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Rollins ZA, Widatalla T, Cheng AC, Metwally E. AbMelt: Learning antibody thermostability from molecular dynamics. Biophys J 2024; 123:2921-2933. [PMID: 38851888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody thermostability is challenging to predict from sequence and/or structure. This difficulty is likely due to the absence of direct entropic information. Herein, we present AbMelt where we model the inherent flexibility of homologous antibody structures using molecular dynamics simulations at three temperatures and learn the relevant descriptors to predict the temperatures of aggregation (Tagg), melt onset (Tm,on), and melt (Tm). We observed that the radius of gyration deviation of the complementarity determining regions at 400 K is the highest Pearson correlated descriptor with aggregation temperature (rp = -0.68 ± 0.23) and the deviation of internal molecular contacts at 350 K is the highest correlated descriptor with both Tm,on (rp = -0.74 ± 0.04) as well as Tm (rp = -0.69 ± 0.03). Moreover, after descriptor selection and machine learning regression, we predict on a held-out test set containing both internal and public data and achieve robust performance for all endpoints compared with baseline models (Tagg R2 = 0.57 ± 0.11, Tm,on R2 = 0.56 ± 0.01, and Tm R2 = 0.60 ± 0.06). In addition, the robustness of the AbMelt molecular dynamics methodology is demonstrated by only training on <5% of the data and outperforming more traditional machine learning models trained on the entire data set of more than 500 internal antibodies. Users can predict thermostability measurements for antibody variable fragments by collecting descriptors and using AbMelt, which has been made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Rollins
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Talal Widatalla
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Alan C Cheng
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Essam Metwally
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California.
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2
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Carrillo RJ, Semple A. DSC Derived (Ea & ΔG) Energetics and Aggregation Predictions for mAbs. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2140-2150. [PMID: 38761862 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The Arrhenius energy of activation of unfolding Ea unfolding and Gibbs free energy of unfolding ΔG unfolding have been calculated utilizing DSC differential scanning calorimetry for 4 mAbs (1 biosimilar) in 3 formulations. DSC derived ΔTm melting temperature changes for each mAb domain (CH2, Fab, CH3) at calorimetric scan rates at 60 °C, 90 °C, 150 °C and 200 °C / hr. were utilized to calculate the kinetic Eaunfolding. The DSC derived Ea trend with observed aggregate formation and can be used to predict%HMW formation post 9-month storage at 5 °C and 40 °C for all formulations analyzed. Additionally, thermodynamic ΔG unfolding energies were also derived (Tm, ΔCp and ΔH measurements) for each mAb at every scan rate to observe scan rate dependence of ΔG and for extrapolation to 0 °C/hr. (to report ΔG at true equilibrium conditions). Both derived thermodynamic ΔG and kinetic Ea energies were combined to build full energetic landscapes for mAb unfolding and aggregation. Statistical multivariate analysis of kinetic (Ea CH2, Ea Fab, Ea CH3) energies, thermodynamic (ΔG5 °C and ΔG40 °C) energies and in-silico modeled surface properties was also performed. Analysis revealed key significant parameters contributing to aggregation. These parameters were utilized to build predictive aggregation models for 25 mg/mL mAb formulations stored 9-months at 5 °C and 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Carrillo
- Merck & Co., Inc., Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Pharmacy, SSP Sterile Specialty Products, Kenilworth N.J., USA.
| | - Andy Semple
- Merck & Co., Inc., Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biologics AR&D, Kenilworth N.J., USA
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3
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Schön A, Kwon YD, Bender MF, Freire E. Extrapolating differential scanning calorimetry data for monoclonal antibodies to low temperatures. Anal Biochem 2024; 691:115533. [PMID: 38642818 PMCID: PMC11268162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
For irreversible denaturation transitions such as those exhibited by monoclonal antibodies, differential scanning calorimetry provides the denaturation temperature, Tm, the rate of denaturation at Tm, and the activation energy at Tm. These three quantities are essential but not sufficient for an accurate extrapolation of the rate of denaturation to temperatures of 25 °C and below. We have observed that the activation energy is not constant but temperature dependent due to the existence of an activation heat capacity, Cp,a. It is shown in this paper that a model that incorporates Cp,a is able to account for previous observations like, for example, that increasing the Tm does not always improve the stability at low temperatures; that some antibodies exhibit lower stabilities at 5 °C than at 25 °C; or that low temperature stabilities do not follow the rank order derived from Tm values. Most importantly, the activation heat capacity model is able to reproduce time dependent stabilities measured by size exclusion chromatography at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Young Do Kwon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael F Bender
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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4
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Schmidt A, Stichel D, Salzmann-Manrique E, Königs C. Acid Treatment of FVIII-Containing Plasma Samples Unmasks a Broad Spectrum of FVIII-Specific Antibodies in ELISA. Hamostaseologie 2024. [PMID: 39009010 DOI: 10.1055/a-2329-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
During routine treatment, plasma samples of patients with hemophilia A or acquired hemophilia A are frequently analyzed for the presence of FVIII-specific antibodies. While only inhibitory antibodies can be detected by the Bethesda assay, inhibitory and non-inhibitory antibodies can be detected by ELISA. However, plasma samples of patients frequently contain endogenous or substituted FVIII, hence interfering with both types of analyses. One option for the inactivation of FVIII is heat denaturation, which unfortunately has been shown to lead to high background signals complicating the discrimination of negative and positive plasma samples. In the current study, we developed a method of acid denaturation for FVIII-containing plasma samples that can help identify samples containing FVIII-specific antibodies and compared the effects of heat and acid denaturation on the detection of FVIII-antibody interactions in a monoclonal setting. The aim of our study was to establish an analysis that allows safer treatment decisions in the context of tolerance to FVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schmidt
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Clinical and Molecular Haemostasis, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Diana Stichel
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Clinical and Molecular Haemostasis, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Emilia Salzmann-Manrique
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Clinical and Molecular Haemostasis, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Königs
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Clinical and Molecular Haemostasis, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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5
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Tadokoro T, Tsuboi H, Nakamura K, Hayakawa T, Ohmura R, Kato I, Inoue M, Tsunoda S, Niizuma S, Okada Y, Otsuguro S, Maenaka K. Thermostability and binding properties of single-chained Fv fragments derived from therapeutic antibodies. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5084. [PMID: 38923711 PMCID: PMC11201803 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Small antibody fragments have recently been used as alternatives to full-length monoclonal antibodies in therapeutic applications. One of the most popular fragment antibodies is single-chain fragment variables (scFvs), consisting of variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) domains linked by a flexible peptide linker. scFvs have small molecular sizes, which enables good tissue penetration and low immunogenicity. Despite these advantages, the use of scFvs, especially for therapeutic purpose, is still limited because of the difficulty to regulate the binding activity and conformational stability. In this study, we constructed and analyzed 10 scFv fragments derived from 10 representatives of FDA-approved mAbs to evaluate their physicochemical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that scFvs exhibited relatively high but varied thermostability, from 50 to 70°C of melting temperatures, and different unfolding cooperativity. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that scFvs fragments that exhibit high stability and cooperative unfolding likely tend to maintain antigen binding. This study demonstrated the comprehensive physicochemical properties of scFvs derived from FDA-approved antibodies, providing insights into antibody design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tadokoro
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Harumi Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Kota Nakamura
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Tetsushi Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Reo Ohmura
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Izumi Kato
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Masaki Inoue
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKobe Gakuin UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Shin‐ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKobe Gakuin UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Sayaka Niizuma
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Yukari Okada
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Satoko Otsuguro
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU‐IVReD)Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug DiscoveryHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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6
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O'Neil PT, Swint‐Kruse L, Fenton AW. Rheostatic contributions to protein stability can obscure a position's functional role. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5075. [PMID: 38895978 PMCID: PMC11187868 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rheostat positions, which can be substituted with various amino acids to tune protein function across a range of outcomes, are a developing area for advancing personalized medicine and bioengineering. Current methods cannot accurately predict which proteins contain rheostat positions or their substitution outcomes. To compare the prevalence of rheostat positions in homologs, we previously investigated their occurrence in two pyruvate kinase (PYK) isozymes. Human liver PYK contained numerous rheostat positions that tuned the apparent affinity for the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate (Kapp-PEP) across a wide range. In contrast, no functional rheostat positions were identified in Zymomonas mobilis PYK (ZmPYK). Further, the set of ZmPYK substitutions included an unusually large number that lacked measurable activity. We hypothesized that the inactive substitution variants had reduced protein stability, precluding detection of Kapp-PEP tuning. Using modified buffers, robust enzymatic activity was obtained for 19 previously-inactive ZmPYK substitution variants at three positions. Surprisingly, both previously-inactive and previously-active substitution variants all had Kapp-PEP values close to wild-type. Thus, none of the three positions were functional rheostat positions, and, unlike human liver PYK, ZmPYK's Kapp-PEP remained poorly tunable by single substitutions. To directly assess effects on stability, we performed thermal denaturation experiments for all ZmPYK substitution variants. Many diminished stability, two enhanced stability, and the three positions showed different thermal sensitivity to substitution, with one position acting as a "stability rheostat." The differences between the two PYK homologs raises interesting questions about the underlying mechanism(s) that permit functional tuning by single substitutions in some proteins but not in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce T. O'Neil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansasUSA
| | - Liskin Swint‐Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansasUSA
| | - Aron W. Fenton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKansasUSA
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7
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Alkhawaja B, Al-Akayleh F, Al-Rubaye Z, AlDabet G, Bustami M, Smairat M, Agha ASAA, Nasereddin J, Qinna N, Michael A, Watts AG. Dissecting the stability of Atezolizumab with renewable amino acid-based ionic liquids: Colloidal stability and anticancer activity under thermal stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132208. [PMID: 38723835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionised the biopharmaceutical market. Being proteinaceous, mAbs are prone to chemical and physical instabilities. Various approaches were attempted to stabilise proteins against degradation factors. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been established as green solvents for ever-increasing pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications. Hence, amino acid (AA)-based ILs, were used for the first time, for mAb stabilisation. Choline (Ch)-based DESs were also utilised for comparison purposes. The prepared ILs and DESs were utilised to stabilise Atezolizumab (Amab, anti-PDL-1 mAb). The formulations of Amab in ILs and DESs were incubated at room temperature, 45 or 55 °C. Following this, the structural stability of Amab was appraised. Interestingly, Ch-Valine retained favourable structural stability of Amab with minimal detected aggregation or degradation as confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and protein Mass Spectroscopy. The measured hydrodynamic diameter of Amab in Ch-Valine ranged from 10.40 to 11.65 nm. More interestingly, the anticancer activity of Amab was evaluated, and Ch-Valine was found to be optimum in retaining the activity of Amab when compared to other formulations, including the control Amab sample. Collectively, this study has spotlighted the advantages of adopting the Ch-AA ILs for the structural and functional stabilising of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Alkhawaja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan.
| | - Faisal Al-Akayleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan.
| | - Zaid Al-Rubaye
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Ghayda' AlDabet
- University of Petra Pharmaceutical Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Petra University, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Muna Bustami
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Maisa'a Smairat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S A A Agha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Jehad Nasereddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
| | - Nidal Qinna
- University of Petra Pharmaceutical Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Petra University, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Andreas Michael
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Andrew G Watts
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
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8
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Zvereva EA, Hendrickson OD, Dzantiev BB, Zherdev AV. Comparison of competitive and sandwich immunochromatographic analysis in the authentication of chicken in meat products. Anal Biochem 2024; 689:115484. [PMID: 38382834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cheap chicken meat is often used as an undeclared substitute in meat products. In this study, two formats of the immunochromatographic assay (ICA) of immunoglobulins of class Y (IgY) as a biomarker for chicken authentication were developed. In both competitive ICA (cICA) and sandwich ICA (sICA), gold nanoparticles (GNP) were conjugated with anti-species antibodies. A simple procedure of sample preparation, which took only 30 min, was proposed. Test systems demonstrated high sensitivity and rapidity: visual limits of detection of IgY and assay durations were 12/14 ng/mL and 10/15 min for cICA and sICA, respectively. The absence of cross-reactivity with the mammalian species confirmed the high specificity of the test systems. Good applicability of the assays was confirmed for the detection of chicken in raw meat mixtures: as low as 3% and 0.2% (w/w) of chicken could be revealed in beef and pork by cICA and sICA, respectively. The influence of heat processing of meat-based products on immune recognition and, consequently, the analytical performance of the test systems was revealed. It was shown that sICA is preferable for the detection of IgY even in thermally processed meat. The proposed ICAs can be recommended for rapid on-site control of meat products' composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Zvereva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga D Hendrickson
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris B Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
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9
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Martins-Ribeiro A, Kizhedath A, Ahmed SS, Glassey J, Ishaq A, Freer M, Dickinson AM. A Human Skin Explant Test as a Novel In Vitro Assay for the Detection of Skin Sensitization to Aggregated Monoclonal Antibodies. TOXICS 2024; 12:332. [PMID: 38787111 PMCID: PMC11125788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important therapeutics. However, the enhanced potential for aggregation has become a critical quality parameter during the production of mAbs. Furthermore, mAb aggregation may also present a potential health risk in a clinical setting during the administration of mAb therapeutics to patients. While the extent of immunotoxicity in patient populations is uncertain, reports show it can lead to immune responses via cell activation and cytokine release. In this study, an autologous in vitro skin test designed to predict adverse immune events, including skin sensitization, was used as a novel assay for the assessment of immunotoxicity caused by mAb aggregation. Material and Methods: Aggregation of mAbs was induced by a heat stress protocol, followed by characterization of protein content by analytical ultra-centrifugation and transmission electron microscopy, revealing a 4% aggregation level of total protein content. Immunotoxicity and potential skin sensitization caused by the aggregates, were then tested in a skin explant assay. Results: Aggregated Herceptin and Rituximab caused skin sensitization, as shown by histopathological damage (grade II-III positive response) together with positive staining for Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70). Changes in T cell proliferation were not observed. Cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase of IL-10 for the most extreme condition of aggregation (65 °C at pH3) and a trend for an overall increase of IFN-γ, especially in response to Rituximab. Conclusions: The skin explant assay demonstrated that aggregated mAbs showed adverse immune reactions, as demonstrated as skin sensitization, with histopathological grades II-III. The assay may, therefore, be a novel tool for assessing immunotoxicity and skin sensitization caused by mAb aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martins-Ribeiro
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Arathi Kizhedath
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Shaheda Sameena Ahmed
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Jarka Glassey
- Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Abbas Ishaq
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Matthew Freer
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
| | - Anne Mary Dickinson
- Alcyomics Ltd., The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5BX, UK; (A.M.-R.); (M.F.)
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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10
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Franco-Mateos E, Souza-Egipsy V, García-Estévez L, Pérez-García J, Gion M, Garrigós L, Cortez P, Saavedra C, Gómez P, Ortiz C, Cruz VL, Ramos J, Cortés J, Vega JF. Exploring the Combined Action of Adding Pertuzumab to Branded Trastuzumab versus Trastuzumab Biosimilars for Treating HER2+ Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3940. [PMID: 38612751 PMCID: PMC11011846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The binding activity of various trastuzumab biosimilars versus the branded trastuzumab towards the glycosylated extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) target in the presence of pertuzumab was investigated. We employed size exclusion chromatography with tetra-detection methodology to simultaneously determine absolute molecular weight, concentration, molecular size, and intrinsic viscosity. All trastuzumab molecules in solution exhibit analogous behavior in their binary action towards HER2 regardless of the order of addition of trastuzumab/pertuzumab. This analogous behavior of all trastuzumab molecules, including biosimilars, highlights the robustness and consistency of their binding activity towards HER2. Furthermore, the addition of HER2 to a mixture of trastuzumab and pertuzumab leads to increased formation of high-order HER2 complexes, up to concentrations of one order of magnitude higher than in the case of sequential addition. The observed increase suggests a potential synergistic effect between these antibodies, which could enhance their therapeutic efficacy in HER2-positive cancers. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the complex interplay between therapeutic antibodies and their target antigens, providing valuable insights for the development of more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Franco-Mateos
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Virginia Souza-Egipsy
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
| | | | - José Pérez-García
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Ridgewood, NJ 07450, USA
| | - María Gion
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Laia Garrigós
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
| | | | - Cristina Saavedra
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Patricia Gómez
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
| | - Carolina Ortiz
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
| | - Víctor L. Cruz
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Javier Ramos
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
| | - Javier Cortés
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quiron Hospital, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (J.P.-G.); (L.G.); (P.G.); (C.O.); (J.C.)
- Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F. Vega
- BIOPHYM, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, C/Serrano 113 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.F.-M.); (V.S.-E.); (V.L.C.); (J.R.)
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11
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Amash A, Volkers G, Farber P, Griffin D, Davison KS, Goodman A, Tonikian R, Yamniuk A, Barnhart B, Jacobs T. Developability considerations for bispecific and multispecific antibodies. MAbs 2024; 16:2394229. [PMID: 39189686 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2394229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAb) and multispecific antibodies (msAb) encompass a diverse variety of formats that can concurrently bind multiple epitopes, unlocking mechanisms to address previously difficult-to-treat or incurable diseases. Early assessment of candidate developability enables demotion of antibodies with low potential and promotion of the most promising candidates for further development. Protein-based therapies have a stringent set of developability requirements in order to be competitive (e.g. high-concentration formulation, and long half-life) and their assessment requires a robust toolkit of methods, few of which are validated for interrogating bsAbs/msAbs. Important considerations when assessing the developability of bsAbs/msAbs include their molecular format, likelihood for immunogenicity, specificity, stability, and potential for high-volume production. Here, we summarize the critical aspects of developability assessment, and provide guidance on how to develop a comprehensive plan tailored to a given bsAb/msAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Amash
- AbCellera Biologics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Jacobs
- AbCellera Biologics Inc, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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12
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Karunaratne SP, Jolliffe MC, Trayton I, Shanmugam RK, Darton NJ, Weis DD. Interaction between preservatives and a monoclonal antibody in support of multidose formulation development. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123600. [PMID: 37967687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Multidose formulations have patient-centric advantages over single-dose formats. A major challenge in developing multidose formulations is the prevention of microbial growth that can potentially be introduced during multiple drawings. The incorporation of antimicrobial preservatives (APs) is a common approach to inhibit this microbial growth. Selection of the right preservative while maintaining drug product stability is often challenging. We explored the effects of three APs, 1.1 % (w/v) benzyl alcohol, 0.62 % (w/v) phenol, and 0.42 % (w/v) m-cresol, on a model immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody, termed the "NIST mAb." As measured by hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) and differential scanning calorimetry, conformational stability was decreased in the presence of APs. Specifically, flexibility (faster HX) was significantly increased in the CH2 domain (HC 238-255) across all APs. The addition of phenol caused the greatest conformational destabilization, followed by m-cresol and benzyl alcohol. Storage stability studies conducted by subvisible particle (SVP) analysis at 40 °C over 4 weeks further revealed an increase in SVPs in the presence of phenol and m-cresol but not in the presence of benzyl alcohol. However, as monitored by size exclusion chromatography, there was neither a significant change in the monomeric content nor an accumulation of soluble aggregate in the presence of APs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeleine C Jolliffe
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabelle Trayton
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Darton
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence KS, USA.
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13
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Ryan M, Lam N, Wright K, Siderov J. Clinical Oncology Society of Australia Position Statement: 2022 update to the safe handling of monoclonal antibodies in healthcare settings. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2023; 19:723-730. [PMID: 36899469 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aims were to (a) review the scientific literature on occupational risk, including exposure mechanisms and risk assessment, with regards to handling monoclonal antibodies (mABs) in healthcare settings; and (b) update the recommendations in the Clinical Oncology Society of Australia (COSA) safe handling of monoclonal antibodies in healthcare settings position statement, published in 2013. METHODS A literature search was conducted between April 24, 2022, and July 3, 2022, to identify evidence relating to occupational exposure and handling of mABs in healthcare settings. Evidence in the literature was compared to the Position Statement published in 2013, and any potential additions, deletions, or revisions were discussed by the authors, and then agreed changes were made. RESULTS Thirty-nine references were included in this update, comprising of the 2013 Position Statement itself and 10 of its references, as well as 28 new references. The risks to healthcare workers in the preparation and administration of mABs arise from four distinct exposure mechanisms: dermal, mucosal, inhalation, and oral. Updates included recommendations on using protective eyewear during the preparation and administration of mABs, developing a local institutional risk assessment tool and handling recommendations, considerations for using closed system transfer devices, and to have awareness of the nomenclature change from 2021 for new mABs. CONCLUSION Practitioners should follow the 14 recommendations to lower occupational risk when handling mABs. Another Position Statement update should occur in 5-10 years to ensure the currency of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Ryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Online Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Neil Lam
- Icon Cancer Centre River City Pharmacy, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Wright
- Central West Cancer Care Centre, Orange, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Orange Health Service, Orange, Australia
| | - Jim Siderov
- Department of Pharmacy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Arakawa T, Akuta T. Mechanistic Insight into Poly-Reactivity of Immune Antibodies upon Acid Denaturation or Arginine Mutation in Antigen-Binding Regions. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:64. [PMID: 37873861 PMCID: PMC10594486 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly-reactivity of antibodies is defined as their binding to specific antigens as well as to related proteins and also to unrelated targets. Poly-reactivity can occur in individual molecules of natural serum antibodies, likely due to their conformation flexibility, and, for therapeutic antibodies, it plays a critical role in their clinical development. On the one hand, it can enhance their binding to target antigens and cognate receptors, but, on the other hand, it may lead to a loss of antibody function by binding to off-target proteins. Notably, poly-reactivity has been observed in antibodies subjected to treatments with dissociating, destabilizing or denaturing agents, in particular acidic pH, a common step in the therapeutic antibody production process involving the elution of Protein-A bound antibodies and viral clearance using low pH buffers. Additionally, poly-reactivity can emerge during the affinity maturation in the immune system, such as the germinal center. This review delves into the underlying potential causes of poly-reactivity, highlighting the importance of conformational flexibility, which can be further augmented by the acid denaturation of antibodies and the introduction of arginine mutations into the complementary regions of antibody-variable domains. The focus is placed on a particular antibody's acid conformation, meticulously characterized through circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and sedimentation velocity analyses. By gaining a deeper understanding of these mechanisms, we aim to shed light on the complexities of antibody poly-reactivity and its implications for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Road, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26 Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi 318-0004, Ibaraki, Japan;
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15
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Xu AY, Blanco MA, Castellanos MM, Meuse CW, Mattison K, Karageorgos I, Hatch HW, Shen VK, Curtis JE. Role of Domain-Domain Interactions on the Self-Association and Physical Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies: Effect of pH and Salt. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8344-8357. [PMID: 37751332 PMCID: PMC10561141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) make up a major class of biotherapeutics with a wide range of clinical applications. Their physical stability can be affected by various environmental factors. For instance, an acidic pH can be encountered during different stages of the mAb manufacturing process, including purification and storage. Therefore, understanding the behavior of flexible mAb molecules in acidic solution environments will benefit the development of stable mAb products. This study used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and complementary biophysical characterization techniques to investigate the conformational flexibility and protein-protein interactions (PPI) of a model mAb molecule under near-neutral and acidic conditions. The study also characterized the interactions between Fab and Fc fragments under the same buffer conditions to identify domain-domain interactions. The results suggest that solution pH significantly influences mAb flexibility and thus could help mAbs remain physically stable by maximizing local electrostatic repulsions when mAbs become crowded in solution. Under acidic buffer conditions, both Fab and Fc contribute to the repulsive PPI observed among the full mAb at a low ionic strength. However, as ionic strength increases, hydrophobic interactions lead to the self-association of Fc fragments and, subsequently, could affect the aggregation state of the mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y. Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Marco A. Blanco
- Discovery
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research
Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Maria Monica Castellanos
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Curtis W. Meuse
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kevin Mattison
- Malvern
Panalytical, Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, United States
| | - Ioannis Karageorgos
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Harold W. Hatch
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vincent K. Shen
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph E. Curtis
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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16
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Pruška A, Harrison JA, Granzhan A, Marchand A, Zenobi R. Solution and Gas-Phase Stability of DNA Junctions from Temperature-Controlled Electrospray Ionization and Surface-Induced Dissociation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14384-14391. [PMID: 37699589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
DNA three-way junction (TWJ) structures transiently form during key cellular processes such as transcription, replication, and DNA repair. Despite their significance, the thermodynamics of TWJs, including the influence of strand length, base pair composition, and ligand binding on TWJ stability and dissociation mechanisms, are poorly understood. To address these questions, we interfaced temperature-controlled nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (TC-nESI-MS) with a cyclic ion mobility spectrometry (cIMS) instrument that was also equipped with a surface-induced dissociation (SID) stage. This novel combination allowed us to investigate the structural intermediates of three TWJ complexes and examine the effects of GC base pairs on their dissociation pathways. We found that two TWJ-specific ligands, 2,7-tris-naphthalene (2,7-TrisNP) and tris-phenoxybenzene (TrisPOB), lead to TWJ stabilization, revealed by an increase in the melting temperature (Tm) by 13 or 26 °C, respectively. To gain insights into conformational changes in the gas phase, we employed cIMS and SID to analyze TWJs and their complexes with ligands. Analysis of IM arrival distributions suggested a single-step dissociation of TWJs and their intermediates for the three studied TWJ complexes. Upon ligand binding, a higher SID energy by 3 V (2,7-TrisNP) and 5 V (TrisPOB) was required to induce 50% dissociation of TWJ, compared to 38 V in the absence of ligands. Our results demonstrate the power of utilizing TC-nESI-MS in combination with cIMS and SID for thermodynamic characterization of TWJ complexes and investigation of ligand binding. These techniques are essential for the TWJ design and development as drug targets, aptamers, and structural units for functional biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pruška
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian A Harrison
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton Granzhan
- CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Institut Curie, Paris Saclay University, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Adrien Marchand
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Kurttila M, Rumfeldt J, Takala H, Ihalainen JA. The interconnecting hairpin extension "arm": An essential allosteric element of phytochrome activity. Structure 2023; 31:1100-1108.e4. [PMID: 37392739 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
In red-light sensing phytochromes, isomerization of the bilin chromophore triggers structural and dynamic changes across multiple domains, ultimately leading to control of the output module (OPM) activity. In between, a hairpin structure, "arm", extends from an interconnecting domain to the chromophore region. Here, by removing this protein segment in a bacteriophytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans (DrBphP), we show that the arm is crucial for signal transduction. Crystallographic, spectroscopic, and biochemical data indicate that this variant maintains the properties of DrBphP in the resting state. Spectroscopic data also reveal that the armless systems maintain the ability to respond to light. However, there is no subsequent regulation of OPM activity without the arms. Thermal denaturation reveals that the arms stabilize the DrBphP structure. Our results underline the importance of the structurally flexible interconnecting hairpin extensions and describe their central role in the allosteric coupling of phytochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Kurttila
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jessica Rumfeldt
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Heikki Takala
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
| | - Janne A Ihalainen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Nanoscience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland.
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18
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Mieczkowski CA. The Evolution of Commercial Antibody Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1801-1810. [PMID: 37037341 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been nearly four decades since the first therapeutic monoclonal antibodies were approved and made available for widespread human use. Herein, US and EU approved antibody formulations are reviewed, and their nature and compositions are evaluated over time. From 1986 through Jan 2023, significant formulation trends have occurred and to represent this, 165 commercial antibody therapeutic formulations were binned into 5 different periods of time. Overall, we have observed the following: 1) The average formulation pH has decreased in recent years by over 0.5 units along with a decrease in variability that is largely driven by non-high concentration liquid in vial presentations for IV administration, 2) The use of certain excipients and buffers such as histidine, sucrose, metal chelators, arginine and methionine has become significantly more common, whereas formulations that contain phosphate, salt, no sugar or no surfactant have fallen out of favor, 3) Overall formulation space has increasingly become more homogenous and has converged in terms of formulation pH and excipient preferences regardless of formulation concentration, drug product presentation, and route of administration, 4) The average calculated isoelectric point (pI) has decreased 0.26 units, and 5) Overall, the average formulation pH and calculated pI for all commercial antibodies surveyed was 6.0 and 8.4, respectively. These trends and formulation convergence may be driven by multiple factors such as advancements in high-throughput computational and analytical technologies, the increased emphasis and understanding of certain developability attributes and formulation principles during lead selection and formulation development, and the adoption of low-risk development platform approaches.
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19
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Li S, Murakami D, Nagatoishi S, Liu Y, Tsumoto K, Katayama Y, Mori T. One-pot preparation of mannan-coated antigen nanoparticles using human serum albumin as a matrix for tolerance induction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:955-965. [PMID: 37392685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) for allergen immunotherapy have garnered attention for their high efficiency and safety compared with naked antigen proteins. In this work, we present mannan-coated protein NPs, incorporating antigen proteins for antigen-specific tolerance induction. The heat-induced formation of protein NPs is a one-pot preparation method and can be applied to various proteins. Here, the NPs were formed spontaneously via heat denaturation of three component proteins: an antigen protein, human serum albumin (HSA) as a matrix protein, and mannoprotein (MAN) as a targeting ligand for dendritic cells (DCs). HSA is non-immunogenic, therefore suitable as a matrix protein, while MAN coats the surface of the NP. We applied this method to various antigen proteins and found that the self-disperse after heat denaturation was a requirement for incorporation into the NPs. We also established that the NPs could target DCs, and the incorporation of rapamycin into the NPs enhanced the induction of a tolerogenic phenotype of DC. The MAN coating provided steric hindrance and heat denaturation destroyed recognition structures, successfully preventing anti-antigen antibody binding, indicating the NPs may avoid anaphylaxis induction. The MAN-coated NPs proposed here, prepared by a simple method, have the potential for effective and safe allergies treatment for various antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyi Li
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 812-8582 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Katayama
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 819-0395, Japan; International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Centre for Advanced Medicine Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, 32023, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 819-0395, Japan.
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20
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Jin C, Patel A, Peters J, Hodawadekar S, Kalyanaraman R. Quantum Cascade Laser Based Infrared Spectroscopy: A New Paradigm for Protein Secondary Structure Measurement. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1507-1517. [PMID: 36329374 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared spectroscopy is one of the major analytical techniques employed for measurements of protein structure in solution. Traditional Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) measurement is limited by its blackbody light source that is inherently spatially incoherent and has low optical power output. This limitation is pronounced when working with proteins in aqueous solutions. Strong absorbance of water in protein amide I region 1600-1700 cm-1 restricts light path length to <10 μm and imposes significant experimental challenges in sample and flow cell handling. Emerging laser spectroscopic techniques use high-power coherent laser as light source that overcomes the limitation in FT-IR measurement. In this study, we employed an innovative infrared spectrometer that uses quantum cascade laser (QCL) as light source. Continuous infrared radiation from this laser source can be swiftly swept within the amide I region (1600-1700 cm-1) and amide II region (1500-1600 cm-1), which makes this technique ideal for protein secondary structure study. Protein solutions as low as 0.5 mg/mL were measured rapidly without any sample preparation. Infrared spectra of model proteins were thus collected, and a chemometric model based on partial least squares regression was developed to quantify α-helix and β-strand motifs in protein secondary structure. The model was applied to measurement of the native secondary structure of commercial therapeutic proteins and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and in thermal degradation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Jin
- Global Quality Analytical Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.
| | - Amrish Patel
- Global Quality Analytical Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Jeremy Peters
- Global Quality Analytical Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | | | - Ravi Kalyanaraman
- Global Quality Analytical Science & Technology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.
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21
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Castrignano C, Di Scipio F, Franco F, Mognetti B, Berta GN. Reviving a Classic Antigen with a Cutting-Edge Approach: Nanobodies for HER2+ Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:794. [PMID: 37375741 PMCID: PMC10302560 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The serendipitous discovery of nanobodies (NBs) around two decades ago opened the door to new possibilities for innovative strategies, particularly in cancer treatment. These antigen-binding fragments are derived from heavy-chain-only antibodies naturally found in the serum of camelids and sharks. NBs are an appealing agent for the progress of innovative therapeutic strategies because they combine the advantageous assets of smaller molecules and conventional monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Moreover, the possibility to produce NBs using bacterial systems reduces manufacturing expenses and speeds up the production process, making them a feasible option for the development of new bio-drugs. Several NBs have been developed over the past 10 years and are currently being tested in clinical trials for various human targets. Here, we provide an overview of the notable structural and biochemical characteristics of NBs, particularly in their application against HER2, an extracellular receptor that often gets aberrantly activated during breast cancer tumorigenesis. The focus is on the recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic research up to the present date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Castrignano
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (C.C.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Federica Di Scipio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (C.C.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Franco
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (C.C.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.)
| | - Barbara Mognetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Nicolao Berta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (C.C.); (F.D.S.); (F.F.)
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22
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Nagarajan U, Chandra S, Yamazaki T, Shirahata N, Winnik FM. Analysis of Silicon Quantum Dots and Serum Proteins Interactions Using Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37225422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) have gained significant attention in biomedical research as versatile probes for imaging, sensing, and therapies. However, the interactions between proteins and QDs, which are crucial for their use in biological applications, are not yet fully understood. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a promising method for analyzing the interactions of proteins with QDs. This technique uses a combination of hydrodynamic and centrifugal forces to separate and fractionate particles based on their size and shape. By coupling AF4 with other techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy and multi-angle light scattering, it is possible to determine the binding affinity and stoichiometry of protein-QD interactions. Herein, this approach has been utilized to determine the interaction between fetal bovine serum (FBS) and silicon quantum dots (SiQDs). Unlike metal-containing conventional QDs, SiQDs are highly biocompatible and photostable in nature, making them attractive for a wide range of biomedical applications. In this study, AF4 has provided crucial information on the size and shape of the FBS/SiQD complexes, their elution profile, and their interaction with serum components in real time. The differential scanning microcalorimetric technique has also been employed to monitor the thermodynamic behavior of proteins in the presence of SiQDs. We have investigated their binding mechanisms by incubating them at temperatures below and above the protein denaturation. This study yields various significant characteristics such as their hydrodynamic radius, size distribution, and conformational behavior. The compositions of SiQD and FBS influence the size distribution of their bioconjugates; the size increases by intensifying the concentration of FBS, with their hydrodynamic radii ranging between 150 and 300 nm. The results signify that in the alliance of SiQDs to the system, there is an augmentation of the denaturation point of the proteins and hence their thermal stability, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between FBS and QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usharani Nagarajan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sourov Chandra
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Espoo, Aalto, Finland
| | - Tomohiko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoto Shirahata
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Françoise M Winnik
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Le TT, Benton DJ, Wrobel AG, Gamblin SJ. Development of high affinity broadly reactive aptamers for spike protein of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15322-15326. [PMID: 37213341 PMCID: PMC10197177 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01382k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed broadly reactive aptamers against multiple variants by alternating the target between spike proteins from different SARS-CoV-2 variants during the selection process. In this process we have developed aptamers which can recognise all variants, from the original wild-type 'Wuhan' strain to Omicron, with high affinity (Kd values in the pM range).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T Le
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London UK
| | - Donald J Benton
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute UK
| | - Antoni G Wrobel
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute UK
| | - Steven J Gamblin
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute UK
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24
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Christofi E, Barran P. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry (IM-MS) for Structural Biology: Insights Gained by Measuring Mass, Charge, and Collision Cross Section. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2902-2949. [PMID: 36827511 PMCID: PMC10037255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of macromolecular biomolecules with ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) techniques has provided substantial insights into the field of structural biology over the past two decades. An IM-MS workflow applied to a given target analyte provides mass, charge, and conformation, and all three of these can be used to discern structural information. While mass and charge are determined in mass spectrometry (MS), it is the addition of ion mobility that enables the separation of isomeric and isobaric ions and the direct elucidation of conformation, which has reaped huge benefits for structural biology. In this review, where we focus on the analysis of proteins and their complexes, we outline the typical features of an IM-MS experiment from the preparation of samples, the creation of ions, and their separation in different mobility and mass spectrometers. We describe the interpretation of ion mobility data in terms of protein conformation and how the data can be compared with data from other sources with the use of computational tools. The benefit of coupling mobility analysis to activation via collisions with gas or surfaces or photons photoactivation is detailed with reference to recent examples. And finally, we focus on insights afforded by IM-MS experiments when applied to the study of conformationally dynamic and intrinsically disordered proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Christofi
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Perdita Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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25
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Mullins DR, Galosy SS. Development of a novel capillary electrophoresis method for quantitative measurements of intracellular recombinant protein titer. J Biotechnol 2023; 365:54-61. [PMID: 36780953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of volumetric titer is an integral step in the assessment and selection of a production cell line and cell culture process. The production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), a major class of therapeutic proteins, in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines is challenging due to the clone-to-clone variations in the intrinsic capability to secrete a biologically complex protein. The measurement of intracellular mAb concentration could be a valuable tool to determine the ratio of intracellular to secreted product and be part of the evaluation of potential mAb productive cell lines. High throughput automation is a valuable tool that is used in bioprocess development to reduce work intensive steps. When coupled with the Simple Western (Wes) platform, automated capillary electrophoresis is an efficient method to measure recombinant protein concentration. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of using the automated Wes to rapidly measure intracellular titer and then compare the intracellular titer, volumetric titer and specific productivity between high and low production CHO clones expressing a model human IgG1 mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Mullins
- Global Investigative Safety, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA, USA.
| | - Sybille S Galosy
- Biopharm Microbial & Cell Culture Development, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), King of Prussia, PA, USA
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26
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Sant D, Rojekar S, Gera S, Pallapati AR, Gimenez-Roig J, Kuo TC, Padilla A, Korkmaz F, Cullen L, Chatterjee J, Shelly E, Meseck M, Miyashita S, Macdonald A, Sultana F, Barak O, Ryu V, Kim SM, Robinson C, Rosen CJ, Caminis J, Lizneva D, Haider S, Yuen T, Zaidi M. Optimizing a therapeutic humanized follicle-stimulating hormone-blocking antibody formulation by protein thermal shift assay. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:67-78. [PMID: 36628526 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical products are formulated using several Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved excipients within the inactive ingredient limit to maintain their storage stability and shelf life. Here, we have screened and optimized different sets of excipient combinations to yield a thermally stable formulation for the humanized follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-blocking antibody, MS-Hu6. We used a protein thermal shift assay in which rising temperatures resulted in the maximal unfolding of the protein at the melting temperature (Tm ). To determine the buffer and pH for a stable solution, four different buffers with a pH range from 3 to 8 were screened. This resulted in maximal Tm s at pH 5.62 for Fab in phosphate buffer and at pH 6.85 for Fc in histidine buffer. Upon testing a range of salt concentrations, MS-Hu6 was found to be more stable at lower concentrations, likely due to reduced hydrophobic effects. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed a higher root-mean-square deviation with 1 mM than with 100 mM salt, indicating enhanced stability, as noted experimentally. Among the stabilizers tested, Tween 20 was found to yield the highest Tm and reversed the salt effect. Among several polyols/sugars, trehalose and sucrose were found to produce higher thermal stabilities. Finally, binding of recombinant human FSH to MS-Hu6 in a final formulation (20 mM phosphate buffer, 1 mM NaCl, 0.001% w/v Tween 20, and 260 mM trehalose) resulted in a thermal shift (increase in Tm ) for the Fab, but expectedly not in the Fc domain. Given that we used a low dose of MS-Hu6 (1 μM), the next challenge would be to determine whether 100-fold higher, industry-standard concentrations are equally stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damini Sant
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sakshi Gera
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anusha R Pallapati
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judit Gimenez-Roig
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tan-Chun Kuo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Padilla
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Funda Korkmaz
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liam Cullen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jiya Chatterjee
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eleanor Shelly
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marcia Meseck
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sari Miyashita
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anne Macdonald
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Farhath Sultana
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Orly Barak
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vitaly Ryu
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Se-Min Kim
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cemre Robinson
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - John Caminis
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daria Lizneva
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shozeb Haider
- Centre for Advanced Research Computing, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tony Yuen
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mone Zaidi
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology and Departments of Medicine and of Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Warrender AK, Pan J, Pudney CR, Arcus VL, Kelton W. Constant domain polymorphisms influence monoclonal antibody stability and dynamics. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4589. [PMID: 36759959 PMCID: PMC9951194 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The constant regions of clinical monoclonal antibodies are derived from a select number of allotypes found in IgG subclasses. Despite a long-term acknowledgment that this diversity may impact both antibody function and developability, there is a lack of data on the stability of variants carrying these mutations. Here, we generated a panel of IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 antibodies with 32 unique constant region alleles and performed a systematic comparison of stability using red edge excitation shift (REES). This technique exploits the fluorescent properties of tryptophan residues to measure antibody structural dynamics which predict flexibility and the propensity to unfold. Our REES measurements revealed broad stability differences between subclasses with IgG3 possessing the poorest overall stability. Further interrogation of differences between variants within each subclass enabled the high-resolution profiling of individual allotype stabilities. Crucially, these observed differences were not found to be linked to N297-linked glycan heterogeneity. Our work demonstrates diverse stabilities (and dynamics) for a range of naturally occurring constant domain alleles and the utility of REES as a method for rapid and sensitive antibody stability profiling, requiring only laboratory spectrophotometry equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmaree K Warrender
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jolyn Pan
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Chris R Pudney
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Vickery L Arcus
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - William Kelton
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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28
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Aggregation of Irisin and its Prevention by Trehalose: A Biophysical Approach. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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29
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Determination of native lactoferrin and other whey proteins at different pH conditions after UHT using reverse phase HPLC. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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30
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Recent progress in drying technologies for improving the stability and delivery efficiency of biopharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2023; 53:35-57. [PMID: 36568503 PMCID: PMC9768793 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Most biopharmaceuticals are developed in liquid dosage forms that are less stable than solid forms. To ensure the stability of biopharmaceuticals, it is critical to use an effective drying technique in the presence of an appropriate stabilizing excipient. Various drying techniques are available for this purpose, such as freeze drying or lyophilization, spray drying, spray freeze-drying, supercritical fluid drying, particle replication in nonwetting templates, and fluidized bed drying. Area covered In this review, we discuss drying technologies and their applications in the production of stable solid-state biopharmaceuticals, providing examples of commercially available products or clinical trial formulations. Alongside this, we also review how different analytical methods may be utilized in the evaluation of aerosol performance and powder characteristics of dried protein powders. Finally, we assess the protein integrity in terms of conformational and physicochemical stability and biological activity. Expert opinion With the aim of treating either infectious respiratory diseases or systemic disorders, inhaled biopharmaceuticals reduce both therapeutic dose and cost of therapy. Drying methods in the presence of optimized protein/stabilizer combinations, produce solid dosage forms of proteins with greater stability. A suitable drying method was chosen, and the process parameters were optimized based on the route of protein administration. With the ongoing trend of addressing deficiencies in biopharmaceutical production, developing new methods to replace conventional drying methods, and investigating novel excipients for more efficient stabilizing effects, these products have the potential to dominate the pharmaceutical industry in the future.
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31
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Mieczkowski C, Zhang X, Lee D, Nguyen K, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Way J, Gries JM. Blueprint for antibody biologics developability. MAbs 2023; 15:2185924. [PMID: 36880643 PMCID: PMC10012935 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2185924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-molecule antibody biologics have revolutionized medicine owing to their superior target specificity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, safety and toxicity profiles, and amenability to versatile engineering. In this review, we focus on preclinical antibody developability, including its definition, scope, and key activities from hit to lead optimization and selection. This includes generation, computational and in silico approaches, molecular engineering, production, analytical and biophysical characterization, stability and forced degradation studies, and process and formulation assessments. More recently, it is apparent these activities not only affect lead selection and manufacturability, but ultimately correlate with clinical progression and success. Emerging developability workflows and strategies are explored as part of a blueprint for developability success that includes an overview of the four major molecular properties that affect all developability outcomes: 1) conformational, 2) chemical, 3) colloidal, and 4) other interactions. We also examine risk assessment and mitigation strategies that increase the likelihood of success for moving the right candidate into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mieczkowski
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Dana Lee
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Way
- Department of Protein Sciences, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Gries
- President, Discovery Research, Hengenix Biotech, Inc, Milpitas, CA, USA
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32
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Tajoddin NN, Konermann L. Structural Dynamics of a Thermally Stressed Monoclonal Antibody Characterized by Temperature-Dependent H/D Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15499-15509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran N. Tajoddin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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33
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Hobæk TC, Pranov HJ, Larsen NB. Immobilization of Active Antibodies at Polymer Melt Surfaces during Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204426. [PMID: 36298004 PMCID: PMC9606872 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the transfer and immobilization of active antibodies from a low surface- energy mold surface to thermoplastic replica surfaces using injection molding, and we investigate the process at molecular scale. The transfer process is highly efficient, as verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the mold and replica surfaces. AFM analysis reveals partial nanometer-scale embedding of the protein into the polymer matrix as a possible mechanism of permanent immobilization. Replicas with rabbit anti-mouse IgG immobilized as capture antibody at the hot polymer melt surface during injection molding show similar affinity for their antigen (mouse IgG) in sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as capture antibodies deposited by passive adsorption onto a bare thermoplastic replica. The transferred antibodies retain their functionality after incubation in serum-containing cell medium for >1 week. A mold coating time of 10 min prior to injection molding is sufficient for producing highly sensitive ELISA assays, thus enabling the short processing cycle times required for mass production of single-use biodevices relying on active immobilized antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor Christian Hobæk
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Niels B. Larsen
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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34
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Fetahaj Z, Jaworek MW, Oliva R, Winter R. Suppression of Liquid‐Liquid Phase Separation and Aggregation of Antibodies by Modest Pressure Application. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201658. [PMID: 35759377 PMCID: PMC9544093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The high colloidal stability of antibody (immunoglobulin) solutions is important for pharmaceutical applications. Inert cosolutes, excipients, are generally used in therapeutic protein formulations to minimize physical instabilities, such as liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), aggregation and precipitation, which are often encountered during manufacturing and storage. Despite their widespread use, a detailed understanding of how excipients modulate the specific protein‐protein interactions responsible for these instabilities is still lacking. In this work, we demonstrate the high sensitivity to pressure of globulin condensates as a suitable means to suppress LLPS and subsequent aggregation of concentrated antibody solutions. The addition of excipients has only a minor effect. The high pressure sensitivity observed is due to the fact that these flexible Y‐shaped molecules create a considerable amount of void volume in the condensed phase, leading to an overall decrease in the volume of the system upon dissociation of the droplet phase by pressure already at a few tens of to hundred bar. Moreover, we show that immunoglobulin molecules themselves are highly resistant to unfolding under pressure, and can even sustain pressures up to about 6 kbar without conformational changes. This implies that immunoglobulins are resistant to the pressure treatment of foods, such as milk, in high‐pressure food‐processing technologies, thereby preserving their immunological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamira Fetahaj
- Physical Chemistry I–Biophysical Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Michel W. Jaworek
- Physical Chemistry I–Biophysical Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Physical Chemistry I–Biophysical Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Naples Federico II Via Cintia 4 80126 Naples Italy
| | - Roland Winter
- Physical Chemistry I–Biophysical Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
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35
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Itkonen J, Ghemtio L, Pellegrino D, Jokela (née Heinonen) PJ, Xhaard H, Casteleijn MG. Analysis of Biologics Molecular Descriptors towards Predictive Modelling for Protein Drug Development Using Time-Gated Raman Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1639. [PMID: 36015265 PMCID: PMC9413954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical proteins, compared to small molecular weight drugs, are relatively fragile molecules, thus necessitating monitoring protein unfolding and aggregation during production and post-marketing. Currently, many analytical techniques take offline measurements, which cannot directly assess protein folding during production and unfolding during processing and storage. In addition, several orthogonal techniques are needed during production and market surveillance. In this study, we introduce the use of time-gated Raman spectroscopy to identify molecular descriptors of protein unfolding. Raman spectroscopy can measure the unfolding of proteins in-line and in real-time without labels. Using K-means clustering and PCA analysis, we could correlate local unfolding events with traditional analytical methods. This is the first step toward predictive modeling of unfolding events of proteins during production and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Itkonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo Ghemtio
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniela Pellegrino
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia J. Jokela (née Heinonen)
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Orion Pharma, 02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Seelinger F, Wittkopp F, von Hirschheydt T, Hafner M, Frech C. Application of the Steric Mass Action formalism for modeling under high loading conditions: Part 1. Investigation of the influence of pH on the steric shielding factor. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Evaluation of Phage Display Biopanning Strategies for the Selection of Anti-Cell Surface Receptor Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158470. [PMID: 35955604 PMCID: PMC9369378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most successful and versatile protein-based pharmaceutical products used to treat multiple pathological conditions. The remarkable specificity of mAbs and their affinity for biological targets has led to the implementation of mAbs in the therapeutic regime of oncogenic, chronic inflammatory, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. Thus, the discovery of novel mAbs with defined functional activities is of crucial importance to expand our ability to address current and future clinical challenges. In vitro, antigen-driven affinity selection employing phage display biopanning is a commonly used technique to isolate mAbs. The success of biopanning is dependent on the quality and the presentation format of the antigen, which is critical when isolating mAbs against membrane protein targets. Here, we provide a comprehensive investigation of two established panning strategies, surface-tethering of a recombinant extracellular domain and cell-based biopanning, to examine the impact of antigen presentation on selection outcomes with regards to the isolation of positive mAbs with functional potential against a proof-of-concept type I cell surface receptor. Based on the higher sequence diversity of the resulting antibody repertoire, presentation of a type I membrane protein in soluble form was more advantageous over presentation in cell-based format. Our results will contribute to inform and guide future antibody discovery campaigns against cell surface proteins.
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Nakayama T, Kobayashi K, Kameda T, Hase M, Hirano A. Protein's Protein Corona: Nanoscale Size Evolution of Human Immunoglobulin G Aggregates Induced by Serum Albumin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32937-32947. [PMID: 35822632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are readily coated by proteins in biological systems. The protein layers on the nanoparticles, which are called the protein corona, influence the biological impacts of the nanoparticles, including internalization into cells and cytotoxicity. This study expands the scope of the nanoparticle's protein corona for exogenous artificial nanoparticles to that for exogenous proteinaceous nanoparticles. Specifically, this study addresses the formation of protein coronas on nanoscale human antibody aggregates with a radius of approximately 20-40 nm, where the antibody aggregates were induced by a pH shift from low to neutral pH. The size of the human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) aggregates grew to approximately 25 times the original size in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). This size evolution was ascribed to the association of the hIgG aggregates, which was triggered by the formation of the hIgG aggregate's protein corona, i.e., protein's protein corona, consisting of the adsorbed HSA molecules. Because hIgG aggregate association was significantly reduced by the addition of 30-150 mM NaCl, it was attributed to electrostatic attraction, which was supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Currently, the use of antibodies as biopharmaceuticals is concerning because of undesired immune responses caused by antibody aggregates that are typically generated by a pH shift during the antibody purification process. The present findings suggest that nanoscale antibody aggregates form protein coronas induced by HSA and the resulting nanoscale antibody-HSA complexes are stable in blood containing approximately 150 mM salt ions, at least in terms of the size evolution. Mechanistic insights into protein corona formation on nanoscale antibody aggregates are useful for understanding the unintentional biological impacts of antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Nakayama
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kaito Kobayashi
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto, Tokyo135-0064, Japan
| | - Tomoshi Kameda
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Koto, Tokyo135-0064, Japan
| | - Muneaki Hase
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirano
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Kowalik A, Majerek M, Mrowiec K, Solich J, Faron-Górecka A, Woźnicka O, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Łukasiewicz S. Dopamine D 2 and Serotonin 5-HT 1A Dimeric Receptor-Binding Monomeric Antibody scFv as a Potential Ligand for Carrying Drugs Targeting Selected Areas of the Brain. Biomolecules 2022; 12:749. [PMID: 35740874 PMCID: PMC9221303 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy uses multiple ways of ensuring that the drug will be delivered to the desired site. One of these ways is an encapsulation of the drug and functionalization of the surface. Among the many molecules that can perform such a task, the present work focused on the antibodies of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs format). We studied scFv, which specifically recognizes the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor heteromers. The scFvD2-5-HT1A protein was analyzed biochemically and biologically, and the obtained results indicated that the antibody is properly folded and non-toxic and can be described as low-immunogenic. It is not only able to bind to the D2-5-HT1A receptor heteromer, but it also influences the cAMP signaling pathway and-when surfaced on nanogold particles-it can cross the blood-brain barrier in in vitro models. When administered to mice, it decreased locomotor activity, matching the effect induced by clozapine. Thus, we are strongly convinced that scFvD2-5-HT1A, which was a subject of the present investigation, is a promising targeting ligand with the potential for the functionalization of nanocarriers targeting selected areas of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kowalik
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
| | - Mateusz Majerek
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
| | - Krzysztof Mrowiec
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (A.F.-G.)
| | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (A.F.-G.)
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, 31-343 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (A.F.-G.)
| | - Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.); (K.M.); (M.D.-W.)
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40
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McClements J, Bar L, Singla P, Canfarotta F, Thomson A, Czulak J, Johnson RE, Crapnell RD, Banks CE, Payne B, Seyedin S, Losada-Pérez P, Peeters M. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles Enable Rapid, Reliable, and Robust Point-of-Care Thermal Detection of SARS-CoV-2. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1122-1131. [PMID: 35416035 PMCID: PMC9016778 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rapid antigen tests are currently used for population screening of COVID-19. However, they lack sensitivity and utilize antibodies as receptors, which can only function in narrow temperature and pH ranges. Consequently, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) are synthetized with a fast (2 h) and scalable process using merely a tiny SARS-CoV-2 fragment (∼10 amino acids). The nanoMIPs rival the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies under standard testing conditions and surpass them at elevated temperatures or in acidic media. Therefore, nanoMIP sensors possess clear advantages over antibody-based assays as they can function in various challenging media. A thermal assay is developed with nanoMIPs electrografted onto screen-printed electrodes to accurately quantify SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Heat transfer-based measurements demonstrate superior detection limits compared to commercial rapid antigen tests and most antigen tests from the literature for both the alpha (∼9.9 fg mL-1) and delta (∼6.1 fg mL-1) variants of the spike protein. A prototype assay is developed, which can rapidly (∼15 min) validate clinical patient samples with excellent sensitivity and specificity. The straightforward epitope imprinting method and high robustness of nanoMIPs produce a SARS-CoV-2 sensor with significant commercial potential for population screening, in addition to the possibility of measurements in diagnostically challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake McClements
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Bar
- Experimental
Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST) Group, Department of Physics, Université Libré de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP223, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Pankaj Singla
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Canfarotta
- MIP
Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Thomson
- MIP
Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Czulak
- MIP
Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon E. Johnson
- MIP
Diagnostics Ltd., The Exchange Building, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D. Crapnell
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, John Dalton
Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan
University, John Dalton
Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan Payne
- Department
of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
4LP, United Kingdom
- Translational
and Clinical Research Institute, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Shayan Seyedin
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Losada-Pérez
- Experimental
Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST) Group, Department of Physics, Université Libré de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP223, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Marloes Peeters
- School
of Engineering, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Kornet R, Sridharan S, Venema P, Sagis LM, Nikiforidis CV, van der Goot AJ, Meinders MB, van der Linden E. Fractionation methods affect the gelling properties of pea proteins in emulsion-filled gels. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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42
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Elveborg S, Monteil VM, Mirazimi A. Methods of Inactivation of Highly Pathogenic Viruses for Molecular, Serology or Vaccine Development Purposes. Pathogens 2022; 11:271. [PMID: 35215213 PMCID: PMC8879476 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The handling of highly pathogenic viruses, whether for diagnostic or research purposes, often requires an inactivation step. This article reviews available inactivation techniques published in peer-reviewed journals and their benefits and limitations in relation to the intended application. The bulk of highly pathogenic viruses are represented by enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Hantaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Nairoviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families. Here, we summarize inactivation methods for these virus families that allow for subsequent molecular and serological analysis or vaccine development. The techniques identified here include: treatment with guanidium-based chaotropic salts, heat inactivation, photoactive compounds such as psoralens or 1.5-iodonaphtyl azide, detergents, fixing with aldehydes, UV-radiation, gamma irradiation, aromatic disulfides, beta-propiolacton and hydrogen peroxide. The combination of simple techniques such as heat or UV-radiation and detergents such as Tween-20, Triton X-100 or Sodium dodecyl sulfate are often sufficient for virus inactivation, but the efficiency may be affected by influencing factors including quantity of infectious particles, matrix constitution, pH, salt- and protein content. Residual infectivity of the inactivated virus could have disastrous consequences for both laboratory/healthcare personnel and patients. Therefore, the development of inactivation protocols requires careful considerations which we review here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Elveborg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vanessa M. Monteil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden;
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden;
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Abdelghaffar SH, Hegazy MA, Eltanany BM. Stability assessment of FDA-approved ramucirumab monoclonal antibody; validated SE-HPLC method for degradation pattern evaluation. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5258. [PMID: 34622957 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ramucirumab (RAMU) is a recently US Food and Drug Administration-approved monoclonal antibody that is included in various anticancer protocols. It has a structural complexity and high degradation risk that have a significant effect on its safety and effectiveness. The major aim of this work was to assess the degradation pattern of RAMU based on physicochemical characterization. Mechanical agitation, repeated freeze-thaw cycles, pH and temperature were the selected stress conditions to which RAMU samples were subjected. The SE-HPLC method was applied and validated to monitor the RAMU monomer along with its aggregates and/or fragments. The purity of the separated peaks together with system suitability parameters were determined through the calculation of percentage purity and percentage drop in RAMU concentration. The results were interpreted by correlating them with those of dynamic light scattering and reducing and non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Samples incubated at pH 2.0-10.0 and 37°C for up to 4 weeks were analysed, recording detection of reversed phase (RP) aggregates and low molecular weight peptide fragments. Similarly, samples under short-term storage conditions of 4 weeks at different temperatures (-20, 2-8, 25, 37 and 50°C) showed low molecular weight peptide fragments but to a lesser extent. These results highlight the alarming effect on RAMU multidose vial efficacy and safety.
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44
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Zhang M, Ma M, Yang T, Li M, Sun Q. Dynamic distribution and transition of gluten proteins during noodle processing. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Klojdová I, Kumherová M, Veselá K, Horáčková Š, Štětina J. Functional w1/o/w2 model food product with encapsulated colostrum and high protein content. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Radiometals—Chemistry and radiolabeling. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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47
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Roshankhah R, Chen G, Xu Y, Butani N, Durocher Y, Pelton R, Ghosh R. Purification of monoclonal antibody using cation exchange z2 laterally-fed membrane chromatography – A potential alternative to protein A affinity chromatography. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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48
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Lonardi S, Bugatti M, Valzelli A, Facchetti F. Immunohistochemical Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens by Single and Multiple Immunohistochemistry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2452:291-303. [PMID: 35554913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2111-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can be demonstrated in tissue sections by immunohistochemistry (IHC), which has the power to localize in bright field specific antigens in cells and tissues. The use of double or triple immunostains is capable of highlighting which cells are infected and/or the relationship of infected cell with other cells and tissue structures. In addition, immunoenzymatic multi-staining permits the simultaneous identification, localization, and enumeration of different cellular epitopes. Moreover, this method improves analytical precision, decreasing the time required for morphometric quantification, maximizing the information obtained from a single slide of paraffin-embedded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lonardi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Arianna Valzelli
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Section of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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49
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Alexander Harrison J, Pruška A, Oganesyan I, Bittner P, Zenobi R. Temperature-Controlled Electrospray Ionization: Recent Progress and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:18015-18028. [PMID: 34632657 PMCID: PMC9298390 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Native electrospray ionization (ESI) and nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI) allow researchers to analyze intact biomolecules and their complexes by mass spectrometry (MS). The data acquired using these soft ionization techniques provide a snapshot of a given biomolecules structure in solution. Over the last thirty years, several nESI and ESI sources capable of controlling spray solution temperature have been developed. These sources can be used to elucidate the thermodynamics of a given analyte, as well as provide structural information that cannot be readily obtained by other, more commonly used techniques. This review highlights how the field of temperature-controlled mass spectrometry has developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Pruška
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Irina Oganesyan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Philipp Bittner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
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50
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Jiang B, Yu D, Zhang Y, Yu H, Feng H, Hoag SW. Spray layering of human immunoglobulin G: Optimization of formulation and process parameters. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121238. [PMID: 34748814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Spray layering is a technique used to apply drug or functional polymers onto carrier beads; in addition, it can be used as an alternative method for protein drying and to layer protein on a multiparticulate delivery system. In this study, the effects of formulation variables and process parameters on human immunoglobulin G (IgG) properties during spray layering were studied. Excipients including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), trehalose, sucrose, L-arginine monohydrochloride were studied for their effects on improving IgG stability during spray layering. Process parameters including protein solution feed rate, inlet air temperature, inlet air flow rate, and atomization pressure of spray solution were studied using 24 full factorial design with three replicated center points. Adding PVP into the formulation significantly decreased the turbidity of the reconstitution solution and increased the IgG recovery. Adding trehalose, sucrose, or arginine further improved protein recovery after reconstitution and decreased the percentage of IgG aggregation. The Design of Experiments (DOE) results showed no significant effects from the four process factors on the process yield and IgG protein recovery in the range of parameters studied. All main factors except atomization pressure had significant effects on monomer percentage, among which air flow represented the most significant influence. In addition, the inlet air temperature had significant effects on the in vitro binding activity of IgG after spray layering. By optimizing the formulation, we were able to recover the most spray layered IgG and reduce the IgG aggregation during the process. The DOE studies gave insight into how process variables affect the spray layered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dongyue Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yongrong Zhang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hua Yu
- FZata Inc, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hanping Feng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States; FZata Inc, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephen W Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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