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Shigapova RR, Mukhamedshina YO. Electrophysiology Methods for Assessing of Neurodegenerative and Post-Traumatic Processes as Applied to Translational Research. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:737. [PMID: 38929721 PMCID: PMC11205106 DOI: 10.3390/life14060737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies have long established themselves as reliable methods for assessing the functional state of the brain and spinal cord, the degree of neurodegeneration, and evaluating the effectiveness of therapy. In addition, they can be used to diagnose, predict functional outcomes, and test the effectiveness of therapeutic and rehabilitation programs not only in clinical settings, but also at the preclinical level. Considering the urgent need to develop potential stimulators of neuroregeneration, it seems relevant to obtain objective data when modeling neurological diseases in animals. Thus, in the context of the application of electrophysiological methods, not only the comparison of the basic characteristics of bioelectrical activity of the brain and spinal cord in humans and animals, but also their changes against the background of neurodegenerative and post-traumatic processes are of particular importance. In light of the above, this review will contribute to a better understanding of the results of electrophysiological assessment in neurodegenerative and post-traumatic processes as well as the possibility of translating these methods from model animals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezeda Ramilovna Shigapova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia;
| | - Yana Olegovna Mukhamedshina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia;
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan 420012, Russia
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Padilla CJ, Harris H, Volek JS, Clark BC, Arnold WD. Effects of a ketogenic diet on motor function and motor unit number estimation in aged C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr Health Aging 2024; 28:100219. [PMID: 38582033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological, age-related loss of muscle function, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, contributes to loss of mobility, impaired independence, as well as increased risk of adverse health events. Sarcopenia has been attributed to changes in both neural and muscular integrity during aging. Current treatment options are primarily limited to exercise and dietary protein fortification, but the therapeutic impact of these approaches are often inadequate. Prior work has suggested that a ketogenic diet (KD) might improve healthspan and lifespan in aging mice. Thus, we sought to investigate the effects of a KD on neuromuscular indices of sarcopenia in aged C57BL/6 mice. DESIGN A randomized, controlled pre-clinical experiment consisting of longitudinal assessments performed starting at 22-months of age (baseline) as well as 2, 6 and 10 weeks after the start of a KD vs. regular chow intervention. SETTING Preclinical laboratory study. SAMPLE SIZE Thirty-six 22-month-old mice were randomized into 2 dietary groups: KD [n = 22 (13 female and 9 male)], and regular chow [n = 15 (7 female and 8 male)]. MEASUREMENTS Measures included body mass, hindlimb and all limb grip strength, rotarod for motor performance, plantarflexion muscle contractility, motor unit number estimations (MUNE), and repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) as an index of neuromuscular junction transmission efficacy recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle. At end point, muscle wet weight and blood samples were collected to assess blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Primary analyses were two-way mixed effects ANOVA (diet and time × diet) to determine the effect of a KD on indices of motor function (grip, rotarod) and indices of motor unit (MUNE) and muscle (contractility) function. RESULTS Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was significantly higher at 10 weeks in mice on a KD vs control group (0.83 ± 0.44 mmol/l versus 0.42 ± 0.21 mmol/l, η2 = 0.265, unpaired t-test, p = 0.0060). Mice on the KD intervention demonstrated significantly increased hindlimb grip strength (diet, p = 0.0001; time × diet, p = 0.0030), all limb grip strength (diet, p = 0.0005; time × diet, p = 0.0523), and rotarod latency to fall (diet, p = 0.0126; time × diet, p = 0.0021). Mice treated with the KD intervention also demonstrated increased MUNE (diet, p = 0.0465; time × diet, p = 0.0064), but no difference in muscle contractility (diet, p = 0.5248; time × diet, p = 0.5836) or RNS (diet, p = 0.3562; time × diet, p = 0.9871). CONCLUSION KD intervention improved neuromuscular and motor function in aged mice. This pre-clinical work suggests that further research is needed to assess the efficacy and physiological effects of a KD on indices of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Padilla
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Hallie Harris
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Brian C Clark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI), Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - W David Arnold
- University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; NextGen Precision Health Initiative, University of Missouri System, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Singh N, Nandy SK, Jyoti A, Saxena J, Sharma A, Siddiqui AJ, Sharma L. Protein Kinase C (PKC) in Neurological Health: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease and Chronic Alcohol Consumption. Brain Sci 2024; 14:554. [PMID: 38928554 PMCID: PMC11201589 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a diverse enzyme family crucial for cell signalling in various organs. Its dysregulation is linked to numerous diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological problems. In the brain, PKC plays pivotal roles in synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and neuronal survival. Specifically, PKC's involvement in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis is of significant interest. The dysregulation of PKC signalling has been linked to neurological disorders, including AD. This review elucidates PKC's pivotal role in neurological health, particularly its implications in AD pathogenesis and chronic alcohol addiction. AD, characterised by neurodegeneration, implicates PKC dysregulation in synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline. Conversely, chronic alcohol consumption elicits neural adaptations intertwined with PKC signalling, exacerbating addictive behaviours. By unravelling PKC's involvement in these afflictions, potential therapeutic avenues emerge, offering promise for ameliorating their debilitating effects. This review navigates the complex interplay between PKC, AD pathology, and alcohol addiction, illuminating pathways for future neurotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology, and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (N.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Shouvik Kumar Nandy
- School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Sector-V, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India;
| | - Anupam Jyoti
- Department of Life Science, Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India;
| | - Juhi Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Technology, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, Gujarat, India;
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology, and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (N.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Arif Jamal Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lalit Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology, and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (N.S.); (A.S.)
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Padilla CJ, Harris H, Volek JS, Clark BC, Arnold WD. Ketogenic Diet Improves Motor Function and Motor Unit Connectivity in Aged C57BL/6 Mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3335211. [PMID: 37961656 PMCID: PMC10635299 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3335211/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Pathological, age-related loss of muscle function, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, contributes to loss of mobility, impaired independence, as well as increased risk of adverse health events. Sarcopenia has been attributed to changes in both neural and muscular integrity during aging. Current treatment options are primarily limited to exercise and dietary protein fortification, but the therapeutic impact of these approaches are often inadequate. Prior work has suggested that a ketogenic diet (KD) might improve healthspan and lifespan in aging mice. Thus, we sought to investigate the effects of a KD on neuromuscular indices of sarcopenia in aged C57BL/6 mice. Design A randomized, controlled pre-clinical experiment consisting of longitudinal assessments performed starting at 22-months of age (baseline) as well as 2, 6 and 10 weeks after the start of a KD vs. regular chow intervention. Setting Preclinical laboratory study. Sample size Thirty-six 22-month-old mice were randomized into 2 dietary groups: KD [n = 22 (13 female and 9 male)], and regular chow [n = 15 (7 female and 8 male)]. Measurements Measures included body mass, hindlimb and all limb grip strength, rotarod for motor performance, plantarflexion muscle contractility, motor unit number estimations (MUNE), and repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) as an index of neuromuscular junction transmission efficacy recorded from the gastrocnemius muscle. At end point, blood samples were collected to assess blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels. Statistical Analysis Two-way ANOVA mixed-effects analysis (time x diet) were performed to analyze grip, rotarod, MUNE, and muscle contractility data. Results Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was significantly higher at 10 weeks in mice on a KD vs control group (0.83 ± 0.44 mmol/l versus 0.42 ± 0.21 mmol/l, η2 = 0.265, unpaired t-test, p = 0.0060). Mice on the KD intervention demonstrated significantly increased hindlimb grip strength (time x diet, p = 0.0030), all limb grip strength (time x diet, p = 0.0523), and rotarod latency to fall (time x diet, p = 0.0021). Mice treated with the KD intervention also demonstrated significantly greater MUNE (time x diet, p = 0.0064), but no difference in muscle contractility (time x diet, p = 0.5836) or RNS (time x diet, p = 0.9871). Conclusion KD intervention improved neuromuscular and motor function in aged mice. This pre-clinical work suggests that further research is needed to assess the efficacy and physiological effects of a KD on indices of sarcopenia.
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Aquilani R, Cotta Ramusino M, Maestri R, Iadarola P, Boselli M, Perini G, Boschi F, Dossena M, Bellini A, Buonocore D, Doria E, Costa A, Verri M. Several dementia subtypes and mild cognitive impairment share brain reduction of neurotransmitter precursor amino acids, impaired energy metabolism, and lipid hyperoxidation. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1237469. [PMID: 37655338 PMCID: PMC10466813 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1237469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Dementias and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are associated with variously combined changes in the neurotransmitter system and signaling, from neurotransmitter synthesis to synaptic binding. The study tested the hypothesis that different dementia subtypes and MCI may share similar reductions of brain availability in amino acid precursors (AAPs) of neurotransmitter synthesis and concomitant similar impairment in energy production and increase of oxidative stress, i.e., two important metabolic alterations that impact neurotransmission. Materials and methods Sixty-five demented patients (Alzheimer's disease, AD, n = 44; frontotemporal disease, FTD, n = 13; vascular disease, VaD, n = 8), 10 subjects with MCI and 15 control subjects (CTRL) were recruited for this study. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma levels of AAPs, energy substrates (lactate, pyruvate), and an oxidative stress marker (malondialdehyde, MDA) were measured in all participants. Results Demented patients and subjects with MCI were similar for age, anthropometric parameters, biohumoral variables, insulin resistance (HOMA index model), and CSF neuropathology markers. Compared to age-matched CTRL, both demented patients and MCI subjects showed low CSF AAP tyrosine (precursor of dopamine and catecholamines), tryptophan (precursor of serotonin), methionine (precursor of acetylcholine) limited to AD and FTD, and phenylalanine (an essential amino acid largely used for protein synthesis) (p = 0.03 to <0.0001). No significant differences were found among dementia subtypes or between each dementia subtype and MCI subjects. In addition, demented patients and MCI subjects, compared to CTRL, had similar increases in CSF and plasma levels of pyruvate (CSF: p = 0.023 to <0.0001; plasma: p < 0.002 to <0.0001) and MDA (CSF: p < 0.035 to 0.002; plasma: p < 0.0001). Only in AD patients was the CSF level of lactate higher than in CTRL (p = 0.003). Lactate/pyruvate ratios were lower in all experimental groups than in CTRL. Conclusion AD, FTD, and VaD dementia patients and MCI subjects may share similar deficits in AAPs, partly in energy substrates, and similar increases in oxidative stress. These metabolic alterations may be due to AAP overconsumption following high brain protein turnover (leading to phenylalanine reductions), altered mitochondrial structure and function, and an excess of free radical production. All these metabolic alterations may have a negative impact on synaptic plasticity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Aquilani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Cotta Ramusino
- Unit of Behavioral Neurology and Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Dementia Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Maestri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering of the Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano, Italy
| | - Paolo Iadarola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mirella Boselli
- Neurorehabilitation Unit of the Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano, Italy
| | - Giulia Perini
- Unit of Behavioral Neurology and Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Dementia Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Boschi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizia Dossena
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Bellini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Buonocore
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Doria
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Costa
- Unit of Behavioral Neurology and Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Manuela Verri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Valenti D, Vacca RA. Brain Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Focus on Down, Rett and Fragile X Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12488. [PMID: 37569863 PMCID: PMC10419900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, far beyond their prominent role as cellular powerhouses, are complex cellular organelles active as central metabolic hubs that are capable of integrating and controlling several signaling pathways essential for neurological processes, including neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. On the other hand, mitochondria are themselves regulated from a series of signaling proteins to achieve the best efficiency in producing energy, in establishing a network and in performing their own de novo synthesis or clearance. Dysfunctions in signaling processes that control mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and bioenergetics are increasingly associated with impairment in brain development and involved in a wide variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review recent evidence proving the emerging role of mitochondria as master regulators of brain bioenergetics, highlighting their control skills in brain neurodevelopment and cognition. We analyze, from a mechanistic point of view, mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction as causally interrelated to the origins of typical genetic intellectual disability-related neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Down, Rett and Fragile X syndromes. Finally, we discuss whether mitochondria can become therapeutic targets to improve brain development and function from a holistic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Kampa RP, Sęk A, Bednarczyk P, Szewczyk A, Calderone V, Testai L. Flavonoids as new regulators of mitochondrial potassium channels: contribution to cardioprotection. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 75:466-481. [PMID: 36508341 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Acute myocardial ischemia is one of the major causes of illness in western society. Reduced coronary blood supply leads to cell death and loss of cardiomyocyte population, resulting in serious and often irreversible consequences on myocardial function. Mitochondrial potassium (mitoK) channels have been identified as fine regulators of mitochondrial function and, consequently, in the metabolism of the whole cell, and in the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotection. Interestingly, mitoK channels represent a novel putative target for treating cardiovascular diseases, particularly myocardial infarction, and their modulators represent an interesting tool for pharmacological intervention. In this review, we took up the challenge of selecting flavonoids that show cardioprotective properties through the activation of mitoK channels.
Key findings
A brief overview of the main information on mitoK channels and their participation in the induction of cytoprotective processes was provided. Then, naringenin, quercetin, morin, theaflavin, baicalein, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, puerarin, luteolin and proanthocyanidins demonstrated to be effective modulators of mitoK channels activity, mediating many beneficial effects.
Summary
The pathophysiological role of mitoK channels has been investigated as well as the impact of flavonoids on this target with particular attention to their potential role in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał P Kampa
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS , Warsaw , Poland
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Aleksandra Sęk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS , Warsaw , Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Piotr Bednarczyk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa , Italy
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Lv J, Xiao X, Bi M, Tang T, Kong D, Diao M, Jiao Q, Chen X, Yan C, Du X, Jiang H. ATP-sensitive potassium channels: A double-edged sword in neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101676. [PMID: 35724860 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels), a group of vital channels that link the electrical activity of the cell membrane with cell metabolism, were discovered on the ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs by Noma using the patch-clamp technique in 1983. Subsequently, KATP channels have been found to be expressed in pancreatic β cells, cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and nerve cells in the substantia nigra (SN), hippocampus, cortex, and basal ganglia. KATP channel openers (KCOs) diazoxide, nicorandil, minoxidil, and the KATP channel inhibitor glibenclamide have been shown to have anti-hypertensive, anti-myocardial ischemia, and insulin-releasing regulatory effects. Increasing evidence has suggested that KATP channels also play roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), vascular dementia (VD), Huntington's disease (HD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. KCOs and KATP channel inhibitors protect neurons from injury by regulating neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release, inhibiting abnormal protein aggregation and Ca2+ overload, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and microglia activation. However, KATP channels have dual effects in some cases. In this review, we focus on the roles of KATP channels and their related openers and inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases. This will enable us to precisely take advantage of the KATP channels and provide new ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Lv
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Deao Kong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meining Diao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunling Yan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Antioxidant Effects of Irisin in Liver Diseases: Mechanistic Insights. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3563518. [PMID: 35035659 PMCID: PMC8759828 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3563518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a crucial factor in the development of various liver diseases. Irisin, a metabolic hormone discovered in 2012, is mainly produced by proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) in skeletal muscles. Irisin is induced by physical exercise, and a rapidly growing body of literature suggests that irisin is, at least partially, responsible for the beneficial effects of regular exercise. The major biological function of irisin is believed to be involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. However, recent studies have suggested the therapeutic potential of irisin against a variety of liver diseases involving its antioxidative function. In this review, we aim to summarize the accumulating evidence demonstrating the antioxidative effects of irisin in liver diseases, with an emphasis on the current understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms.
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Nishimura AL, Arias N. Synaptopathy Mechanisms in ALS Caused by C9orf72 Repeat Expansion. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:660693. [PMID: 34140881 PMCID: PMC8203826 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.660693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons (MNs). ALS pathogenic features include accumulation of misfolded proteins, glutamate excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction at distal axon terminals, and neuronal cytoskeleton changes. Synergies between loss of C9orf72 functions and gain of function by toxic effects of repeat expansions also contribute to C9orf72-mediated pathogenesis. However, the impact of haploinsufficiency of C9orf72 on neurons and in synaptic functions requires further examination. As the motor neurons degenerate, the disease symptoms will lead to neurotransmission deficiencies in the brain, spinal cord, and neuromuscular junction. Altered neuronal excitability, synaptic morphological changes, and C9orf72 protein and DPR localization at the synapses, suggest a potential involvement of C9orf72 at synapses. In this review article, we provide a conceptual framework for assessing the putative involvement of C9orf72 as a synaptopathy, and we explore the underlying and common disease mechanisms with other neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we reflect on the major challenges of understanding C9orf72-ALS as a synaptopathy focusing on integrating mitochondrial and neuronal cytoskeleton degeneration as biomarkers and potential targets to treat ALS neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes L Nishimura
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, UK Dementia Research Institute, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Arias
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, UK Dementia Research Institute, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,INEUROPA, Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Amorim K, Piontkivska H, Zettler ML, Sokolov E, Hinzke T, Nair AM, Sokolova IM. Transcriptional response of key metabolic and stress response genes of a nuculanid bivalve, Lembulus bicuspidatus from an oxygen minimum zone exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110617. [PMID: 34004351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Benthic animals inhabiting the edges of marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) are exposed to unpredictable large fluctuations of oxygen levels. Sessile organisms including bivalves must depend on physiological adaptations to withstand these conditions. However, as habitats are rather inaccessible, physiological adaptations of the OMZ margin inhabitants to oxygen fluctuations are not well understood. We therefore investigated the transcriptional responses of selected key genes involved in energy metabolism and stress protection in a dominant benthic species of the northern edge of the Namibian OMZ, the nuculanid clam Lembulus bicuspidatus,. We exposed clams to normoxia (~5.8 ml O2 l-1), severe hypoxia (36 h at ~0.01 ml O2 l-1) and post-hypoxic recovery (24 h of normoxia following 36 h of severe hypoxia). Using newly identified gene sequences, we determined the transcriptional responses to hypoxia and reoxygenation of the mitochondrial aerobic energy metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 complex, cytochrome c oxidase, citrate synthase, and adenine nucleotide translocator), anaerobic glycolysis (hexokinase (HK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), phosphofructokinase, and aldolase), mitochondrial antioxidants (glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin, and uncoupling protein UCP2) and stress protection mechanisms (a molecular chaperone HSP70 and a mitochondrial quality control protein MIEAP) in the gills and the labial palps of L. bicuspidatus. Exposure to severe hypoxia transcriptionally stimulated anaerobic glycolysis (including HK and PEPCK), antioxidant protection (UCP2), and quality control mechanisms (HSP70 and MIEAP) in the gills of L. bicuspidatus. Unlike UCP2, mRNA levels of the thiol-dependent mitochondrial antioxidants were not affected by hypoxia-reoxygenation stress. Transcript levels of marker genes for aerobic energy metabolism were not responsive to oxygen fluctuations in L. bicuspidatus. Our findings highlight the probable importance of anaerobic succinate production (via PEPCK) and mitochondrial and proteome quality control mechanisms in responses to oxygen fluctuations of the OMZ bivalve L.bicuspidatus. The reaction of L.bicuspidatus to oxygen fluctuations implies parallels to that of other hypoxia-tolerant bivalves, such as intertidal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Amorim
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA; Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Michael L Zettler
- Department of Biological Oceanography, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eugene Sokolov
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Leibniz ScienceCampus Phosphorus Research Rostock, Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Tjorven Hinzke
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V., 17489 Greifswald, Germany; Department of Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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12
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Kodavati M, Wang H, Hegde ML. Altered Mitochondrial Dynamics in Motor Neuron Disease: An Emerging Perspective. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041065. [PMID: 32344665 PMCID: PMC7226538 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria plays privotal role in diverse pathways that regulate cellular function and survival, and have emerged as a prime focus in aging and age-associated motor neuron diseases (MNDs), such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Accumulating evidence suggests that many amyloidogenic proteins, including MND-associated RNA/DNA-binding proteins fused in sarcoma (FUS) and TAR DNA binding protein (TDP)-43, are strongly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Animal model and patient studies have highlighted changes in mitochondrial structure, plasticity, replication/copy number, mitochondrial DNA instability, and altered membrane potential in several subsets of MNDs, and these observations are consistent with the evidence of increased excitotoxicity, induction of reactive oxygen species, and activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Studies in MND rodent models also indicate that mitochondrial abnormalities begin prior to the clinical and pathological onset of the disease, suggesting a causal role of mitochondrial dysfunction. Our recent studies, which demonstrated the involvement of specific defects in DNA break-ligation mediated by DNA ligase 3 (LIG3) in FUS-associated ALS, raised a key question of its potential implication in mitochondrial DNA transactions because LIG3 is essential for both mitochondrial DNA replication and repair. This question, as well as how wild-type and mutant MND-associated factors affect mitochondria, remain to be elucidated. These new investigation avenues into the mechanistic role of mitochondrial dysfunction in MNDs are critical to identify therapeutic targets to alleviate mitochondrial toxicity and its consequences. In this article, we critically review recent advances in our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in diverse subgroups of MNDs and discuss challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Kodavati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (H.W.)
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (H.W.)
| | - Muralidhar L. Hegde
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.K.); (H.W.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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He W, Wang H, Zhao C, Tian X, Li L, Wang H. Role of liraglutide in brain repair promotion through Sirt1-mediated mitochondrial improvement in stroke. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:2986-3001. [PMID: 31535381 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain repair, especially axonal sprouting, is critical to restore motor function in disabled stroke patients. Liraglutide (LG) is a new kind of long-acting analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and has potential protective effects in stroke. The mitochondria participate in brain repair after cerebral injury. However, the mechanism of the effect of LG on brain repair and its potential influence on mitochondria in stroke remains obscure. Here, in focal cerebral cortical ischemic mice model, LG improved the motor functional recovery and promoted axonal sprouting by restoring the activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase. Moreover, LG remarkably increased the cell survival rate and revived the NeuN and GAP-43 levels in cortical neurons under hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) exposure. It was also observed that LG reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species, stabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced the levels of adenosine triphosphate, enhanced activities of mitochondrial complex-I, and decreased protein expression levels of fission-1 in H2 O2 -injured cortical neurons. Additionally, LG suppressed the expressions of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) in cortical neurons exposed to H2 O2 . Furthermore, knockdown of Sirt1 by short interfering RNA facilitated the LG-mediated mitochondrial protection in cortical neurons under H2 O2 . Collectively, this data from the present study illustrated that LG exerted a promoting influence on brain repair, after cerebral ischemic injury, through Sirt1-mediated mitochondrial improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang He
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- School of Basic Medical, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Congying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaochao Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hebo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,School of Basic Medical, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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14
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Rothan HA, Akram S. An Overview on the Role of Oligodendrocytes and Mitochondria in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241803011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Preston G, Kirdar F, Kozicz T. The role of suboptimal mitochondrial function in vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:585-596. [PMID: 29594645 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder remains the most significant psychiatric condition associated with exposure to a traumatic event, though rates of traumatic event exposure far outstrip incidence of PTSD. Mitochondrial dysfunction and suboptimal mitochondrial function have been increasingly implicated in several psychopathologies, and recent genetic studies have similarly suggested a pathogenic role of mitochondria in PTSD. Mitochondria play a central role in several physiologic processes underlying PTSD symptomatology, including abnormal fear learning, brain network activation, synaptic plasticity, steroidogenesis, and inflammation. Here we outline several potential mechanisms by which inherited (genetic) or acquired (environmental) mitochondrial dysfunction or suboptimal mitochondrial function, may contribute to PTSD symptomatology and increase susceptibility to PTSD. The proposed pathogenic role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of PTSD has important implications for prevention and therapy, as antidepressants commonly prescribed for patients with PTSD have been shown to inhibit mitochondrial function, while alternative therapies shown to improve mitochondrial function may prove more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Preston
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Faisal Kirdar
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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16
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Askari H, Rajani SF, Poorebrahim M, Haghi-Aminjan H, Raeis-Abdollahi E, Abdollahi M. A glance at the therapeutic potential of irisin against diseases involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis: An introductory review. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:44-55. [PMID: 29414191 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone-like molecule mainly released by skeletal muscles in response to exercise. Irisin induces browning of the white adipose tissue and has been shown to regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis. Keeping its energy expenditure and metabolic properties in view, numerous studies have focused on its therapeutic potential for the treatment of metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recently, the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative properties of irisin have received a great deal of attention of the scientific society. These pathogenic processes are often associated with initiation, progression, and prognosis of numerous diseases like myocardial infarction, kidney diseases, cancer, lung injury, inflammatory bowel diseases, atherosclerosis, liver diseases, obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the current review, we present evidence regarding the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative potential of irisin pertaining to various pathological conditions. Here, we explore multiple molecular pathways targeted by irisin therapy. Given the promising effects of irisin, many diseases with evident oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis can be targeted by irisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sulail Fatima Rajani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Poorebrahim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Raeis-Abdollahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Wu B, Jiang M, Peng Q, Li G, Hou Z, Milne GL, Mori S, Alonso R, Geisler JG, Duan W. 2,4 DNP improves motor function, preserves medium spiny neuronal identity, and reduces oxidative stress in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:83-90. [PMID: 28359739 PMCID: PMC9912814 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the first exon of the gene huntingtin. There is no treatment to prevent or delay the disease course of HD currently. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as key determinants of the disease progression in HD. Therefore, counteracting mutant huntingtin (mHtt)-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction appears as a new approach to treat this devastating disease. Interestingly, mild mitochondrial uncoupling improves neuronal resistance to stress and facilitates neuronal survival. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling can be induced by the proper dose of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), a proton ionophore that was previously used for weight loss. In this study, we evaluated the effects of chronic administration of DNP at three doses (0.5, 1, 5mg/kg/day) on mHtt-induced behavioral deficits and cellular abnormalities in the N171-82Q HD mouse model. DNP at a low dose (1mg/kg/day) significantly improved motor function and preserved medium spiny neuronal marker DARPP32 and postsynaptic protein PSD95 in the striatum of HD mice. Further mechanistic study suggests that DNP at this dose reduced oxidative stress in HD mice, which was indicated by reduced levels of F2-isoprostanes in the brain of HD mice treated with DNP. Our data indicated that DNP provided behavioral benefit and neuroprotective effect at a weight neutral dose in HD mice, suggesting that the potential value of repositioning DNP to HD treatment is warranted in well-controlled clinical trials in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of General Practice, The First hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mali Jiang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Qi Peng
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gang Li
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Pharmacology, Inner Mongolian Medical University School of Pharmacy, Hohhot, Inner Mongolian, China
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Eicosanoid Core Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Susumu Mori
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert Alonso
- Mitochon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Radnor, PA, United States
| | | | - Wenzhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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18
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Genetics of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy and related pain in Africans. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:511-519. [PMID: 28560631 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the use of safer antiretroviral medications, the rate of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN), the most common neurological complication of HIV, remains high. This condition is often painful and has a negative effect on quality of life. Up to 90% of those with HIV-SN experience pain for which there is no effective analgesic treatment. Genetic factors are implicated, but there is a lack of a comprehensive body of research for African populations. This knowledge gap is even more pertinent as Africans are most affected by HIV. However, recent studies performed in Southern African populations have identified genes displaying potential as genetic markers for HIV-SN and HIV-SN-associated pain in Africans. Here, we review the published studies to describe current knowledge of genetic risk factors for this disease in Africa.
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19
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Thangavel R, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Raikwar S, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor and Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins 2 and 4 Expression in the Temporal Cortex of Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:150. [PMID: 28572767 PMCID: PMC5435744 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of neuropathological lesions containing amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). AD is associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain. We have previously demonstrated enhanced expression of the proinflammatory protein glia maturation factor (GMF) in glial cells near APs and NFTs in the AD brains. Parahippocampal gyrus consisting of entorhinal and perirhinal subdivisions of temporal cortex is the first brain region affected during AD pathogenesis. Current paradigm implicates oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage contributing to the early pathology in AD with mitochondrial membrane potential regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The inner mitochondrial membrane anion transporters called the uncoupling proteins (UCPs), function as regulators of cellular homeostasis by mitigating oxidative stress. In the present study, we have analyzed the expression of GMF and mitochondrial UCP2 and UCP4 in the parahippocampal gyrus of AD and non-AD brains by immunostaining techniques. APs were detected by thioflavin-S fluorescence staining or immunohistochemistry (IHC) with 6E10 antibody. Our current results suggest that upregulation of GMF expression is associated with down-regulation of UCP2 as well as UCP4 in the parahippocampal gyrus of AD brains as compared to non-AD brains. Further, GMF expression is associated with up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the enzyme that induces the production of nitric oxide (NO), as well as nuclear factor kB p65 (NF-κB p65) expression. Also, GMF appeared to localize to the mitochondria in AD brains. Based on our current observations, we propose that enhanced expression of GMF down-regulates mitochondrial UCP2 and UCP4 thereby exacerbating AD pathophysiology and this effect is potentially mediated by iNOS and NF-κB. Thus, GMF functions as an activator protein that interferes with the cytoprotective mechanisms in AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States.,Research Services, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbia, MO, United States
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20
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Todorova V, Blokland A. Mitochondria and Synaptic Plasticity in the Mature and Aging Nervous System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:166-173. [PMID: 27075203 PMCID: PMC5327446 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160414111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity in the adult brain is believed to represent the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory. Mitochondria are involved in the regulation of the complex processes of synaptic plasticity. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the regulatory roles of mitochondria in the function and plasticity of synapses and the implications of mitochondrial dysfunctions in synaptic transmission. First, the importance of mitochondrial distribution and motility for maintenance and strengthening of dendritic spines, but also for new spines/synapses formation is presented. Secondly, the major mitochondrial functions as energy supplier and calcium buffer organelles are considered as possible explanation for their essential and regulatory roles in neuronal plasticity processes. Thirdly, the effects of synaptic potentiation on mitochondrial gene expression are discussed. And finally, the relation between age-related alterations in synaptic plasticity and mitochondrial dysfunctions is considered. It appears that memory loss and neurodegeneration during aging are related to mitochondrial (dys)function. Although, it is clear that mitochondria are essential for synaptic plasticity, further studies are indicated to scrutinize the intracellular and molecular processes that regulate the functions of mitochondria in synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyara Todorova
- Institute II for Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Gulati A. Endothelin Receptors, Mitochondria and Neurogenesis in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:619-26. [PMID: 26786146 PMCID: PMC4981738 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160119094959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurogenesis is most active during pre-natal development, however, it persists throughout the human lifespan. The putative role of mitochondria in neurogenesis and angiogenesis is gaining importance. Since, ETB receptor mediated neurogenesis and angiogenesis has been identified, the role of these receptors with relevance to mitochondrial functions is of interest. Methods: In addition to work from our laboratory, we undertook an extensive search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature. Specific technical terms such as endothelin, mitochondria and neurogenesis were used to seek out and critically evaluate literature that was relevant. Results: The ET family consists of three isopeptides (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) that produce biological actions by acting on two types of receptors (ETA and ETB). In the central nervous system (CNS) ETA receptors are potent constrictors of the cerebral vasculature and appear to contribute in the causation of cerebral ischemia. ETA receptor antagonists have been found to be effective in animal model of cerebral ischemia; however, clinical studies have shown no efficacy. Mitochondrial functions are critically important for several neural development processes such as neurogenesis, axonal and dendritic growth, and synaptic formation. ET appears to impair mitochondrial functions through activation of ETA receptors. On the other hand, blocking ETB receptors has been shown to trigger apoptotic processes by activating intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondria are important for their role in molecular regulation of neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Stimulation of ETB receptors in the adult ischemic brain has been found to promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis mediated through vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor. It will be interesting to investigate the effect of ETB receptor stimulation on mitochondrial functions in the CNS following cerebral ischemia. Conclusion: The findings of this review implicate brain ETB receptors in angiogenesis and neurogenesis following cerebral ischemia, it is possible that the positive effect of stimulating ETB receptors in cerebral ischemia may be mediated through mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Gulati
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515-1235.
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22
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He W, Cui L, Zhang C, Zhang X, He J, Xie Y, Chen Y. Sonic hedgehog promotes neurite outgrowth of cortical neurons under oxidative stress: Involving of mitochondria and energy metabolism. Exp Cell Res 2017; 350:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Neuropeptide signals cell non-autonomous mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Cell Res 2016; 26:1182-1196. [PMID: 27767096 PMCID: PMC5099867 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have a central role in the systemic coordination of mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and the cell non-autonomous modulation of longevity. However, the mechanism by which the nervous system senses mitochondrial stress and communicates to the distal tissues to induce UPRmt remains unclear. Here we employ the tissue-specific CRISPR-Cas9 approach to disrupt mitochondrial function only in the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans, and reveal a cell non-autonomous induction of UPRmt in peripheral cells. We further show that a neural sub-circuit composed of three types of sensory neurons, and one interneuron is required for sensing and transducing neuronal mitochondrial stress. In addition, neuropeptide FLP-2 functions in this neural sub-circuit to signal the non-autonomous UPRmt. Taken together, our results suggest a neuropeptide coordination of mitochondrial stress response in the nervous system.
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24
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Naia L, Ferreira IL, Ferreiro E, Rego AC. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ handling in Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases - Role of ER-mitochondria crosstalk. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1069-1077. [PMID: 27485547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a relevant role in Ca2+ buffering, governing energy metabolism and neuronal function. Huntington's disease (HD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two neurodegenerative disorders that, although clinically distinct, share pathological features linked to selective brain damage. These include mitochondrial dysfunction, intracellular Ca2+ deregulation and mitochondrial Ca2+ handling deficits. Both diseases are associated with misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins that physically interact with mitochondria and interfere with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/mitochondria-contact sites. Cumulating evidences indicate that impairment of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis underlies the susceptibility to selective neuronal death observed in HD and AD; however data obtained with different models and experimental approaches are not always consistent. In this review, we explore the recent literature on deregulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling underlying the interplay between mitochondria and ER in HD and AD-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Naia
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ildete Luísa Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Polo II, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ferreiro
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Polo II, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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25
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Effects of central irisin administration on the uncoupling proteins in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2016; 618:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chwiej J, Patulska A, Skoczen A, Janeczko K, Ciarach M, Simon R, Setkowicz Z. Elemental changes in the hippocampal formation following two different formulas of ketogenic diet: an X-ray fluorescence microscopy study. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:1277-86. [PMID: 26537249 PMCID: PMC4661185 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of the following study was the determination of elemental changes occurring within hippocampal formation as a result of high-fat and carbohydrate-restricted ketogenic diet (KD). To realize it, X-ray fluorescence microscopy was applied for topographic and quantitative analysis of P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Se in hippocampal formations taken from rats fed with two different KDs and naive controls. The detailed comparisons were done for sectors 1 and 3 of the Ammon's, the dentate gyrus and hilus of dentate gyrus. The results of elemental analysis showed that the KDs induced statistically significant changes in the accumulation of P, K, Ca, Zn and Se in particular areas of hippocampal formation and these alterations strongly depended on the composition of the diets. Much greater influence on the hippocampal areal densities of examined elements was found for the KD which was characterized by a lower content of carbohydrates, higher content of fats and increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. The levels of P, K and Zn decreased whilst those of Ca and Se increased as a result of the treatment with the KDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chwiej
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland.
| | - A Patulska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - A Skoczen
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Janeczko
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Ciarach
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - R Simon
- ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Z Setkowicz
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Moshkin MP, Akulov AE, Petrovski DV, Saik OV, Petrovskiy ED, Savelov AA, Koptyug IV. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of brain metabolic shifts induced by acute administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose and lipopolysaccharides. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:399-405. [PMID: 24493094 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H MRS) of outbred stock ICR male mice (originating from the Institute of Cancer Research) was used to study the brain (hippocampus) metabolic response to the pro-inflammatory stimulus and to the acute deficiency of the available energy, which was confirmed by measuring the maximum oxygen consumption. Inhibition of glycolysis by means of an injection with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) reduced the levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, p < 0.05, in comparison with control, least significant difference (LSD) test), N-acetylaspartate (NAA, p < 0.05, LSD test) and choline compounds, and at the same time increased the levels of glutamate and glutamine. An opposite effect was found after injection with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - a very common pro-inflammatory inducer. An increase in the amounts of GABA, NAA and choline compounds in the brain occurred in mice treated with LPS. Different metabolic responses to the energy deficiency and the pro-inflammatory stimuli can explain the contradictory results of the brain (1) H MRS studies under neurodegenerative pathology, which is accompanied by both mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. The prevalence of the excitatory metabolites such as glutamate and glutamine in 2DG treated mice is in good agreement with excitation observed during temporary reduction of the available energy under acute hypoxia or starvation. In turn, LPS, as an inducer of the sickness behavior, which was manifested as depression, sleepiness, loss of appetite etc., shifts the brain metabolic pattern toward the prevalence of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail P Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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28
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Eckmann J, Clemens LE, Eckert SH, Hagl S, Yu-Taeger L, Bordet T, Pruss RM, Muller WE, Leuner K, Nguyen HP, Eckert GP. Mitochondrial membrane fluidity is consistently increased in different models of Huntington disease: restorative effects of olesoxime. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:107-18. [PMID: 24633813 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene (HTT). One prominent target of the mutant huntingtin protein (mhtt) is the mitochondrion, affecting its morphology, distribution, and function. Thus, mitochondria have been suggested as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of HD. Olesoxime, a cholesterol-like compound, promotes motor neuron survival and neurite outgrowth in vitro, and its effects are presumed to occur via a direct interaction with mitochondrial membranes (MMs). We examined the properties of MMs isolated from cell and animal models of HD as well as the effects of olesoxime on MM fluidity and cholesterol levels. MMs isolated from brains of aged Hdh Q111/Q111 knock-in mice showed a significant decrease in 1,6-diphenyl-hexatriene (DPH) anisotropy, which is inversely correlated with membrane fluidity. Similar increases in MM fluidity were observed in striatal STHdh Q111/Q111 cells as well as in MMs isolated from brains of BACHD transgenic rats. Treatment of STHdh cells with olesoxime decreased the fluidity of isolated MMs. Decreased membrane fluidity was also measured in olesoxime-treated MMs isolated from brains of HD knock-in mice. In both models, treatment with olesoxime restored HD-specific changes in MMs. Accordingly, olesoxime significantly counteracted the mhtt-induced increase in MM fluidity of MMs isolated from brains of BACHD rats after 12 months of treatment in vivo, possibly by enhancing MM cholesterol levels. Thus, olesoxime may represent a novel pharmacological tool to treat mitochondrial dysfunction in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Eckmann
- Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Campus Riedberg, Biocentre Geb. N260, R.1.09, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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29
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Inhibition of high glucose-induced apoptosis by uncoupling protein 2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1275-81. [PMID: 24584700 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that an overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an initiating cause in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. However, uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) can protect retinal vascular endothelial cells from damage by inhibiting the overproduction of mitochondrial ROS, although the protective mechanism involved is not completely clear. This study aimed to assess the effect and mechanism of UCP2 on the apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were cultured in normal glucose (NG, 5.5 mmol/l) or high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/l) medium in the presence or absence of UCP2(+/+) lentiviral transfection. Lentivirus-mediated UCP2 overexpression inhibited the apoptosis of HUVECs induced by HG. Treatment with HG resulted in the upregulation of caspase-3 and cytochrome c and the downregulation of Bcl-2 in vitro. Furthermore, compared with the NG group, the rate of apoptosis was significantly increased in the HG group. On day two post-infection, NG cells showed significantly greater HUVEC cell proliferation than HG cells. Notably, UCP2 overexpression inhibited these processes. Taken together, these results suggest that UCP2 promotes cell proliferation and inhibits HG-induced apoptosis in HUVECs via the Bcl-2 up‑ and downregulation of caspase-3 and cytochrome c in vitro. This may provide experimental evidence for the application of UCP2 as a new protective factor for diabetic complications, such as diabetic retinopathy.
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30
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Streijger F, Plunet WT, Lee JHT, Liu J, Lam CK, Park S, Hilton BJ, Fransen BL, Matheson KAJ, Assinck P, Kwon BK, Tetzlaff W. Ketogenic diet improves forelimb motor function after spinal cord injury in rodents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78765. [PMID: 24223849 PMCID: PMC3817084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (KD) are validated non-pharmacological treatments for some forms of drug-resistant epilepsy. Ketones reduce neuronal excitation and promote neuroprotection. Here, we investigated the efficacy of KD as a treatment for acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Starting 4 hours following C5 hemi-contusion injury animals were fed either a standard carbohydrate based diet or a KD formulation with lipid to carbohydrate plus protein ratio of 3:1. The forelimb functional recovery was evaluated for 14 weeks, followed by quantitative histopathology. Post-injury 3:1 KD treatment resulted in increased usage and range of motion of the affected forepaw. Furthermore, KD improved pellet retrieval with recovery of wrist and digit movements. Importantly, after returning to a standard diet after 12 weeks of KD treatment, the improved forelimb function remained stable. Histologically, the spinal cords of KD treated animals displayed smaller lesion areas and more grey matter sparing. In addition, KD treatment increased the number of glucose transporter-1 positive blood vessels in the lesion penumbra and monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1) expression. Pharmacological inhibition of MCTs with 4-CIN (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate) prevented the KD-induced neuroprotection after SCI, In conclusion, post-injury KD effectively promotes functional recovery and is neuroprotective after cervical SCI. These beneficial effects require the function of monocarboxylate transporters responsible for ketone uptake and link the observed neuroprotection directly to the function of ketones, which are known to exert neuroprotection by multiple mechanisms. Our data suggest that current clinical nutritional guidelines, which include relatively high carbohydrate contents, should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ward T. Plunet
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jae H. T. Lee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jie Liu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Clarrie K. Lam
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soeyun Park
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brett J. Hilton
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bas L. Fransen
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Keely A. J. Matheson
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peggy Assinck
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian K. Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Combined Neurosurgical and Orthopaedic Spine Program, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Blusson Spinal Cord Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Wadley AL, Lombard Z, Cherry CL, Price P, Kamerman PR. Polymorphisms in uncoupling protein genes UCP2 and UCP3 are not associated with HIV-associated sensory neuropathy in African individuals. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013; 18:94-6. [PMID: 23521650 DOI: 10.1111/jns5.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Coenzyme Q10 depletion in medical and neuropsychiatric disorders: potential repercussions and therapeutic implications. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:883-903. [PMID: 23761046 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant, a membrane stabilizer, and a vital cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, enabling the generation of adenosine triphosphate. It additionally regulates gene expression and apoptosis; is an essential cofactor of uncoupling proteins; and has anti-inflammatory, redox modulatory, and neuroprotective effects. This paper reviews the known physiological role of CoQ10 in cellular metabolism, cell death, differentiation and gene regulation, and examines the potential repercussions of CoQ10 depletion including its role in illnesses such as Parkinson's disease, depression, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia. CoQ10 depletion may play a role in the pathophysiology of these disorders by modulating cellular processes including hydrogen peroxide formation, gene regulation, cytoprotection, bioenegetic performance, and regulation of cellular metabolism. CoQ10 treatment improves quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease and may play a role in delaying the progression of that disorder. Administration of CoQ10 has antidepressive effects. CoQ10 treatment significantly reduces fatigue and improves ergonomic performance during exercise and thus may have potential in alleviating the exercise intolerance and exhaustion displayed by people with myalgic encepholamyletis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Administration of CoQ10 improves hyperalgesia and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. The evidence base for the effectiveness of treatment with CoQ10 may be explained via its ability to ameliorate oxidative stress and protect mitochondria.
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Nierenberg AA, Kansky C, Brennan BP, Shelton RC, Perlis R, Iosifescu DV. Mitochondrial modulators for bipolar disorder: a pathophysiologically informed paradigm for new drug development. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013; 47:26-42. [PMID: 22711881 DOI: 10.1177/0004867412449303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar patients frequently relapse within 12 months of their previous mood episode, even in the context of adequate treatment, suggesting that better continuation and maintenance treatments are needed. Based on recent research of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, we review the evidence for mitochondrial dysregulation and selected mitochondrial modulators (MM) as potential treatments. METHODS We reviewed the literature about mitochondrial dysfunction and potential MMs worthy of study that could improve the course of bipolar disorder, reduce subsyndromal symptoms, and prevent subsequent mood episodes. RESULTS MM treatment targets mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered brain energy metabolism and the dysregulation of multiple mitochondrial genes in patients with bipolar disorder. Several tolerable and readily available candidates include N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR), S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ10), alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), creatine monohydrate (CM), and melatonin. The specific metabolic pathways by which these MMs may improve the symptoms of bipolar disorder are discussed and combinations of selected MMs could be of interest as well. CONCLUSIONS Convergent data implicate mitochondrial dysfunction as an important component of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Clinical trials of individual MMs as well as combinations are warranted.
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Rodriguez-Pallares J, Parga JA, Joglar B, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels enhance angiotensin-induced oxidative damage and dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Relevance for aging-associated susceptibility to Parkinson's disease. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:863-880. [PMID: 21713375 PMCID: PMC3682060 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9284-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that renin-angiotensin system overactivation is involved in the aging process in several tissues as well as in longevity and aging-related degenerative diseases by increasing oxidative damage and inflammation. We have recently shown that angiotensin II enhances dopaminergic degeneration by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammation, and that there is an aging-related increase in angiotensin II activity in the substantia nigra in rats, which may constitute a major factor in the increased risk of Parkinson's disease with aging. The mechanisms involved in the above mentioned effects and particularly a potential angiotensin-mitochondria interaction have not been clarified. The present study revealed that activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels [mitoK(ATP)] may play a major role in the angiotensin II-induced effects on aging and neurodegeneration. Inhibition of mitoK(ATP) channels with 5-hydroxydecanoic acid inhibited the increase in dopaminergic cell death induced by angiotensin II, as well as the increase in superoxide/superoxide-derived reactive oxygen species levels and the angiotensin II-induced decrease in the mitochondrial inner membrane potential in cultured dopaminergic neurons. The present study provides data for considering brain renin-angiotensin system and mitoK(ATP) channels as potential targets for protective therapy in aging-associated diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Andres Parga
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Belen Joglar
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Guerra
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Labandeira-Garcia
- />Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- />Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Molecular identification and functional characterisation of uncoupling protein 4 in larva and pupa fat body mitochondria from the beetle Zophobas atratus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 162:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Hoang T, Smith MD, Jelokhani-Niaraki M. Toward understanding the mechanism of ion transport activity of neuronal uncoupling proteins UCP2, UCP4, and UCP5. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4004-14. [PMID: 22524567 DOI: 10.1021/bi3003378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal uncoupling proteins (UCP2, UCP4, and UCP5) have crucial roles in the function and protection of the central nervous system (CNS). Extensive biochemical studies of UCP2 have provided ample evidence of its participation in proton and anion transport. To date, functional studies of UCP4 and UCP5 are scarce. In this study, we show for the first time that, despite a low level of amino acid sequence identity with the previously characterized UCPs (UCP1-UCP3), UCP4 and UCP5 share their functional properties. Recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli, UCP2, UCP4, and UCP5 were isolated and reconstituted into liposome systems, where their conformations and ion (proton and chloride) transport properties were examined. All three neuronal UCPs are able to transport protons across lipid membranes with characteristics similar to those of the archetypal protein UCP1, which is activated by fatty acids and inhibited by purine nucleotides. Neuronal UCPs also exhibit transmembrane chloride transport activity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows that these three transporters exist in different conformations. In addition, their structures and functions are differentially modulated by the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin. In total, this study supports the existence of general conformational and ion transport features in neuronal UCPs. On the other hand, it also emphasizes the subtle structural and functional differences between UCPs that could distinguish their physiological roles. Differentiation between structure-function relationships of neuronal UCPs is essential for understanding their physiological functions in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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37
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Kajma A, Szewczyk A. A new pH-sensitive rectifying potassium channel in mitochondria from the embryonic rat hippocampus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1867-78. [PMID: 22406520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Patch-clamp single-channel studies on mitochondria isolated from embryonic rat hippocampus revealed the presence of two different potassium ion channels: a large-conductance (288±4pS) calcium-activated potassium channel and second potassium channel with outwardly rectifying activity under symmetric conditions (150/150mM KCl). At positive voltages, this channel displayed a conductance of 67.84pS and a strong voltage dependence at holding potentials from -80mV to +80mV. The open probability was higher at positive than at negative voltages. Patch-clamp studies at the mitoplast-attached mode showed that the channel was not sensitive to activators and inhibitors of mitochondrial potassium channels but was regulated by pH. Moreover, we demonstrated that the channel activity was not affected by the application of lidocaine, an inhibitor of two-pore domain potassium channels, or by tertiapin, an inhibitor of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. In summary, based on the single-channel recordings, we characterised for the first time mitochondrial pH-sensitive ion channel that is selective for cations, permeable to potassium ions, displays voltage sensitivity and does not correspond to any previously described potassium ion channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 17th European Bioenergetics Conference (EBEC 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kajma
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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38
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Ivanov A, Zilberter Y. Critical state of energy metabolism in brain slices: the principal role of oxygen delivery and energy substrates in shaping neuronal activity. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENERGETICS 2011; 3:9. [PMID: 22232599 PMCID: PMC3247678 DOI: 10.3389/fnene.2011.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The interactive vasculo-neuro-glial system controlling energy supply in the brain is absent in vitro where energy provision is determined by experimental conditions. Despite the fact that neuronal activity is extremely energy demanding, little has been reported on the state of energy metabolism in submerged brain slices. Without this information, the arbitrarily chosen oxygenation and metabolic provisions make questionable the efficient oxidative metabolism in slices. We show that in mouse hippocampal slices (postnatal day 19–44), evoked neuronal discharges, spontaneous network activity (initiated by 4-aminopyridine), and synaptic stimulation-induced NAD(P)H autofluorescence depend strongly on the oxygen availability. Only the rate of perfusion as high as ~15 ml/min (95% O2) provided appropriate oxygenation of a slice. Lower oxygenation resulted in the decrease of both local field potentials and spontaneous network activity as well as in significant modulation of short-term synaptic plasticity. The reduced oxygen supply considerably inhibited the oxidation phase of NAD(P)H signaling indicating that the changes in neuronal activity were paralleled by the decrease in aerobic energy metabolism. Interestingly, the dependence of neuronal activity on oxygen tension was clearly shifted toward considerably larger pO2 values in slices when compared to in vivo conditions. With sufficient pO2 provided by a high perfusion rate, partial substitution of glucose in ACSF for β-hydroxybutyrate, pyruvate, or lactate enhanced both oxidative metabolism and synaptic function. This suggests that the high pO2 in brain slices is compulsory for maintaining oxidative metabolism, and glucose alone is not sufficient in fulfilling energy requirements during neuronal activity. Altogether, our results demonstrate that energy metabolism determines the functional state of neuronal network, highlighting the need for the adequate metabolic support to be insured in the in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanov
- INSERM UMR751, Université de la Méditerranée Marseille, France
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New aspects of mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins (UCPs) and their roles in tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5285-93. [PMID: 21954358 PMCID: PMC3179165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12085285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) belong to a family of mitochondrial carrier proteins that are present in the mitochondrial inner membrane. UCP1 was first identified followed by its two homologs, UCP2 and UCP3. The physiological functions of UCP include lowering mitochondrial membrane potential and dissipating metabolic energy as heat. However, UCP can be dysregulated and may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders and obesity. Recent studies suggest that UCP also plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. In addition, the widely expressed UCP, UCP2, has been shown to be upregulated in a number of aggressive human cancers. One mechanism of UCP2 upregulation in these cancers is due to oxidative stress, and elevated UCP2 in turn reduces oxidative stress, which provides a growth advantage for these cancers. Nevertheless, new studies suggest UCP2 may interact with oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, providing a potential new mechanism of how UCP2 contributes to cancer development. In this review, the evidence supporting the role of UCPs in diseases other than diabetes and obesity, the reports on how UCP is regulated in cancer cells, and how UCP may regulate p53 will be discussed.
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Luo JZ, Luo L. American ginseng stimulates insulin production and prevents apoptosis through regulation of uncoupling protein-2 in cultured beta cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 3:365-72. [PMID: 16951721 PMCID: PMC1513144 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nel026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
American ginseng root displays the ability to achieve glucose homeostasis both experimentally and clinically but the unknown mechanism used by ginseng to achieve its therapeutic effects on diabetes limits its application. Disruption in the insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells is considered the major cause of diabetes. A mitochondrial protein, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) has been found to play a critical role in insulin synthesis and β cell survival. Our preliminary studies found that the extracts of American ginseng inhibit UCP-2 expression which may contribute to the ability of ginseng protecting β cell death and improving insulin synthesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that ginseng extracts suppress UCP-2 in the mitochondria of pancreatic β cells, promoting insulin synthesis and anti-apoptosis (a programmed cell-death mechanism). To test the hypothesis, the serum-deprived quiescent β cells were cultured with or without interleukin-1β (IL-1β), (200 pg ml−1, a cytokine to induce β cell apoptosis) and water extracts of American ginseng (25 μg per 5 μl administered to wells of 0.5 ml culture) for 24 h. We evaluated effects of ginseng on UCP-2 expression, insulin production, anti-/pro-apoptotic factors Bcl-2/caspase-9 expression and cellular ATP levels. We found that ginseng suppresses UCP-2, down-regulates caspase-9 while increasing ATP and insulin production/secretion and up-regulates Bcl-2, reducing apoptosis. These findings suggest that stimulation of insulin production and prevention of β cell loss by American ginseng extracts can occur via the inhibition of mitochondrial UCP-2, resulting in increase in the ATP level and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2, while down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factor caspase-9 occurs, lowering the occurrence of apoptosis, which support the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zeqi Luo
- PLME Department of Medicine, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Luguang Luo
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Research, Roger Williams HospitalProvidence, RI 02908, USA
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Mouaffak F, Kebir O, Bellon A, Gourevitch R, Tordjman S, Viala A, Millet B, Jaafari N, Olié JP, Krebs MO. Association of an UCP4 (SLC25A27) haplotype with ultra-resistant schizophrenia. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:185-93. [PMID: 21332312 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neuronal uncoupling proteins are involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species production and intracellular calcium homeostasis, and thus, play a neuroprotective role. In order to explore the potential consequences of neuronal uncoupling proteins variants we examined their association in a sample of Caucasian patients suffering from schizophrenia and phenotyped them according to antipsychotic response. MATERIALS & METHODS Using a case-control design, we compared the frequencies of 15 genetic variants spanning UCP2, UCP4 and UCP5 in 106 French Caucasian patients suffering from schizophrenia and 127 healthy controls. In addition, patients with schizophrenia who responded to antipsychotic treatment were compared with patients with ultra-resistant schizophrenia (URS). This latter population presented no clinical, social and/or occupational remission despite at least two periods of treatment with conventional or atypical antipsychotic drugs and also with clozapine. RESULTS There were no differences in the distribution of the respective alleles between URS and responding patients. However, one haplotype spanning UCP4 was found to be significantly under-represented in URS patients. This relationship remained significant after multiple testing corrections. CONCLUSION Although our sample is of limited size and not representative of schizophrenia as a whole, the association found between the URS group and the UCP4 haplotype is noteworthy as it may influence treatment outcome in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayçal Mouaffak
- INSERM, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894 Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
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Rosenfeld M, Brenner-Lavie H, Ari SGB, Kavushansky A, Ben-Shachar D. Perturbation in mitochondrial network dynamics and in complex I dependent cellular respiration in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:980-8. [PMID: 21397211 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria have been suggested to be involved in the pathology of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia. However, the mechanism underlying mitochondrial dysfunction is unclear. Mitochondrial network dynamics, which reflects cellular metabolic state, is important for embryonic development, synapse formation, and neurodegeneration. This study aimed to investigate mitochondrial network dynamics and its plausible association with abnormal cellular oxygen consumption in schizophrenia. METHODS Viable Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphocytes (lymphoblastoids) from DSM-IV diagnosed patients with schizophrenia (n = 17), BD (n = 15), and healthy control subjects (n = 15) were assessed for mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial dynamics, and relevant protein levels by oxygraph, confocal microscopy, and immunoblotting, respectively. RESULTS Respiration of schizophrenia-derived lymphoblastoids was significantly lower compared with control subjects, and was twice as sensitive to dopamine (DA)-induced inhibition. Unlike DA, haloperidol inhibited complex I-driven respiration to a similar extent in both schizophrenia and the control cells. Both drugs interact with complex I but at different sites. At the site of DA interaction, we found alterations in protein levels of three subunits of complex I in schizophrenia. In addition, we observed structural and connectivity perturbations in the mitochondrial network, associated with alterations in the profusion protein OPA1, which was similarly reduced in schizophrenia prefrontal cortex specimens. None of these alterations were observed in the BD cells, which were similar to control cells. CONCLUSIONS We show impaired mitochondrial network dynamics associated with reduced cellular respiration and complex I abnormalities in schizophrenia but not in BD. If these findings represent disease-specific alterations, they may become an endophenotype biomarker for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rosenfeld
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center and B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Szolnoki Z, Kondacs A, Mandi Y, Bodor A, Somogyvari F. A homozygous genetic variant of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 4 affects the occurrence of leukoaraiosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2011; 123:352-7. [PMID: 20545631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that an appropriate balance of the mitochondrial energy production is essential in the maintenance of the glia cells in the brain. The aim of this study was to examine the roles of the rs10807344 and rs2270450 genetic variants of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 4 in the development of vascular demyelinization of the white matter of the brain, referred to as leukoaraiosis (LA). The mUCPs are presumed to be of great importance in the regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the cellular energy metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS An analysis was performed on the clinical and genetic data on 401 LA patients without infarction and on 451 neuroimaging alteration-free subjects. After univariate statistical approaches, logistic regression models were also used to adjust differences in significant clinical factors between the patients and controls. RESULTS The rs10807344 CC genotype proved to exert a protective effect on the occurrence of LA (neuroimaging alteration-free controls: 57.7%, LA group: 44.9%, P < 0.0002; adjusted OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.2-0.68, P < 0.005). CONCLUSION The present findings indirectly raise the possibility that a shift or imbalance in the finely regulated MMP may play a role in the development of LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Szolnoki
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Pándy Kálmán County Hospital, Gyula, Hungary.
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Cardoso S, Santos RX, Carvalho C, Correia S, Santos MS, Moreira PI. Mitochondrial Uncoupling Proteins and Oxidative Stress: Implications for Diabetes and Neurodegeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5530/ax.2011.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Parga JA, Rodríguez-Pallares J, Joglar B, Diaz-Ruiz C, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Effect of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels on generation of dopaminergic neurons from neurospheres of mesencephalic precursors. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:3247-59. [PMID: 21046630 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species signaling has been suggested to regulate stem cell development. In the present study, we treated neurospheres of rat mesencephalic precursors with inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase complex and mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel blockers during the proliferation and/or the differentiation periods to study the effects on generation of dopaminergic neurons. Treatment with low doses (100 or 250 μM) of the NADPH inhibitor apocynin during the proliferation period increased the generation of dopaminergic neurons. However, higher doses (1 mM) were necessary during the differentiation period to induce the same effect. Treatment with general (glibenclamide) or mitochondrial (5-hydroxydecanoate) KATP channel blockers during the proliferation and differentiation periods increased the number of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, neither increased proliferation rate nor apoptosis had a major role in the observed increase in generation of dopaminergic neurons, which suggests that the redox state is able to regulate differentiation of precursors into dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Parga
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Smorodchenko A, Rupprecht A, Fuchs J, Gross J, Pohl EE. Role of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 4 in rat inner ear. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:244-53. [PMID: 21397696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4) belongs to the mitochondrial anion transporter family. Protein tissue distribution and functions are still a matter of debate. Using an antibody we have previously shown that UCP4 appears in neurons and to a lesser extent in astrocytes of murine neuronal tissue as early as days 12-14 of embryonic development (Smorodchenko et al., 2009). Here we demonstrated for the first time that neurosensory cells such as hair cells of the inner ear and mechanosensitive Merkel cells in skin also express a significant amount of UCP4. We tested the hypothesis about whether UCP4 contributes to the regulation of oxidative stress using the model of oxygen deprivation. For this we compared the protein expression level in freshly isolated explants of organ of Corti, modiolus and stria vascularis from neonatal rats with explants cultured under hypoxia. Western blot analysis revealed that the UCP4 level was not increased under hypoxic conditions, when compared to the mitochondrial outer membrane protein VDAC or to the anti-oxidative enzyme SOD2. We moreover demonstrated that UCP4 expression is differently regulated during postnatal stages and is region-specific. We hypothesized that UCP4 may play an important role in functional maturation of the rat inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Smorodchenko
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Wang X, Gong J, Liu X, Zhan R, Kong R, Zhao Y, Wan D, Leng X, Chen M, Qian L. Expression of uncoupling protein 3 in mitochondria protects against stress-induced myocardial injury: a proteomic study. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:771-9. [PMID: 20383618 PMCID: PMC3024060 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that stress plays an important role in the induction and development of cardiovascular diseases, but its mechanism and molecular basis remain unknown. In the present study, a myocardial injury model induced by restraint stress was established in rat. To screen for the related proteins involved in stress-induced myocardial injury, proteomic techniques based on 2-DE and mass spectrometry were used. In our results, ten proteins were found to be altered. The expression of eight of these proteins was increased after restraint stress, including cardiac myosin heavy chain, dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, H(+)-transporting ATP synthase, albumin, and apolipoprotein A-I precursor. The expression of uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) and mitochondrial aconitase was decreased. Most of the proteins were related to energy metabolism. Further research indicated that UCP3 may mediate the myocardial cell response induced by restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Jingbo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Rui Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Ruirui Kong
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Di Wan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Xue Leng
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
| | - Lingjia Qian
- Key Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Tianjing Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, 1 Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjing, 300050 China
- Department of Stress Medicine, Institute of Health & Environmental Medicine, No.1 DaLi Road, Tianjin, 300050 China
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Cheng A, Hou Y, Mattson MP. Mitochondria and neuroplasticity. ASN Neuro 2010; 2:e00045. [PMID: 20957078 PMCID: PMC2949087 DOI: 10.1042/an20100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of neurons from neural progenitor cells, the growth of axons and dendrites and the formation and reorganization of synapses are examples of neuroplasticity. These processes are regulated by cell-autonomous and intercellular (paracrine and endocrine) programs that mediate responses of neural cells to environmental input. Mitochondria are highly mobile and move within and between subcellular compartments involved in neuroplasticity (synaptic terminals, dendrites, cell body and the axon). By generating energy (ATP and NAD(+)), and regulating subcellular Ca(2+) and redox homoeostasis, mitochondria may play important roles in controlling fundamental processes in neuroplasticity, including neural differentiation, neurite outgrowth, neurotransmitter release and dendritic remodelling. Particularly intriguing is emerging data suggesting that mitochondria emit molecular signals (e.g. reactive oxygen species, proteins and lipid mediators) that can act locally or travel to distant targets including the nucleus. Disturbances in mitochondrial functions and signalling may play roles in impaired neuroplasticity and neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, psychiatric disorders and stroke.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AP, adaptor protein
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Aβ, amyloid β-peptide
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CR, caloric restriction
- CREB, cAMP-response-element-binding protein
- CaMK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
- ES, embryonic stem
- ETC, electron transport chain
- HD, Huntington's disease
- LRRK2, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
- LTP, long-term potentiation
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- Mn-SOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- Nrf1, nuclear respiratory factor 1
- OPA1, Optic Atrophy-1
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PGC1α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α
- PINK1, PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10)-induced kinase 1
- PPAR, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor
- UCP, uncoupling protein
- mitochondria biogenesis
- mitochondria fission and fusion
- neural progenitor cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiwu Cheng
- *Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute of Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Yan Hou
- *Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute of Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
| | - Mark P Mattson
- *Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute of Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, U.S.A
- †Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A
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Valle A, Oliver J, Roca P. Role of uncoupling proteins in cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:567-91. [PMID: 24281083 PMCID: PMC3835092 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a family of inner mitochondrial membrane proteins whose function is to allow the re-entry of protons to the mitochondrial matrix, by dissipating the proton gradient and, subsequently, decreasing membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Due to their pivotal role in the intersection between energy efficiency and oxidative stress, UCPs are being investigated for a potential role in cancer. In this review we compile the latest evidence showing a link between uncoupling and the carcinogenic process, paying special attention to their involvement in cancer initiation, progression and drug chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamo Valle
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d\'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears/Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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Wu Z, Zhao Y, Zhao B. Superoxide anion, uncoupling proteins and Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 46:187-94. [PMID: 20490313 PMCID: PMC2872223 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.09-104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide anion is the first generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) after oxygen enters living cells. It was once considered to be highly deleterious to cell functions and aging. Therefore, antioxidants were suggested to prevent aging and degenerative diseases. However, superoxide signaling has been shown in many physiological responses such as transcriptional regulation, protein activation, bioenergy output, cell proliferation and apoptosis. The uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a family of mitochondrial anion-carrier proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and are considered to reduce the generation of superoxide anion through the mitochondrial mild uncoupling. UCPs are important in prevention of mitochondrial excessive generation of ROS, transfer of mitochondrial substrates, mitochondrial calcium uniport and regulation of thermogenesis. Superoxide anion and uncoupling proteins are linked to Alzheimer's disease in mitochondria. Simultaneous disorders of superoxide and uncoupling proteins create the conditions for neuronal oxidative damages. On the one hand, sustained oxidative damage causes neuronal apoptosis and eventually, accumulated neuronal apoptosis, leading to exacerbations of Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, our study has shown that UCP2 and UCP4 have important impact on mitochondrial calcium concentration of nerve cells, suggesting that their abnormal expression may involve in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, the People's Republic of China
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