1
|
Urdaneta V, Casadesús J. Interactions between Bacteria and Bile Salts in the Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Tracts. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:163. [PMID: 29043249 PMCID: PMC5632352 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile salts and bacteria have intricate relationships. The composition of the intestinal pool of bile salts is shaped by bacterial metabolism. In turn, bile salts play a role in intestinal homeostasis by controlling the size and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. As a consequence, alteration of the microbiome-bile salt homeostasis can play a role in hepatic and gastrointestinal pathological conditions. Intestinal bacteria use bile salts as environmental signals and in certain cases as nutrients and electron acceptors. However, bile salts are antibacterial compounds that disrupt bacterial membranes, denature proteins, chelate iron and calcium, cause oxidative damage to DNA, and control the expression of eukaryotic genes involved in host defense and immunity. Bacterial species adapted to the mammalian gut are able to endure the antibacterial activities of bile salts by multiple physiological adjustments that include remodeling of the cell envelope and activation of efflux systems and stress responses. Resistance to bile salts permits that certain bile-resistant pathogens can colonize the hepatobiliary tract, and an outstanding example is the chronic infection of the gall bladder by Salmonella enterica. A better understanding of the interactions between bacteria and bile salts may inspire novel therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases that involve microbiome alteration, as well as novel schemes against bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Urdaneta
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Josep Casadesús
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The extracytoplasmic function sigma factor σS protects against both intracellular and extracytoplasmic stresses in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:4342-54. [PMID: 22685284 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00484-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we identified a novel component of the Staphylococcus aureus regulatory network, an extracytoplasmic function σ-factor, σ(S), involved in stress response and disease causation. Here we present additional characterization of σ(S), demonstrating a role for it in protection against DNA damage, cell wall disruption, and interaction with components of the innate immune system. Promoter mapping reveals the existence of three unique sigS start sites, one of which appears to be subject to autoregulation. Transcriptional profiling revealed that sigS expression remains low in a number of S. aureus wild types but is upregulated in the highly mutated strain RN4220. Further analysis demonstrates that sigS expression is inducible upon exposure to a variety of chemical stressors that elicit DNA damage, including methyl methanesulfonate and ciprofloxacin, as well as those that disrupt cell wall stability, such as ampicillin and oxacillin. Significantly, expression of sigS is highly induced during growth in serum and upon phagocytosis by RAW 264.7 murine macrophage-like cells. Phenotypically, σ(S) mutants display sensitivity to a broad range of DNA-damaging agents and cell wall-targeting antibiotics. Furthermore, the survivability of σ(S) mutants is strongly impacted during challenge by components of the innate immune system. Collectively, our data suggest that σ(S) likely serves dual functions within the S. aureus cell, protecting against both cytoplasmic and extracytoplasmic stresses. This further argues for its important, and perhaps novel, role in the S. aureus stress and virulence responses.
Collapse
|
3
|
García-Quintanilla M, Prieto AI, Barnes L, Ramos-Morales F, Casadesús J. Bile-induced curing of the virulence plasmid in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:7963-5. [PMID: 16963576 PMCID: PMC1636308 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00995-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to bile induces curing of the virulence plasmid in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (pSLT). Disruption of the ccdB gene increases pSLT curing, both spontaneous and induced by bile, suggesting that the pSLT ccdAB genes may encode a homolog of the CcdAB addiction module previously described in the F sex factor. Unlike the F sex factor, synthesis of pSLT-encoded pili does not confer bile sensitivity. These observations may provide insights into the evolution of virulence plasmids in Salmonella subspecies I, as well as the causes of virulence plasmid loss in other Salmonella subspecies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bharathi A, Polasa H. Elimination of ColE1(pBR322 and pBR329) plasmids inEscherichia coliby α-santonin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
5
|
Viljanen P, Boratynski J. The susceptibility of conjugative resistance transfer in gram-negative bacteria to physicochemical and biochemical agents. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1991; 8:43-54. [PMID: 1931138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thirty years of studies have established that conjugative transfer of plasmid-encoded resistance to drugs and heavy metals can take place at high frequency between various organisms under laboratory conditions. The detected transfer frequencies in soil, in aquatic environments, and in the urogenital and respiratory tracts of healthy animals and man have generally been low. However, the conversion of bacteria from susceptible to resistant to antibiotics has been observed often during antimicrobial therapy. This has formed a challenge for the antibacterial treatment of pathogenic bacteria and called for the evaluation of the extent of conjugative transfer in various environments. Several biochemical and physicochemical factors inhibit conjugation, show preferential toxicity against plasmid-bearing cells, or stimulate plasmid curing. These factors include various agents such as detergents, anesthetics, mutagens and antibiotics which affect membrane potential, membrane permeability, protein synthesis and the processing of DNA. The application of the data on these agents, summarized in this review, might be helpful in preventing drug multi-resistance from spreading. Also these data might be valuable in studies which use conjugation as a tool or which treat the molecular mechanisms involved in conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Viljanen
- Miyazaki University, Faculty of Agriculture, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Das TK, Banerjee AK. Loss of penicillin resistance in Paracoccus denitrificans induced by mitomycin C and acridine orange. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1989; 34:465-70. [PMID: 2517537 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to eliminate the penicillin resistance gene of P. dentrificans by curing agents, such as acridine orange (AO) and mitomycin C, it was observed that AO treatment caused temporary phenotypic curing where development of sensitivity was a function of concentration of both the curing agent and benzylpenicillin. However, curing with mitomycin produced sensitive clones at a frequency of 6 X 10(-3) and two permanently cured clones were isolated. Heavy metal resistance and resistance to other drugs, however, remain unchanged in the mitomycin-cured isolate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T K Das
- Department of Botany, Burdwan University, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
2 Identification and Analysis of Plasmids at the Genetic Level. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
8
|
Abstract
Plasmid ColVBtrp maintenance in Erwinia carotovora cells was followed by measuring kinetics of elimination of plasmid genetic markers and loss of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid. An E. carotovora mutant stably carrying plasmid ColVBtrp was isolated. Besides stable plasmid maintenance, the mutant showed altered sensitivity to male-specific phage MS2, sensitivity to drugs, and colony morphology.
Collapse
|
9
|
Simon RD. Interactions Between Light and Gas Vacuoles in
Halobacterium salinarium
Strain 5: Effect of Ultraviolet Light. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 40:984-7. [PMID: 16345664 PMCID: PMC291702 DOI: 10.1128/aem.40.5.984-987.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential light shielding by intracellular gas vacuoles in
Halobacterium salinarium
strain 5 was examined by looking at the ultraviolet light inactivation curves of both wild-type cells and mutants which are defective in the production of gas vacuoles. Whereas strains defective in gas vacuole production were slightly more sensitive to ultraviolet inactivation, no significant differences in ultraviolet sensitivity were seen, indicating that these subcellular inclusion bodies are not effective as light-shielding organelles. In addition, it was shown that ultraviolet light acts as a plasmid-curing agent in
Halobacterium
.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Simon
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Acridines and a very large number of acridine derivatives are used in enormous quantities both in medicine and industry. The mutagenic action of these compounds has been demonstrated in a wide variety of organisms and is known to occur both in the dark as well as in the presence of light (photodynamic action). At the molecular level, acridines have been shown to cause frameshift mutations of both the addition and deletion types, a characteristic which has been of tremendous help in elucidating the nature of the genetic code. These and various other biological effects of acridines, such as inhibition of DNA repair, curing of plasmids and cell-growth inhibition, are examined in this review.
Collapse
|
11
|
Williams JA, Krizsanovich-Williams K. Physical properties of plasmid Mor174, which determines bacteriocin production in Proteus morganii 174. J Bacteriol 1978; 133:430-2. [PMID: 618846 PMCID: PMC222033 DOI: 10.1128/jb.133.1.430-432.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid Mor174 has a molecular weight of 3.6 X 10(6) and a buoyant density of 1.6994 g/cm3. The covalently closed circular form has a sedimentation coefficient of 22S. These are 30 to 40 plasmid copies per genome equivalent, but growth in chloramphenicol results in amplification of the copy number to 600. In Proteus morganii 174, Mor174 coexists with a cryptic plasmid of molecular weight 15.8 X 10(6) and a buoyant density of 1.7170 g/cm3.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
A mutant of Salmonella typhimurium was found to be sensitive to killing by coliphage T7 because of an alteration in its surface properties. However, the infections were abortive and studies with (32)P-labeled T7 grown in Escherichia coli B (T7.B) indicated that the phage DNA was restricted by S. typhimurium. When a mutant T7 which survived the restriction and produced plaques on Salmonella (T7.S) was passed through one cycle of growth in E. coli B, its ability to grow in Salmonella was lost, indicating that host-controlled restriction and modification are operative in this system. Restrictionless S. typhimurium mutants were isolated that permit the growth of not only T7.S but also T7.B and coliphage T3. The physiology of T7 production in the restrictionless host is nearly identical to that in Escherichia coli.
Collapse
|
13
|
Adachi H, Nakano M, Inuzuka M, Tomoeda M. Specific role of sex pili in the effective eliminatory action of sodium dodecyl sulfate on sex and drug resistance factors in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1972; 109:1114-24. [PMID: 4551744 PMCID: PMC247332 DOI: 10.1128/jb.109.3.1114-1124.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the specific role of sex pili in the eliminatory action of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on sex (F) and drug resistance (R) factors in Escherichia coli K-12 strains leading to their loss. SDS at 0.03% concentration lysed JE3100 F(8) (+) (F-gal)/gal(-)fla(-)pil(-) in Penassay broth after they had grown exponentially and reached maximum growth to the extent that the agent at concentrations higher than 1% did. However, the agent was only effective in eliminating sex factors from JE3100 in high frequencies at concentrations higher than 1%. Increase of osmotic pressure of the culture with SDS at concentrations as low as 0.03 to 0.1% by addition of sucrose led to the substantial increase of elimination efficiency. Reconstruction experiments between F(8) (+) and F(-) cells in the SDS culture revealed the selective growth of F(-) cells as well as a delay of maximum growth of F(-) variants derived from F(8) (+) cells, compared with those of F(8) (+) cells, as well as F(-) cells originally added to the culture. The agent was not very effective in eliminating sex factors from JE3427 F(8)m(+)5/fla(-)pil(-) cells which lack the function of production of F pili. F(8)m(+)5 cells showed a sensitivity toward SDS intermediate between those of F(8) (+) and F(-) cells. SDS was further effective in eliminating R factors from KE132 R(100-1) (+)/fla(-)pil(-) cells in high efficiency; however, the action was not efficient with KE133 F(100) (+) cells possibly with fewer sex pili than R(100-1) (+). Action of acridine orange on these F(+) or R(+) strains was found to be different in some aspects from that of SDS.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
SUMMARYA mutant with the properties of a recipient has been isolated from theP. aeruginosadonor strain PAT (FP 2 + ) following treatment with the acridine-mustard ICR-191. While this strain displays the properties expected of a female or recipient in a number of genetic tests, the FP 2 determined property of mercury resistance is retained by the strain, suggesting that it may carry the FP2 factor in a mutated form. Treatment of the donor strain PAT (FP2 + ) with acridine-mustard has produced mutant male strains with the ability to form recombinants with other male strains at frequencies similar to that obtained in FP2+ × FP2 − matings. This characteristic has been shown to be due to a mutation in the FP2 factor which is dominant to the wild-type function. The isolation of stable male strains carrying both the mutant and wild type forms of the sex factor suggests that more than one copy of the FP 2 factor occurs inP. aeruginosastrain PAT donors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Brinton CC. The properties of sex pili, the viral nature of "conjugal" genetic transfer systems, and some possible approaches to the control of bacterial drug resistance. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 1:105-60. [PMID: 4114944 DOI: 10.3109/10408417109104479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Tomoeda M, Kokubu M, Nabata H, Minamikawa S. Elimination of sex factors in Escherichia coli by urea. J Bacteriol 1970; 104:864-70. [PMID: 4923075 PMCID: PMC285070 DOI: 10.1128/jb.104.2.864-870.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eliminatory action of urea on the sex factor (F) in Escherichia coli K-12 strains is reported. Growth of E. coli harboring F or F'8 (F-gal) factors in Penassay Broth containing urea led to the loss of these genetic elements and yielded F(-) cells. Appearance of F(-) cells among survivors was already observed when the culture was in the very early stage of exponential phase. However, frequencies of F(-) cells formed did not increase much as a function of the incubation time. Unusual F(+) or F'8 cells which retained the ability of genetic transfer but showed resistance to M12 phage were also isolated. Addition of sucrose to broth with urea led to the favorable growth of cells in the culture and the increase, if little, of elimination frequencies of F factors by urea. These findings, coupled with other observations, suggest that urea has two separate actions in enhancing the frequency of F(-) bacteria, namely, (i) to inactivate F by direct action, such as mutation, and (ii) to select the F(-) variants by differentially inhibiting the growth of F(+).
Collapse
|
18
|
Inuzuka N, Nakamura S, Inuzuka M, Tomoeda M. Specific action of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the sex factor of Escherichia coli K-12 Hfr strains. J Bacteriol 1969; 100:827-35. [PMID: 4901363 PMCID: PMC250165 DOI: 10.1128/jb.100.2.827-835.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A specific action of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the sex (F) factor in the integrated state of Escherichia coli K-12 Hfr H strain is reported. Growth of Hfr cells in Penassay Broth containing SDS results in the elimination of part or all of the F factor, yielding low and nonfertile variants of defective Hfr type and F(+) cells and also F(-) derivatives. Appearance of such variants was generally observed after the culture reached stationary phase. The frequencies of F(-) cells then increased. F(-) cells were usually isolated as the major population among survivors. Some defective variants of Hfr cells with an intermediate fertility between standard Hfr and F(+) cells had lost sensitivity toward the male-specific ribonucleic acid phage M12. Other defective Hfr variants with as much or less fertility than standard F(+) cells had also all lost sensitivity to phage M12. On single-colony isolation, they segregated nonfertile female H cells which, when infected with F, could restore high fertility with oriented transfer of the chromosome the same as that of the original Hfr H. Also, sensitivity to phage M12 was regained. Female H cells were characterized as those lacking fertility but still retaining a small segment of F or sfa locus at the original part of the chromosome, where newly infected F could attach. Similar results were obtained with two other Hfr strains. A possible mechanism of the specific action of SDS is discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Loutit JS. Investigation of the mating system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 1. V. The effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on a donor strain. Genet Res (Camb) 1969; 14:103-9. [PMID: 4983750 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment of a donor strain ofPseudomonas aeruginosaresulted in the isolation of strains which were presumably cured of their sex factors, strains which possibly contained mutant defective sex factors and one strain which showed enhanced donor activity. The latter was apparently due to a change in the bacterium and the sex factors of OT 302 and OT 15 were both shown to be similar to the original in OT 1 when the three were transferred into the same strain.
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Tomoeda M, Inuzuka M, Kubo N, Nakamura S. Effective elimination of drug resistance and sex factors in Escherichia coli by sodium dodecyl sulfate. J Bacteriol 1968; 95:1078-89. [PMID: 4868353 PMCID: PMC252134 DOI: 10.1128/jb.95.3.1078-1089.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for effective elimination of drug resistance (R) and sex (F) factors in Escherichia coli K-12 strains by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is presented. Growth of E. coli harboring R or F factors in Penassay Broth containing SDS led to the loss of all or part of these genetic elements. Appearance of drug-susceptible or F(-) cells among survivors was observed after the culture reached the stationary phase. Drug-susceptible cells which had lost all of their resistance markers by SDS treatment could be efficiently infected with R or F factors. Among isolated segregants which came from resistant cells, tetracycline-susceptible cells were the major segregant class. Drug-susceptible cells gave no revertants to drug resistance. By treatment of F(+) cells with SDS, unusual F(+) cells which retained mating ability but showed resistance to M12 phage were also isolated, together with mutants of another type which lost mating ability but retained sensitivity to M12 phage. Since SDS is more toxic to R(+) cells than R(-) cells, the isolation of drug-susceptible or F(-) cells under these conditions may be partly attributable to selective growth of drug-susceptible or F(-) cells in SDS-Penassay Broth.
Collapse
|