1
|
Zhang Y, Yang Y, He X, Yang P, Zong T, Sun P, Sun RC, Yu T, Jiang Z. The cellular function and molecular mechanism of formaldehyde in cardiovascular disease and heart development. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5358-5371. [PMID: 33973354 PMCID: PMC8184665 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common air pollutant, formaldehyde is widely present in nature, industrial production and consumer products. Endogenous formaldehyde is mainly produced through the oxidative deamination of methylamine catalysed by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and is ubiquitous in human body fluids, tissues and cells. Vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells are rich in this formaldehyde-producing enzyme and are easily damaged owing to consequent cytotoxicity. Consistent with this, increasing evidence suggests that the cardiovascular system and stages of heart development are also susceptible to the harmful effects of formaldehyde. Exposure to formaldehyde from different sources can induce heart disease such as arrhythmia, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF) and atherosclerosis (AS). In particular, long-term exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde in pregnant women is more likely to affect embryonic development and cause heart malformations than long-term exposure to low concentrations of formaldehyde. Specifically, the ability of mouse embryos to effect formaldehyde clearance is far lower than that of the rat embryos, more readily allowing its accumulation. Formaldehyde may also exert toxic effects on heart development by inducing oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. This review focuses on the current progress in understanding the influence and underlying mechanisms of formaldehyde on cardiovascular disease and heart development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine School, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Panyu Yang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tingyu Zong
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pin Sun
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui-Cong Sun
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhirong Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Ultrasound, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yeom SM, Kim MS, Lingenfelter E, Broadwell J. A Methocarbamol Combination to Prevent Toxicity of Non-steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yeom
- USFK, Army 2nd Infantry Division, Camp Hovey Combined Troops Medical Aid Station, Dongducheon, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Woo-suk University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Min-Seok Kim
- USFK, Army 2nd Infantry Division, Camp Hovey Combined Troops Medical Aid Station, Dongducheon, Korea
- College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eric Lingenfelter
- USFK, Army 2nd Infantry Division, Camp Hovey Combined Troops Medical Aid Station, Dongducheon, Korea
- Defense Health Agency, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Broadwell
- Army National Guard, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pannecoeck R, Serruys D, Benmeridja L, Delanghe JR, van Geel N, Speeckaert R, Speeckaert MM. Vascular adhesion protein-1: Role in human pathology and application as a biomarker. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 52:284-300. [PMID: 26287391 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a member of the copper-containing amine oxidase/semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (AOC/SSAO) enzyme family. SSAO enzymes catalyze oxidative deamination of primary amines, which results in the production of the corresponding aldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and ammonium. VAP-1 is continuously expressed as a transmembrane glycoprotein in the vascular wall during development and facilitates the accumulation of inflammatory cells into the inflamed environment in concert with other leukocyte adhesion molecules. The soluble form of VAP-1 is released into the circulation mainly from vascular endothelial cells. Over- and under-expression of sVAP-1 result in alterations of the reported reaction product levels, which are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases. The combination of enzymatic and adhesion capacities as well as its strong association with inflammatory pathologies makes VAP-1 an interesting therapeutic target for drug discovery. In this article, we will review the general characteristics and biological functions of VAP-1, focusing on its important role as a prognostic biomarker in human pathologies. In addition, the potential therapeutic application of VAP-1 inhibitors will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nanja van Geel
- c Department of Dermatology , Ghent University Hospital , Gent , Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murakawa T, Hamaguchi A, Nakanishi S, Kataoka M, Nakai T, Kawano Y, Yamaguchi H, Hayashi H, Tanizawa K, Okajima T. Probing the Catalytic Mechanism of Copper Amine Oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis with Halide Ions. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23094-109. [PMID: 26269595 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic reaction of copper amine oxidase proceeds through a ping-pong mechanism comprising two half-reactions. In the initial half-reaction, the substrate amine reduces the Tyr-derived cofactor, topa quinone (TPQ), to an aminoresorcinol form (TPQamr) that is in equilibrium with a semiquinone radical (TPQsq) via an intramolecular electron transfer to the active-site copper. We have analyzed this reductive half-reaction in crystals of the copper amine oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis. Anerobic soaking of the crystals with an amine substrate shifted the equilibrium toward TPQsq in an "on-copper" conformation, in which the 4-OH group ligated axially to the copper center, which was probably reduced to Cu(I). When the crystals were soaked with substrate in the presence of halide ions, which act as uncompetitive and noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to the amine substrate and dioxygen, respectively, the equilibrium in the crystals shifted toward the "off-copper" conformation of TPQamr. The halide ion was bound to the axial position of the copper center, thereby preventing TPQamr from adopting the on-copper conformation. Furthermore, transient kinetic analyses in the presence of viscogen (glycerol) revealed that only the rate constant in the step of TPQamr/TPQsq interconversion is markedly affected by the viscogen, which probably perturbs the conformational change. These findings unequivocally demonstrate that TPQ undergoes large conformational changes during the reductive half-reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Murakawa
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Akio Hamaguchi
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shota Nakanishi
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Misumi Kataoka
- the School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan, the Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakai
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kawano
- the Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- the School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan, the Advanced Photon Technology Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- the Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan, and
| | - Katsuyuki Tanizawa
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, the Center of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Toshihide Okajima
- the Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan, the Department of Chemistry, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan, and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang YS, Tan X, Xue JH, Li GR, Shi LF, Yang HM, Liu L, Zhou B, Xiao XL. Determination of trace formaldehyde in blood plasma by resonance fluorescence technology. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 690:234-9. [PMID: 21435481 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of trace formaldehyde in blood plasma has been established by using resonance fluorimetry technique. It was based on the fact that oxidation of pyronine Y by potassium bromate was catalyzed by formaldehyde in sulfuric acid. When the wavelength interval was at Δλ=0 nm, it was found that the decreased intensity (ΔF) of resonance fluorescence at 574.6 nm was proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde in the range of 1.27×10(-2) to 2.28 μg mL(-1). The limit of detection and the average recovery for formaldehyde were 3.80 ng mL(-1) and 101.6% (n=6), respectively. The present method had been applied to the determination of trace formaldehyde in blood plasma, and the obtained results were in good agreement with those obtained by the resonance light scattering method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Wang
- College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shipkova P, Vassallo JD, Aranibar N, Hnatyshyn S, Zhang H, Clayton TA, Cantor GH, Sanders M, Coen M, Lindon JC, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Lehman-McKeeman L. Urinary metabolites of 2-bromoethanamine identified by stable isotope labelling: evidence for carbamoylation and glutathione conjugation. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:144-54. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.529179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
7
|
Sartori A, Garay-Malpartida HM, Forni MF, Schumacher RI, Dutra F, Sogayar MC, Bechara EJH. Aminoacetone, a putative endogenous source of methylglyoxal, causes oxidative stress and death to insulin-producing RINm5f cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1841-50. [PMID: 18729331 DOI: 10.1021/tx8001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aminoacetone (AA), triose phosphates, and acetone are putative endogenous sources of potentially cytotoxic and genotoxic methylglyoxal (MG), which has been reported to be augmented in the plasma of diabetic patients. In these patients, accumulation of MG derived from aminoacetone, a threonine and glycine catabolite, is inferred from the observed concomitant endothelial overexpression of circulating semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases. These copper-dependent enzymes catalyze the oxidation of primary amines, such as AA and methylamine, by molecular oxygen, to the corresponding aldehydes, NH4(+) ion and H2O2. We recently reported that AA aerobic oxidation to MG also takes place immediately upon addition of catalytic amounts of copper and iron ions. Taking into account that (i) MG and H2O2 are reportedly cytotoxic to insulin-producing cell lineages such as RINm5f and that (ii) the metal-catalyzed oxidation of AA is propagated by O2(*-) radical anion, we decided to investigate the possible pro-oxidant action of AA on these cells taken here as a reliable model system for pancreatic beta-cells. Indeed, we show that AA (0.10-5.0 mM) administration to RINm5f cultures induces cell death. Ferrous (50-300 microM) and Fe(3+) ion (100 microM) addition to the cell cultures had no effect, whereas Cu(2+) (5.0-100 microM) significantly increased cell death. Supplementation of the AA- and Cu(2+)-containing culture medium with antioxidants, such as catalase (5.0 microM), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 50 U/mL), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 5.0 mM) led to partial protection. mRNA expression of MnSOD, CuZnSOD, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, but not of catalase, is higher in cells treated with AA (0.50-1.0 mM) plus Cu(2+) ions (10-50 microM) relative to control cultures. This may imply higher activity of antioxidant enzymes in RINm5f AA-treated cells. In addition, we have found that AA (0.50-1.0 mM) plus Cu(2+) (100 microM) (i) increase RINm5f cytosolic calcium; (ii) promote DNA fragmentation; and (iii) increase the pro-apoptotic (Bax)/antiapoptotic (Bcl-2) ratio at the level of mRNA expression. In conclusion, although both normal and pathological concentrations of AA are probably much lower than those used here, it is tempting to propose that excess AA in diabetic patients may drive oxidative damage and eventually the death of pancreatic beta-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Sartori
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pourrut B, Perchet G, Silvestre J, Cecchi M, Guiresse M, Pinelli E. Potential role of NADPH-oxidase in early steps of lead-induced oxidative burst in Vicia faba roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:571-9. [PMID: 17931743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of oxidative burst induced by lead in Vicia faba excised roots was investigated by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Results showed that lead triggered a rapid and dose-dependent increase in chemiluminescence production. In this study, specific inhibitors of putative reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources were used to determine the mechanism of lead-induced ROS generation. This generation was sensitive to dephenylene iodonium (DPI), quinacrine and imidazole, some inhibitors of the NADPH-oxidase and not inhibited by other putative ROS sources inhibitors. Data reported in this work clearly demonstrated the pivotal role of NADPH-oxidase-like enzyme in early steps of lead-induced oxidative burst. To investigate the respective implication of calmodulin and protein kinase (PK) in lead-induced NADPH-oxidase activation, excised roots were treated with the calmodulin inhibitor W7 or with the PK inhibitor staurosporine. The chemiluminescence generation inhibition by these inhibitors illustrated the role of PK in lead-induced NADPH-oxidase activation and revealed a calmodulin-dependent step. Using the calcium entry blocker La(3+) or different concentrations of calcium in the extra-cellular medium, our data highlighted the implication of Ca(2+) channel in lead-induced oxidative burst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Pourrut
- EcoLab UMR 5245 CNRS-UPS-INPT, ENSAT Avenue de l'agrobiopole-Auzeville-Tolosane Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vidrio H, Medina M. 2-bromoethylamine, a suicide inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, increases hydralazine hypotension in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 46:316-24. [PMID: 16116337 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000175433.64412.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that inhibitors of the predominantly vascular enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) potentiate the hypotensive response to hydralazine, itself a SSAO inhibitor, in anesthetized rats. The present study was carried out to determine whether the recently described suicide SSAO inhibitor 2-bromoethylamine shares this effect. Hypotensive responses to hydralazine, 0.1 mg/kg IV, were obtained in chloralose-urethane-anesthetized rats, either unpretreated or receiving bromoethylamine at different doses and pretreatment intervals. Parallel experiments were run with semicarbazide, the prototypical hydrazine SSAO inhibitor. Both inhibitors potentiated hydralazine hypotension, bromoethylamine having a longer latency and a shorter duration of action than semicarbazide. High doses of bromoethylamine did not produce potentiation, a phenomenon attributed to SSAO inactivation by excess substrate and decreased formation by the enzyme of the inhibitor product. Experiments with combined administration of both inhibitors were also carried out. When semicarbazide was administered before bromoethylamine, potentiaton was prevented, apparently by a mechanism similar to the above; when it was given after the amine, potentiation was increased. This was attributed to enzyme inhibition by interaction with 2 different active sites. The charactertistics of hydralazine potentiation by bromoethylamine were considered compatible with the mechanism of SSAO inhibition by the amine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Vidrio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, México City, México.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Di Paolo ML, Lunelli M, Scarpa M, Rigo A. Phosphonium compounds as new and specific inhibitors of bovine serum amine oxidase. Biochem J 2005; 384:551-8. [PMID: 15320876 PMCID: PMC1134140 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TPP+ (tetraphenylphosphonium ion) and its analogues were found to act as powerful competitive inhibitors of BSAO (bovine serum amine oxidase). The binding of this new class of inhibitors to BSAO was characterized by kinetic measurements. TPP+ can bind to the BSAO active site by hydrophobic and by coulombian interactions. The binding probably occurs in the region of the 'cation-binding site'[Di Paolo, Scarpa, Corazza, Stevanato and Rigo (2002) Biophys. J. 83, 2231-2239]. Under physiological conditions, the association constant of TPP+ for this site is higher than 10(6) M(-1), the change of enthalpy being the main free-energy term controlling binding. Analysis of the relationships between substrate structure and extent of inhibition by TPP+ reveals some new molecular features of the BSAO active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Università di Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
O'Sullivan J, Unzeta M, Healy J, O'Sullivan MI, Davey G, Tipton KF. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases: enzymes with quite a lot to do. Neurotoxicology 2004; 25:303-15. [PMID: 14697905 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(03)00117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSAO) (EC 1.4.3.6) were believed to be detoxifying enzymes, primarily involved in the oxidative deamination of endogenous amines, such as methylamine and aminoacetone, together with some xenobiotic amines. However, it appears that the reaction products may have important signalling functions in the regulation of cell development and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, enzyme, from some sources, behaves as a cellular adhesion protein under inflammatory and it may also be involved in lipid transport. This review considers what is known about the activities and potential functions of this hardworking protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff O'Sullivan
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu PH, Wang M, Fan H, Deng Y, Gubisne-Haberle D. Involvement of SSAO-mediated deamination in adipose glucose transport and weight gain in obese diabetic KKAy mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 286:E634-41. [PMID: 14656718 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is located on outer surfaces of adipocytes and endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. This enzyme catalyzes deamination of methylamine and aminoacetone, leading to production of toxic formaldehyde and methylglyoxal, respectively, as well as hydrogen peroxide and ammonium. Several lines of evidence suggest that increased SSAO activity is related to chronic inflammation and vascular disorders related to diabetic complications. We found that a highly potent and selective SSAO inhibitor, (E)-2-(4-fluorophenethyl)-3-fluoroallylamine (FPFA), was capable of reducing numbers of atherosclerotic lesions as well as weight gain in obese KKAy mice fed an atherogenic diet. SSAO inhibitors cause a moderate and long-lasting hyperglycemia. Such an increase in serum glucose is a result of reduction of glucose uptake by adipocytes. SSAO-mediated deamination of endogenous methylamine substrates induces adipocyte glucose uptake and lipogenesis. Highly selective SSAO inhibitors can effectively block induced glucose uptake. The results suggest that increased SSAO-mediated deamination may be concomitantly related to obesity and vascular disorders associated with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Yu
- Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E4
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vidrio H. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase: role in the vasculature and vasodilation after in situ inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 23:275-83. [PMID: 15255812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The characteristics of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) are reviewed and the unknown physiological or pathological role of this enzyme emphasized. 2. The various mechanisms of action proposed for the vasodilator drug hydralazine are considered. In particular, the inhibitory action on various enzymes, related or not to cardiovascular function, are discussed. 3. Studies linking inhibition of SSAO to hydralazine hypotension are reviewed and a general hypothesis relating both actions is presented. The hypothesis postulates that (a). vascular SSAO is involved in the regulation of vascular tone, and (b). hydralazine vasodilation is the consequence of vascular SSAO inhibition. 4. Evidence supporting these postulates is presented and vascular SSAO inhibition is proposed as a novel mechanism of vasodilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Vidrio
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70297, 04510 México, D F, México
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Di Paolo ML, Scarpa M, Corazza A, Stevanato R, Rigo A. Binding of cations of group IA and IIA to bovine serum amine oxidase: effect on the activity. Biophys J 2002; 83:2231-9. [PMID: 12324440 PMCID: PMC1302311 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)73983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the presence of cation binding areas on bovine serum amine oxidase, where metal ions of the groups IA and IIA, such as Na(+), K(+), Cs(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+), bind with various affinities. We found a cation-binding area that influences the enzyme activity if occupied, so that the catalytic reaction may be altered by some physiologically relevant cations, such as Ca(2+) and K(+). This binding area appears to be localized inside the enzyme active site, because some of these cations act as competitive inhibitors when highly charged amines, such as spermine and spermidine, are used as substrates. In particular, dissociation constant values (K(d)) of 23 and 27 mM were measured for Cs(+) and Ca(2+), respectively, using, as substrate, spermine, a polyamine of plasma. An additional cation-binding area, where metal ions such as Cs(+) (K(d) congruent with 0.1 mM) and Na(+) (K(d) congruent with 54 mM) bind without affecting the enzyme activity, was found by NMR.
Collapse
|