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Biosynthesis of alkanes/alkenes from fatty acids or derivatives (triacylglycerols or fatty aldehydes). Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Effect of compressed propane extraction on storage stability of dried cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Samuels L, Kunst L, Jetter R. Sealing plant surfaces: cuticular wax formation by epidermal cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:683-707. [PMID: 18251711 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.103006.093219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The vital importance of plant surface wax in protecting tissue from environmental stresses is reflected in the huge commitment of epidermal cells to cuticle formation. During cuticle deposition, a massive flux of lipids occurs from the sites of lipid synthesis in the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum to the plant surface. Recent genetic studies in Arabidopsis have improved our understanding of fatty acid elongation and of the subsequent modification of the elongated products into primary alcohols, wax esters, secondary alcohols, and ketones, shedding light on the enzymes involved in these pathways. In contrast, the biosynthesis of alkanes is still poorly understood, as are the mechanisms of wax transport from the site of biosynthesis to the cuticle. Currently, nothing is known about wax trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, or about translocation through the cell wall to the cuticle. However, a first breakthrough toward an understanding of wax export recently came with the discovery of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are involved in releasing wax from the plasma membrane into the apoplast. An overview of our present knowledge of wax biosynthesis and transport and the regulation of these processes during cuticle assembly is presented, including the evidence for coordination of cutin polyester and wax production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
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Schulz S, Arsene C, Tauber M, McNeil JN. Composition of lipids from sunflower pollen (Helianthus annuus). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 54:325-336. [PMID: 10870188 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The contents of the pollen lipids of the sunflower Helianthus annuus are described. The major component is the seco-triterpene helianyl octanoate, followed by new beta-diketones as second major group of compounds. They exhibit a shorter chain length and often other positions of the functional group compared to already known beta-diketones. Of particular note are the 1-phenyl-beta-diketones, not previously reported from nature. Further lipid classes present are related hydroxyketones and diols. Interestingly, new beta-dioxoalkanoic acids are present in the extracts, which most likely are biogenetic precursors of the diketones. Additionally, we investigated the composition of the pollen coat which resembles the total extract, but lacks the dioxoalkanoic acids and certain estolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany.
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Schneider-Belhaddad F, Kolattukudy P. Solubilization, partial purification, and characterization of a fatty aldehyde decarbonylase from a higher plant, Pisum sativum. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 377:341-9. [PMID: 10845712 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic decarbonylation of fatty aldehydes generates hydrocarbons. The particulate enzyme that catalyzes the decarbonylation has not been solubilized and purified from any organism but a green alga. Here we report the solubilization, purification, and partial characterization of the decarbonylase from a higher plant. Decarbonylase from a particulate preparation from pea (Pisum sativum) leaves, enriched in decarbonylase, was solubilized with beta-octyl glucoside and partially purified. SDS-PAGE showed a major protein band at 67 kDa. Rabbit antibodies raised against this protein specifically cross-reacted with the 67-kDa protein in solubilized microsomal preparations; anti-ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase cross-reacted only with the 49-kDa large subunit of the carboxylase, but not with any protein near 67 kDa, showing the absence of any contamination from cross-linked small-large subunit of the carboxylase found in the green algal enzyme preparation. Anti-67-kDa protein antibodies inhibited decarbonylation catalyzed by the enzyme preparations, showing that this protein represents the decarbonylase. Decarbonylase activity of the purified enzyme required phospholipids for activity; phosphatidylcholine was the preferred lipid although phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine could substitute less effectively. Half-maximal activity was observed at 40 microM octadecanal. The purified enzyme produced alkane and CO and was inhibited by O2, NADPH, and DTE. Metal ion chelators severely inhibited the enzyme and Cu2+ fully restored the enzyme activity. Purified enzyme preparations consistently showed the presence of Cu, and copper protoporphyrin IX catalyzed decarbonylation. These results suggest that this higher plant enzyme probably is a Cu enzyme unlike the green algal enzyme that was found to have Co.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schneider-Belhaddad
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiotechnology Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Dennis MW, Kolattukudy PE. Alkane biosynthesis by decarbonylation of aldehyde catalyzed by a microsomal preparation from Botryococcus braunii. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 287:268-75. [PMID: 1898004 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The final step in the synthesis of n-hydrocarbons in an animal and a higher plant involves enzymatic decarbonylation of aldehydes to the corresponding alkanes by loss of the carbonyl carbon. Whether such a novel reaction is involved in hydrocarbon synthesis in the colonial microalga, Botryococcus braunii, which is known to produce unusually high levels (up to 32% of dry weight) of n-C27, C29, and C31 alka-dienes and -trienes, was investigated. Dithioerythritol severely inhibited the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into these hydrocarbons with accumulation of the label in the aldehyde fraction in the B. braunii cells. Microsomal preparations of the alga synthesized alkane from fatty acid and aldehyde in the absence of O2. Conversion of fatty acid to alkane required CoA, ATP, and NADH, whereas conversion of aldehyde to alkane did not require the addition of cofactors. That the alkane synthesis involves a decarbonylation was shown by the production of CO and heptadecane from octadecanal. CO was identified by adsorption to RhCl[(C6H6)3P]3. The decarbonylase had a pH optimum at 7.0, an apparent Km of 65 microM, a Vmax of 1.36 nmol/min/mg and was inhibited by the metal chelators EDTA, O-phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline. It was stimulated nearly threefold by 2 mM ascorbate and inhibited by the presence of O2. A partial (28%) retention of the aldehydic hydrogen of [1-3H]octadecanal in the heptadecane was observed; the remaining 3H was lost to H2O. The microsomal preparation also catalyzed the oxidation of 14CO to 14CO2, with a pH optimum of 7.0. This accounts for the nonstoichiometry of CO to heptadecane observed. In vivo studies with 14CO showed that the label was incorporated into metabolic products. This metabolic conversion of CO, not found in the previously examined hydrocarbon synthesizing systems, may be necessary for organisms that produce large amounts of hydrocarbons such as the present alga. The mechanism of the decarbonylation and the nature of the decarbonylase remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Dennis
- Ohio State Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Kolattukudy PE, Espelie KE. Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Function of Suberin and Associated Waxes. NATURAL PRODUCTS OF WOODY PLANTS 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-74075-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Cheesbrough TM, Kolattukudy PE. Microsomal preparation from an animal tissue catalyzes release of carbon monoxide from a fatty aldehyde to generate an alkane. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Rocchiccioli F, Lageron A, Duboucher C. Abnormal n-nonacosane storage in humans: detection by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of tissue extracts. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1987; 14:481-5. [PMID: 2960393 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200140902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of n-nonacosane storage disease, which went undiagnosed until the death of a 55-year-old farmer. Clinical, histological, and biochemical features are discussed. n-Nonacosane storage was identified by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of different tissue extracts, n-nonacosane concentration reaching 1.2 mg g-1 of lung tissue and 0.32 mg g-1 of liver tissue. It was possible to rule out a work-induced intoxication, and n-nonacosane storage appeared to be accounted for by a lifelong, heavy consumption of unpeeled apples and Brussels sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rocchiccioli
- Service de Biochimie (INSERM U 75), Faculté de Médecine Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Bognar AL, Paliyath G, Rogers L, Kolattukudy PE. Biosynthesis of alkanes by particulate and solubilized enzyme preparations from pea leaves (Pisum sativum). Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 235:8-17. [PMID: 6497395 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic activity responsible for the conversion of fatty acids to alkanes catalyzed by pea leaf homogenate was found to be mainly in the microsomal fraction. This particulate preparation catalyzed alkane formation from n-C18, n-C22, and n-C24 acids at rates comparable to that observed with n-C32 acid with O2 and ascorbate as required cofactors. In each case the major alkane contained two carbon atoms less than the precursor acid. Since the preparation also catalyzed alpha-oxidation, it was suspected that some alpha-oxidation intermediate, with one less carbon atom than the substrate acid, might lose another carbon to generate the alkane. Thin-layer and radio-gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the products generated from [U-14C]stearic acid by the particulate preparation after different periods of incubation showed that, at all time periods, alpha-hydroxy C18 acid, C17 aldehyde, and C17 acid were the major products. Since C16 alkane was the major product even after short periods of reaction, the C17 aldehyde might have been the immediate precursor of the alkane. Exogenous labeled C18 and C24 aldehyde were converted to alkanes. The alkane-synthesizing activity was solubilized from the microsomal preparation using Triton X-100. The solubilized preparation was retarded in a Sepharose 6-B column, but the hydrocarbon-forming activity was not resolved from alpha-oxidation. The solubilized preparation produced alkane with two carbon atoms less than the parent acid in a time- and protein-dependent manner. The soluble preparation also required O2 and ascorbate and, like the microsomal preparation, was inhibited by dithioerythritol and metal ion chelating agents.
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Cheesbrough TM, Kolattukudy PE. Alkane biosynthesis by decarbonylation of aldehydes catalyzed by a particulate preparation from Pisum sativum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984; 81:6613-7. [PMID: 6593720 PMCID: PMC391980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.81.21.6613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanism of enzymatic conversion of a fatty acid to the corresponding alkane by the loss of the carboxyl carbon was investigated with particulate preparations from Pisum sativum. A heavy particulate preparation (sp. gr., 1.30 g/cm3) isolated by two density-gradient centrifugation steps catalyzed conversion of octadecanal to heptadecane and CO. Experiments with [1-3H,1-14C]octadecanal showed the stoichiometry of the reaction and retention of the aldehydic hydrogen in the alkane during this enzymatic decarbonylation. This decarbonylase showed an optimal pH of 7.0 and a Km of 35 microM for the aldehyde. This enzyme was severely inhibited by metal ion chelators and showed no requirement for any cofactors. Microsomal preparations and the particulate fractions from the first density-gradient step catalyzed acyl-CoA reduction to the corresponding aldehyde. Electron microscopic examination showed the presence of fragments of cell wall/cuticle but no vesicles in the decarbonylase preparation. It is concluded that the aldehydes produced by the acyl-CoA reductase located in the endomembranes of the epidermal cells are converted to alkanes by the decarbonylase located in the cell wall/cuticle region.
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Goodloe R, Light RJ. Biosynthesis of hydrocarbon in anabaena variabilis in vivo incorporation of [18-14c]stearate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Goodloe R, Light RJ. Structure and composition of hydrocarbons and fatty acids from a marine blue-green alga, Synechococcus sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(82)90133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Decarboxylation of tetracosanoic acid to n-Tricosane in the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(80)90070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mikkelsen JD, von Wettstein-Knowles P. Biosynthesis of beta-diketones and hydrocarbons in barley spike epicuticular wax. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 188:172-81. [PMID: 677890 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Darriet D, Cassagne C, Bourre J. Distribution pattern of alkanes in whole brain mitochondria, microsomes, synaptosomes and myelin isolated from normal mouse. Neurosci Lett 1978; 8:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(78)90101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/1977] [Revised: 01/23/1978] [Accepted: 01/23/1978] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Netting AG, von Wettstein-Knowles P. Biosynthesis of the beta-diketones of barley spike epicuticular wax. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 174:613-21. [PMID: 1230011 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Blomquist GJ, Kearney GP. Biosynthesis of internally branched monomethylalkanes in the cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:546-53. [PMID: 1275507 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Blailock TT, Blomquist GJ. Biosynthesis of 2-methylalkanes in the crickets Nemobius fasciatus and Gryllus pennsylvanicus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 68:841-9. [PMID: 1259732 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)91222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Biosynthetic relationships between β-diketones and esterified alkan-2-ols deduced from epicuticular wax of barley mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00277302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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