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Zhang W, Li Y, Tian C, Huang S, Chen L, Wang Y, Ma G, Chen R. Case report: Synergistic defects of CASP10 and BTK leading to autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type IIa, complicated by severe hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Immunol Res 2023; 71:663-669. [PMID: 37067653 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Si Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Lidan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300, China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300, China.
- Key Laboratory of Research in Maternal and Child Medicine and Birth Defects, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China.
| | - Riling Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shunde Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, 528300, China.
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2
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Liu YN, Hu Y, Wang J, Chen C, Cai J, Xu RA, Lu Z. Development of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of orelabrutinib in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:991281. [PMID: 36147349 PMCID: PMC9486086 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.991281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish an ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of orelabrutinib in rat plasma using futibatinib as internal standard (IS), and to apply it for a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Orelabrutinib was extracted from plasma by protein precipitation and quantitatively analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. An Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column was used for rapid separation by gradient elution using 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phases. The validation results of bioanalytical methodology showed that the linearity of orelabrutinib in plasma samples was good within the concentration range of 1–2000 ng/ml. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 1 ng/ml. The precision of orelabrutinib ranged from 1.4% to 11.5%, with intra-day and inter-day accuracy ranging from −5.7% to 7.7% and −0.2% to 12.5%, respectively. The selectivity, stability, matrix effect and recovery of the method all met the requirements of quantitative analysis of biological samples. The method was simple, sensitive, accurate and specific, and had high recovery rate. It also could be successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-nan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-ai Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Ren-ai Xu, ; Zhongqiu Lu,
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Ren-ai Xu, ; Zhongqiu Lu,
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Brescacin A, Baig Z, Bhinder J, Lin S, Brar L, Cirillo N. What protein kinases are crucial for acantholysis and blister formation in pemphigus vulgaris? A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2825-2837. [PMID: 35616233 PMCID: PMC9540544 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a potentially fatal autoimmune blistering disease characterized by cell-cell detachment (or acantholysis) and blister formation. While the signaling mechanisms that associate with skin/mucosal blistering are being elucidated, specific treatment strategies targeting PV-specific pathomechanisms, particularly kinase signaling, have yet to be established. Hence, the aim of this review was to systematically evaluate molecules in the class of kinases that are essential for acantholysis and blister formation and are therefore candidates for targeted therapy. English articles from PubMed and Scopus databases were searched, and included in vitro, in vivo, and human studies that investigated the role of kinases in PV. We selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias in duplicates and the results were reported according to the methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). The risk of bias assessment was performed on in vivo studies utilizing SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Thirty-five studies were included that satisfied the pathogenicity criterion of kinases in PV, the vast majority being experimental models that used PV sera (n = 13) and PV-IgG (n = 22). Inhibition of kinase activity (p38MAPK, PKC, TK, c-Src, EGFR, ERK, mTOR, BTK, and CDK2) was achieved mostly by pharmacological means. Overall, we found substantial evidence that kinase inhibition reduced PV-associated phosphorylation events and keratinocyte disassociation, prevented acantholysis, and blocked blister formation. However, the scarce adherence to standardized reporting systems and the experimental protocols/models used did limit the internal and external validity of these studies. In summary, this systematic review highlighted the pathogenic intracellular events mediated by kinases in PV acantholysis and presented kinase signaling as a promising avenue for translational research. In particular, the molecules identified and discussed in this study represent potential candidates for the development of mechanism-based interventions in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Brescacin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zunaira Baig
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaspreet Bhinder
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sen Lin
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lovejot Brar
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Lei W, Deng YF, Hu XY, Ni JN, Jiang M, Bai G. Phthalides, senkyunolide A and ligustilide, show immunomodulatory effect in improving atherosclerosis, through inhibiting AP-1 and NF-κB expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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5
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T-cell expression of Bruton's tyrosine kinase promotes autoreactive T-cell activation and exacerbates aplastic anemia. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:1042-1052. [PMID: 31431692 PMCID: PMC7608443 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) in BCR signaling is well defined, and BTK is involved in B-cell development, differentiation, and malignancies. However, the expression of Btk in T cells and its role in T-cell function remain largely unknown. Here, we unexpectedly found high expression and activation of BTK in T cells. Deficiencies in BTK resulted in the impaired activation and proliferation of autoreactive T cells and ameliorated bone marrow failure (BMF) in aplastic anemia. Mechanistically, BTK is activated after TCR engagement and then phosphorylates PLCγ1, thus promoting T-cell activation. Treatment with acalabrutinib, a selective BTK inhibitor, decreased T-cell proliferation and ameliorated BMF in mice with aplastic anemia. Our results demonstrate an unexpected role of BTK in optimal T-cell activation and in the pathogenesis of autoimmune aplastic anemia, providing insights into the molecular regulation of T-cell activation and the pathogenesis of T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease.
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Yu H, Truong H, Mitchell SA, Liclican A, Gosink JJ, Li W, Lin J, Feng JY, Jürgensmeier JM, Billin A, Xu R, Patterson S, Pagratis N. Homogeneous BTK Occupancy Assay for Pharmacodynamic Assessment of Tirabrutinib (GS-4059/ONO-4059) Target Engagement. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 23:919-929. [PMID: 30011241 PMCID: PMC6151956 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218786165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a clinically validated target for B-cell
leukemias and lymphomas with FDA-approved small-molecule inhibitors ibrutinib
and acalabrutinib. Tirabrutinib (GS-4059/ONO-4059, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster
City, CA) is a second-generation, potent, selective, irreversible BTK inhibitor
in clinical development for lymphoid malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic
leukemia (CLL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). An accurate
pharmacodynamic assay to assess tirabrutinib target coverage in phase 1/2
clinical studies will inform dose and schedule selection for advanced clinical
evaluation. We developed a novel duplex homogeneous BTK occupancy assay based on
time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) to measure free
and total BTK levels in a multiplexed format. The dual-wavelength emission
property of terbium-conjugated anti-BTK antibody served as the energy donor for
two fluorescent energy acceptors with distinct excitation and emission spectra.
The assay was characterized and qualified using full-length purified recombinant
human BTK protein and peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from healthy
volunteers and patients with CLL. We demonstrated assay utility using cells
derived from lymph node and bone marrow samples from patients with CLL and
DLBCL. Our TR-FRET-based BTK occupancy assay provides accurate, quantitative
assessment of BTK occupancy in the clinical trial program for tirabrutinib and
is in use in ongoing clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Yu
- 1 Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Hoa Truong
- 1 Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wanying Li
- 1 Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Julie Lin
- 1 Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Joy Y Feng
- 1 Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ren Xu
- 1 Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
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7
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Musumeci F, Sanna M, Greco C, Giacchello I, Fallacara AL, Amato R, Schenone S. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines active as Btk inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:1305-1318. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1355908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Sanna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara Greco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Giacchello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Fallacara
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rosario Amato
- Dipartimento di “Scienze della Salute”, Università “Magna Graecia” di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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8
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Balasubramanian PK, Balupuri A, Kang HY, Cho SJ. Receptor-guided 3D-QSAR studies, molecular dynamics simulation and free energy calculations of Btk kinase inhibitors. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:6. [PMID: 28361711 PMCID: PMC5374705 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) plays an important role in B-cell development, differentiation, and signaling. It is also found be in involved in male immunodeficiency disease such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Btk is considered as a potential therapeutic target for treating autoimmune diseases and hematological malignancies. RESULTS In this work, a combined molecular modeling study was performed on a series of thieno [3,2-c] pyridine-4-amine derivatives as Btk inhibitors. Receptor-guided COMFA (q 2 = 0.574, NOC = 3, r 2 = 0.924) and COMSIA (q 2 = 0.646, NOC = 6, r 2 = 0.971) models were generated based on the docked conformation of the most active compound 26. All the developed models were tested for robustness using various validation techniques. Furthermore, a 5-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and binding free energy calculations were carried out to determine the binding modes of the inhibitors and to identify crucial interacting residues. The rationality and stability of molecular docking and 3D-QSAR results were validated by MD simulation. The binding free energies calculated by the MM/PBSA method showed the importance of the van der Waals interaction. CONCLUSIONS A good correlation between the MD results, docking studies, and the contour map analysis were observed. The study has identified the key amino acid residues in Btk binding pocket. The results from this study can provide some insights into the development of potent, novel Btk inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra K Balasubramanian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Balupuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kang
- Department of Nursing, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
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Kotla S, Singh NK, Rao GN. ROS via BTK-p300-STAT1-PPARγ signaling activation mediates cholesterol crystals-induced CD36 expression and foam cell formation. Redox Biol 2016; 11:350-364. [PMID: 28040583 PMCID: PMC5200884 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In understanding the mechanisms of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, previous studies from other laboratories have demonstrated that cholesterol crystals (CC) induce scavenger receptor CD36 expression and NLRP3-mediated inflammasome formation. In elucidating the mechanisms by which CC could enhance CD36 expression and foam cell formation, here we report that CC via NADPH and xanthine oxidases-mediated ROS production activates BTK, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. In addition, CC induce p300 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation in a BTK-dependent manner, which in turn, leads to STAT1 acetylation and its interaction with PPARγ in CD36 expression, oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation. Furthermore, p300, STAT1 and PPARγ bound to a STAT binding site at −107 nt in CD36 promoter and enhanced its activity in ROS and BTK-dependent manner. Disruption of this STAT binding site by site-directed mutagenesis abolished CC-induced CD36 promoter activity. Together these results reveal for the first time that CC via producing ROS and activating BTK causes p300-mediated STAT1 acetylation and its interaction with PPARγ in CD36 expression, oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation. CC induces CD36 expression and foam cell formation by ROS-mediated BTK activation. STAT1 and PPARγ interactions are required for CC-induced CD36 expression. ROS-dependent BTK and p300 activation mediate STAT1 and PPARγ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivareddy Kotla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Gao L, Gülcüler GS, Golbach L, Block H, Zarbock A, Martin-Villalba A. Endothelial cell-derived CD95 ligand serves as a chemokine in induction of neutrophil slow rolling and adhesion. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27763263 PMCID: PMC5098908 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin activation is crucial for the regulation of leukocyte rolling, adhesion and trans-vessel migration during inflammation and occurs by engagement of myeloid cells through factors presented by inflamed vessels. However, endothelial-dependent mechanisms of myeloid cell recruitment are not fully understood. Here we show using an autoperfused flow chamber assay of whole blood neutrophils and intravital microscopy of the inflamed cremaster muscle that CD95 mediates leukocyte slow rolling, adhesion and transmigration upon binding of CD95-ligand (CD95L) that is presented by endothelial cells. In myeloid cells, CD95 triggers activation of Syk-Btk/PLCγ2/Rap1 signaling that ultimately leads to integrin activation. Excitingly, CD95-deficient myeloid cells exhibit impaired bacterial clearance in an animal model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Our data identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the chemoattractant effect of endothelial cell-derived CD95L in induction of neutrophil recruitment and support the use of therapeutic inhibition of CD95’s activity in inflammatory diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18542.001 When tissues are damaged or infected, the body produces an inflammatory response. Neutrophils – a type of white blood cell – play an important part in this response. These cells normally circulate through the bloodstream, and are recruited to the inflamed site by chemical signals sent out by immune cells in the damaged tissue. This causes passing neutrophils to migrate through the wall of the blood vessel to gain access to the inflamed tissue. The neutrophils go through a sequence of steps before they can pass through the blood vessel wall. After initially tethering to the cells that line the blood vessel, the neutrophils experience a period of “slow rolling” across the vessel lining, before tightly adhering to one of the cells. In 2010, researchers determined that a protein on the neutrophil’s surface, known as CD95, helps the cell migrate through blood vessel walls. This protein interacts with a “ligand” molecule on the surface of the cells that line the blood vessel. However, it remains unclear whether CD95 and its ligand play a role in the steps that lead up to the neutrophils migrating through the blood vessel wall. Gao et al. – who include researchers involved in the 2010 study – now show that activating CD95 in neutrophils also triggers the cell’s slow rolling and adhesion. Experiments performed on mouse cells and tissues showed that the cells that line the blood vessels present the CD95 ligand on their surfaces in order to activate CD95 in the neutrophils circulating in the bloodstream. This ultimately leads to neutrophil slow rolling and adhesion. Further experiments in mice showed that this ability of CD95 to recruit neutrophils to inflamed sites was crucial for clearing bacteria in cases of sepsis, where infection causes the immune system to damage the body’s own tissues. Future studies could address whether inhibiting CD95's activity could help to treat diseases that feature uncontrolled white blood cell recruitment, including various cancers and autoimmune diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18542.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gülce Sila Gülcüler
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lieke Golbach
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Helena Block
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Molecular modeling studies on series of Btk inhibitors using docking, structure-based 3D-QSAR and molecular dynamics simulation: a combined approach. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 39:328-39. [PMID: 26699616 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. It is a crucial component in BCR pathway and expressed only in hematopoietic cells except T cells and Natural killer cells. BTK is a promising target because of its involvement in signaling pathways and B cell diseases such as autoimmune disorders and lymphoma. In this work, a combined molecular modeling study of molecular docking, 3D-QSAR and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation were performed on a series of 2,5-diaminopyrimidine compounds as inhibitors targeting Btk kinase to understand the interaction and key residues involved in the inhibition. A structure based CoMFA (q (2) = 0.675, NOC = 5, r (2) = 0.961) and COMSIA (q (2) = 0.704, NOC = 6, r (2) = 0.962) models were developed from the conformation obtained by docking. The developed models were subjected to various validation techniques such as leave-five-out, external test set, bootstrapping, progressive sampling and rm (2) metrics and found to have a good predictive ability in both internal and external validation. Our docking results showed the important residues that interacts in the active site residues in inhibition of Btk kinase. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation was employed to study the stability of the docked conformation and to investigate the binding interactions in detail. The MD simulation analyses identified several important hydrogen bonds with Btk, including the gatekeeper residue Thr474 and Met477 at the hinge region. Hydrogen bond with active site residues Leu408 and Arg525 were also recognized. A good correlation between the MD results, docking studies and the contour map analysis are observed. This indicates that the developed models are reliable. Our results from this study can provide insights in the designing and development of more potent Btk kinase inhibitors.
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12
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Guendel I, Iordanskiy S, Sampey GC, Van Duyne R, Calvert V, Petricoin E, Saifuddin M, Kehn-Hall K, Kashanchi F. Role of Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in HIV-1-infected cells. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:257-75. [PMID: 25672887 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular cofactors have been documented to be critical for various stages of viral replication. Using high-throughput proteomic assays, we have previously identified Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) as a host protein that was uniquely upregulated in the plasma membrane of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected T cells. Here, we have further characterized the BTK expression in HIV-1 infection and show that this cellular factor is specifically expressed in infected myeloid cells. Significant upregulation of the phosphorylated form of BTK was observed in infected cells. Using size exclusion chromatography, we found BTK to be virtually absent in the uninfected U937 cells; however, new BTK protein complexes were identified and distributed in both high molecular weight (∼600 kDa) and a small molecular weight complex (∼60-120 kDa) in the infected U1 cells. BTK levels were highest in cells either chronically expressing virus or induced/infected myeloid cells and that BTK translocated to the membrane following induction of the infected cells. BTK knockdown in HIV-1-infected cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in selective death of infected, but not uninfected, cells. Using BTK-specific antibody and small-molecule inhibitors including LFM-A13 and a FDA-approved compound, ibrutinib (PCI-32765), we have found that HIV-1-infected cells are sensitive to apoptotic cell death and result in a decrease in virus production. Overall, our data suggests that HIV-1-infected cells are sensitive to treatments targeting BTK expressed in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guendel
- Department of Systems Biology, National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
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13
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Dias AL, Jain D. Ibrutinib: a new frontier in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2014; 11:265-71. [PMID: 24433470 PMCID: PMC4010045 DOI: 10.2174/1871525712666140115143914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by progressive accumulation of nonfunctional mature B
cells in blood, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. In the last decade, our understanding of CLL and consequently our
diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have changed dramatically. Conventional fludarabine based chemotherapy has led
to improved disease response and longer survival in young patients with CLL. However its application in elderly patients
has been restricted by substantial myelosuppression and infection. Treatment of CLL is now moving towards targeted
therapy. The success of new class of agents such as monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory
derivatives has sparked further search for treatment agents with novel targets to inhibit. The B cell receptor activating
pathway involving the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is crucial in B cell production and maintenance and is an attractive
therapeutic target. Ibrutinib is an oral covalent inhibitor of the BTK pathway that induces apoptosis of B cells. Early phase
studies with Ibrutinib either as a single agent or in combination regimens have shown promising results with an excellent
safety profile in patients with high-risk, refractory or relapsed CLL and elderly treatment-naïve patients. This review
summarizes the current knowledge of Ibrutinib in the treatment of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dharamvir Jain
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, 529 South Jackson Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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Akinleye A, Furqan M, Adekunle O. Ibrutinib and indolent B-cell lymphomas. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 14:253-60. [PMID: 24445187 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most patients with indolent B-cell lymphomas fail to achieve complete remission with current treatment approaches and invariably relapse. During the past decade, innovative immunochemotherapy strategies have substantially improved disease control rates but not survival, thus providing the rationale for development of novel agents targeting dysregulated pathways that are operable in these hematological malignancies. Ibrutinib, a novel first-in-human Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, has progressed into phase III trials after early-phase clinical studies demonstrated effective target inhibition, increased tumor response rates, and significant improvement in survival, particularly in patients with indolent B-cell lymphomas. Recently, the compound was designated a "breakthrough therapy" by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma and Waldenström macroglobulinemia. This review summarizes recent achievements of ibrutinib, with a focus on its emerging role in the treatment of patients with indolent B-cell lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akintunde Akinleye
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Department of Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, NY.
| | - Muhammad Furqan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Oluwaseyi Adekunle
- Department of Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, NY
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Akinleye A, Chen Y, Mukhi N, Song Y, Liu D. Ibrutinib and novel BTK inhibitors in clinical development. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:59. [PMID: 23958373 PMCID: PMC3751776 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors targeting dysregulated pathways (RAS/RAF/MEK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT) have significantly improved clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Recently Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a crucial terminal kinase enzyme in the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway, has emerged as an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in human malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Ibrutinib, a novel first-in-human BTK-inhibitor, has demonstrated clinical effectiveness and tolerability in early clinical trials and has progressed into phase III trials. However, additional research is necessary to identify the optimal dosing schedule, as well as patients most likely to benefit from BTK inhibition. This review summarizes preclinical and clinical development of ibrutinib and other novel BTK inhibitors (GDC-0834, CGI-560, CGI-1746, HM-71224, CC-292, and ONO-4059, CNX-774, LFM-A13) in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akintunde Akinleye
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Yamei Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
- Department of Hematology, Xiamen Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Nikhil Mukhi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
| | - Yongping Song
- Institute of Hematology, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Delong Liu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
- Institute of Hematology, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Characterization of arsenic trioxide resistant clones derived from Jurkat leukemia T cell line: focus on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 205:198-211. [PMID: 23911876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the role of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in arsenic trioxide (ATO)-treated parental Jurkat cells and also in derived ATO-resistant clones grown in the presence of given ATO concentration was investigated. ATO-resistant clones (cultured for 8-12weeks in the presence of 1, 2.5 and 5μM ATO) were characterized by high viability in the presence of ATO but slower growth rate compared to the parental cells. Morphological and functional characterization of derived ATO-resistant clones revealed that they did not differ fundamentally from parental Jurkat cells in terms of cell size, level of GSH, the lysosomal fluorescence or CD95/Fas surface antigen expression. However, a slight increase in the mitochondrial potential (JC-1 staining) was detected in the clones compared to parental Jurkat cells. Side population analysis (Vybrant DyeCycle Violet™ staining) in ATO resistant clones did not indicate any enrichment withcancer stem cells. Akt1/2, AktV or wortmannin inhibitors decreased viability of ATO-resistant clones grown in the presence of ATO, with no effect on ATO-treated parental cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that ATO decreased the level of p-Akt in ATO-treated parental cells, while the resistant clones exhibited higher levels of p-Akt immunostaining than parental Jurkat cells. Expression analysis of 84 genes involved in the PI3K/Akt pathway revealed that this pathway was predominantly active in ATO-resistant clones. c-JUN seems to play a key role in the induction of cell death in ATO-treated parental Jurkat cells, as dose-dependent strong up-regulation of JUN was specific for the ATO-treated parental Jurkat cells. On the other hand, changes in expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and protein kinase C isoforms (PRKCZ,PRKCB and PRKCA) may be responsible for the induction of resistance to ATO. The changes in expression of growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GRB10) observed in ATO-resistant clones suggest a possibility of induction of different mechanisms in development of resistance to ATO depending on the drug concentration and thus involvement of different signaling mediators.
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Wan HL, Wang ZR, Li LL, Cheng C, Ji P, Liu JJ, Zhang H, Zou J, Yang SY. Discovery of Novel Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Using a Hybrid Protocol of Virtual Screening Approaches Based on SVM Model, Pharmacophore and Molecular Docking. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:366-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nawaz HM, Kylsten P, Hamada N, Yamamoto D, Smith CIE, Lindvall JM. Differential evolutionary wiring of the tyrosine kinase Btk. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35640. [PMID: 22574122 PMCID: PMC3344829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A central question within biology is how intracellular signaling pathways are maintained throughout evolution. Btk29A is considered to be the fly-homolog of the mammalian Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), which is a non-receptor tyrosine-kinase of the Tec-family. In mammalian cells, there is a single transcript splice-form and the corresponding Btk-protein plays an important role for B-lymphocyte development with alterations within the human BTK gene causing the immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia in man and a related disorder in mice. In contrast, the Drosophila Btk29A locus encodes two splice-variants, where the type 2-form is the more related to the mammalian Btk gene product displaying more than 80% homology. In Drosophila, Btk29A displays a dynamic pattern of expression through the embryonic to adult stages. Complete loss-of-function of both splice-forms is lethal, whereas selective absence of the type 2-form reduces the adult lifespan of the fly and causes developmental abnormalities in male genitalia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Out of 7004-7979 transcripts expressed in the four sample groups, 5587 (70-79%) were found in all four tissues and strains. Here, we investigated the role of Btk29A type 2 on a transcriptomic level in larval CNS and adult heads. We used samples either selectively defective in Btk29A type 2 (Btk29A(ficP)) or revertant flies with restored Btk29A type 2-function (Btk29A(fic Exc1-16)). The whole transcriptomic profile for the different sample groups revealed Gene Ontology patterns reflecting lifespan abnormalities in adult head neuronal tissue, but not in larvae. CONCLUSIONS In the Btk29A type 2-deficient strains there was no significant overlap between transcriptomic alterations in adult heads and larvae neuronal tissue, respectively. Moreover, there was no significant overlap of the transcriptomic changes between flies and mammals, suggesting that the evolutionary conservation is confined to components of the proximal signaling, whereas the corresponding, downstream transcriptional regulation has been differentially wired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossain M. Nawaz
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Noriko Hamada
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - C. I. Edvard Smith
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica M. Lindvall
- Bioinformatics and Expression Analysis, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- BioinformaticService, Saltsjö-Boo, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V. Protein kinases: emerging therapeutic targets in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:409-23. [PMID: 22409342 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.668526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although protein kinases are primary targets for inhibition in hematological malignancies, until recently their contribution to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was poorly understood. Insights into B-cell receptor signaling and its role in regulating key cellular functions have shed light on candidate protein kinases that are aberrantly activated in CLL. In this regard, protein kinases are now considered as potential drug targets in CLL. AREA COVERED This review has covered signaling pathways and associated protein kinases in CLL and the kinase inhibitors currently available in preclinical and clinical investigations. Individual protein kinases that are abnormally active in CLL and the functional consequences of their inhibition are discussed. EXPERT OPINION A growing body of evidence suggests that protein kinases are druggable targets for patients with CLL. The emergence of novel and bio-available kinase inhibitors and their promising clinical activity in CLL underscore the oncogenic role of kinases in leukemogenesis. Further investigations directed towards their role as single agents or in combinations may provide insight into understanding the substantial role of kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways and their inhibition in B- CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudha Balakrishnan
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Winer ES, Ingham RR, Castillo JJ. PCI-32765: a novel Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:355-61. [PMID: 22300471 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.656199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been a significant paradigm shift in the manner in which lymphoid malignancies are treated and managed. Treatment has been moving away from conventional chemotherapy and towards targeted therapy. The success of new classes of agents such as monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory derivatives has sparked further searches for novel pathways to inhibit. The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) pathway is a downstream mediator of the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway, which is crucial in B-cell production and maintenance, and a potential therapeutic target. AREAS COVERED This review will summarize the current knowledge of the Btk pathway and its role in lymphoid malignancies. It will also discuss the present data about PCI-32765 in both the preclinical and clinical setting. EXPERT OPINION PCI-32765 is an oral irreversible Btk inhibitor with high potency and both preclinical and clinical activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Phase I studies have demonstrated that it is well tolerated and has an excellent safety profile. Further studies are ongoing as a single agent and in combination with other targeted and conventional therapies. PCI-32765 is a very promising targeted therapy, and the data from these trials will ultimately decide its future role and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Winer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Khare A, Viswanathan B, Gund R, Jain N, Ravindran B, George A, Rath S, Bal V. Role of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase in macrophage apoptosis. Apoptosis 2010; 16:334-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Uckun FM, Qazi S. Bruton's tyrosine kinase as a molecular target in treatment of leukemias and lymphomas as well as inflammatory disorders and autoimmunity. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1457-70. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.517750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Yu L, Simonson OE, Mohamed AJ, Smith CIE. NF-kappaB regulates the transcription of protein tyrosine kinase Tec. FEBS J 2009; 276:6714-24. [PMID: 19843184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (Tec) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) that is expressed in hematopoietic cells, such as B and T lymphocytes, myeloid lineage cells and neutrophils. Mutations in the human Btk gene cause X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), but the corresponding mutation in mice results in a much milder defect. However, the combined inactivation of Btk and Tec genes in mice cause a severe phenotype resembling XLA. Tec is involved in the regulation of both B and T lymphocytes, fine-tuning of TCR/BCR signaling, and also activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells. Previous work has shown that the transcription factors Sp1 and PU.1 can bind and regulate the Tec promoter. In this study, we demonstrate that NF-kappaB is an essential transcription factor for optimal expression of the Tec gene, and identify a unique functionally active NF-kappaB binding site in its promoter. The NF-kappaB subunit p65/RelA directly induced transcriptional activity of the Tec promoter. Moreover, we also found that proteasome inhibitors, including Bortezomib, repress Tec transcription through inactivation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. This study, together with our previous findings on the transcriptional regulation of Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) by proteasome inhibitors, provides important insight into the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the role of NF-kappaB in Tec family kinase signaling and lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mohamed AJ, Yu L, Bäckesjö CM, Vargas L, Faryal R, Aints A, Christensson B, Berglöf A, Vihinen M, Nore BF, Smith CIE. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk): function, regulation, and transformation with special emphasis on the PH domain. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:58-73. [PMID: 19290921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase important in B-lymphocyte development, differentiation, and signaling. Btk is a member of the Tec family of kinases. Mutations in the Btk gene lead to X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in humans and X-linked immunodeficiency (Xid) in mice. Activation of Btk triggers a cascade of signaling events that culminates in the generation of calcium mobilization and fluxes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and transcriptional regulation involving nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). In B cells, NF-kappaB was shown to bind to the Btk promoter and induce transcription, whereas the B-cell receptor-dependent NF-kappaB signaling pathway requires functional Btk. Moreover, Btk activation is tightly regulated by a plethora of other signaling proteins including protein kinase C (PKC), Sab/SH3BP5, and caveolin-1. For example, the prolyl isomerase Pin1 negatively regulates Btk by decreasing tyrosine phosphorylation and steady state levels of Btk. It is intriguing that PKC and Pin1, both of which are negative regulators, bind to the pleckstrin homology domain of Btk. To this end, we describe here novel mutations in the pleckstrin homology domain investigated for their transforming capacity. In particular, we show that the mutant D43R behaves similar to E41K, already known to possess such activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla J Mohamed
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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Oehmig A, Klotzbücher A, Thomas M, Weise F, Hagner U, Brundiers R, Waldherr D, Lingnau A, Knappik A, Kubbutat MHG, Joos TO, Volkmer H. A novel reverse transduction adenoviral array for the functional analysis of shRNA libraries. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:441. [PMID: 18816379 PMCID: PMC2559852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of novel drug targets by assessing gene functions is most conveniently achieved by high-throughput loss-of-function RNA interference screening. There is a growing need to employ primary cells in such screenings, since they reflect the physiological situation more closely than transformed cell lines do. Highly miniaturized and parallelized approaches as exemplified by reverse transfection or transduction arrays meet these requirements, hence we verified the applicability of an adenoviral microarray for the elucidation of gene functions in primary cells. Results Here, we present microarrays of infectious adenoviruses encoding short hairpin RNA (shRNA) as a new tool for gene function analysis. As an example to demonstrate its application, we chose shRNAs directed against seven selected human protein kinases, and we have performed quantitative analysis of phenotypical responses in primary human umbilical vein cells (HUVEC). These microarrays enabled us to infect the target cells in a parallelized and miniaturized procedure without significant cross-contamination: Viruses were reversibly immobilized in spots in such a way that the seeded cells were confined to the area of the viral spots, thus simplifying the subsequent addressing of genetically modified cells for analysis. Computer-assisted image analysis of fluorescence images was applied to analyze the cellular response after shRNA expression. Both the expression level of knock-down target proteins as well as the functional output as measured by caspase 3 activity and DNA fractionation (TUNEL) were quantified. Conclusion We have developed an adenoviral microarray technique suitable for miniaturized and parallelized analysis of gene function. The practicability of this technique was demonstrated by the analysis of several kinases involved in the activation of programmed cell death, both in tumor cells and in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Oehmig
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
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Melcher M, Unger B, Schmidt U, Rajantie IA, Alitalo K, Ellmeier W. Essential roles for the Tec family kinases Tec and Btk in M-CSF receptor signaling pathways that regulate macrophage survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:8048-56. [PMID: 18523268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.12.8048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tec family kinases have important roles in lymphocytes; however, little is known about their function in monocytes/macrophages. In this study we report that Tec family kinases are essential for M-CSF (M-CSF)-induced signaling pathways that regulate macrophage survival. Compared with wild-type bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) cultures, Tec(-/-)Btk(-/-) BMM cultures displayed increased cell death that correlated with a severe drop in macrophage numbers. In addition, macrophages deficient in either Tec or Btk showed expression and activation of caspase-11. Elucidation of M-CSF receptor (M-CSFR) signaling pathways revealed that the total tyrosine phosphorylation pattern upon M-CSF stimulation was altered in Tec(-/-)Btk(-/-) macrophages despite normal expression and phosphorylation of the M-CSFR. Further, Tec and Btk are required for proper expression of the GM-CSF receptor alpha (GM-CSFRalpha) chain in macrophages but not dendritic cells, implicating Tec family kinases in the lineage-specific regulation of GM-CSFRalpha expression. Taken together, our study shows that Tec and Btk regulate M-CSFR signaling-induced macrophage survival and provides a novel link between Tec family kinases and the regulation of caspase-11 and GM-CSFRalpha expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Melcher
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Popa-Nita O, Marois L, Paré G, Naccache PH. Crystal-induced neutrophil activation: X. Proinflammatory role of the tyrosine kinase Tec. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1866-76. [PMID: 18512796 DOI: 10.1002/art.23801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals are among the most potent proinflammatory stimuli, and an innate immune inflammatory response to the crystal surface is involved in the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis. Release of the crystals into the joint cavity promotes an acute inflammation characterized by massive infiltration of neutrophils, which leads to tissue damage. The aim of the present study was to assess the involvement of the tyrosine kinase Tec in MSU crystal-initiated transduction events in human neutrophils. METHODS Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting techniques were used for the cellular signaling studies. Chemotaxis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques were used for the functional studies. Silencing of Tec expression using specific small interfering RNA was also performed. RESULTS MSU crystals induced the phosphorylation and activation of Tec in a Src-dependent manner. This activation was necessary for the MSU crystal-induced secretion of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-8 and for the generation of chemotactic activity in supernatants of MSU crystal-stimulated neutrophils. In addition, colchicine, an effective drug for the treatment of gout, inhibited the MSU crystal-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Tec, thus modulating its kinase activity. CONCLUSION Our findings show that Tec is the principal kinase of the Tec family that plays a major role in the responses of human neutrophils to MSU crystals, which are likely to be involved in the initiation and perpetuation of gout. Our results suggest that the specific inhibition of Tec during the acute phase of MSU crystal-induced inflammation may be considered for the treatment of gouty arthritis.
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Rokosz LL, Beasley JR, Carroll CD, Lin T, Zhao J, Appell KC, Webb ML. Kinase inhibitors as drugs for chronic inflammatory and immunological diseases: progress and challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:883-903. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.7.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Phylogeny of Tec Family Kinases: Identification of a Premetazoan Origin of Btk, Bmx, Itk, Tec, Txk, and the Btk Regulator SH3BP5. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2008; 64:51-80. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)00803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Khurana D, Arneson LN, Schoon RA, Dick CJ, Leibson PJ. Differential regulation of human NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by the tyrosine kinase Itk. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:3575-82. [PMID: 17339454 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are effector lymphocytes that can recognize and eliminate virally infected and transformed cells. NK cells express distinct activating receptors, including an ITAM-containing FcR complex that recognizes Ab-coated targets, and the DNAX-activating protein of 10 kDa-containing NKG2D receptor complex that recognizes stress-induced ligands. The regulatory role of specific tyrosine kinases in these pathways is incompletely understood. In this study, we show that, in activated human NK cells, the tyrosine kinase IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (Itk), differentially regulates distinct NK-activating receptors. Enhanced expression of Itk leads to increases in calcium mobilization, granule release, and cytotoxicity upon stimulation of the ITAM-containing FcR, suggesting that Itk positively regulates FcR-initiated cytotoxicity. In contrast, enhanced Itk expression decreases cytotoxicity and granule release downstream of the DNAX-activating protein of 10 kDa-containing NKG2D receptor, suggesting that Itk is involved in a pathway of negative regulation of NKG2D-initiated granule-mediated killing. Using a kinase mutant, we show that the catalytic activity of Itk is required for both the positive and negative regulation of these pathways. Complementary experiments where Itk expression was suppressed also showed differential regulation of the two pathways. These findings suggest that Itk plays a complex role in regulating the functions initiated by distinct NK cell-activating receptors. Moreover, understanding how these pathways may be differentially regulated has relevance in the setting of autoimmune diseases and antitumor immune responses where NK cells play key regulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Khurana
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
The Tec family tyrosine kinases are now recognized as important mediators of antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes. Three members of this family, Itk, Rlk, and Tec, are expressed in T cells and activated in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Although initial studies demonstrated a role for these proteins in TCR-mediated activation of phospholipase C-gamma, recent data indicate that Tec family kinases also regulate actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cellular adhesion following TCR stimulation. In addition, Tec family kinases are activated downstream of G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, where they play parallel roles in the regulation of Rho GTPases, cell polarization, adhesion, and migration. In all these systems, however, Tec family kinases are not essential signaling components, but instead function to modulate or amplify signaling pathways. Although they quantitatively reduce proximal signaling, mutations that eliminate Tec family kinases in T cells nonetheless qualitatively alter T cell development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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Cetkovic-Cvrlje M, Uckun FM. Dual targeting of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and Janus kinase 3 with rationally designed inhibitors prevents graft-versus
-host disease (GVHD) in a murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation model. Br J Haematol 2004; 126:821-7. [PMID: 15352986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with a specific BTK inhibitor, alpha-cyano-beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl-N-(2,5-dibromophenyl)-propenamide (LFM-A13), for prevention of acute fatal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a murine model of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Vehicle-treated control C57BL/6 mice receiving bone marrow/splenocyte grafts from allogeneic BALB/c donors developed severe multi-organ acute GVHD and died after a median survival time (MST) of 40 d. LFM-A13 treatment (25 mg/kg/d) significantly prolonged the MST of the BMT recipients to 47 d. The probability of survival at 2 months after BMT was 2 +/- 2% for vehicle-treated control mice and 22 +/- 6% for mice treated with LFM-A13 (P = 0.0008). Notably, the combination regimen of LFM-A13 plus the standard anti-GVHD drug methotrexate (MTX) (10 mg/m(2)/d) was more effective than LFM-A13 alone, while the combination regimen of LFM-A13 plus the novel anti-GVHD drug JANEX-1 (60 mg/kg/d), targeting Janus kinase 3, was more effective than LFM-A13, JANEX-1 or MTX alone. More than 70% of recipients receiving this most effective GVHD prophylaxis (LFM-A13 + JANEX-1) remained alive throughout the 80-d observation period with an MST of >80 d. Taken together, these results indicate that targeting BTK with the chemical inhibitor LFM-A13 may attenuate the severity of GVHD, especially when it is combined with other anti-GVHD drugs, such as MTX and JANEX-1.
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Mangla A, Khare A, Vineeth V, Panday NN, Mukhopadhyay A, Ravindran B, Bal V, George A, Rath S. Pleiotropic consequences of Bruton tyrosine kinase deficiency in myeloid lineages lead to poor inflammatory responses. Blood 2004; 104:1191-7. [PMID: 15117762 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk), a non-receptor-associated tyrosine kinase of the Tec family, appears to participate in many myeloid cell functions. We show that macrophages from X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice lacking functional Btk cannot generate efficient bursts of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). The induction of apoptotic cell death by inflammatory stimuli is also enhanced in XID macrophages. Phagocytosis of bacterial particles is only marginally affected in them. In vivo, XID mice show reduced severity of inflammatory diseases in models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, and carrageenan-induced acute edema. Also, polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) in XID mice show poor ROI and nitric oxide (NO) induction, along with a reduction in PMN recruitment to peritoneal inflammation. XID mice show reduction in PMN numbers in peripheral blood, and their bone marrow shows a reduction in the numbers of both monocytic and granulocytic lineages, extending to the earliest progenitor populations. Thus, Btk is likely to play a significant role at multiple points during the development and functioning of the myeloid lineages, affecting the outcome of many infectious as well as noninfectious inflammatory events in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mangla
- Anna George, or Satyajit Rath, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi 110067, India
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Yang EJ, Yoon JH, Chung KC. Bruton's tyrosine kinase phosphorylates cAMP-responsive element-binding protein at serine 133 during neuronal differentiation in immortalized hippocampal progenitor cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:1827-37. [PMID: 14597636 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308722200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a member of the Tec family of kinases, which is a subgroup of the nonreceptor cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases. BTK has been shown to be important in the proliferation, differentiation, and signal transduction of B cells. Mutations in BTK result in B cell immune deficiency disorders, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia in humans and X-linked immunodeficiency in mice. Although BTK plays multiple roles in the life of a B cell, its functional role in neuronal cells has not been elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate that BTK activates transcription factor, cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB), and subsequent CRE-mediated gene transcription during basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced neuronal differentiation in immortalized hippocampal progenitor cells (H19-7). The kinase activity of BTK is also induced by bFGF, and BTK directly phosphorylates CREB at Ser-133 residue, indicating that BTK has a dual protein kinase activity. In addition, blockading BTK activation significantly inhibits CREB phosphorylation as well as the neurite outgrowth induced by bFGF in H19-7 cells. These results suggest that the activation of BTK and the subsequent phosphorylation of CREB at Ser-133 are important in the neuronal differentiation of hippocampal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University College of Sciences, Shinchon-dong 134, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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36
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Goodman PA, Wood CM, Vassilev AO, Mao C, Uckun FM. Defective expression of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44:1011-8. [PMID: 12854903 DOI: 10.1080/1042819031000067576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that serves an essential role in B cell signaling and development. We examined the BTK expression profile of primary leukemic cells from infants with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (N = 14) and from pediatric patients with newly diagnosed (N = 10) or relapsed (N = 5) B-lineage ALL. Analysis of BTK protein and mRNA expression in the infant patient cells (N = 14) showed variable levels of BTK expression with the majority of samples having reduced to absent BTK expression. Sequence analysis of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products of Btk mRNA from infant leukemia cells revealed the presence of aberrant transcripts. These Btk transcripts were characterized by either deletion of exon 16 (delta16) alone or deletion of both exons 15 and 16 (delta15 and 16). These deletions involve exact exon skipping and encode BTK proteins with either a deleted (delta16), or truncated (delta15 and 16) kinase domain. Extension of these Btk transcript sequencing studies to 15 pediatric B-lineage ALL patients revealed expression of exon 16 deleted Btk transcripts in several pediatric patients, however, none of these pediatric patients expressed transcripts with the exon 15 and 16 deletion. Both reduced expression of Btk message and expression of aberrant deleted Btk transcripts would contribute to reduced BTK protein expression and function in B-lineage leukemia cells. Since BTK is required for radiation induced apoptosis, reduced to absent expression of functional BTK in infant ALL cells could contribute to their radiation resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase
- Base Sequence
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/enzymology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Protein Conformation
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Restriction Mapping
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Deletion
- Transcription, Genetic
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Goodman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Parker Hughes Institute, 2699 Patton Road, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA
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37
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Altairac S, Zeggai S, Perani P, Courtois Y, Torriglia A. Apoptosis induced by Na+/H+ antiport inhibition activates the LEI/L-DNase II pathway. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:548-57. [PMID: 12728253 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DNase II is derived from its precursor leucocyte elastase inhibitor (LEI) by post-translational modification. In vitro, the conversion of LEI into L-DNase II can be induced by incubation of LEI at an acidic pH. In this study, we proposed to analyze the effects of intracellular acidification on this transformation. Amiloride derivatives, like hexamethylene amiloride (HMA), are known to provoke a decrease of cytosolic pH by inhibiting the Na(+)/H(+) antiport. In BHK cells, treatment with HMA-induced apoptosis accompanied by an increase in L-DNase II immunoreactivity and L-DNase II enzymatic activity. Overexpression of L-DNase II precursor led to a significant increase of apoptosis in these cells supporting the involvement of L-DNase II in HMA induced apoptosis. As previously shown in other cells, etoposide-induced apoptosis did not activate L-DNase. On the contrary, LEI overexpression significantly increased cell survival in etoposide-induced apoptosis. Together these results suggest differential roles of LEI and L-DNase II in response to different types of apoptotic inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Altairac
- Développement, Pathologie et Vieillissement de la Rétine, INSERM U450, Association Claude Bernard, Institut Biomédical des Corderliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris, France
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38
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Abstract
CD95 (APO-1/Fas) is a prototype death receptor characterized by the presence of an 80 amino acid death domain in its cytoplasmic tail. This domain is essential for the recruitment of a number of signaling components upon activation by either agonistic anti-CD95 antibodies or cognate CD95 ligand that initiate apoptosis. The complex of proteins that forms upon triggering of CD95 is called the death-inducting signaling complex (DISC). The DISC consists of an adaptor protein and initiator caspases and is essential for induction of apoptosis. A number of proteins have been reported to regulate formation or activity of the DISC. This review discusses recent developments in this area of death receptor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Peter
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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39
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Takesono A, Finkelstein LD, Schwartzberg PL. Beyond calcium: new signaling pathways for Tec family kinases. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:3039-48. [PMID: 12118060 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115.15.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tec kinases represent the second largest family of mammalian non-receptor tyrosine kinases and are distinguished by the presence of distinct proline-rich regions and pleckstrin homology domains that are required for proper regulation and activation. Best studied in lymphocyte and mast cells, these kinases are critical for the full activation of phospholipase-C γ (PLC-γ) and Ca2+ mobilization downstream of antigen receptors. However, it has become increasingly clear that these kinases are activated downstream of many cell-surface receptors,including receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokine receptors, integrins and G-protein-coupled receptors. Evidence suggests that the Tec kinases influence a wide range of signaling pathways controlling activation of MAP kinases,actin reorganization, transcriptional regulation, cell survival and cellular transformation. Their impact on cellular physiology suggests that the Tec kinases help regulate multiple cellular processes beyond Ca2+mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Takesono
- National Human Genome Research Institute, 49 Convent Drive, 49/4A38, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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40
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Islam TC, Lindvall J, Wennborg A, Brandén LJ, Rabbani H, Smith CIE. Expression profiling in transformed human B cells: influence of Btk mutations and comparison to B cell lymphomas using filter and oligonucleotide arrays. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:982-93. [PMID: 11920564 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<982::aid-immu982>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have used both Clontech Atlas Human Hematology/Immunology cDNA microarrays, containing 588 genes, and Affymetrix oligonucleotide U95Av2 human array complementary to more than 12,500 genes to get a global view of genes expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cells and genes regulated by Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). We compared EBV-transformed wild-type (WT) B cells from a healthy individual, WT1 and an X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) patient cell line, XLA1, using the Clontech filters arrays. Eleven genes were > or =1.9-fold induced in absence of functional Btk. Furthermore, we analyzed a second patient cell line, XLA2, and compared this to two WT cell lines using oligonucleotide arrays. A total of 391 genes were found to be differentially expressed, including kinases and transcriptions factors. Furthermore, one expressed sequence tag and eight complementary DNA clones with unknown function were down-regulated in XLA2, indicating their biological role. Higher-fold inductions, Fyn (39.5), Hck (15.5) and Cyp1B1 (5.8), were observed using oligonucleotide array and were confirmed using real-time PCR for Fyn (20.8), Hck (6.7) and Cyp1B1 (10). Two genes, B cell translocation gene1 (BTG1) and B cell-specific OCT binding factor-1 (OBF-1) were induced > or =1.9-fold in both XLA1 and XLA2 analyzed by Atlas filter arrays andAffymetrix chips, respectively. Data from both filter and oligonucleotide arrays were compared to the gene clusters of a previously published lymphoma expression profile by linking to the UniGene transcript database. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the use of microarray to study the influence of Btk mutations and the use of functional annotation and validation of expression data by comparison of microarray analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmina C Islam
- Center for BioTechnology, Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, Huddinge, Sweden.
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41
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Mao C, Zhou M, Uckun FM. Crystal structure of Bruton's tyrosine kinase domain suggests a novel pathway for activation and provides insights into the molecular basis of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:41435-43. [PMID: 11527964 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104828200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase is intimately involved in signal transduction pathways regulating survival, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B lineage lymphoid cells. Mutations in the human btk gene are the cause of X-linked agammaglobulinemia, a male immune deficiency disorder characterized by a lack of mature, immunoglobulin-producing B lymphocytes. We have determined the x-ray crystal structure of the Bruton's tyrosine kinase kinase domain in its unphosphorylated state to a 2.1 A resolution. A comparison with the structures of other tyrosine kinases and a possible mechanism of activation unique to Bruton's tyrosine kinase are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mao
- Department of Structural Biology, Parker Hughes Cancer Center, St. Paul, Minnesota 55113, USA.
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42
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Mukhopadhyay S, Ramars AS, Ochs HD, Dash D. Bruton's tyrosine kinase is a substrate of calpain in human platelets. FEBS Lett 2001; 505:37-41. [PMID: 11557038 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-associated Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) was completely cleaved if treated with calcium ionophore A23187 with appearance of a proteolytic product of 27 kDa size. Aggregation with thrombin also induced about 10% degradation of Btk after 30 min. Calpain inhibitors prevented Btk degradation in both. The proteolytic products of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), a calpain and Btk substrate, and the 27 kDa degradation product of Btk did not redistribute to the Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton in thrombin-aggregated platelets, in contrast to the uncleaved proteins. The degradation of Btk and WASP was independent of their tyrosine phosphorylation status. These results indicate that Btk is an endogenous substrate for calpain, the cleavage of which may have functional consequences in long-term post-aggregation events in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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43
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Mahajan S, Vassilev A, Sun N, Ozer Z, Mao C, Uckun FM. Transcription factor STAT5A is a substrate of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in B cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31216-28. [PMID: 11413148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104874200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT5A is a molecular regulator of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in lymphohematopoietic cells. Here we show that STAT5A can serve as a functional substrate of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Purified recombinant BTK was capable of directly binding purified recombinant STAT5A with high affinity (K(d) = 44 nm), as determined by surface plasmon resonance using a BIAcore biosensor system. BTK was also capable of tyrosine-phosphorylating ectopically expressed recombinant STAT5A on Tyr(694) both in vitro and in vivo in a Janus kinase 3-independent fashion. BTK phosphorylated the Y665F, Y668F, and Y682F,Y683F mutants but not the Y694F mutant of STAT5A. STAT5A mutations in the Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains did not alter the BTK-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. Recombinant BTK proteins with mutant pleckstrin homology, SH2, or SH3 domains were capable of phosphorylating STAT5A, whereas recombinant BTK proteins with SH1/kinase domain mutations were not. In pull-down experiments, only full-length BTK and its SH1/kinase domain (but not the pleckstrin homology, SH2, or SH3 domains) were capable of binding STAT5A. Ectopically expressed BTK kinase domain was capable of tyrosine-phosphorylating STAT5A both in vitro and in vivo. BTK-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of ectopically expressed wild type (but not Tyr(694) mutant) STAT5A enhanced its DNA binding activity. In BTK-competent chicken B cells, anti-IgM-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 protein was prevented by pretreatment with the BTK inhibitor LFM-A13 but not by pretreatment with the JAK3 inhibitor HI-P131. B cell antigen receptor ligation resulted in enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 in BTK-deficient chicken B cells reconstituted with wild type human BTK but not in BTK-deficient chicken B cells reconstituted with kinase-inactive mutant BTK. Similarly, anti-IgM stimulation resulted in enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5A in BTK-competent B cells from wild type mice but not in BTK-deficient B cells from XID mice. In contrast to B cells from XID mice, B cells from JAK3 knockout mice showed a normal STAT5A phosphorylation response to anti-IgM stimulation. These findings provide unprecedented experimental evidence that BTK plays a nonredundant and pivotal role in B cell antigen receptor-mediated STAT5A activation in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahajan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratory, Parker Hughes Cancer Center and the Department of Biochemistry, Parker Hughes Institute, St. Paul, Minnesota 55113, USA
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tsukada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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45
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Mukhopadhyay S, Ramars AS, Dash D. Bruton's tyrosine kinase associates with the actin-based cytoskeleton in activated platelets. J Cell Biochem 2001; 81:659-65. [PMID: 11329620 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) plays a crucial role in the maturation and differentiation of B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulin synthesis. Recently Btk has been described to be present in significant amount in human platelets. To investigate the regulation of this kinase in the platelets we studied its subcellular redistribution in the resting and activated cells. In the resting platelets Btk was almost absent from the actin-based cytoskeleton. Upon challenge of the platelet thrombin receptor upto 30% of total Btk appeared in the cytoskeleton and the protein underwent phosphorylation on tyrosine. Translocation of Btk to the cytoskeleton but not aggregation was prevented by cytochalasin B, which inhibits actin polymerization. Wortmannin and genistein (inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein tyrosine kinase, respectively) decreased while phenylarsine oxide (a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor) increased the cytoskeletal content of Btk. The association of Btk with the cytoskeleton was regulated by integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) and partly reversible. Taken together, these data suggest that Btk might be a component of a signaling complex containing specific cytoskeletal proteins in the activated platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
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46
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Wu YM, Huang CL, Kung HJ, Huang CY. Proteolytic activation of ETK/Bmx tyrosine kinase by caspases. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17672-8. [PMID: 11278797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010964200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Etk/Bmx is a member of the Btk/Tec family of kinases, which are characterized by having a pleckstrin homology domain at the N terminus, in addition to the Src homology 3 (SH3), SH2, and the catalytic domains, shared with the Src family kinases. Etk, or Btk kinases in general, has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis. To test whether Etk is the substrate for caspases during apoptosis, in vitro translated [(35)S]methionine-labeled Etk was incubated with different apoptotic extracts and recombinant caspases, respectively. Results showed that Etk was proteolyzed in all conditions tested with identical cleavage patterns. Caspase-mediated cleavage of Etk generated a C-terminal fragment, containing the complete SH2 and tyrosine kinase domains, but without intact pleckstrin homology and SH3 domains. This fragment has 4-fold higher kinase activity than that of the full-length Etk. Ectopic expression of the C-terminal fragment of Etk sensitized the PC3 prostate cancer cells to apoptosis in response to apoptosis-inducing stimuli. The finding, together with an earlier report that Etk is potentially antiapoptotic, suggests that Etk may serve as an apoptotic switch, depending on the forms of Etk existing inside the cells. To our knowledge, this is the first case where the activity of a tyrosine kinase is induced by caspase cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Wu
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
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47
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Merchant M, Swart R, Katzman RB, Ikeda M, Ikeda A, Longnecker R, Dykstra ML, Pierce SK. The effects of the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A on B cell function. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 20:805-35. [PMID: 11913951 DOI: 10.3109/08830180109045591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infects B-lymphocytes circulating through the oral epithelium and establishes a lifelong latent infection in a subset of mature-memory B cells. In these latently infected B cells, EBV exhibits limited gene expression with the latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) being the most consistently detected transcript. This persistent expression, coupled with many studies ofthe function of LMP2A in vitro and invivo, indicates that LMP2A is functioning to control some aspect of viral latency. Establishment and maintenance of viral latency requires exquisite manipulation of normal B cell signaling and function. LMP2A is capable of blocking normal B cell signal transduction in vitro, suggesting that LMP2A may act to regulate lytic activation from latency in vivo. Furthermore, LMP2A is capable of providing B cells with survival signals in the absence of normal BCR signaling. These data show that LMP2A may help EBV-infected cells to persist in vivo. This review discusses the advances that have been made in our understanding of LMP2A and the effects it has on B cell development, activation, and viral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Merchant
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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48
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Abstract
The Btk family kinases represent new members of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which include Btk/Atk, Itk/Emt/Tsk, Bmx/Etk, and Tec. They are characterized by having four structural modules: PH (pleckstrin homology) domain, SH3 (Src homology 3) domain, SH2 (Src homology 2) domain and kinase (Src homology 1) domain. Increasing evidence suggests that, like Src-family kinases, Btk family kinases play central but diverse modulatory roles in various cellular processes. They participate in signal transduction in response to virtually all types of extracellular stimuli which are transmitted by growth factor receptors, cytokine receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, antigen-receptors and integrins. They are regulated by many non-receptor tyrosine kinases such as Src, Jak, Syk and FAK family kinases. In turn, they regulate many of major signaling pathways including those of PI3K, PLCgamma and PKC. Both genetic and biochemical approaches have been used to dissect the signaling pathways and elucidate their roles in growth, differentiation and apoptosis. An emerging new role of this family of kinases is cytoskeletal reorganization and cell motility. The physiological importance of these kinases was amply demonstrated by their link to the development of immunodeficiency diseases, due to germ-line mutations. The present article attempts to review the structure and functions of Btk family kinases by summarizing our current knowledge on the interacting partners associated with the different modules of the kinases and the diverse signaling pathways in which they are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Cancer Center, 420 Delaware Street SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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49
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Schmitz I, Kirchhoff S, Krammer PH. Regulation of death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 32:1123-36. [PMID: 11137452 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(00)00048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death can be induced by a variety of stimuli including activation of death receptors. This subgroup of the TNF/NGF-receptor-superfamily activates caspases, a family of aspartyl-specific cysteine-proteases, which are the main executioners of apoptosis. Depending on the cell type, signalling pathways downstream of the death receptors can be modulated by different proteins such as Bcl-2, FLIPs, chaperones and kinases. Deregulation of apoptosis has been associated with diseases as cancer, autoimmunity and AIDS. Therefore, the identification of modulators of apoptosis has several therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Schmitz
- Tumorimmunology Program, Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Centre, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Kath JC. Patent focus: inhibitors of tumour cell growth. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2000. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.6.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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