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Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury are associated with a disturbance in cardiac sarcolemmal membrane phospholipid homeostasis. The contribution of the different phospholipases and their related signaling mechanisms to altered function of the diseased myocardium is not completely understood. Resolution of this issue is essential for both the understanding of the pathophysiology of heart disease and for determining if components of the phospholipid signaling pathways could serve as appropriate therapeutic targets. This review provides an outline of the role of phospholipase A2, C and D and subsequent signal transduction mechanisms in different cardiac pathologies with a discussion of their potential as targets for drug development for the prevention/treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit S Tappia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre & Departments of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Tappia PS. Phospholipid-mediated signaling systems as novel targets for treatment of heart disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:25-41. [PMID: 17487243 DOI: 10.1139/y06-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipases associated with the cardiac sarcolemmal (SL) membrane hydrolyze specific membrane phospholipids to generate important lipid signaling molecules, which are known to influence normal cardiac function. However, impairment of the phospholipases and their related signaling events may be contributory factors in altering cardiac function of the diseased myocardium. The identification of the changes in such signaling systems as well as understanding the contribution of phospholipid-signaling pathways to the pathophysiology of heart disease are rapidly emerging areas of research in this field. In this paper, I provide an overview of the role of phospholipid-mediated signal transduction processes in cardiac hypertrophy and congestive heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as in ischemia-reperfusion. From the cumulative evidence presented, it is suggested that phospholipid-mediated signal transduction processes could serve as novel targets for the treatment of the different types of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit S Tappia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface General Hospital Research Centre and Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
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Tappia PS, Singal T, Dent MR, Asemu G, Mangat R, Dhalla NS. Phospholipid-mediated signaling in diseased myocardium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.1.6.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peivandi AA, Huhn A, Lehr HA, Jin S, Troost J, Salha S, Weismüller T, Löffelholz K. Upregulation of Phospholipase D Expression and Activation in Ventricular Pressure-Overload Hypertrophy. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 98:244-54. [PMID: 15988127 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fpe04008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for a role of phospholipase D (PLD) in cellular proliferation and differentiation is accumulating. We studied PLD activity and expression in normal and hypertrophic rat and human hearts. In rat heart, abdominal aortic banding (constriction to 50% of original lumen) caused hypertrophy in the left ventricle (as shown by weight index and ANP expression) by about 15% after 30 days without histological evidence of fibrosis or signs of decompensation and in the right ventricle after 100 days. The hypertrophy was accompanied by small increases of basal PLD activity and strong potentiation of stimulated PLD activity caused by 4beta-phorbol-12beta,13alpha-dibutyrate (PDB) and by phenylephrine. The mRNA expressions of both PLD1 and PLD2 determined by semiquantitative competitive RT-PCR were markedly enhanced after aortic banding. In the caveolar fraction of the rat heart, PLD2 protein determined by Western blot analysis was upregulated in parallel with the expression of caveolin-3. A similar induction of PLD mRNA and protein expression was observed in hypertrophied human hearts of individuals (39-45-year-old) who had died from non-cardiac causes. In conclusion, PLD1 and PLD2 expressions were strongly enhanced both in rat and human heart hypertrophy, which may be responsible for the coincident potentiation of the PLD activation by alpha-adrenoceptor and protein kinase C stimulation. These results are compatible with a significant role of PLD activation in cell signaling of ventricular pressure-overload hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Peivandi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Johannes-Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Germany
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Nishimaru K, Tanaka Y, Tanaka H, Shigenobu K. Pharmacological evidence for involvement of phospholipase D, protein kinase C, and sodium-calcium exchanger in alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated negative inotropy in adult mouse ventricle. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 92:196-202. [PMID: 12890884 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.92.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular signalling pathway for alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated negative inotropy was studied pharmacologically in isolated adult mouse ventricle. The negative inotropy was inhibited by GF-109203X, a nonselective protein kinase C inhibitor. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also produced sustained negative inotropy, which was inhibited by KB-R7943, a Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger inhibitor. The alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated negative inotropy was augmented by RHC-80267, a diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, but was inhibited either by C(2)-ceramide, a phospholipase D inhibitor, and high concentration of propranolol (50 micro M), which inhibits phosphatidate phosphohydrolase. The inotropy was not affected by U-73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor. Lavendustin-A, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, also inhibited the negative inotropy. These findings suggest that alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated negative inotropy in adult mouse ventricle is mediated by activation of tyrosine kinase, the phospholipase D-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase pathway, and protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Nishimaru
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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Yibchok-anun S, Cheng H, Abu-Basha EA, Ding J, Ioudina M, Hsu WH. Mechanisms of bradykinin-induced glucagon release in clonal alpha-cells In-R1-G9: involvement of Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 192:27-36. [PMID: 12088864 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which bradykinin (BK) increases glucagon release were investigated. BK (0.1-10 microM) increased [Ca(2+)](i) and glucagon release in clonal alpha-cells In-R1-G9. BK-induced glucagon release was lower in the absence than in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+), but it still increased glucagon release while [Ca(2+)](i) was stringently deprived. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) store with thapsigargin abolished both the BK-induced Ca(2+) peak and sustained plateau. Microinjection of heparin abolished BK-induced Ca(2+) release. Pertussis toxin (PTX) did not block BK-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase or glucagon release. U-73122 (8 microM), a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, abolished BK-induced increases in [Ca(2+)](i), but only reduced BK-induced glucagon release by 40%. A phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitor zLYCK reduced BK-induced glucagon release by 60%. The combination of U-73122 and zLYCK abolished BK-induced glucagon release. Both SK&F 96365, a receptor-operated Ca(2+) channel (ROC) blocker and nimodipine, an L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, reduced BK-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase and glucagon release. These findings suggest that BK increase glucagon release through a PTX-insensitive G protein and both Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent pathways. The Ca(2+)-dependent pathway is attributable to PLC activation. PLC catalyzes IP(3) formation, inducing Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum, which, in turn, triggers Ca(2+) influx via both ROCs and L-type channels. PLD activation may be involved in Ca(2+)-dependent and/or -independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yibchok-anun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Lein W, Saalbach G. Cloning and direct G-protein regulation of phospholipase D from tobacco. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1530:172-83. [PMID: 11239820 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) and heterotrimeric G-proteins are involved in plant signal transduction pathways at the plasma membrane. There is evidence suggesting that PLD acts downstream from G-proteins, but a direct interaction of specific members has not been shown. In the present paper, a PLD cDNA clone was isolated from tobacco, expressed as a GST fusion in bacteria, and the recombinant protein was purified by glutathione affinity. Its enzymatic properties identified it as an alpha-type PLD. The alpha-subunit of a G-protein from tobacco was isolated in a similar way. Both proteins were functional in biochemical assays. When the G-protein was included in the PLD assay, a strong dosage-dependent inhibition of the PLD activity was observed. Different control proteins did not exhibit this inhibitory effect. When GST-NtGPalpha1 was activated by incubation with GTPgammaS the inhibitory activity was greatly reduced. These results provide a first indication for a direct regulation of PLDalpha by a heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunit in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lein
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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Ruwhof C, van Wamel JT, Noordzij LA, Aydin S, Harper JC, van der Laarse A. Mechanical stress stimulates phospholipase C activity and intracellular calcium ion levels in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Cell Calcium 2001; 29:73-83. [PMID: 11162845 DOI: 10.1054/ceca.2000.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how mechanical stress is sensed by cardiomyocytes and translated to cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocytes were subjected to stretch while measuring phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD) activities and levels of intracellular calcium ions ([Ca2+]i) and pH. In stretched cardiomyocytes, PLC activity increased 2-fold after 30 min, whereas PLD activity hardly increased at all. Mechanical stress induced by prodding or by cell stretch increased [Ca2+](i)by a factor 5.2 and 4, respectively. Gadolinium chloride (stretch-activated channel blocker) attenuated the prodding-induced and stretch-induced [Ca2+](i)rise by about 50%. Blockade of ryanodine receptors by a combination of Ruthenium Red and procaine reduced the [Ca2+](i)rise only partially. Diltiazem (L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist) blocked the prodding-induced [Ca2+](i)rise completely, and reduced the stretch-induced [Ca2+](i)rise by about 50%. The stretch-induced [Ca2+](i)rise was unaffected by U73122, an inhibitor of PLC activity. Stretch did not cause cellular alkalinization. In conclusion, in cardiomyocytes, PLC and [Ca2+](i)levels are involved in the stretch-induced signal transduction, whereas PLD plays apparently no role. The stretch-induced rise in [Ca2+](i)in cardiomyocytes is most probably caused by [Ca2+](i)influx through L-type Ca2+ channels and stretch-activated channels, leading to Ca2+-induced Ca2+ -release from the SR via the ryanodine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ruwhof
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Napoli C, Pinto A, Cirino G. Pharmacological modulation, preclinical studies, and new clinical features of myocardial ischemic preconditioning. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 88:311-31. [PMID: 11337029 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The term "ischemic preconditioning (PC)" was first applied to canine myocardium subjected to brief episodes of ischemia and reperfusion that tolerated a more prolonged episode of ischemia better than myocardium not previously exposed to ischemia. Protective effect of myocardial ischemic PC was demonstrated in several animal species, resulting in the strongest endogenous form of protection against myocardial injury, jeopardized myocardium, infarct size, and arrhythmias other than early reperfusion. New onset angina before acute myocardial infarction, episodes of myocardial ischemia during coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery, and the "warm-up" phenomenon may represent clinical counterparts of the PC phenomenon in humans. Here, we have attempted to summarize pharmacological modulation, preclinical studies, and new clinical features of ischemic PC. To date, the pathophysiological basis of the "chemical PC" is still not well established, and "putting PC in a bottle" for clinical applications still remains a new pharmacological venture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Napoli
- Department of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, P.O. Box, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Schwarze PE, Låg M, Becher R, Thrane EV, Samuelsen JT, Hetland RB, Refsnes M. Role of signal transduction pathways in lung inflammatory responses. Toxicol Lett 2000; 112-113:165-70. [PMID: 10720727 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of cell types participate in lung inflammation. Macrophages and epithelial cells play an important role in the inflammatory process by releasing cytokines in a complex cell to cell network. Interleukins are important mediators of this cell signalling. The interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 are released from epithelial cells in response to noxious agents such as particles, bacterial and fungal toxins and various chemicals. Though the involvement of, e.g. NF-IL-6 (C/EBP-beta) in the regulation of interleukins has been reported, the role of different signal transduction pathways in the regulation of these mediators has not been thoroughly investigated in lung epithelial cells. The involvement of different signal transduction pathways in the release of inflammatory markers is discussed with special emphasis on the effect of lung toxic compounds in human and rat lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Schwarze
- Dept. Environmental Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, Torshov, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
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Yibchok-anun S, Cheng H, Chen TH, Hsu WH. Mechanisms of AVP-induced glucagon release in clonal alpha-cells in-R1-G9: involvement of Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent pathways. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 129:257-64. [PMID: 10694231 PMCID: PMC1571828 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The mechanisms underlying AVP-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) and glucagon release in clonal alpha-cells In-R1-G9 were investigated. 2. AVP increased [Ca(2+)](i) and glucagon release in a concentration-dependent manner. After the administration of AVP, glucagon was released within 30 s, quickly reached the maximum within 2 min, and maintained a steady-state concentration for at least 15 min. 3. In Ca(2+)-containing medium, AVP increased [Ca(2+)](i) in a biphasic pattern; a peak followed by a sustained plateau. In Ca(2+)-free medium, the Ca(2+) response to AVP became monophasic with lower amplitude and no plateau. Both the basal and AVP-induced glucagon releases were lower in the absence than in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+). When [Ca(2+)](i) was stringently deprived by BAPTA, a Ca(2+) chelator, AVP still significantly increased glucagon release. 4. Pretreatment with thapsigargin, a microsomal Ca(2+) ATPase inhibitor, abolished both the Ca(2+) peak and sustained plateau. 5.AVP increased intracellular concentration of IP(3). 6. U-73122 (8 microM), a phospholipase C inhibitor, abolished AVP-induced increases in [Ca(2+)](i), but only reduced AVP-induced glucagon release by 39%. 7. Pretreatment with nimodipine, an L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker failed to alter AVP-induced glucagon release or increase in [Ca(2+)](i). 8. The results suggest that AVP causes glucagon release through both Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent pathways. For the Ca(2+)-dependent pathway, the G(q) protein activates phospholipase C, which catalyzes the formation of IP(3). IP(3) induces Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum, which, in turn, triggers Ca(2+) influx. Both Ca(2+) release and Ca(2+) influx may contribute to AVP-induced glucagon release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrique Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, U.S.A
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Pig Research Institute of Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan 35099, Republic of China
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan 40421, Republic of China
| | - Walter H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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