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Interrogation of the Structure–Activity Relationship of a Lipophilic Nitroaromatic Prodrug Series Designed for Cancer Gene Therapy Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020185. [PMID: 35215297 PMCID: PMC8877822 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PR-104A is a dual hypoxia/nitroreductase gene therapy prodrug by virtue of its ability to undergo either one- or two-electron reduction to its cytotoxic species. It has been evaluated extensively in pre-clinical GDEPT studies, yet off-target human aldo-keto reductase AKR1C3-mediated activation has limited its use. Re-evaluation of this chemical scaffold has previously identified SN29176 as an improved hypoxia-activated prodrug analogue of PR-104A that is free from AKR1C3 activation. However, optimization of the bystander effect of SN29176 is required for use in a GDEPT setting to compensate for the non-uniform distribution of therapeutic gene transfer that is often observed with current gene therapy vectors. A lipophilic series of eight analogues were synthesized from commercially available 3,4-difluorobenzaldehyde. Calculated octanol-water partition coefficients (LogD7.4) spanned > 2 orders of magnitude. 2D anti-proliferative and 3D multicellular layer assays were performed using isogenic HCT116 cells expressing E. coli NfsA nitroreductase (NfsA_Ec) or AKR1C3 to determine enzyme activity and measure bystander effect. A variation in potency for NfsA_Ec was observed, while all prodrugs appeared AKR1C3-resistant by 2D assay. However, 3D assays indicated that increasing prodrug lipophilicity correlated with increased AKR1C3 activation and NfsA_Ec activity, suggesting that metabolite loss from the cell of origin into media during 2D monolayer assays could mask cytotoxicity. Three prodrugs were identified as bono fide AKR1C3-negative candidates whilst maintaining activity with NfsA_Ec. These were converted to their phosphate ester pre-prodrugs before being taken forward into in vivo therapeutic efficacy studies. Ultimately, 2-(5-(bis(2-bromoethyl)amino)-4-(ethylsulfonyl)-N-methyl-2-nitrobenzamido)ethyl dihydrogen phosphate possessed a significant 156% improvement in median survival in mixed NfsA_Ec/WT tumors compared to untreated controls (p = 0.005), whilst still maintaining hypoxia selectivity comparable to PR-104A.
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Gupta S, Sureshbabu P, Singh AK, Sabiah S, Kandasamy J. Deoxygenation of tertiary amine N-oxides under metal free condition using phenylboronic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Jiang D, Tam AB, Alagappan M, Hay MP, Gupta A, Kozak MM, Solow-Cordero DE, Lum PY, Denko NC, Giaccia AJ, Le QT, Niwa M, Koong AC. Acridine Derivatives as Inhibitors of the IRE1α-XBP1 Pathway Are Cytotoxic to Human Multiple Myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2055-65. [PMID: 27307600 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a luciferase reporter-based high-throughput chemical library screen and topological data analysis, we identified N-acridine-9-yl-N',N'-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine (DAPA) as an inhibitor of the inositol requiring kinase 1α (IRE1α)-X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1) pathway of the unfolded protein response. We designed a collection of analogues based on the structure of DAPA to explore structure-activity relationships and identified N(9)-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-N(3),N(3),N(6),N(6)-tetramethylacridine-3,6,9-triamine (3,6-DMAD), with 3,6-dimethylamino substitution on the chromophore, as a potent inhibitor. 3,6-DMAD inhibited both IRE1α oligomerization and in vitro endoribonuclease (RNase) activity, whereas the other analogues only blocked IRE1α oligomerization. Consistent with the inhibition of IRE1α-mediated XBP1 splicing, which is critical for multiple myeloma cell survival, these analogues were cytotoxic to multiple myeloma cell lines. Furthermore, 3,6-DMAD inhibited XBP1 splicing in vivo and the growth of multiple myeloma tumor xenografts. Our study not only confirmed the utilization of topological data analysis in drug discovery but also identified a class of compounds with a unique mechanism of action as potent IRE1α-XBP1 inhibitors in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2055-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Arvin B Tam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aparna Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Margaret M Kozak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - David E Solow-Cordero
- High-Throughput Bioscience Center, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Nicholas C Denko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Maho Niwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Albert C Koong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Nezhadali A, Senobari S, Mojarrab M. 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer using multi-walled carbon nanotubes and multivariate optimization method. Talanta 2016; 146:525-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Bildziukevich U, Rárová L, Saman D, Havlíček L, Drašar P, Wimmer Z. Amides derived from heteroaromatic amines and selected steryl hemiesters. Steroids 2013; 78:1347-52. [PMID: 24145008 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The current interest of the team has been focused on investigation of novel amides with potential cytotoxicity. The presented series of compounds was synthesized from selected steryl hemiesters and heteroaromatic amines. The synthetic protocol was designed in a simple and economic way, and divided into several general methodologies applicable to the compounds synthesized. The cytotoxicity was tested on cells derived from human T-lymphoblastic leukemia, breast adenocarcinoma and cervical cancer, and compared with tests on normal human fibroblasts. Most of the lanosterol-based compounds (3-5 and 7-10) showed medium to good cytotoxicity, while only two derivatives of cholesterol (18 and 19) showed medium cytotoxicity on human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. The compounds 8 and 9 displayed the reasonable cytotoxicity among this series of amides, tested on the cell lines of T-lymphoblastic leukemia [14.5±0.4 μM (8) and 18.5±3.9 μM (9)], breast adenocarcinoma [19.5±2.1 μM (8) and 23.1±4.0 μM (9)] and cervical cancer [24.8±5.3 μM (8) and 29.1±4.7 μM (9)]. Only the compound 8 was adequately less active on normal human fibroblasts (40.4±11.1 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzimir Bildziukevich
- Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Isotope Laboratory, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Institute of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Yin C, Zhang J, Huo F. Combined spectral experiment and theoretical calculation to study the interaction of 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone for metal ions in solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:772-777. [PMID: 23892118 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone (1,4-DHA) and metal ions was studied by UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopies in solution. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations confirmed complex structures. The investigation results showed 1,4-DHA can selectively respond some metal ions and can be monitored by UV-Vis, fluorescence spectra and naked-eye. So 1,4-DHA has a potential application in the design of metal ions probe. More, as typical metal ions, Hg(2+) and Er(3+), their reaction abilities for 1,4-DHA were studied in detailed. Experimental results showed they have better response for 1,4-DHA. And theoretical calculation concluded that Er(3+) easily reacts with 1,4-DHA over Hg(2+) attributed to the low reaction energy of Er(3+)-1,4-DHA than Hg(2+)-1,4-DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Yin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Lukka PB, Paxton JW, Kestell P, Baguley BC. Comparison of a homologous series of benzonaphthyridine anti-cancer agents in mice: divergence between tumour and plasma pharmacokinetics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 70:151-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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A rapid LC–MS/MS method for the quantitation of a series of benzonaphthyridine derivatives: Application to in vivo pharmacokinetic and lipophilicity studies in drug development. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 63:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hay MP, Hicks KO, Pchalek K, Lee HH, Blaser A, Pruijn FB, Anderson RF, Shinde SS, Wilson WR, Denny WA. Tricyclic [1,2,4]triazine 1,4-dioxides as hypoxia selective cytotoxins. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6853-65. [PMID: 18847185 DOI: 10.1021/jm800967h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel tricyclic triazine-di- N-oxides (TTOs) related to tirapazamine have been designed and prepared. A wide range of structural arrangements with cycloalkyl, oxygen-, and nitrogen-containing saturated rings fused to the triazine core, coupled with various side chains linked to either hemisphere, resulted in TTO analogues that displayed hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity in vitro. Optimal rates of hypoxic metabolism and tissue diffusion coefficients were achieved with fused cycloalkyl rings in combination with both the 3-aminoalkyl or 3-alkyl substituents linked to weakly basic soluble amines. The selection was further refined using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model predictions of the in vivo hypoxic potency (AUC req) and selectivity (HCD) with 12 TTO analogues predicted to be active in vivo, subject to the achievement of adequate plasma pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Kiralj R, Ferreira M. Extensive Chemometric Investigations of the Multidrug Resistance in Strains of the Phytopathogenic FungusPenicillium Digitatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200630160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hay MP, Pchalek K, Pruijn FB, Hicks KO, Siim BG, Anderson RF, Shinde SS, Phillips V, Denny WA, Wilson WR. Hypoxia-selective 3-alkyl 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides: the influence of hydrogen bond donors on extravascular transport and antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6654-64. [PMID: 18052317 DOI: 10.1021/jm701037w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tirapazamine (TPZ) and related 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4 dioxides (BTOs) are selectively toxic under hypoxia, but their ability to kill hypoxic cells in tumors is generally limited by their poor extravascular transport. Here we show that removing hydrogen bond donors by replacing the 3-NH2 group of TPZ with simple alkyl groups increased their tissue diffusion coefficients as measured in multicellular layer cultures. This advantage was largely retained using solubilizing 3-alkylaminoalkyl substituents provided these were sufficiently lipophilic at pH 7.4. The high reduction potentials of such compounds resulted in rates of metabolism too high for optimal penetration into hypoxic tissue, but electron-donating 6- and 7-substituents moderated metabolism. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model-guided screening was used to select BTOs with optimal extravascular transport and hypoxic cytotoxicity properties for evaluation against HT29 human tumor xenografts in combination with radiation. This identified four novel 3-alkyl BTOs providing greater clonogenic killing of hypoxic cells than TPZ at equivalent host toxicity, with the 6-morpholinopropyloxy-BTO 22 being 3-fold more active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Hay MP, Hicks KO, Pruijn FB, Pchalek K, Siim BG, Wilson WR, Denny WA. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model-guided identification of hypoxia-selective 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides with antitumor activity: the role of extravascular transport. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6392-404. [PMID: 18001018 DOI: 10.1021/jm070670g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling has shown the antitumor activity of tirapazamine (TPZ), a bioreductive hypoxia-selective cytotoxin, to be limited by poor penetration through hypoxic tumor tissue. We have prepared a series of 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (BTO) analogues of TPZ to improve activity against hypoxic cells by increasing extravascular transport. The 6 substituents modified lipophilicity and rates of hypoxic metabolism. 3-Alkylamino substituents increased aqueous solubility and also influenced lipophilicity and hypoxic metabolism. PK/PD model-guided screening was used to select six BTOs for evaluation against hypoxic cells in HT29 human tumor xenografts. All six BTOs were active in vivo, and two provided greater hypoxic cell killing than TPZ because of improved transport and/or plasma PK. This PK/PD model considers two causes of therapeutic failure (limited tumor penetration and poor plasma pharmacokinetics) often not addressed early in drug development and provides a general strategy for selecting candidates for in vivo evaluation during lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1003, New Zealand.
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Hoffmann GR, Gessner GS, Hughes JF, Ronan MV, Sylvia KE, Willett CJ. Modulation of the genotoxicity of bleomycin by amines through noncovalent DNA interactions and alteration of physiological conditions in yeast. Mutat Res 2007; 623:41-52. [PMID: 17428504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of amines on the induction of mitotic gene conversion by bleomycin (BLM) were studied at the trp5 locus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D7. BLM induces double-strand breaks in DNA and is a potent recombinagen in this assay. The polyamine spermidine causes concentration-dependent protection against the genotoxicity of BLM, reducing the convertant frequency by over 90% under the most protective conditions. Spermine, diethylenetriamine, ethylenediamine, putrescine, and ethylamine were also antigenotoxic in combined treatments with BLM. There was a general correspondence between the protective effect and the number of amino groups, suggesting that more strongly cationic amines tend to be stronger antirecombinagens. Electrostatic association of the amines with DNA probably hinders BLM access to the 4' position of deoxyribose where it generates a free radical. Other amines interact with BLM differently from these unbranched aliphatic amines. The aminothiol cysteamine inhibits the genotoxicity of BLM under hypoxic conditions but increases it under euoxic conditions. In contrast, pargyline potentiates the genotoxicity of BLM under hypoxic conditions but not under euoxic conditions. The antirecombinagenic effect of cysteamine apparently involves DNA binding and depletion of oxygen needed for BLM activity, whereas its potentiation of BLM entails its serving as an electron source for the activation of BLM. Pargyline may enhance BLM indirectly by preventing the depletion of oxygen by monoamine and polyamine oxidase. The planar 9-aminoacridine weakly induces gene conversion in strain D7, but it is strongly synergistic with BLM. Enhancement of BLM activity by this compound and by the related nitroacridine Entozon is apparently mediated by intercalation of the acridine ring system into DNA. Thus, the influence of amines on the genotoxicity of BLM in yeast encompasses antigenotoxic, potentiating, and synergistic interactions. The underlying mechanisms involve noncovalent association with DNA, altered BLM access to DNA, and modulation of physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Hoffmann
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, One College Street, Worcester, MA 01610-2395, USA.
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Hicks KO, Pruijn FB, Secomb TW, Hay MP, Hsu R, Brown JM, Denny WA, Dewhirst MW, Wilson WR. Use of three-dimensional tissue cultures to model extravascular transport and predict in vivo activity of hypoxia-targeted anticancer drugs. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:1118-28. [PMID: 16912264 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the inefficient vasculature of solid tumors, anticancer drugs must penetrate relatively long distances through the extravascular compartment. The requirement for such diffusion may limit their activity, especially that of hypoxia-targeted drugs. We tested whether a three-dimensional pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model based on a representative mapped tumor microvascular network could predict the therapeutic activity of anticancer drugs in mouse xenograft tumors. METHODS Diffusion coefficients of the hypoxia-activated anticancer drug tirapazamine (TPZ) and of 15 TPZ analogs were estimated by measuring their transport through HT29 colon cancer multicellular layers (MCLs). Anoxic cytotoxic potency (by clonogenic assay) and metabolism of the TPZ analogs were measured in HT29 cell suspensions, and their plasma pharmacokinetics was measured in CD-1 nude mice. This information was used to create a spatially resolved PK/PD model for the tumor microvascular network. Model predictions were compared with actual hypoxic cell kill as measured by clonogenic assays on HT29 xenograft tumors 18 hours after treatment with each TPZ analog. RESULTS Modeling TPZ transport in the tumor microvascular network showed substantial drug depletion in the most hypoxic regions, with predicted maximum cell kill of only 3 logs, compared with more than 10 logs if there were no transport impediment. A large range of tissue diffusion coefficients (0.027 x 10(-6)-1.87 x 10(-6) cm2/s) was observed for the TPZ analogs. There was a strong correlation between model-predicted and measured hypoxic cell kill (R2 = 0.89) but a poor correlation when the model did not include extravascular transport (R2 = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS Extravascular transport in tumors, and its consequences for tumor cell killing, can be predicted by measuring drug penetration through MCLs in vitro and modeling pharmacokinetics at each position in three-dimensional microvascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O Hicks
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Hoffmann GR, Yin CC, Terry CE, Ferguson LR, Denny WA. Frameshift mutations induced by four isomeric nitroacridines and their des-nitro counterpart in the lacZ reversion assay in Escherichia coli. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:82-94. [PMID: 16180206 DOI: 10.1002/em.20171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Acridines are well-known as compounds that intercalate noncovalently between DNA base pairs and induce +/-1 frameshift mutations at sites of monotonous repeats of a single base. Reactive derivatives of acridines, including acridine mustards and nitroacridines, form covalent adducts in DNA and exhibit mutagenic properties different from the simple intercalators. We compared the frameshift mutagenicity of the cancer chemotherapy drug nitracrine (1-nitro-9-(3'-dimethylaminopropylamino)-acridine), its des-nitro counterpart 9-(3'-dimethylaminopropylamino)-acridine (DAPA), and its 2-, 3-, and 4-nitro isomers (2-, 3-, and 4-nitro-DAPA) in the lacZ reversion assay in Escherichia coli. DAPA is a simple intercalator, much like the widely studied 9-aminoacridine. It most strongly induced +/-1 frameshift mutations in runs of guanine residues and more weakly induced -1 frameshifts in a run of adenine residues. A nitro group in the 1, 3, or 4 position of DAPA reduced the yield of +/-1 frameshift mutations. DAPA weakly induced -2 frameshifts in an alternating CG sequence. In contrast, nitracrine and its 3-nitro isomer resembled the 3-nitroacridine Entozon in effectively inducing -2 frameshift mutations. The 2- and 4-nitro isomers were less effective than the 1- and 3-nitro compounds in -2 frameshift mutagenesis. The results are interpreted with respect to intercalation, steric interactions, effects of base strength on DNA binding, enzymatic processing, and a slipped mispairing model of frameshift mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Hoffmann
- Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610-2395, USA.
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Varvaresou A, Iakovou K. Derivatives of 5-Oxy-pyrido[2,3-b]quinoxaline-9-carboxylic acid: A tricyclic system useful for the synthesis of potential intercalators. J Heterocycl Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570390610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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