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Liu Y, Zhou Z, Guan F, Han Z, Zhu C, Ye S, Yu X, Qiao A. Ligand Recognition and Activation Mechanism of the Alicarboxylic Acid Receptors. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168795. [PMID: 39299383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Endogenous ligands for alicarboxylic acid receptors are important metabolic intermediates that play a significant role in regulating body energy and maintaining homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism of alicarboxylate ligand-mediated counterpart receptors is currently unclear. We resolve the active state structure of HCA2-niacin, and the structural analysis explains the mechanism of niacin selectivity in the alicarboxylic acid receptors family. Homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation and mutagenesis experiments reveal different ligand recognition modes and activation mechanisms of the alicarboxylic acid receptors, analyze the flexibility of the binding pocket and elucidate the important role of disulfide bonds on receptor activation and ligand binding. These more detailed molecular mechanisms further elucidate the relevant mechanisms of human metabolism and provide key clues for subsequent drug development of alicarboxylic acid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fenghui Guan
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhen Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Sheng Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China; Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xuekui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Cryo-Electron Microscopy Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Anna Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
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2
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Jin C, Chen H, Xie L, Zhou Y, Liu LL, Wu J. GPCRs involved in metabolic diseases: pharmacotherapeutic development updates. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1321-1336. [PMID: 38326623 PMCID: PMC11192902 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed in a variety of cell types and tissues, and activation of GPCRs is involved in enormous metabolic pathways, including nutrient synthesis, transportation, storage or insulin sensitivity, etc. This review intends to summarize the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and mechanisms by a series of GPCRs, such as GPR91, GPR55, GPR119, GPR109a, GPR142, GPR40, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR120. With deep understanding of GPCR's structure and signaling pathways, it is attempting to uncover the role of GPCRs in major metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, for which the global prevalence has risen during last two decades. An extensive list of agonists and antagonists with their chemical structures in a nature of small molecular compounds for above-mentioned GPCRs is provided as pharmacologic candidates, and their preliminary data of preclinical studies are discussed. Moreover, their beneficial effects in correcting abnormalities of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and dyslipidemia are summarized when clinical trials have been undertaken. Thus, accumulating data suggest that these agonists or antagonists might become as new pharmacotherapeutic candidates for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Shenol A, Tenente R, Lückmann M, Frimurer TM, Schwartz TW. Multiple recent HCAR2 structures demonstrate a highly dynamic ligand binding and G protein activation mode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5364. [PMID: 38918366 PMCID: PMC11199501 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A surprisingly clear picture of the allosteric mechanism connecting G protein-coupled receptor agonists with G protein binding-and back - is revealed by a puzzle of thirty novel 3D structures of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2) in complex with eight different orthosteric and a single allosteric agonist. HCAR2 is a sensor of β-hydroxybutyrate, niacin and certain anti-inflammatory drugs. Surprisingly, agonists with and without on-target side effects bound very similarly and in a completely occluded orthosteric binding site. Thus, despite the many structures we are still left with a pertinent need to understand the molecular dynamics of this and similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslihan Shenol
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Tenente
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Lückmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Yadav MK, Sarma P, Maharana J, Ganguly M, Mishra S, Zaidi N, Dalal A, Singh V, Saha S, Mahajan G, Sharma S, Chami M, Banerjee R, Shukla AK. Structure-guided engineering of biased-agonism in the human niacin receptor via single amino acid substitution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1939. [PMID: 38431681 PMCID: PMC10908815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), also known as the niacin receptor or GPR109A, is a prototypical GPCR that plays a central role in the inhibition of lipolytic and atherogenic activities. Its activation also results in vasodilation that is linked to the side-effect of flushing associated with dyslipidemia drugs such as niacin. GPR109A continues to be a target for developing potential therapeutics in dyslipidemia with minimized flushing response. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of the GPR109A in complex with dyslipidemia drugs, niacin or acipimox, non-flushing agonists, MK6892 or GSK256073, and recently approved psoriasis drug, monomethyl fumarate (MMF). These structures elucidate the binding mechanism of agonists, molecular basis of receptor activation, and insights into biased signaling elicited by some of the agonists. The structural framework also allows us to engineer receptor mutants that exhibit G-protein signaling bias, and therefore, our study may help in structure-guided drug discovery efforts targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Parishmita Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Jagannath Maharana
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Manisankar Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Sudha Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Nashrah Zaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Annu Dalal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Vinay Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Sayantan Saha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Gargi Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India
| | - Mohamed Chami
- BioEM Lab, Biozentrum, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramanuj Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India.
| | - Arun K Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 08016, India.
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5
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Zhu S, Yuan Q, Li X, He X, Shen S, Wang D, Li J, Cheng X, Duan X, Xu HE, Duan J. Molecular recognition of niacin and lipid-lowering drugs by the human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113406. [PMID: 37952153 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Niacin, an age-old lipid-lowering drug, acts through the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Yet, its use is hindered by side effects like skin flushing. To address this, specific HCAR2 agonists, like MK-6892 and GSK256073, with fewer adverse effects have been created. However, the activation mechanism of HCAR2 by niacin and these new agonists is not well understood. Here, we present three cryoelectron microscopy structures of Gi-coupled HCAR2 bound to niacin, MK-6892, and GSK256073. Our findings show that different ligands induce varying binding pockets in HCAR2, influenced by aromatic amino acid clusters (W91ECL1, H1614.59, W1885.38, H1895.39, and F1935.43) from receptors ECL1, TM4, and TM5. Additionally, conserved residues R1113.36 and Y2847.43, unique to the HCA receptor family, likely initiate activation signal propagation in HCAR2. This study provides insights into ligand recognition, receptor activation, and G protein coupling mediated by HCAR2, laying the groundwork for developing HCAR2-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qingning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinzhu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Junrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqun Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Jia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China.
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6
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Pan X, Ye F, Ning P, Zhang Z, Li X, Zhang B, Wang Q, Chen G, Gao W, Qiu C, Wu Z, Li J, Zhu L, Xia J, Gong K, Du Y. Structural insights into ligand recognition and selectivity of the human hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor HCAR2. Cell Discov 2023; 9:118. [PMID: 38012147 PMCID: PMC10682194 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2) belongs to the family of class A G protein-coupled receptors with key roles in regulating lipolysis and free fatty acid formation in humans. It is deeply involved in many pathophysiological processes and serves as an attractive target for the treatment of cardiovascular, neoplastic, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases. Here, we report four cryo-EM structures of human HCAR2-Gi1 complexes with or without agonists, including the drugs niacin (2.69 Å) and acipimox (3.23 Å), the highly subtype-specific agonist MK-6892 (3.25 Å), and apo form (3.28 Å). Combined with molecular dynamics simulation and functional analysis, we have revealed the recognition mechanism of HCAR2 for different agonists and summarized the general pharmacophore features of HCAR2 agonists, which are based on three key residues R1113.36, S17945.52, and Y2847.43. Notably, the MK-6892-HCAR2 structure shows an extended binding pocket relative to other agonist-bound HCAR2 complexes. In addition, the key residues that determine the ligand selectivity between the HCAR2 and HCAR3 are also illuminated. Our findings provide structural insights into the ligand recognition, selectivity, activation, and G protein coupling mechanism of HCAR2, which shed light on the design of new HCAR2-targeting drugs for greater efficacy, higher selectivity, and fewer or no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Pan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiruo Ning
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Binghao Zhang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhangsong Wu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizhe Zhu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiang Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Kaizheng Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Futian Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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7
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de Souza PB, de Araujo Borba L, Castro de Jesus L, Valverde AP, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Major Depressive Disorder and Gut Microbiota: Role of Physical Exercise. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16870. [PMID: 38069198 PMCID: PMC10706777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a high prevalence and is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. This psychiatric disorder results from a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors. In recent years, the role of the gut microbiota in brain health has received particular attention, and compelling evidence has shown that patients suffering from depression have gut dysbiosis. Several studies have reported that gut dysbiosis-induced inflammation may cause and/or contribute to the development of depression through dysregulation of the gut-brain axis. Indeed, as a consequence of gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammatory alterations caused by microglial activation together with impairments in neuroplasticity may contribute to the development of depressive symptoms. The modulation of the gut microbiota has been recognized as a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of MMD. In this regard, physical exercise has been shown to positively change microbiota composition and diversity, and this can underlie, at least in part, its antidepressant effects. Given this, the present review will explore the relationship between physical exercise, gut microbiota and depression, with an emphasis on the potential of physical exercise as a non-invasive strategy for modulating the gut microbiota and, through this, regulating the gut-brain axis and alleviating MDD-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Borges de Souza
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil; (P.B.d.S.); (L.d.A.B.); (L.C.d.J.); (A.P.V.)
| | - Laura de Araujo Borba
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil; (P.B.d.S.); (L.d.A.B.); (L.C.d.J.); (A.P.V.)
| | - Louise Castro de Jesus
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil; (P.B.d.S.); (L.d.A.B.); (L.C.d.J.); (A.P.V.)
| | - Ana Paula Valverde
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil; (P.B.d.S.); (L.d.A.B.); (L.C.d.J.); (A.P.V.)
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
- Center of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil; (P.B.d.S.); (L.d.A.B.); (L.C.d.J.); (A.P.V.)
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8
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Espinoza-Derout J, Arambulo JML, Ramirez-Trillo W, Rivera JC, Hasan KM, Lao CJ, Jordan MC, Shao XM, Roos KP, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. The lipolysis inhibitor acipimox reverses the cardiac phenotype induced by electronic cigarettes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18239. [PMID: 37880325 PMCID: PMC10600141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are a prevalent alternative to conventional nicotine cigarettes among smokers and people who have never smoked. Increased concentrations of serum free fatty acids (FFAs) are crucial in generating lipotoxicity. We studied the effects of acipimox, an antilipolytic drug, on e-cigarette-induced cardiac dysfunction. C57BL/6J wild-type mice on high fat diet were treated with saline, e-cigarette with 2.4% nicotine [e-cigarette (2.4%)], and e-cigarette (2.4%) plus acipimox for 12 weeks. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction were diminished in mice exposed to e-cigarettes (2.4%) compared with saline and acipimox-treated mice. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4%) had increased circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and FFAs, which were diminished by acipimox. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that e-cigarette (2.4%)-treated mice had gene expression changes in the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint pathway that was normalized by acipimox. Accordingly, we showed that acipimox suppressed the nuclear localization of phospho-p53 induced by e-cigarette (2.4%). Additionally, e-cigarette (2.4%) increased the apurinic/apyrimidinic sites, a marker of oxidative DNA damage which was normalized by acipimox. Mice exposed to e-cigarette (2.4%) had increased cardiac Heme oxygenase 1 protein levels and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). These markers of oxidative stress were decreased by acipimox. Therefore, inhibiting lipolysis with acipimox normalizes the physiological changes induced by e-cigarettes and the associated increase in inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA.
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jose Mari Luis Arambulo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - William Ramirez-Trillo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
| | - Kamrul M Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Candice J Lao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maria C Jordan
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xuesi M Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kenneth P Roos
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amiya P Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA
- Departments of Physiology, Medicine, and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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9
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Wadie W, Mohamed SS, Abd El-Haleim EA, Khayyal MT. Niacin modulates depressive-like behavior in experimental colitis through GPR109A-dependent mechanisms. Life Sci 2023; 330:122004. [PMID: 37544378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Depression is one of the common neurological comorbidities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The current study aimed to investigate the potential impact of niacin on colitis-induced depressive-like behavior in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals were given 5 % dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for one week to induce colitis. Niacin (80 mg/kg), with or without mepenzolate bromide (GPR109A blocker), was administered once per day throughout the experimental period. Rats were tested for behavioral changes using open field and forced swimming tests. KEY FINDINGS Niacin significantly ameliorated DSS-induced behavioral deficits and alleviated macroscopic and microscopic colonic inflammatory changes. It also augmented the hippocampal levels of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 proteins, indicating the ability of niacin to restore the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Moreover, niacin decreased hippocampal IL-1ꞵ and NF-ĸB contents but increased GSH, Sirt-1, Nrf-2, HO-1 concentrations. All these beneficial effects were partially abolished by the co-administration of mepenzolate bromide. SIGNIFICANCE The neuroprotective effect of niacin against DSS-induced depressive-like behavior was partially mediated through GPR109A-mediated mechanisms. Such mechanisms are also involved in modulating neuronal oxidative stress and inflammation via Sirt-1/Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Wadie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Sarah S Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Enas A Abd El-Haleim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T Khayyal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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10
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Cheng L, Sun S, Wang H, Zhao C, Tian X, Liu Y, Fu P, Shao Z, Chai R, Yan W. Orthosteric ligand selectivity and allosteric probe dependence at Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor HCAR2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:364. [PMID: 37743365 PMCID: PMC10518311 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2), a member of Class A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, plays a pivotal role in anti-lipolytic and anti-inflammatory effects, establishing it as a significant therapeutic target for treating dyslipidemia and inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanism underlying the signaling of HCAR2 induced by various types of ligands remains elusive. In this study, we elucidate the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of Gi-coupled HCAR2 in complex with a selective agonist, MK-6892, resolved to a resolution of 2.60 Å. Our structural analysis reveals that MK-6892 occupies not only the orthosteric binding pocket (OBP) but also an extended binding pocket (EBP) within HCAR2. Pharmacological assays conducted in this study demonstrate that the OBP is a critical determinant for ligand selectivity among the HCARs subfamily. Moreover, we investigate the pharmacological properties of the allosteric modulator compound 9n, revealing its probe-dependent behavior on HCAR2 in response to varying orthosteric agonists. Collectively, our findings provide invaluable structural insights that contribute to a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing HCAR2 signaling transduction mediated by both orthosteric and allosteric ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Suyue Sun
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Heli Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiaowen Tian
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, China.
| | - Renjie Chai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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11
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Colucci ACM, Tassinari ID, Loss EDS, de Fraga LS. History and Function of the Lactate Receptor GPR81/HCAR1 in the Brain: A Putative Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Cerebral Ischemia. Neuroscience 2023; 526:144-163. [PMID: 37391123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
GPR81 is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) discovered in 2001, but deorphanized only 7 years later, when its affinity for lactate as an endogenous ligand was demonstrated. More recently, GPR81 expression and distribution in the brain were also confirmed and the function of lactate as a volume transmitter has been suggested since then. These findings shed light on a new function of lactate acting as a signaling molecule in the central nervous system, in addition to its well-known role as a metabolic fuel for neurons. GPR81 seems to act as a metabolic sensor, coupling energy metabolism, synaptic activity, and blood flow. Activation of this receptor leads to Gi-mediated downregulation of adenylyl cyclase and subsequent reduction in cAMP levels, regulating several downstream pathways. Recent studies have also suggested the potential role of lactate as a neuroprotective agent, mainly under brain ischemic conditions. This effect is usually attributed to the metabolic role of lactate, but the underlying mechanisms need further investigation and could be related to lactate signaling via GPR81. The activation of GPR81 showed promising results for neuroprotection: it modulates many processes involved in the pathophysiology of ischemia. In this review, we summarize the history of GPR81, starting with its deorphanization; then, we discuss GPR81 expression and distribution, signaling transduction cascades, and neuroprotective roles. Lastly, we propose GPR81 as a potential target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Clara Machado Colucci
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Metabolismo (NeuroMet), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, lab. 660, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Isadora D'Ávila Tassinari
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Metabolismo (NeuroMet), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, lab. 660, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eloísa da Silveira Loss
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia Experimental (LABENEX), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, lab. 660, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano Stürmer de Fraga
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia e Metabolismo (NeuroMet), Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, lab. 660, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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12
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Brecht P, Dring JC, Yanez F, Styczeń A, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Grywalska E. How Do Minerals, Vitamins, and Intestinal Microbiota Affect the Development and Progression of Heart Disease in Adult and Pediatric Patients? Nutrients 2023; 15:3264. [PMID: 37513682 PMCID: PMC10384570 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, far ahead of cancer. Epidemiological data emphasize the participation of many risk factors that increase the incidence of CVDs, including genetic factors, age, and sex, but also lifestyle, mainly nutritional irregularities and, connected with them, overweight and obesity, as well as metabolic diseases. Despite the importance of cardiovascular problems in the whole society, the principles of prevention of CVDs are not widely disseminated, especially among the youngest. As a result, nutritional neglect, growing from childhood and adolescence, translates into the occurrence of numerous disease entities, including CVDs, in adult life. This review aimed to draw attention to the role of selected minerals and vitamins in health and the development and progression of CVDs in adults and children. Particular attention was paid to the effects of deficiency and toxicity of the analyzed compounds in the context of the cardiovascular system and to the role of intestinal microorganisms, which by interacting with nutrients, may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders. We hope this article will draw the attention of society and the medical community to emphasize promoting healthy eating and proper eating habits in children and adults, translating into increased awareness and a reduced risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peet Brecht
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - James Curtis Dring
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Felipe Yanez
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Styczeń
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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13
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Abstract
Niacin (vitamin B3) is an essential nutrient that treats pellagra, and prior to the advent of statins, niacin was commonly used to counter dyslipidemia. Recent evidence has posited niacin as a promising therapeutic for several neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of niacin, including its homeostatic roles in NAD+ supplementation and metabolism. Niacin also has roles outside of metabolism, largely through engaging hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (Hcar2). These receptor-mediated activities of niacin include regulation of immune responses, phagocytosis of myelin debris after demyelination or of amyloid beta in models of Alzheimer's disease, and cholesterol efflux from cells. We describe the neurological disorders in which niacin has been investigated or has been proposed as a candidate medication. These are multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, glioblastoma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Finally, we explore the proposed mechanisms through which niacin may ameliorate neuropathology. While several questions remain, the prospect of niacin as a therapeutic to alleviate neurological impairment is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wuerch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gloria Roldan Urgoiti
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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14
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Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu X, Chen X, Zhang S, Chen Y, Chen J, Chen J, Wu F, Chen GQ. 3-Hydroxybutyrate ameliorates insulin resistance by inhibiting PPARγ Ser273 phosphorylation in type 2 diabetic mice. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:190. [PMID: 37230992 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxybutyrate (3HB) is a small ketone body molecule produced endogenously by the body in the liver. Previous studies have shown that 3HB can reduce blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. However, there is no systematic study and clear mechanism to evaluate and explain the hypoglycemic effect of 3HB. Here we demonstrate that 3HB reduces fasting blood glucose level, improves glucose tolerance, and ameliorates insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice through hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2). Mechanistically, 3HB increases intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) levels by activating HCAR2, thereby stimulating adenylate cyclase (AC) to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration, and then activating protein kinase A (PKA). Activated PKA inhibits Raf1 proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (Raf1) activity, resulting in a decrease in extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity and ultimately inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) Ser273 phosphorylation in adipocytes. Inhibition of PPARγ Ser273 phosphorylation by 3HB altered the expression of PPARγ regulated genes and reduced insulin resistance. Collectively, 3HB ameliorates insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice through a pathway of HCAR2/Ca2+/cAMP/PKA/Raf1/ERK1/2/PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zihua Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuemeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jiangnan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Dept of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
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15
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Taing K, Chen L, Weng HR. Emerging roles of GPR109A in regulation of neuroinflammation in neurological diseases and pain. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:763-768. [PMID: 36204834 PMCID: PMC9700108 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathological process of multiple neurological disorders and pathological pain conditions. GPR109A, a Gi protein-coupled receptor, has emerged as an important therapeutic target for controlling inflammation in various tissues and organs. In this review, we summarized current data about the role of GPR109A in neuroinflammation. Specifically, we focused on the pharmacological features of GPR109A and signaling pathways used by GPR109A to ameliorate neuroinflammation and symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and pathological pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Taing
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
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16
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Carretta MD, Creutzburg P, Borquez K, Quiroga J, Alarcón P, Rivera A, Burgos RA. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) agonists induce NET formation and MMP-9 release from bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104562. [PMID: 36183839 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Periparturient cows are commonly fed diets supplemented with Niacin (nicotinic acid, NA) because of its anti-lipolytic properties. NA confers its anti-lipolytic effects by activating the hydroxycarboxylic acid 2 receptor (HCA2). HCA2 is also activated by the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and circulating BHB levels are elevated in postpartum dairy cows. The HCA2 receptor is highly expressed in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and could link metabolic and innate immune responses in cattle. We investigated how HCA2 agonists affected bovine PMN function in vitro. We studied different PMN responses, such as granule release, surface expression of CD11b and CD47, generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and apoptosis. NA, BHB, and 4,4aR,5,5aR-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopropa [4,5] cyclopenta [1,2-c] pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (MK-1903) treatment triggered the release of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a component of the tertiary granule, from neutrophils. Additionally, all HCA2 agonists induced NETs formation but did not affect surface expression of CD11b and CD47. Finally, none of the HCA2 agonists triggered apoptosis in bovine PMN. This information will give new insights into the potential role of the HCA2 receptor in the bovine innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de, Chile.
| | - Paz Creutzburg
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de, Chile
| | - Katherine Borquez
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de, Chile
| | - Andrés Rivera
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustin Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de, Chile
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17
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Ibrahim WW, Sayed RH, Kandil EA, Wadie W. Niacin mitigates blood-brain barrier tight junctional proteins dysregulation and cerebral inflammation in ketamine rat model of psychosis: Role of GPR109A receptor. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110583. [PMID: 35690118 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated inflammatory responses and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction are recognized as central factors in the development of psychiatric disorders. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of niacin on BBB integrity in ketamine-induced model of psychosis. Meanwhile, mepenzolate bromide (MPN), a GPR109A receptor blocker, was used to investigate the role of this receptor on the observed niacin's effect. Male Wistar rats received ketamine (30 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 5 consecutive days and then niacin (40 mg/kg/day, p.o), with or without MPN (5 mg/kg/day, i.p), was given for the subsequent 15 days. Three days before the end of experiment, rats were behaviorally tested using open field, novel object recognition, social interaction, and forced swimming tests. Niacin significantly ameliorated ketamine-induced behavioral deficits, amended gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate concentration, decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and matrix metallopeptidase 9 levels, and increased netrin-1 contents in the hippocampus of rats. Niacin also augmented the hippocampal expression of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5 proteins, indicating the ability of niacin to restore the BBB integrity. Moreover, the histopathologic changes in hippocampal neurons were alleviated. Since all the beneficial effects of niacin in the present investigation were partially abolished by the co-administration of MPN; GPR109A receptor was proven to partially mediate the observed antipsychotic effects of niacin. These data revealed that GPR109A-mediated signaling pathways might represent potential targets for therapeutic interventions to prevent or slow the progression of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weam W Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Esraa A Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Walaa Wadie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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18
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Chellappa K, McReynolds MR, Lu W, Zeng X, Makarov M, Hayat F, Mukherjee S, Bhat YR, Lingala SR, Shima RT, Descamps HC, Cox T, Ji L, Jankowski C, Chu Q, Davidson SM, Thaiss CA, Migaud ME, Rabinowitz JD, Baur JA. NAD precursors cycle between host tissues and the gut microbiome. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1947-1959.e5. [PMID: 36476934 PMCID: PMC9825113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential redox cofactor in mammals and microbes. Here we use isotope tracing to investigate the precursors supporting NAD synthesis in the gut microbiome of mice. We find that dietary NAD precursors are absorbed in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract and not available to microbes in the distal gut. Instead, circulating host nicotinamide enters the gut lumen and supports microbial NAD synthesis. The microbiome converts host-derived nicotinamide into nicotinic acid, which is used for NAD synthesis in host tissues and maintains circulating nicotinic acid levels even in the absence of dietary consumption. Moreover, the main route from oral nicotinamide riboside, a widely used nutraceutical, to host NAD is via conversion into nicotinic acid by the gut microbiome. Thus, we establish the capacity for circulating host micronutrients to feed the gut microbiome, and in turn be transformed in a manner that enhances host metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Wenyun Lu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xianfeng Zeng
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mikhail Makarov
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Faisal Hayat
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Sarmistha Mukherjee
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yashaswini R Bhat
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Siddharth R Lingala
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rafaella T Shima
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hélène C Descamps
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy Cox
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lixin Ji
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Connor Jankowski
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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19
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Cercillieux A, Ciarlo E, Canto C. Balancing NAD + deficits with nicotinamide riboside: therapeutic possibilities and limitations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:463. [PMID: 35918544 PMCID: PMC9345839 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels have been observed in multiple lifestyle and age-related medical conditions. This has led to the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors, or vitamin B3s, could exert health benefits. Among the different molecules that can act as NAD+ precursors, Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) has gained most attention due to its success in alleviating and treating disease conditions at the pre-clinical level. However, the clinical outcomes for NR supplementation strategies have not yet met the expectations generated in mouse models. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive view on NAD+ biology, what causes NAD+ deficits and the journey of NR from its discovery to its clinical development. We also discuss what are the current limitations in NR-based therapies and potential ways to overcome them. Overall, this review will not only provide tools to understand NAD+ biology and assess its changes in disease situations, but also to decide which NAD+ precursor could have the best therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Cercillieux
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Ciarlo
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Liu S, Qiu Y, Gu F, Xu X, Wu S, Jin Z, Wang L, Gao K, Zhu C, Yang X, Jiang Z. Niacin Improves Intestinal Health through Up-Regulation of AQPs Expression Induced by GPR109A. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158332. [PMID: 35955466 PMCID: PMC9368703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Changes in the expression of aquaporins (AQPs) in the intestine are proved to be associated with the attenuation of diarrhea. Diarrhea is a severe problem for postweaning piglets. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether niacin could alleviate diarrhea in weaned piglets by regulating AQPs expression and the underlying mechanisms; (2) Methods: 72 weaned piglets (Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 21 d old, 6.60 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly allotted into 3 groups for a 14-day feeding trial. Each treatment group included 6 replicate pens and each pen included 4 barrows (n = 24/treatment). Piglets were fed a basal diet (CON), a basal diet supplemented with 20.4 mg niacin/kg diet (NA) or the basal diet administered an antagonist for the GPR109A receptor (MPN). Additionally, an established porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was used to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanism of niacin on AQPs expression after Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC K88) treatment; (3) Results: Piglets fed niacin-supplemented diet had significantly decreased diarrhea rate, and increased mRNA and protein level of ZO-1, AQP 1 and AQP 3 in the colon compared with those administered a fed diet supplemented with an antagonist (p < 0.05). In addition, ETEC K88 treatment significantly reduced the cell viability, cell migration, and mRNA and protein expression of AQP1, AQP3, AQP7, AQP9, AQP11, and GPR109A in IPEC-J2 cells (p < 0.05). However, supplementation with niacin significantly prevented the ETEC K88-induced decline in the cell viability, cell migration, and the expression level of AQPs mRNA and protein in IPEC-J2 cells (p < 0.05). Furthermore, siRNA GPR109A knockdown significantly abrogated the protective effect of niacin on ETEC K88-induced cell damage (p < 0.05); (4) Conclusions: Niacin supplementation increased AQPs and ZO-1 expression to reduce diarrhea and intestinal damage through GPR109A pathway in weaned piglets.
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21
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Canto C. NAD + Precursors: A Questionable Redundancy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070630. [PMID: 35888754 PMCID: PMC9316858 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen a strong proliferation of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic and age-related diseases based on increasing cellular NAD+ bioavailability. Among them, the dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors—classically known as vitamin B3—has received most of the attention. Multiple molecules can act as NAD+ precursors through independent biosynthetic routes. Interestingly, eukaryote organisms have conserved a remarkable ability to utilize all of these different molecules, even if some of them are scarcely found in nature. Here, we discuss the possibility that the conservation of all of these biosynthetic pathways through evolution occurred because the different NAD+ precursors might serve specialized purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research Ltd., EPFL Campus, Innovation Park, Building G, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ; Tel.: +41-(0)-216326116
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Gupta R, Wang M, Ma Y, Offermanns S, Whim MD. The β-Hydroxybutyrate-GPR109A Receptor Regulates Fasting-induced Plasticity in the Mouse Adrenal Medulla. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6590010. [PMID: 35595517 PMCID: PMC9188660 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During fasting, increased sympathoadrenal activity leads to epinephrine release and multiple forms of plasticity within the adrenal medulla including an increase in the strength of the preganglionic → chromaffin cell synapse and elevated levels of agouti-related peptide (AgRP), a peptidergic cotransmitter in chromaffin cells. Although these changes contribute to the sympathetic response, how fasting evokes this plasticity is not known. Here we report these effects involve activation of GPR109A (HCAR2). The endogenous agonist of this G protein-coupled receptor is β-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body whose levels rise during fasting. In wild-type animals, 24-hour fasting increased AgRP-ir in adrenal chromaffin cells but this effect was absent in GPR109A knockout mice. GPR109A agonists increased AgRP-ir in isolated chromaffin cells through a GPR109A- and pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. Incubation of adrenal slices in nicotinic acid, a GPR109A agonist, mimicked the fasting-induced increase in the strength of the preganglionic → chromaffin cell synapse. Finally, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiments confirmed the mouse adrenal medulla contains GPR109A messenger RNA. These results are consistent with the activation of a GPR109A signaling pathway located within the adrenal gland. Because fasting evokes epinephrine release, which stimulates lipolysis and the production of β-hydroxybutyrate, our results indicate that chromaffin cells are components of an autonomic-adipose-hepatic feedback circuit. Coupling a change in adrenal physiology to a metabolite whose levels rise during fasting is presumably an efficient way to coordinate the homeostatic response to food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Gupta
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Manqi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Yunbing Ma
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Matthew D Whim
- Correspondence: Matthew D. Whim, PhD, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Medical Education Bldg (MEB 6142), 1901 Perdido St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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23
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Moutinho M, Puntambekar SS, Tsai AP, Coronel I, Lin PB, Casali BT, Martinez P, Oblak AL, Lasagna-Reeves CA, Lamb BT, Landreth GE. The niacin receptor HCAR2 modulates microglial response and limits disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl7634. [PMID: 35320002 PMCID: PMC10161396 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased dietary intake of niacin has been correlated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Niacin serves as a high-affinity ligand for the receptor HCAR2 (GPR109A). In the brain, HCAR2 is expressed selectively by microglia and is robustly induced by amyloid pathology in AD. The genetic inactivation of Hcar2 in 5xFAD mice, a model of AD, results in impairment of the microglial response to amyloid deposition, including deficits in gene expression, proliferation, envelopment of amyloid plaques, and uptake of amyloid-β (Aβ), ultimately leading to exacerbation of amyloid burden, neuronal loss, and cognitive deficits. In contrast, activation of HCAR2 with an FDA-approved formulation of niacin (Niaspan) in 5xFAD mice leads to reduced plaque burden and neuronal dystrophy, attenuation of neuronal loss, and rescue of working memory deficits. These data provide direct evidence that HCAR2 is required for an efficient and neuroprotective response of microglia to amyloid pathology. Administration of Niaspan potentiates the HCAR2-mediated microglial protective response and consequently attenuates amyloid-induced pathology, suggesting that its use may be a promising therapeutic approach to AD that specifically targets the neuroimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moutinho
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Andy P Tsai
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Israel Coronel
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Peter B Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Brad T Casali
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cristian A Lasagna-Reeves
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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24
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Manosalva C, Quiroga J, Hidalgo AI, Alarcón P, Anseoleaga N, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Role of Lactate in Inflammatory Processes: Friend or Foe. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808799. [PMID: 35095895 PMCID: PMC8795514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During an inflammatory process, shift in the cellular metabolism associated with an increase in extracellular acidification are well-known features. This pH drop in the inflamed tissue is largely attributed to the presence of lactate by an increase in glycolysis. In recent years, evidence has accumulated describing the role of lactate in inflammatory processes; however, there are differences as to whether lactate can currently be considered a pro- or anti-inflammatory mediator. Herein, we review these recent advances on the pleiotropic effects of lactate on the inflammatory process. Taken together, the evidence suggests that lactate could exert differential effects depending on the metabolic status, cell type in which the effects of lactate are studied, and the pathological process analyzed. Additionally, various targets, including post-translational modifications, G-protein coupled receptor and transcription factor activation such as NF-κB and HIF-1, allow lactate to modulate signaling pathways that control the expression of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and several enzymes associated with immune response and metabolism. Altogether, this would explain its varied effects on inflammatory processes beyond its well-known role as a waste product of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Manosalva
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandra I Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nicolás Anseoleaga
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Graduate School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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25
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Hrubša M, Siatka T, Nejmanová I, Vopršalová M, Kujovská Krčmová L, Matoušová K, Javorská L, Macáková K, Mercolini L, Remião F, Máťuš M, Mladěnka P. Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B 1, B 2, B 3, and B 5. Nutrients 2022; 14:484. [PMID: 35276844 PMCID: PMC8839250 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hrubša
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Tomáš Siatka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Iveta Nejmanová
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Marie Vopršalová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.J.)
| | - Kateřina Matoušová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.J.)
| | - Lenka Javorská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.J.)
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (T.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUINTE, Toxicology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marek Máťuš
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (M.V.); (P.M.)
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26
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Chu X, Raju RP. Regulation of NAD + metabolism in aging and disease. Metabolism 2022; 126:154923. [PMID: 34743990 PMCID: PMC8649045 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
More than a century after discovering NAD+, information is still evolving on the role of this molecule in health and diseases. The biological functions of NAD+ and NAD+ precursors encompass pathways in cellular energetics, inflammation, metabolism, and cell survival. Several metabolic and neurological diseases exhibit reduced tissue NAD+ levels. Significantly reduced levels of NAD+ are also associated with aging, and enhancing NAD+ levels improved healthspan and lifespan in animal models. Recent studies suggest a causal link between senescence, age-associated reduction in tissue NAD+ and enzymatic degradation of NAD+. Furthermore, the discovery of transporters and receptors involved in NAD+ precursor (nicotinic acid, or niacin, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside) metabolism allowed for a better understanding of their role in cellular homeostasis including signaling functions that are independent of their functions in redox reactions. We also review studies that demonstrate that the functional effect of niacin is partially due to the activation of its cell surface receptor, GPR109a. Based on the recent progress in understanding the mechanism and function of NAD+ and NAD+ precursors in cell metabolism, new strategies are evolving to exploit these molecules' pharmacological potential in the maintenance of metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Chu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Raghavan Pillai Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.
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27
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She J, Sheng R, Qin ZH. Pharmacology and Potential Implications of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Precursors. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1879-1897. [PMID: 34881075 PMCID: PMC8612620 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD+/NADH) and coenzyme II (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADP+/NADPH) are involved in various biological processes in mammalian cells. NAD+ is synthesised through the de novo and salvage pathways, whereas coenzyme II cannot be synthesised de novo. NAD+ is a precursor of coenzyme II. Although NAD+ is synthesised in sufficient amounts under normal conditions, shortage in its supply due to over consumption and its decreased synthesis has been observed with increasing age and under certain disease conditions. Several studies have proved that in a wide range of tissues, such as liver, skin, muscle, pancreas, and fat, the level of NAD+ decreases with age. However, in the brain tissue, the level of NADH gradually increases and that of NAD+ decreases in aged people. The ratio of NAD+/NADH indicates the cellular redox state. A decrease in this ratio affects the cellular anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation functions, which reduces the ability of cells to produce ATP. Therefore, increasing the exogenous NAD+ supply under certain disease conditions or in elderly people may be beneficial. Precursors of NAD+ have been extensively explored and have been reported to effectively increase NAD+ levels and possess a broad range of functions. In this review article, we discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NAD+ precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing She
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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28
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Adepu KK, Kachhap S, Anishkin A, Chintapalli SV. Structural and Energetic Insights Into the Interaction of Niacin With the GPR109A Receptor. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211056122. [PMID: 34866904 PMCID: PMC8637708 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211056122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor GPR109A has been previously shown to function as a receptor for niacin in mediating antilipolytic effects. Although administration of high doses of niacin has shown beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, however, it is often accompanied by disturbing side effects such as flushing, liver damage, glucose intolerance, or gastrointestinal problems. Thus, it is important to understand niacin-GPR109A interactions, which can be beneficial for the development of alternate drugs having antilipolytic effects with less or no side effects. To get into the structural insights on niacin binding to GPR109A, we have performed 100 nanoseconds long all-atom MD simulations of five niacin-GPR109A complexes (automatically docked pose 0, and randomly placed niacin in poses 1 to 4 in the receptor crevice) and analyzed using binding free energy calculations and H-bond analysis. Steered MD simulations were used to get an average force for niacin translocation between the bulk and the external crevice of the wild type and mutant (N86Y, W91 S, S178I, and triple mutant of all three residues) GPR109A receptors, as well as GPR109B (as a control that does not bind niacin). The H-bond analysis revealed that TMH3 residue R111 interacts with niacin in a total of 4 (poses 0 to 3) complexes, while residues C177, S178, and S179 contact niacin in complex pose 4, and all these complexes were energetically stable. According to steered MD simulations, all the GPR109A mutants and GPR109B required greater force than that of wild-type GPR109A to translocate in the external crevice, suggesting increased sterical obstacles. Thus, the residues N86 (at the junction of TMH2/ECL2), W91 (ECL2), R111 (TMH3), and ECL3 residues (C177, S178, S179) play an important role for optimal routing of niacin entry and to bind GPR109A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Adepu
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sangita Kachhap
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sree V Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang B, Zhou J. Mechanistic basis and preliminary practice of butyric acid and butyrate sodium to mitigate gut inflammatory diseases: a comprehensive review. Nutr Res 2021; 95:1-18. [PMID: 34757305 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A key event featured in the early stage of chronic gut inflammatory diseases is the disordered recruitment and excess accumulation of immune cells in the gut lamina propria. This process is followed by the over-secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and the prolonged overactive inflammatory responses. Growing evidence has suggested that gut inflammatory diseases may be mitigated by butyric acid (BA) or butyrate sodium (NaB). Laboratory studies show that BA and NaB can enhance gut innate immune function through G-protein-mediated signaling pathways while mitigating the overactive inflammatory responses by inhibiting histone deacetylase. The regulatory effects may occur in both epithelial enterocytes and the immune cells in the lamina propria. Prior to further clinical trials, comprehensive literature reviews and rigid examination concerning the underlying mechanism are necessary. To this end, we collected and reviewed 197 published reports regarding the mechanisms, bioactivities, and clinical effects of BA and NaB to modulate gut inflammatory diseases. Our review found insufficient evidence to guarantee the safety of clinical practice of BA and NaB, either by anal enema or oral administration of capsule or tablet. The safety of clinical use of BA and NaB should be further evaluated. Alternatively, dietary patterns rich in "fruits, vegetables and beans" may be an effective and safe approach to prevent gut inflammatory disease, which elevates gut microbiota-dependent production of BA. Our review provides a comprehensive reference to future clinical trials of BA and NaB to treat gut inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Xianqi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China
| | - Baozhen Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250012 China.
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Ketogenesis controls mitochondrial gene expression and rescues mitochondrial bioenergetics after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16359. [PMID: 34381166 PMCID: PMC8357839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the secondary injury mechanisms that occur after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is essential for the development of novel neuroprotective strategies linked to the restoration of metabolic deficits. We and others have shown that Ketogenic diet (KD), a high fat, moderate in proteins and low in carbohydrates is neuroprotective and improves behavioural outcomes in rats with acute SCI. Ketones are alternative fuels for mitochondrial ATP generation, and can modulate signaling pathways via targeting specific receptors. Here, we demonstrate that ad libitum administration of KD for 7 days after SCI rescued mitochondrial respiratory capacity, increased parameters of mitochondrial biogenesis, affected the regulation of mitochondrial-related genes, and activated the NRF2-dependent antioxidant pathway. This study demonstrates that KD improves post-SCI metabolism by rescuing mitochondrial function and supports the potential of KD for treatment of acute SCI in humans.
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Effect of Niacin on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Mucosal Immunity and Microbiota Composition in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082186. [PMID: 34438645 PMCID: PMC8388363 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protective effect of niacin on growth performance and gut health of weaned piglets and the underlying mechanism remains unclear despite it being a common additive in pig diets. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of niacin on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal mucosal immunity, and colonic microbiota in weaned piglets. Our results show that niacin supplementation significantly improved the growth performance in piglets as compared with those given a niacin receptor antagonist. Niacin also significantly improved the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in the colon and alleviate the inflammatory response in the intestinal mucosa as compared with control piglets and those given a niacin receptor antagonist. These results provide new insight into the beneficial effects of niacin on growth performance and gut health in weaned piglets. Abstract This study aimed to investigate the effects of niacin on growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal mucosal immunity, and colonic microbiota in weaned piglets. A total of 96 weaned piglets (Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 21-d old, 6.65 ± 0.02 kg body weight (BW)) were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups (8 replicate pens per treatment, each pen containing 4 males; n = 32/treatment) for 14 d. Piglets were fed a control diet (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with 20.4 mg/kg niacin (NA) or an antagonist for the niacin receptor GPR109A (MPN). The results showed that NA or MPN had no effect on ADG, ADFI, G/F or diarrhea incidence compared with the CON diet. However, compared with piglets in the NA group, piglets in the MPN group had lower ADG (p = 0.042) and G/F (p = 0.055). In comparison with the control and MPN group, niacin supplementation increased the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (p < 0.05), while decreasing the crypt depth in the duodenum (p < 0.05). Proteomics analysis of cytokines showed that niacin supplementation increased the expression of duodenal transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), jejunal interleukin-10 (IL-10) and ileal interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p < 0.05), and reduced the expression of ileal interleukin-8 (IL-8) (p < 0.05) compared with the control diet. Piglets in the MPN group had significantly increased expression of ileal IL-6, and jejunal IL-8 and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (p < 0.05) compared with those in the control group. Piglets in the MPN group had lower jejunal IL-10 level and higher jejunal IL-8 level than those in the NA group (p < 0.05). The mRNA abundance of duodenal IL-8 and ileal granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) genes were increased (p < 0.05), and that of ileal IL-10 transcript was decreased (p < 0.05) in the MPN group compared with both the control and NA groups. Additionally, niacin increased the relative abundance of Dorea in the colon as compared with the control and MPN group (p < 0.05), while decreasing that of Peptococcus compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and increasing that of Lactobacillus compared with MPN supplementation (p < 0.05). Collectively, the results indicated that niacin supplementation efficiently ensured intestinal morphology and attenuated intestinal inflammation of weaned piglets. The protective effects of niacin on gut health may be associated with increased Lactobacillus and Dorea abundance and butyrate content and decreased abundances of Peptococcus.
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Poll BG, Cheema MU, Pluznick JL. Gut Microbial Metabolites and Blood Pressure Regulation: Focus on SCFAs and TMAO. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:275-284. [PMID: 32490748 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifts in the gut microbiome play a key role in blood pressure regulation, and changes in the production of gut microbial metabolites are likely to be a key mechanism. Known gut microbial metabolites include short-chain fatty acids, which can signal via G-protein-coupled receptors, and trimethylamine-N oxide. In this review, we provide an overview of gut microbial metabolites documented thus far to play a role in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Poll
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Muhammad Umar Cheema
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Carretta MD, Quiroga J, López R, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. Participation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Receptors in Gut Inflammation and Colon Cancer. Front Physiol 2021; 12:662739. [PMID: 33897470 PMCID: PMC8060628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.662739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the main metabolites produced by the bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber, and they play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal health. SCFAs are also essential for modulating different processes, and they have anti-inflammatory properties and immunomodulatory effects. As the inflammatory process predisposes the development of cancer and promotes all stages of tumorigenesis, an antitumor effect has also been associated with SCFAs. This is strongly supported by epidemiological studies showing that a diet rich in fiber is linked to a reduced risk of colon cancer and has significant clinical benefits in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SCFAs may signal through the metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptors free fatty acid receptor 3 [FFAR3 or G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)], FFAR2 (GPR43), and GPR109A (also known as hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 or HCAR2) expressed in the gut epithelium and immune cells. This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the SCFA-mediated suppression of inflammation and carcinogenesis in IBD and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Kurtz R, Anderman MF, Shepard BD. GPCRs get fatty: the role of G protein-coupled receptor signaling in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G304-G318. [PMID: 33205999 PMCID: PMC8202238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00275.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by the abnormal deposition of lipids within the liver not due to alcohol consumption, is a growing epidemic affecting over 30% of the United States population. Both simple fatty liver and its more severe counterpart, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, represent one of the most common forms of liver disease. Recently, several G protein-coupled receptors have emerged as targets for therapeutic intervention for these disorders. These include those with known hepatic function as well as those involved in global metabolic regulation. In this review, we highlight these emerging therapeutic targets, focusing on several common themes including their activation by microbial metabolites, stimulatory effect on insulin and incretin secretion, and contribution to glucose tolerance. The overlap in ligands, localization, and downstream effects of activation indicate the interdependent nature of these receptors and highlight the importance of this signaling family in the development and prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kurtz
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Meghan F. Anderman
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Blythe D. Shepard
- Department of Human Science, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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35
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Li Z, McCafferty KJ, Judd RL. Role of HCA 2 in Regulating Intestinal Homeostasis and Suppressing Colon Carcinogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:606384. [PMID: 33708203 PMCID: PMC7940178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.606384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) is vital for sensing intermediates of metabolism, including β-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate. It also regulates profound anti-inflammatory effects in various tissues, indicating that HCA2 may serve as an essential therapeutic target for mediating inflammation-associated diseases. Butyrate and niacin, endogenous and exogenous ligands of HCA2, have been reported to play an essential role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. HCA2, predominantly expressed in diverse immune cells, is also present in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), where it regulates the intricate communication network between diet, microbiota, and immune cells. This review summarizes the physiological role of HCA2 in intestinal homeostasis and its pathological role in intestinal inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kayleen J McCafferty
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Robert L Judd
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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36
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Choi M, Mukherjee S, Yun JW. Trigonelline induces browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1113-1124. [PMID: 33015893 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trigonelline, a major alkaloid component of fenugreek, has been demonstrated to have several biological activities, including antidiabetic and anticancer effects. This study aimed to examine the possible application of trigonelline as an anti-obesity compound based on an investigation of its enhancement of lipid catabolism and induction of browning in white adipocytes. Trigonelline induces browning of 3T3-L1 white adipocytes by enhancing the expressions of brown-fat signature proteins and genes as well as beige-specific genes, including Cd137, Cited1, Tbx1, and Tmem26. Trigonelline also improves lipid metabolism in white adipocytes by decreasing adipogenesis and lipogenesis as well as promotes lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, trigonelline increases the expression of Cox4, Nrf1, and Tfam genes that are responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis. Mechanistic studies revealed that the browning effect of trigonelline in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes is mediated by activating β3-AR and inhibiting PDE4, thereby stimulating the p38 MAPK/ATF-2 signaling pathway. Considering its high bioavailability in humans and the results of this study, trigonelline may have potential as an anti-obesity compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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Carretta MD, Barría Y, Borquez K, Urra B, Rivera A, Alarcón P, Hidalgo MA, Burgos RA. β-hydroxybutyrate and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 agonists activate the AKT, ERK and AMPK pathways, which are involved in bovine neutrophil chemotaxis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12491. [PMID: 32719460 PMCID: PMC7385489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous agonist of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), is associated with an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases during lactation in dairy cows. In the early stages of this pathology, an increase in neutrophil recruitment is observed; however, the role of BHB remains elusive. This study characterized the effect of BHB and synthetic agonists of the HCA2 receptor on bovine neutrophil chemotaxis and the signaling pathways involved in this process. We demonstrated that treatment with BHB concentrations between 1.2 and 10 mM and two full selective agonists of the HCA2 receptor, MK-1903 and nicotinic acid, increased bovine neutrophil chemotaxis. We also observed that BHB and HCA2 agonists induced calcium release and phosphorylation of AKT, ERK 1/2 and AMPKα. To evaluate the role of these pathways in bovine neutrophil chemotaxis, we used the pharmacological inhibitors BAPTA-AM, pertussis toxin, U73122, LY294002, U0126 and compound C. Our results suggest that these pathways are required for HCA2 agonist-induced bovine neutrophil chemotaxis in non-physiological condition. Concentrations around 1.4 mM of BHB after calving may exert a chemoattractant effect that is key during the onset of the inflammatory process associated with metabolic disorders in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Yonathan Barría
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Katherine Borquez
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bárbara Urra
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Andrés Rivera
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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38
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Niacin Alleviates Dairy Cow Mastitis by Regulating the GPR109A/AMPK/NRF2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093321. [PMID: 32397071 PMCID: PMC7246865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is one of three bovine diseases recognized as a cause of substantial economic losses every year throughout the world. Niacin is an important feed additive that is used extensively for dairy cow nutrition. However, the mechanism by which niacin acts on mastitis is not clear. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of niacin in alleviating the inflammatory response of mammary epithelial cells and in anti-mastitis. Mammary glands, milk, and blood samples were collected from mastitis cows not treated with niacin (n = 3) and treated with niacin (30 g/d, n = 3) and healthy cows (n = 3). The expression of GPR109A, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the mammary glands of the dairy cows with mastitis was significantly higher than it was in the glands of the healthy dairy cows. We also conducted animal experiments in vivo by feeding rumen-bypassed niacin. Compared with those in the untreated mastitis group, the somatic cell counts (SCCs) and the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the blood and milk were lower. In vitro, we isolated the primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) from the mammary glands of the healthy cows. The mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and autophagy-related genes were detected after adding niacin, shRNA, compound C, trans retinoic acid, 3-methyladenine to BMECs. Then GPR109A, AMPK, NRF-2, and autophagy-related proteins were detected by Western blot. We found that niacin can activate GPR109A and phosphorylate AMPK, and promote NRF-2 nuclear import and autophagy to alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory response in BMECs. In summary, we found that niacin can reduce the inflammatory response of BMECs through GPR109A/AMPK/NRF-2/autophagy. We also preliminarily explored the alleviative effect of niacin on mastitis in dairy cows.
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Jadeja RN, Jones MA, Fromal O, Powell FL, Khurana S, Singh N, Martin PM. Loss of GPR109A/HCAR2 induces aging-associated hepatic steatosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:386-400. [PMID: 30659164 PMCID: PMC6366969 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
GPR109A agonists have been used for the treatment of obesity however, the role of GPR109A in regulating aging-associated alterations in lipid metabolism is unknown. In this study we used Gpr109a-/- mice to investigate the effect of aging in the regulation of lipid accumulation. We observed that in mouse and human livers, in addition to Kupffer cells, GPR109A is expressed in hepatocytes. Over 12 months, compared to wild type (WT), Gpr109a-/- mice gained significantly more weight. Food intake and levels of serum lipids were similar among both groups. Compared to age-matched WT mice, 12-months old Gpr109a-/- mice had significantly increased liver weight, hepatic steatosis and serum markers of liver injury. The fatty liver phenotype in Gpr109a-/- mice was associated with increased hepatic expression of lipogenesis genes and decreased expression of lipolysis genes. Gpr109a-/- mice had significantly increased fat tissues, which was associated with significant increase in adipocyte diameter and surface area. Adipose tissue from Gpr109a-/- mice had increased expression of lipogenesis genes; however, expression of lipolytic genes was similar in both groups. Collectively, these results indicate that during aging, GPR109A modulates de novo lipid accumulation in liver and adipose tissue, and its dysregulation can lead to age-associated obesity and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravirajsinh N Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Malita A Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ollya Fromal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Folami L Powell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Education Innovation Institute, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sandeep Khurana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Weight Management, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Pamela M Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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40
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Ye L, Cao Z, Lai X, Shi Y, Zhou N. Niacin Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis by Inhibiting De Novo Lipogenesis Via a GPR109A-Mediated PKC-ERK1/2-AMPK Signaling Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. J Nutr 2020; 150:672-684. [PMID: 31858105 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) has been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Recent studies have demonstrated that niacin (NA) modulates hepatic DNL through GPR109A. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aims to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism by which GPR109A inhibits hepatic DNL. METHODS C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and Gpr109a knockout (KO) mice (male, 5 wk old) were fed a high-fat diet (60% energy from fat) firstly for 6 wk to generate a diet-induced obese model. Subsequently, they were randomly divided into 4 groups for the next 8-9 wk: WT mice with oral water [WT + vehile (VE)], WT mice with oral NA (50 mM, dissolved in water) (WT + NA), KO mice with oral water (KO + VE), and KO mice with oral NA (50 mM) (KO + NA). Mechanisms were examined in HepG2 cells. Body composition, liver histology, biomarkers of hepatic function, lipid accumulation, and lipid synthesis signals in HepG2 cells were measured. RESULTS Upon activation, GPR109A apparently protected against obesity and hepatic steatosis (P < 0.05). The concentrations of hepatic Tnf-α in the WT + NA group were about 50% of those in the WT + VE group (P < 0.05). The activities of serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were 26.7% and 53.5% lower in the WT + NA group than in the WT + VE group, respectively (P < 0.05). In HepG2 cells, activation of GPR109A resulted in remarkable inhibition of oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation via a protein kinase C-extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2-AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS NA inhibits hepatic lipogenesis in C57BL/6 mice through a GPR109A-mediated signaling pathway, consistent with the mechanistic studies in HepG2 cells, suggesting its potential for treatment of NAFLD and other fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Ye
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangru Lai
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Naiming Zhou
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Miyazawa Y, Yamaguchi T, Yamaguchi M, Tago K, Tamura A, Sugiyama D, Aburatani T, Nishizawa T, Kurikawa N, Kono K. Discovery of novel pyrrole derivatives as potent agonists for the niacin receptor GPR109A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127105. [PMID: 32199732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Novel pyrrole derivatives were discovered as potent agonists of the niacin receptor, GPR109A. During the derivatization, compound 16 was found to be effective both in vitro and in vivo. The compound 16 exhibited a significant reduction of the non-esterified fatty acid in human GPR109A transgenic rats, and the duration of its in vivo efficacy was much longer than niacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Miyazawa
- External Affairs Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Nihonbashi-honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8426, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamaguchi
- R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Keiko Tago
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tamura
- Organic Synthesis Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takahide Aburatani
- Modality Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- External Affairs Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Nihonbashi-honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8426, Japan
| | - Nobuya Kurikawa
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories II, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Keita Kono
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Ma X, Luo X, Zhou S, Huang Y, Chen C, Huang C, Shen L, Zhang P, Liu C. Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 Is a Zika Virus Restriction Factor That Can Be Induced by Zika Virus Infection Through the IRE1-XBP1 Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:480. [PMID: 32039055 PMCID: PMC6990111 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus and belongs to the Flaviviridae family. The infection of ZIKV has become the global health crisis because of its rapid spread and association with severe neurological disorders, including congenital microcephaly and Guillain-Barre Syndrome. To identify host factors contributing to ZIKV pathogenesis, transcriptomic landscape in ZIKV-infected cells was examined with mRNA microarray analysis and we observed that the expression of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2) could be significantly induced by ZIKV infection. By utilizing two IRE1 inhibitors and XBP1-specific shRNAs, we revealed that the up-regulation of HCAR2 expression induced by ZIKV was dependent on the IRE1-XBP1 pathway. Through the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we generated HCAR2-deficient cell clones in two cell types (human lung carcinoma epithelial A549 cell and human hepatoma Huh7.5 cell). We found that the depletion of HCAR2 significantly increased the replication level of ZIKV, including RNA levels, protein expression levels, and viral titers. In addition, our data demonstrated that the antiviral effect of HCAR2 was not involved in viral entry process and was not dependent on its antilipolytic effect on nicotinic acid/HCAR2-mediated signaling pathway. Taken together, our results indicated that HCAR2 could function as a restriction factor in control of ZIKV replication, potentially providing a novel molecular target for anti-ZIKV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocao Ma
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shili Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Huang
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cancan Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changbai Huang
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Niacin nutrition and rumen-protected niacin supplementation in dairy cows: an updated review. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:1103-1112. [PMID: 31474235 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the precursor to NAD+ and NADP+, niacin is important for catabolic and anabolic redox reactions. In addition, niacin is known for its anti-lipolytic action via a hydroxycarboxylic acid-2-receptor-dependent mechanism. The anti-lipolytic effects of traditional free niacin supplementation during transition periods had been studied extensively, but the reported effects are ambiguous. In the past decade, a series of studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected niacin (RPN) on production performance and metabolic status in early lactation and on heat stress in dairy cows. Feeding RPN seems more effective than free niacin regarding increasing circulating niacin concentration. The rebound of plasma NEFA was found after termination of niacin abomasal infusion. Feeding RPN or infusion of niacin via the abomasum could suppress lipolysis and reduce insulin resistance in early lactation. Additionally, RPN supplementation could possibly relieve heat stress through vasodilation during moderate to severe heat stress condition. However, these beneficial effects of niacin supplementation have not always been observed. The inconsistent results across studies may be related to dosages of niacin supplementation, rebound of plasma NEFA concentration, stage of lactation or severity of heat stress. Overall, the current review is to present updated information on niacin nutrition in dairy cows and the recommendations are given for future research.
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Szentirmai É, Kapás L. Nicotinic acid promotes sleep through prostaglandin synthesis in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17084. [PMID: 31745228 PMCID: PMC6863905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acid has been used for decades for its antiatherogenic properties in humans. Its actions on lipid metabolism intersect with multiple sleep regulatory mechanisms, but its effects on sleep have never been documented. For the first time, we investigated the effects of acute systemic administration of nicotinic acid on sleep in mice. Intraperitoneal and oral gavage administration of nicotinic acid elicited robust increases in non-rapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS) and decreases in body temperature, energy expenditure and food intake. Preventing hypothermia did not affect its sleep-inducing actions suggesting that altered sleep is not secondary to decreased body temperature. Systemic administration of nicotinamide, a conversion product of nicotinic acid, did not affect sleep amounts and body temperature, indicating that it is not nicotinamide that underlies these actions. Systemic administration of monomethyl fumarate, another agonist of the nicotinic acid receptor GPR109A, fully recapitulated the somnogenic and thermoregulatory effects of nicotinic acid suggesting that they are mediated by the GPR109A receptor. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin completely abolished the effects of nicotinic acid indicating that prostaglandins play a key role in mediating the sleep and thermoregulatory responses of nicotinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Szentirmai
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America.
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America.
| | - Levente Kapás
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
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45
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Giroud-Gerbetant J, Joffraud M, Giner MP, Cercillieux A, Bartova S, Makarov MV, Zapata-Pérez R, Sánchez-García JL, Houtkooper RH, Migaud ME, Moco S, Canto C. A reduced form of nicotinamide riboside defines a new path for NAD + biosynthesis and acts as an orally bioavailable NAD + precursor. Mol Metab 2019; 30:192-202. [PMID: 31767171 PMCID: PMC6807296 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A decay in intracellular NAD+ levels is one of the hallmarks of physiological decline in normal tissue functions. Accordingly, dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors can prevent, alleviate, or even reverse multiple metabolic complications and age-related disorders in diverse model organisms. Within the constellation of NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide riboside (NR) has gained attention due to its potent NAD+ biosynthetic effects in vivo while lacking adverse clinical effects. Nevertheless, NR is not stable in circulation, and its utilization is rate-limited by the expression of nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRKs). Therefore, there is a strong interest in identifying new effective NAD+ precursors that can overcome these limitations. METHODS Through a combination of metabolomics and pharmacological approaches, we describe how NRH, a reduced form of NR, serves as a potent NAD+ precursor in mammalian cells and mice. RESULTS NRH acts as a more potent and faster NAD+ precursor than NR in mammalian cells and tissues. Despite the minor structural difference, we found that NRH uses different steps and enzymes to synthesize NAD+, thus revealing a new NRK1-independent pathway for NAD+ synthesis. Finally, we provide evidence that NRH is orally bioavailable in mice and prevents cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify a new pathway for NAD+ synthesis and classify NRH as a promising new therapeutic strategy to enhance NAD+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Giroud-Gerbetant
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Magali Joffraud
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Pilar Giner
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Angelique Cercillieux
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Simona Bartova
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail V Makarov
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, 36604, Alabama, USA
| | - Rubén Zapata-Pérez
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - José L Sánchez-García
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie E Migaud
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, 36604, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofia Moco
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K. Oligomeric Receptor Complexes and Their Allosteric Receptor-Receptor Interactions in the Plasma Membrane Represent a New Biological Principle for Integration of Signals in the CNS. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:230. [PMID: 31607863 PMCID: PMC6773811 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) not only exist as monomers but also as homomers and heteromers in which allosteric receptor-receptor interactions take place, modulating the functions of the participating GPCR protomers. GPCRs can also form heteroreceptor complexes with ionotropic receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases modulating their function. Furthermore, adaptor proteins interact with receptor protomers and modulate their interactions. The state of the art is that the allosteric receptor-receptor interactions are reciprocal, highly dynamic and substantially alter the signaling, trafficking, recognition and pharmacology of the participating protomers. The pattern of changes appears to be unique for each heteromer and can favor antagonistic or facilitatory interactions or switch the G protein coupling from e.g., Gi/o to Gq or to beta-arrestin signaling. It lends a new dimension to molecular integration in the nervous system. Future direction should be aimed at determining the receptor interface involving building models of selected heterodimers. This will make design of interface-interfering peptides that specifically disrupt the heterodimer possible. This will help to determine the functional role of the allosteric receptor-receptor interactions as well as the integration of signals at the plasma membrane by the heteroreceptor complexes, vs. integration of the intracellular signaling pathways. Integration of signals also at the plasma membrane seems crucial in view of the hypothesis that learning and memory at a molecular level takes place by reorganization of homo and heteroreceptor complexes in the postsynaptic membrane. Homo and heteroreceptor complexes are in balance with each other, and their disbalance is linked to disease. Targeting heteroreceptor complexes represents a novel strategy for the treatment of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O. Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, Urbino, Italy
- Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Yaguajay, Cuba
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Takakura A, Zandi-Nejad K. Lactate-induced activation of HCA2 improves survival in mice with sepsis. FASEB J 2019; 33:7625-7634. [PMID: 30951370 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801982r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is characterized by systemic inflammation that is caused by infection and by activation of proinflammatory pathways, resulting in mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction leading to multiorgan failure. Here, we show the following: 1) in peritoneal immune cells, particularly macrophages, from mice that have undergone cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) expression increased in parallel with proinflammatory cytokines; 2) post-CLP survival rates of Hca2-/- knockout mice (n = 22) were lower than those of wild-type (WT) mice (n = 15) (P < 0.011), which is suggestive of a protective role for HCA2 in sepsis; 3) WT mice subjected to CLP-induced sepsis and treated with lactated Ringer's solution (LR, n = 13) survived longer than those treated with normal saline (n = 14; P < 0.027); 4) LR treatment of CLP-induced sepsis reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression in CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages and promoted M2-like polarization; 5) HCA2 was expressed by kidney in the setting of sepsis, but not by normal kidneys; 6) LR administration attenuated sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI), partly restored expression of the key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (P < 0.03), and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, P < 0.04; IL-1β, P < 0.006; IL-6, P < 0.03). Our data suggest that lactate-induced activation of HCA2 during sepsis activates a negative feedback loop to attenuate the inflammatory response. The data further suggest that fluid resuscitation with LR may benefit patients with sepsis, particularly those with sepsis-associated AKI treated with potentially lactate-depleting renal replacement therapies.-Takakura, A., Zandi-Nejad, K. Lactate-induced activation of HCA2 improves survival in mice with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Takakura
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kambiz Zandi-Nejad
- Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Trotta MC, Maisto R, Guida F, Boccella S, Luongo L, Balta C, D’Amico G, Herman H, Hermenean A, Bucolo C, D’Amico M. The activation of retinal HCA2 receptors by systemic beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibits diabetic retinal damage through reduction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211005. [PMID: 30657794 PMCID: PMC6338370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2) in the retinal damage induced by diabetes has never been explored. In this context, the present study highlights an upregulation of retinal HCA2 receptors in diabetic C57BL6J mice. Moreover, we illustrate that HCA2 receptors exert an anti-inflammatory effect on the retinal damage induced by diabetes when activated by the endogenous ligand β-hydroxybutyrate. METHODOLOGY Seven-to-10-week-old C57BL6J mice were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (75 mg/kg of body weight) and monitored intermittently over a 10-week period extending from the initial diabetes assessment. Mice with a fasting blood glucose level higher than 250 mg/dl for 2 consecutive weeks after streptozotocin injection were treated twice a week with intraperitoneal injections of 25-50-100 mg/kg β-hydroxybutyrate. RESULTS Interestingly, while the retinal endoplasmic reticulum stress markers (pPERK, pIRE1, ATF-6α) were elevated in diabetic C57BL6J mice, their levels were significantly reduced by the systemic intraperitoneal treatment with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg β-hydroxybutyrate. These mice also exhibited high NLRP3 inflammasome activity and proinflammatory cytokine levels. In fact, the elevated levels of retinal NLRP3 inflammasome activation markers (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1) and of the relative proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18) were significantly reduced by 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg β-hydroxybutyrate treatment. These doses also reduced the high apoptotic cell number exhibited by the diabetic mice in the retinal outer nuclear layer (ONL) and increased the ONL low connexin 43 expression, leading to an improvement in retinal permeability and homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the systemic treatment of diabetic C57BL6J mice with BHB activates retinal HCA2 and inhibits local damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Maisto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Cornel Balta
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | | | - Hildegard Herman
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology—CERFO University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele D’Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Mandrika I, Tilgase A, Petrovska R, Klovins J. Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor Ligands Modulate Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Human Macrophages and Adipocytes without Affecting Adipose Differentiation. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 41:1574-1580. [PMID: 30270326 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor (HCA1-3) family are mainly expressed in adipocytes and immune cells. HCA2 ligand, niacin, has been used for decades as lipid-modifying drug. Recent studies suggest that HCA ligands can be involved in the modulation of inflammatory processes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of HCA1-3 ligands on adipose differentiation and cytokine expression in human adipocytes and macrophages. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) preadipocytes were induced to differentiate into adipocytes for 8 d in the presence or absence of HCA ligands and evaluated for lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression. The inhibitory effects of the ligands on the expression and production of cytokines were measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated adipocytes and THP-1 macrophage cells. Preadipocytes treated with HCA ligands showed no changes in the capacity to differentiate into adipocytes and no significant alteration in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) or its target gene expression. HCA2-3 ligands significantly downregulated LPS-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-6 (53-64%), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (55-69%) and IL-8 (51-59%) in adipocytes and macrophages. IL-1β inhibition (58-68%) by HCA2-3 ligands was observed only in adipocytes. Furthermore, LPS increased the expression of HCA2-3 in adipocytes and macrophages and this expression was decreased by treatment with their ligands. These results suggest that HCA ligands modulated LPS-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression in both macrophages and adipocytes without affecting adipogenesis. Therefore, targeting HCA2 and HCA3 would be beneficial in treating inflammation conditions associated with atherosclerosis and obesity.
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Subramani K, Chu X, Warren M, Lee M, Lu S, Singh N, Raju R. Deficiency of metabolite sensing receptor HCA2 impairs the salutary effect of niacin in hemorrhagic shock. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:688-695. [PMID: 30625381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and cellular energetics play critical roles in organ dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock. Recent studies suggest a putative role for sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in potentiating mitochondrial function and improving organ function following hemorrhagic shock in animal models. SIRT1 is an NAD+ dependent protein deacetylase and increased availability of NAD+ has been shown to augment SIRT1 activity. As niacin is a precursor of NAD+, in this study, we tested whether niacin can improve survival following hemorrhagic shock. However niacin also mediates its biological action by binding to its receptor, hydroxyl-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2 or Gpr109a); so we examined whether the effect of niacin is mediated by binding to Gpr109a or by increasing NAD+ availability. We found that niacin administered intravenously to rats subjected to hemorrhagic injury (HI) in the absence of fluid resuscitation resulted in a significantly prolonged duration of survival. However, treatment of rats with similar doses of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor to NAD+ that does not bind Gpr109a, did not extend survival following HI. The duration of survival due to niacin treatment was significantly reduced in Gpr109a-/- mice subjected to HI. These experiments demonstrated that the Gpr109a receptor-mediated pathway contributed significantly to niacin mediated salutary effect. Further studies showed improvement in markers of cellular energetics and attenuation of inflammatory response with niacin treatment. In conclusion, we report that Gpr109a-dependent signalling is important in restoring cellular energetics and immunometabolism following hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Subramani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Xiaogang Chu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Marie Warren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Mariah Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Sumin Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Raghavan Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.
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