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones/pharmacology
- Aldosterone/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Computer Systems
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Hydrocortisone/pharmacology
- Lipid Metabolism
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/physiopathology
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Wickert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|