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Giau VV, Bagyinszky E, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 Mutations in Asian Patients with Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4757. [PMID: 31557888 PMCID: PMC6801447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly increasing in Asia. Mutations in the amyloid protein precursor (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2) genes can cause autosomal dominant forms of early-onset AD (EOAD). Although these genes have been extensively studied, variant classification remains a challenge, highlighting the need to colligate mutations across populations. In this study, we performed a genetic screening for mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes in 200 clinically diagnosed EOAD patients across four Asian countries, including Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Korea, between 2009 and 2018. Thirty-two (16%) patients presented pathogenic APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 variants; eight (25%), 19 (59%), and five (16%) of the 32 patients presented APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 variants, respectively. Among the 21 novel and known non-synonymous variants, five APP variants were found in Korean patients and one APP variant was identified in a Thai patient with EOAD. Nine, two, and one PSEN1 mutation was found in a Korean patient, Malaysian siblings, and a Thai patient, respectively. Unlike PSEN1 mutations, PSEN2 mutations were rare in patients with EOAD; only three variants were found in Korean patients with EOAD. Comparison of AD-causative point mutations in Asian countries; our findings explained only a small fraction of patients, leaving approximately 84% (p = 0.01) of autosomal dominant pedigrees genetically unexplained. We suggest that the use of high-throughput sequencing technologies for EOAD patients can potentially improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Graduate School of Environment Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, Korea.
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Graduate School of Environment Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, Korea.
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Korea.
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BionanoTechnology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, Korea.
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumidong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-707, Korea.
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An SS, Park SA, Bagyinszky E, Bae SO, Kim YJ, Im JY, Park KW, Park KH, Kim EJ, Jeong JH, Kim JH, Han HJ, Choi SH, Kim S. A genetic screen of the mutations in the Korean patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1817-1822. [PMID: 28008242 PMCID: PMC5167483 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s116724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) has distinct clinical characteristics in comparison to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). The genetic contribution is suggested to be more potent in EOAD. However, the frequency of causative mutations in EOAD could be variable depending on studies. Moreover, no mutation screening study has been performed yet employing large population in Korea. Previously, we reported that the rate of family history of dementia in EOAD patients was 18.7% in a nationwide hospital-based cohort study, the Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea (CREDOS) study. This rate is much lower than in other countries and is even comparable to the frequency of LOAD patients in our country. To understand the genetic characteristics of EOAD in Korea, we screened the common Alzheimer's disease (AD) mutations in the consecutive EOAD subjects from the CREDOS study from April 2012 to February 2014. We checked the sequence of APP (exons 16-17), PSEN1 (exons 3-12), and PSEN2 (exons 3-12) genes. We identified different causative or probable pathogenic AD mutations, PSEN1 T116I, PSEN1 L226F, and PSEN2 V214L, employing 24 EOAD subjects with a family history and 80 without a family history of dementia. PSEN1 T116I case demonstrated autosomal dominant trait of inheritance, with at least 11 affected individuals over 2 generations. However, there was no family history of dementia within first-degree relation in PSEN1 L226F and PSEN2 V214L cases. Approximately, 55.7% of the EOAD subjects had APOE ε4 allele, while none of the mutation-carrying subjects had the allele. The frequency of genetic mutation in this study is lower compared to the studies from other countries. The study design that was based on nationwide cohort, which minimizes selection bias, is thought to be one of the contributors to the lower frequency of genetic mutation. However, the possibility of the greater likeliness of earlier onset of sporadic AD in Korea cannot be excluded. We suggest early AD onset and not carrying APOE ε4 allele are more reliable factors for predicting an induced genetic mutation than the presence of the family history in Korean EOAD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Soo An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
| | - Sun Ah Park
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
| | - Sun Oh Bae
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si
| | - Yoon-Jeong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon
| | - Ji Young Im
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University College of Medicine and Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Busan
| | - Kee Hyung Park
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Ilsan Hospital, National Health Insurance Corporation
| | | | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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Bagyinszky E, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. Mutations, associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease, discovered in Asian countries. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1467-1488. [PMID: 27799753 PMCID: PMC5074729 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is a genetically complex disorder. In most Asian countries, the population and the number of AD patients are growing rapidly, and the genetics of AD has been extensively studied, except in Japan. However, recent studies have been started to investigate the genes and mutations associated with AD in Korea, the People's Republic of China, and Malaysia. This review describes all of the known mutations in three early-onset AD (EOAD) causative genes (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2) that were discovered in Asian countries. Most of the EOAD-associated mutations have been detected in PSEN1, and several novel PSEN1 mutations were recently identified in patients from various parts of the world, including Asia. Until 2014, no PSEN2 mutations were found in Asian patients; however, emerging studies from Korea and the People's Republic of China discovered probably pathogenic PSEN2 mutations. Since several novel mutations were discovered in these three genes, we also discuss the predictions on their pathogenic nature. This review briefly summarizes genome-wide association studies of late-onset AD and the genes that might be associated with AD in Asian countries. Standard sequencing is a widely used method, but it has limitations in terms of time, cost, and efficacy. Next-generation sequencing strategies could facilitate genetic analysis and association studies. Genetic testing is important for the accurate diagnosis and for understanding disease-associated pathways and might also improve disease therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Zhang S, Lei C, Liu P, Zhang M, Tao W, Liu H, Liu M. Association between variant amyloid deposits and motor deficits in FAD-associated presenilin-1 mutations: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:180-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Park HK, Na DL, Lee JH, Kim JW, Ki CS. Identification of PSEN1 and APP gene mutations in Korean patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. J Korean Med Sci 2008; 23:213-7. [PMID: 18437002 PMCID: PMC2526428 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mutations in three genes, amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2), have been identified as genetic causes of early-onset Alzheimer s disease (EOAD), there has been a single report on a PSEN1 mutation in Koreans. In the present study, we performed a genetic analysis of six Korean patients with EOAD. Direct sequencing analysis of the APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes revealed two different mutations of the PSEN1 gene (G206S and M233T) and one mutation of the APP gene (V715M) in three patients with age-at-onset of 34, 35, and 42 yr, respectively. In addition, two patients with age-at-onset of 55 and 62 yr, respectively, were homozygous for APOE epsilon 4 allele. One woman had no genetic alterations. These findings suggest that PSEN1 and APP gene mutations may not be uncommon in Korean patients with EOAD and that genetic analysis should be provided to EOAD patients not only for the identification of their genetic causes but also for the appropriate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Duk Lyul Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Matsushita S, Arai H, Okamura N, Ohmori T, Takasugi K, Matsui T, Maruyama M, Iwatsubo T, Higuchi S. Clinical and biomarker investigation of a patient with a novel presenilin-1 mutation (A431V) in the mild cognitive impairment stage of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 52:907-10. [PMID: 12399144 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report an individual who developed Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to a novel presenilin-1 mutation (Alanine-->Valine at codon 431). When he first presented, the patient met criteria for mild cognitive impairment but progressed over 16 months to fulfill diagnostic criteria of AD. At his first presentation, he showed widespread metabolic deficits in the posterior cingulate, lateral parietal, posterior parietal, and medial temporal regions on positron emission tomography as well as elevated tau and phospho-tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We suggest that functional neuroimaging and CSF biomarkers can serve as useful predictors of development of AD. Accumulation of pathologic tau isoforms and neuron death occur even in the mildest clinical stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Matsushita
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute on Alcoholism, Kurihama National Hospital, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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