1
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Shao M, Li C, Meng C, Liu R, Yu P, Lu F, Zhong Z, Wei X, Zhou J, Zhong MC. Laser-induced microbubble as an in vivo valve for optofluidic manipulation in living Mice's microvessels. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3480-3489. [PMID: 38899528 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00095a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Optofluidic regulation of blood microflow in vivo represents a significant method for investigating illnesses linked to abnormal changes in blood circulation. Currently, non-invasive strategies are limited to regulation within capillaries of approximately 10 μm in diameter because the adaption to blood pressure levels in the order of several hundred pascals poses a significant challenge in larger microvessels. In this study, using laser-induced microbubble formation within microvessels of the mouse auricle, we regulate blood microflow in small vessels with diameters in the tens of micrometers. By controlling the laser power, we can control the growth and stability of microbubbles in vivo. This controlled approach enables the achievement of prolonged ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of blood flow, and it can also regulate the microbubbles to function as micro-pumps for reverse blood pumping. Furthermore, by controlling the microbubble, narrow microflow channels can be formed between the microbubbles and microvessels for assessing the apparent viscosity of leukocytes, which is 76.9 ± 11.8 Pa·s in the in vivo blood environment. The proposed design of in vivo microbubble valves opens new avenues for constructing real-time blood regulation and exploring cellular mechanics within living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Shao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Changxu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Chun Meng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Panpan Yu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Fengya Lu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zhensheng Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Xunbin Wei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Biomedical Engineering Department and Cancer Hospital and Institute, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Peking University, 100081, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Min-Cheng Zhong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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2
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Murali A, Sarkar RR. Mechano-immunology in microgravity. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 37:50-64. [PMID: 37087179 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth has evolved to thrive in the Earth's natural gravitational field; however, as space technology advances, we must revisit and investigate the effects of unnatural conditions on human health, such as gravitational change. Studies have shown that microgravity has a negative impact on various systemic parts of humans, with the effects being more severe in the human immune system. Increasing costs, limited experimental time, and sample handling issues hampered our understanding of this field. To address the existing knowledge gap and provide confidence in modelling the phenomena, in this review, we highlight experimental works in mechano-immunology under microgravity and different computational modelling approaches that can be used to address the existing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Murali
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ram Rup Sarkar
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Mirzaaghaian A, Ramiar A, Ranjbar AA, Warkiani ME. Application of level-set method in simulation of normal and cancer cells deformability within a microfluidic device. J Biomech 2020; 112:110066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Cognart HA, Viovy JL, Villard C. Fluid shear stress coupled with narrow constrictions induce cell type-dependent morphological and molecular changes in SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6386. [PMID: 32286431 PMCID: PMC7156718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer mortality mainly arises from metastases, due to cells that escape from a primary tumor, circulate in the blood as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), permeate across blood vessels and nest in distant organs. It is still unclear how CTCs overcome the harsh conditions of fluid shear stress and mechanical constraints within the microcirculation. Here, a minimal model of the blood microcirculation was established through the fabrication of microfluidic channels comprising constrictions. Metastatic breast cancer cells of epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like phenotypes were flowed into the microfluidic device. These cells were visualized during circulation and analyzed for their dynamical behavior, revealing long-lived plastic deformations and significant differences in biomechanics between cell types. γ-H2AX staining of cells retrieved post-circulation showed significant increase of DNA damage response in epithelial-like SK-BR-3 cells, while gene expression analysis of key regulators of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition revealed significant changes upon circulation. This work thus documents first results of the changes at the cellular, subcellular and molecular scales induced by the two main mechanical stimuli arising from circulatory conditions, and suggest a significant role of this still elusive step of the metastatic cascade in cancer cells heterogeneity and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamizah Ahmad Cognart
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France.,Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Viovy
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France.,Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Villard
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France. .,Université PSL, Paris, France.
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5
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Wang K, Sun X, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Chen D, Wu H, Song Z, Long R, Wang J, Chen J. Microfluidic Cytometry for High-Throughput Characterization of Single Cell Cytoplasmic Viscosity Using Crossing Constriction Channels. Cytometry A 2019; 97:630-637. [PMID: 31637858 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an approach of microfluidic flow cytometry capable of continuously characterizing cytoplasmic viscosities of single cells. The microfluidic system consists of a major constriction channel and a side constriction channel perpendicularly crossing each other. Cells are forced to rapidly travel through the major channel and are partially aspirated into the side channel when passing the channel junction. Numerical simulations were conducted to model the time dependence of the aspiration length into the side channel, which enables the measurement of cytoplasmic viscosity by fitting the model results to experimental data. As a demonstration for high-throughput measurement, the cytoplasmic viscosities of HL-60 cells that were native or treated by N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) were quantified with sample sizes as large as thousands of cells. Both the average and median cytoplasmic viscosities of native HL-60 cells were found to be about 10% smaller than those of fMLP-treated HL-60 cells, consistent with previous observations that fMLP treatment can increase the rigidity of white blood cells. Furthermore, the microfluidic system was used to process granulocytes from three donors (sample size >1,000 cells for each donor). The results revealed that the cytoplasmic viscosity of granulocytes from one donor was significantly higher than the other two, which may result from the fact that this donor just recovered from an inflammation. In summary, the developed microfluidic system can collect cytoplasmic viscosities from thousands of cells and may function as an enabling tool in the field of single-cell analysis. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohao Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanchen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Song
- School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Junbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Nyberg KD, Bruce SL, Nguyen AV, Chan CK, Gill NK, Kim TH, Sloan EK, Rowat AC. Predicting cancer cell invasion by single-cell physical phenotyping. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:218-231. [PMID: 29589844 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The physical properties of cells are promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Here we determine the physical phenotypes that best distinguish human cancer cell lines, and their relationship to cell invasion. We use the high throughput, single-cell microfluidic method, quantitative deformability cytometry (q-DC), to measure six physical phenotypes including elastic modulus, cell fluidity, transit time, entry time, cell size, and maximum strain at rates of 102 cells per second. By training a k-nearest neighbor machine learning algorithm, we demonstrate that multiparameter analysis of physical phenotypes enhances the accuracy of classifying cancer cell lines compared to single parameters alone. We also discover a set of four physical phenotypes that predict invasion; using these four parameters, we generate the physical phenotype model of invasion by training a multiple linear regression model with experimental data from a set of human ovarian cancer cells that overexpress a panel of tumor suppressor microRNAs. We validate the model by predicting invasion based on measured physical phenotypes of breast and ovarian human cancer cell lines that are subject to genetic or pharmacologic perturbations. Taken together, our results highlight how physical phenotypes of single cells provide a biomarker to predict the invasion of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, 610 Charles E. Young Dr East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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7
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In vivo imaging reveals unique neutrophil transendothelial migration patterns in inflamed intestines. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1571-1581. [PMID: 30104624 PMCID: PMC6279495 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil (PMN) infiltration of the intestinal mucosa is a hallmark of gastrointestinal inflammation, with significant implications for host defense, injury and repair. However, phenotypic and mechanistic aspects of PMN recruitment in inflamed intestines have not been explored in vivo. Using novel epithelial/PMN fluorescence reporter mice, advanced intravital imaging and 3D reconstruction analysis, we mapped the microvasculature architecture across the intestinal layers and determined that in response to Salmonella/endotoxin-induced inflammation, PMN transendothelial migration (TEM) was restricted to submucosal vessels. PMN TEM was not observed in villus or crypt vessels, proximal to the epithelium that underlies the intestinal lumen, and was partially dependent on (C-X-C motif) ligands 1 (CXCL1) and 2 (CXCL2) expression, which was found to be elevated in the submucosa layer. Restricted PMN extravasation at the submucosa and subsequent PMN interstitial migration may serve as a novel regulatory step of PMN effector function and recruitment to the luminal space in inflamed intestines.
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8
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Malek M, Hassanshahi J, Fartootzadeh R, Azizi F, Shahidani S. Nephrogenic acute respiratory distress syndrome: A narrative review on pathophysiology and treatment. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:4-10. [PMID: 29398292 PMCID: PMC5835491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys have a close functional relationship with other organs especially the lungs. This connection makes the kidney and the lungs as the most organs involved in the multi-organ failure syndrome. The combination of acute lung injury (ALI) and renal failure results a great clinical significance of 80% mortality rate. Acute kidney injury (AKI) leads to an increase in circulating cytokines, chemokines, activated innate immune cells and diffuse of these agents to other organs such as the lungs. These factors initiate pathological cascade that ultimately leads to ALI and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We comprehensively searched the English medical literature focusing on AKI, ALI, organs cross talk, renal failure, multi organ failure and ARDS using the databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus and directory of open access journals. In this narrative review, we summarized the pathophysiology and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome following AKI. This review promotes knowledge of the link between kidney and lung with mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and treatment involved ARDS induced by AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Malek
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Jalal Hassanshahi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Fartootzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azizi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shahidani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Ye T, Shi H, Phan-Thien N, Lim CT, Li Y. Relationship between transit time and mechanical properties of a cell through a stenosed microchannel. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:533-545. [PMID: 29308825 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01891f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the mechanical properties of a cell are not only the cause of some diseases, but can also be a biomarker for some disease states. In recent times, microfluidic devices with built-in constrictions have been widely used to measure these changes. The transit time in such devices, defined as the time that a cell takes to pass through a constriction, has been found to be a crucial factor associated with the cell mechanical properties. Here, we use smoothed dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD), a particle-based numerical method, to explore the relationship between the transit time and mechanical properties of a cell. Three expressions of the transit time are developed from our simulation data, with respect to the stenosed size of constrictions, the shear modulus and bending modulus of cells, respectively. We show that a convergent constriction (the inlet is wider than the outlet), and a sharp-corner constriction (the constriction outlet is narrow) are better in identifying the differences in the transit time of cells. Moreover, the transit time increases and gradually approaches a constant as the shear modulus of cells increases, but increases first and then decreases as the bending modulus increases. These results suggest that the mechanical properties of cells can indeed be measured by analyzing their transit time, based on the recommended microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, China.
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10
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Direct Numerical Simulation of Cellular-Scale Blood Flow in 3D Microvascular Networks. Biophys J 2018; 113:2815-2826. [PMID: 29262374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present, to our knowledge, the first direct numerical simulation of 3D cellular-scale blood flow in physiologically realistic microvascular networks. The vascular networks are designed following in vivo images and data, and are comprised of bifurcating, merging, and winding vessels. Our model resolves the large deformation and dynamics of each individual red blood cell flowing through the networks with high fidelity, while simultaneously retaining the highly complex geometric details of the vascular architecture. To our knowledge, our simulations predict several novel and unexpected phenomena. We show that heterogeneity in hemodynamic quantities, which is a hallmark of microvascular blood flow, appears both in space and time, and that the temporal heterogeneity is more severe than its spatial counterpart. The cells are observed to frequently jam at vascular bifurcations resulting in reductions in hematocrit and flow rate in the daughter and mother vessels. We find that red blood cell jamming at vascular bifurcations results in several orders-of-magnitude increase in hemodynamic resistance, and thus provides an additional mechanism of increased in vivo blood viscosity as compared to that determined in vitro. A striking result from our simulations is negative pressure-flow correlations observed in several vessels, implying a significant deviation from Poiseuille's law. Furthermore, negative correlations between vascular resistance and hematocrit are observed in various vessels, also defying a major principle of particulate suspension flow. To our knowledge, these novel findings are absent in blood flow in straight tubes, and they underscore the importance of considering realistic physiological geometry and resolved cellular interactions in modeling microvascular hemodynamics.
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11
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Kim J, Han S, Lei A, Miyano M, Bloom J, Srivastava V, Stampfer MR, Gartner ZJ, LaBarge MA, Sohn LL. Characterizing cellular mechanical phenotypes with mechano-node-pore sensing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:17091. [PMID: 29780657 PMCID: PMC5958920 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2017.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells change with their differentiation, chronological age, and malignant progression. Consequently, these properties may be useful label-free biomarkers of various functional or clinically relevant cell states. Here, we demonstrate mechano-node-pore sensing (mechano-NPS), a multi-parametric single-cell-analysis method that utilizes a four-terminal measurement of the current across a microfluidic channel to quantify simultaneously cell diameter, resistance to compressive deformation, transverse deformation under constant strain, and recovery time after deformation. We define a new parameter, the whole-cell deformability index (wCDI), which provides a quantitative mechanical metric of the resistance to compressive deformation that can be used to discriminate among different cell types. The wCDI and the transverse deformation under constant strain show malignant MCF-7 and A549 cell lines are mechanically distinct from non-malignant, MCF-10A and BEAS-2B cell lines, and distinguishes between cells treated or untreated with cytoskeleton-perturbing small molecules. We categorize cell recovery time, ΔTr, as instantaneous (ΔTr ~ 0 ms), transient (ΔTr ≤ 40ms), or prolonged (ΔTr > 40ms), and show that the composition of recovery types, which is a consequence of changes in cytoskeletal organization, correlates with cellular transformation. Through the wCDI and cell-recovery time, mechano-NPS discriminates between sub-lineages of normal primary human mammary epithelial cells with accuracy comparable to flow cytometry, but without antibody labeling. Mechano-NPS identifies mechanical phenotypes that distinguishes lineage, chronological age, and stage of malignant progression in human epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720-1740 CA USA
| | - Sewoon Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720-1740 CA USA
| | - Andy Lei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720-1762 CA USA
| | - Masaru Miyano
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, 91010 CA USA
| | - Jessica Bloom
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, 91010 CA USA
| | - Vasudha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143 CA USA
| | - Martha R. Stampfer
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, 94720 USA
| | - Zev J. Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143 CA USA
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, and
University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, 94720 CA USA
| | - Mark A. LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, 91010 CA USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, 94720 USA
| | - Lydia L. Sohn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720-1740 CA USA
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, and
University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, 94720 CA USA
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12
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Nyberg KD, Hu KH, Kleinman SH, Khismatullin DB, Butte MJ, Rowat AC. Quantitative Deformability Cytometry: Rapid, Calibrated Measurements of Cell Mechanical Properties. Biophys J 2017; 113:1574-1584. [PMID: 28978449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in methods that determine cell mechanical phenotype, or mechanotype, have demonstrated the utility of biophysical markers in clinical and research applications ranging from cancer diagnosis to stem cell enrichment. Here, we introduce quantitative deformability cytometry (q-DC), a method for rapid, calibrated, single-cell mechanotyping. We track changes in cell shape as cells deform into microfluidic constrictions, and we calibrate the mechanical stresses using gel beads. We observe that time-dependent strain follows power-law rheology, enabling single-cell measurements of apparent elastic modulus, Ea, and power-law exponent, β. To validate our method, we mechanotype human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells and thereby confirm q-DC measurements of Ea = 0.53 ± 0.04 kPa. We also demonstrate that q-DC is sensitive to pharmacological perturbations of the cytoskeleton as well as differences in the mechanotype of human breast cancer cell lines (Ea = 2.1 ± 0.1 and 0.80 ± 0.19 kPa for MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells). To establish an operational framework for q-DC, we investigate the effects of applied stress and cell/pore-size ratio on mechanotype measurements. We show that Ea increases with applied stress, which is consistent with stress stiffening behavior of cells. We also find that Ea increases for larger cell/pore-size ratios, even when the same applied stress is maintained; these results indicate strain stiffening and/or dependence of mechanotype on deformation depth. Taken together, the calibrated measurements enabled by q-DC should advance applications of cell mechanotype in basic research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra D Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kenneth H Hu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Sara H Kleinman
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Center for Biological Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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13
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Benet E, Badran A, Pellegrino J, Vernerey F. The porous media's effect on the permeation of elastic (soft) particles. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Khan ZS, Kamyabi N, Hussain F, Vanapalli SA. Passage times and friction due to flow of confined cancer cells, drops, and deformable particles in a microfluidic channel. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa5f60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Mobility and shape adaptation of neutrophil in the microchannel flow. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:294-300. [PMID: 28126696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents motion of neutrophil in a confined environment. Many experimental and theoretical studies were performed to show mechanics and basic principles of the white blood cell motion. However, they were mostly performed on flat plates without boundaries. More realistic model of flow in the capillaries based on confinement, curvature and adequate dimensions is applied in our experiments. These conditions lead to cell motion with deformability and three-dimensional character of that movement. Neutrophils are important cells for human immune system. Their motion and attachment often influence several diseases and immune response. Hence, studies focus on that particular cell type. We have shown that deformability of the cell influences its velocity. Cells actively participate in the flow using the shear gradient to advance control motion. The observed neutrophil velocity was from 1 up to 100μm/s.
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16
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Nakazawa D, Kumar SV, Marschner J, Desai J, Holderied A, Rath L, Kraft F, Lei Y, Fukasawa Y, Moeckel GW, Angelotti ML, Liapis H, Anders HJ. Histones and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Enhance Tubular Necrosis and Remote Organ Injury in Ischemic AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:1753-1768. [PMID: 28073931 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe AKI is often associated with multiorgan dysfunction, but the mechanisms of this remote tissue injury are unknown. We hypothesized that renal necroinflammation releases cytotoxic molecules that may cause remote organ damage. In hypoxia-induced tubular epithelial cell necrosis in vitro, histone secretion from ischemic tubular cells primed neutrophils to form neutrophil extracellular traps. These traps induced tubular epithelial cell death and stimulated neutrophil extracellular trap formation in fresh neutrophils. In vivo, ischemia-reperfusion injury in the mouse kidney induced tubular necrosis, which preceded the expansion of localized and circulating neutrophil extracellular traps and the increased expression of inflammatory and injury-related genes. Pretreatment with inhibitors of neutrophil extracellular trap formation reduced kidney injury. Dual inhibition of neutrophil trap formation and tubular cell necrosis had an additive protective effect. Moreover, pretreatment with antihistone IgG suppressed ischemia-induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation and renal injury. Renal ischemic injury also increased the levels of circulating histones, and we detected neutrophil infiltration and TUNEL-positive cells in the lungs, liver, brain, and heart along with neutrophil extracellular trap accumulation in the lungs. Inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trap formation or of circulating histones reduced these effects as well. These data suggest that tubular necrosis and neutrophil extracellular trap formation accelerate kidney damage and remote organ dysfunction through cytokine and histone release and identify novel molecular targets to limit renal necroinflammation and multiorgan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Nakazawa
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Santhosh V Kumar
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Marschner
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jyaysi Desai
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Holderied
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Rath
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Kraft
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yutian Lei
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuichiro Fukasawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Gilbert W Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of De Novo Therapies, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and
| | - Helen Liapis
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology and Internal Medicine (Renal), School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri and Arkana Laboratories, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Nephrologisches Zentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany;
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17
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Leukocyte Kinetics and Migration in the Lungs. Respir Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41912-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Byun S, Hecht VC, Manalis SR. Characterizing Cellular Biophysical Responses to Stress by Relating Density, Deformability, and Size. Biophys J 2016; 109:1565-73. [PMID: 26488647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular physical properties are important indicators of specific cell states. Although changes in individual biophysical parameters, such as cell size, density, and deformability, during cellular processes have been investigated in great detail, relatively little is known about how they are related. Here, we use a suspended microchannel resonator (SMR) to measure single-cell density, volume, and passage time through a narrow constriction of populations of cells subjected to a variety of environmental stresses. Osmotic stress significantly affects density and volume, as previously shown. In contrast to density and volume, the effect of an osmotic challenge on passage time is relatively small. Deformability, as determined by comparing passage times for cells with similar volume, exhibits a strong dependence on osmolarity, indicating that passage time alone does not always provide a meaningful proxy for deformability. Finally, we find that protein synthesis inhibition, cell-cycle arrest, protein kinase inhibition, and cytoskeletal disruption result in unexpected relationships among deformability, density, and volume. Taken together, our results suggest that by measuring multiple biophysical parameters, one can detect unique characteristics that more specifically reflect cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Byun
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Vivian C Hecht
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Scott R Manalis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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19
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Clusters of circulating tumor cells traverse capillary-sized vessels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:4947-52. [PMID: 27091969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524448113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular aggregates of circulating tumor cells (CTC clusters) are potent initiators of distant organ metastasis. However, it is currently assumed that CTC clusters are too large to pass through narrow vessels to reach these organs. Here, we present evidence that challenges this assumption through the use of microfluidic devices designed to mimic human capillary constrictions and CTC clusters obtained from patient and cancer cell origins. Over 90% of clusters containing up to 20 cells successfully traversed 5- to 10-μm constrictions even in whole blood. Clusters rapidly and reversibly reorganized into single-file chain-like geometries that substantially reduced their hydrodynamic resistances. Xenotransplantation of human CTC clusters into zebrafish showed similar reorganization and transit through capillary-sized vessels in vivo. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that clusters could be disrupted during transit using drugs that affected cellular interaction energies. These findings suggest that CTC clusters may contribute a greater role to tumor dissemination than previously believed and may point to strategies for combating CTC cluster-initiated metastasis.
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20
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Berthold T, Glaubitz M, Muschter S, Groß S, Palankar R, Reil A, Helm CA, Bakchoul T, Schwertz H, Bux J, Greinacher A, Delcea M. Human neutrophil antigen-3a antibodies induce neutrophil stiffening and conformational activation of CD11b without shedding of L-selectin. Transfusion 2015; 55:2939-48. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Berthold
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Universitätsmedizin Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Michael Glaubitz
- Nanostructure Group, ZIK HIKE-Center for Innovation Competence, Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Stefan Muschter
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Universitätsmedizin Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Stefan Groß
- Department of Cardiology; Universitätsmedizin Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- DZHK-German Centre for Cardiovascular Research; Greifswald Germany
| | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Nanostructure Group, ZIK HIKE-Center for Innovation Competence, Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | | | | | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Universitätsmedizin Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schwertz
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Universitätsmedizin Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- Lichtenberg-Professor for Experimental Hemostasis; Universitätsmedizin Greifswald
- Program in Molecular Medicine; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah
- Department of Surgery; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah
| | | | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine; Universitätsmedizin Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Mihaela Delcea
- Nanostructure Group, ZIK HIKE-Center for Innovation Competence, Humoral Immune Reactions in Cardiovascular Diseases; Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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21
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Abstract
Metastasis requires the penetration of cancer cells through tight spaces, which is mediated by the physical properties of the cells as well as their interactions with the confined environment. Various microfluidic approaches have been devised to mimic traversal in vitro by measuring the time required for cells to pass through a constriction. Although a cell's passage time is expected to depend on its deformability, measurements from existing approaches are confounded by a cell's size and its frictional properties with the channel wall. Here, we introduce a device that enables the precise measurement of (i) the size of a single cell, given by its buoyant mass, (ii) the velocity of the cell entering a constricted microchannel (entry velocity), and (iii) the velocity of the cell as it transits through the constriction (transit velocity). Changing the deformability of the cell by perturbing its cytoskeleton primarily alters the entry velocity, whereas changing the surface friction by immobilizing positive charges on the constriction's walls primarily alters the transit velocity, indicating that these parameters can give insight into the factors affecting the passage of each cell. When accounting for cell buoyant mass, we find that cells possessing higher metastatic potential exhibit faster entry velocities than cells with lower metastatic potential. We additionally find that some cell types with higher metastatic potential exhibit greater than expected changes in transit velocities, suggesting that not only the increased deformability but reduced friction may be a factor in enabling invasive cancer cells to efficiently squeeze through tight spaces.
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22
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Zheng Y, Shojaei-Baghini E, Wang C, Sun Y. Microfluidic characterization of specific membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity of singlecells. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 42:496-502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Numerical simulation of passage of a neutrophil through a rectangular channel with a moderate constriction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59416. [PMID: 23527190 PMCID: PMC3603890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors have previously presented a mathematical model to predict transit time of a neutrophil through an alveolar capillary segment which was modeled as an axisymmetric arc-shaped constriction settled in a cylindrical straight pipe to investigate the influence of entrance curvature of a capillary on passage of the cell. The axially asymmetric cross section of a capillary also influences the transit time because it requires three-dimensional deformation of a cell when it passes through the capillary and could lead to plasma leakage between the cell surface and the capillary wall. In this study, a rectangular channel was introduced, the side walls of which were moderately constricted, as a representative of axially asymmetric capillaries. Dependence of transit time of a neutrophil passing through the constriction on the constriction geometry, i.e., channel height, throat width and curvature radius of the constriction, was numerically investigated, the transit time being compared with that through the axisymmetric model. It was found that the transit time is dominated by the throat hydraulic diameter and curvature radius of the constriction and that the throat aspect ratio little affects the transit time with a certain limitation, indicating that if an appropriate curvature radius is chosen, such a rectangular channel model can be substituted for an axisymmetric capillary model having the same throat hydraulic diameter in terms of the transit time by choosing an appropriate curvature radius. Thus, microchannels fabricated by the photolithography technique, whose cross section is generally rectangular, are expected to be applicable to in vitro model experiments of neutrophil retention and passage in the alveolar capillaries.
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24
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Rowat AC, Jaalouk DE, Zwerger M, Ung WL, Eydelnant IA, Olins DE, Olins AL, Herrmann H, Weitz DA, Lammerding J. Nuclear envelope composition determines the ability of neutrophil-type cells to passage through micron-scale constrictions. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8610-8618. [PMID: 23355469 PMCID: PMC3605679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.441535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are characterized by their distinct nuclear shape, which is thought to facilitate the transit of these cells through pore spaces less than one-fifth of their diameter. We used human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells as a model system to investigate the effect of nuclear shape in whole cell deformability. We probed neutrophil-differentiated HL-60 cells lacking expression of lamin B receptor, which fail to develop lobulated nuclei during granulopoiesis and present an in vitro model for Pelger-Huët anomaly; despite the circular morphology of their nuclei, the cells passed through micron-scale constrictions on similar timescales as scrambled controls. We then investigated the unique nuclear envelope composition of neutrophil-differentiated HL-60 cells, which may also impact their deformability; although lamin A is typically down-regulated during granulopoiesis, we genetically modified HL-60 cells to generate a subpopulation of cells with well defined levels of ectopic lamin A. The lamin A-overexpressing neutrophil-type cells showed similar functional characteristics as the mock controls, but they had an impaired ability to pass through micron-scale constrictions. Our results suggest that levels of lamin A have a marked effect on the ability of neutrophils to passage through micron-scale constrictions, whereas the unusual multilobed shape of the neutrophil nucleus is less essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
| | - Diana E Jaalouk
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Monika Zwerger
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - W Lloyd Ung
- Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Irwin A Eydelnant
- Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Don E Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, Maine 04103
| | - Ada L Olins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, Maine 04103
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A Weitz
- Department of Physics and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139; Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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25
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Preira P, Valignat MP, Bico J, Théodoly O. Single cell rheometry with a microfluidic constriction: Quantitative control of friction and fluid leaks between cell and channel walls. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:24111. [PMID: 24404016 PMCID: PMC3651258 DOI: 10.1063/1.4802272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report how cell rheology measurements can be performed by monitoring the deformation of a cell in a microfluidic constriction, provided that friction and fluid leaks effects between the cell and the walls of the microchannels are correctly taken into account. Indeed, the mismatch between the rounded shapes of cells and the angular cross-section of standard microfluidic channels hampers efficient obstruction of the channel by an incoming cell. Moreover, friction forces between a cell and channels walls have never been characterized. Both effects impede a quantitative determination of forces experienced by cells in a constriction. Our study is based on a new microfluidic device composed of two successive constrictions, combined with optical interference microscopy measurements to characterize the contact zone between the cell and the walls of the channel. A cell squeezed in a first constriction obstructs most of the channel cross-section, which strongly limits leaks around cells. The rheological properties of the cell are subsequently probed during its entry in a second narrower constriction. The pressure force is determined from the pressure drop across the device, the cell velocity, and the width of the gutters formed between the cell and the corners of the channel. The additional friction force, which has never been analyzed for moving and constrained cells before, is found to involve both hydrodynamic lubrication and surface forces. This friction results in the existence of a threshold for moving the cells and leads to a non-linear behavior at low velocity. The friction force can nevertheless be assessed in the linear regime. Finally, an apparent viscosity of single cells can be estimated from a numerical prediction of the viscous dissipation induced by a small step in the channel. A preliminary application of our method yields an apparent loss modulus on the order of 100 Pa s for leukocytes THP-1 cells, in agreement with the literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Preira
- Adhesion & Inflammation, Université de la Méditerranée, INSERM U600-CNRS UMR6212, 163 Av. de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Adhesion & Inflammation, Université de la Méditerranée, INSERM U600-CNRS UMR6212, 163 Av. de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - José Bico
- PMMH, ESPCI-ParisTech, UMR CNRS 7636, Paris 6 and Paris 7 Universities, 10 rue vauquelin, 75 005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Théodoly
- Adhesion & Inflammation, Université de la Méditerranée, INSERM U600-CNRS UMR6212, 163 Av. de Luminy, F-13009 Marseille, France
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26
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Bow H, Pivkin I, Diez-Silva M, Goldfless SJ, Dao M, Niles JC, Suresh S, Han J. A microfabricated deformability-based flow cytometer with application to malaria. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1065-73. [PMID: 21293801 PMCID: PMC3366288 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection is a major cause of human suffering and mortality. Red blood cell (RBC) deformability plays a major role in the pathogenesis of malaria. Here we introduce an automated microfabricated "deformability cytometer" that measures dynamic mechanical responses of 10(3) to 10(4) individual RBCs in a cell population. Fluorescence measurements of each RBC are simultaneously acquired, resulting in a population-based correlation between biochemical properties, such as cell surface markers, and dynamic mechanical deformability. This device is especially applicable to heterogeneous cell populations. We demonstrate its ability to mechanically characterize a small number of P. falciparum-infected (ring stage) RBCs in a large population of uninfected RBCs. Furthermore, we are able to infer quantitative mechanical properties of individual RBCs from the observed dynamic behavior through a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) model. These methods collectively provide a systematic approach to characterize the biomechanical properties of cells in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Bow
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Igor Pivkin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Monica Diez-Silva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Stephen J. Goldfless
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jacquin C. Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Subra Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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27
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Modeling cell entry into a micro-channel. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 10:755-66. [PMID: 21104422 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-010-0271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell entry into a micro-channel has potential applications in cell sorting and cancer diagnostics. In this paper, we numerically model breast cancer cell entry into a constricted micro-channel. Our results indicate that the cell velocity decreases during entry and increases after entry, an observation in agreement with experiments. We found that the cell entry time depend strongly on the cortical stiffness and is minimum at some critical cortical elasticity. In addition, we found that for the same entry time, a stiff nucleus is displaced toward the cell front, whereas a viscous nucleus is displaced toward the rear. In comparison, the nucleus is less sensitive to the viscosity of the cytoplasm. These observations suggest that specific intra-cellular properties can be deduced non-invasively during cell entry, through the inspection of the nucleus using suitable illumination techniques, such as fluorescent labeling.
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28
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Raz N, Li JK, Fiddes LK, Tumarkin E, Walker GC, Kumacheva E. Microgels with an Interpenetrating Network Structure as a Model System for Cell Studies. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101231z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neta Raz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - James K. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Lindsey K. Fiddes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ethan Tumarkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gilbert C. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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29
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Abstract
The goal of elucidating the biophysical and physiological basis of pressure-flow relations in the microcirculation has been a recurring theme since the first observations of capillary blood flow in living tissues. At the birth of the Microcirculatory Society, seminal observations on the heterogeneous distribution of blood cells in the microvasculature and the rheological properties of blood in small bore tubes raised many questions on the viscous properties of blood flow in the microcirculation that captured the attention of the Society's membership. It is now recognized that blood viscosity in small bore tubes may fall dramatically as shear rates are increased, and increase (dramatically with elevations in hematocrit. These relationships are strongly affected by blood cell deformability and concentration, red cell aggregation, and white cell interactions with the red cells anti endothelium. Increasing strength of red cell aggregation may result in sequestration of clumps of red cells with either reductions or increases in microvascular hematocrit dependent upon network topography. During red cell aggregation, resistance to flow may thus decrease with hematocrit reduction or increase due to redistribution of red cells. Blood cell adhesion to the microvessel wall may initiate flow reductions, as, for example, in the case of red cell adhesion to the endothelium in sickle cell disease, or leukocyte adhesion in inflammation. The endothelial glycocalyx has been shown to result from a balance of the biosynthesis of new glycans, and the enzymatic or shear-dependent alterations in its composition. Flow-dependent reductions in the endothelial surface layer may thus affect the resistance to flow and/or the adhesion of red cells and/or leukocytes to the endothelium. Thus, future studies aimed at the molecular rheology of the endothelial surface layer may provide new insights into determinants of the resistance to flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Lipowsky
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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30
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Gabriele S, Benoliel AM, Bongrand P, Théodoly O. Microfluidic investigation reveals distinct roles for actin cytoskeleton and myosin II activity in capillary leukocyte trafficking. Biophys J 2009; 96:4308-18. [PMID: 19450501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating leukocyte sequestration in pulmonary capillaries is arguably the initiating event of lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome. We present a microfluidic investigation of the roles of actin organization and myosin II activity during the different stages of leukocyte trafficking through narrow capillaries (entry, transit and shape relaxation) using specific drugs (latrunculin A, jasplakinolide, and blebbistatin). The deformation rate during entry reveals that cell stiffness depends strongly on F-actin organization and hardly on myosin II activity, supporting a microfilament role in leukocyte sequestration. In the transit stage, cell friction is influenced by stiffness, demonstrating that the actin network is not completely broken after a forced entry into a capillary. Conversely, membrane unfolding was independent of leukocyte stiffness. The surface area of sequestered leukocytes increased by up to 160% in the absence of myosin II activity, showing the major role of molecular motors in microvilli wrinkling and zipping. Finally, cell shape relaxation was largely independent of both actin organization and myosin II activity, whereas a deformed state was required for normal trafficking through capillary segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gabriele
- Université de la Méditerranée, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U600-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR6212, Marseille, France
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31
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Shirai A, Hayase T. Numerical simulation of distribution of neutrophils in a lattice alveolar capillary network. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 165:143-53. [PMID: 19041956 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are known to be retained in narrow pulmonary capillaries, even in normal lungs, due to their low deformability, resulting in a higher concentration than that in systemic circulation. In this study, to obtain a fundamental understanding of the behavior of neutrophils, we simplified an alveolar capillary network to a rectangular grid of short capillary segments and numerically investigated the flow of a suspension of neutrophils and plasma through the capillary network for various concentrations of the suspension, Csus, injected into the network. The cells traveled limited preferential paths in the network while Csus was low. Retention of a cell or cells induced plugging of the segment with a cessation of blood flow, and as the result of the changed plasma flow field caused by such plugging, the cells took various routes differing from the preferential paths. A low incidence of plugging helped to accelerate the cells flowing in the network with tight segments, resulting in a decrease in their mean transit time through the network as compared with the case of a single-cell transit. On the contrary, however, an increasing incidence of plugging induced backward motion of the cells and a resultant increase in the mean transit time. The time-averaged number of cells in the network increased with the increase in Csus, and the fractional residence time of cells in individual segments approached a constant. This means that a high concentration of neutrophils facilitates their uniform distribution in the network. However, the ratio between the time-averaged concentration of the cells in the network and Csus decreased and our numerical simulation did not reach the experimentally obtained value. This implies that, in a real alveolar capillary bed, plasma leaks through the plugged segments or that the capillary network has bypasses through which the plasma can flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shirai
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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Khismatullin DB. Chapter 3 The Cytoskeleton and Deformability of White Blood Cells. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(09)64003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rosenbluth MJ, Lam WA, Fletcher DA. Analyzing cell mechanics in hematologic diseases with microfluidic biophysical flow cytometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1062-70. [PMID: 18584080 PMCID: PMC7931849 DOI: 10.1039/b802931h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathological processes in hematologic diseases originate at the single-cell level, often making measurements on individual cells more clinically relevant than population averages from bulk analysis. For this reason, flow cytometry has been an effective tool for single-cell analysis of properties using light scattering and fluorescence labeling. However, conventional flow cytometry cannot measure cell mechanical properties, alterations of which contribute to the pathophysiology of hematologic diseases such as sepsis, diabetic retinopathy, and sickle cell anemia. Here we present a high-throughput microfluidics-based 'biophysical' flow cytometry technique that measures single-cell transit times of blood cell populations passing through in vitro capillary networks. To demonstrate clinical relevance, we use this technique to characterize biophysical changes in two model disease states in which mechanical properties of cells are thought to lead to microvascular obstruction: (i) sepsis, a process in which inflammatory mediators in the bloodstream activate neutrophils and (ii) leukostasis, an often fatal and poorly understood complication of acute leukemia. Using patient samples, we show that cell transit time through and occlusion of microfluidic channels is increased for both disease states compared to control samples, and we find that mechanical heterogeneity of blood cell populations is a better predictor of microvascular obstruction than average properties. Inflammatory mediators involved in sepsis were observed to significantly affect the shape and magnitude of the neutrophil transit time population distribution. Altered properties of leukemia cell subpopulations, rather than of the population as a whole, were found to correlate with symptoms of leukostasis in patients-a new result that may be useful for guiding leukemia therapy. By treating cells with drugs that affect the cytoskeleton, we also demonstrate that their transit times could be significantly reduced. Biophysical flow cytometry offers a low-cost and high-throughput diagnostic and drug discovery platform for hematologic diseases that affect microcirculatory flow.
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Modeling neutrophil transport in pulmonary capillaries. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 163:158-65. [PMID: 18638575 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils can be retained in the pulmonary microvasculature due to their low deformability, resulting in having a higher concentration there than in the systemic circulation, even in normal lungs. It is thought that this high concentration of the cells facilitates their effective recruitment to sites of inflammation. Thus, in order to understand their role in the immune system in the lungs, where blood comes in contact with outer air via thin septa of alveoli, it is important to clarify their flow characteristics in the pulmonary capillary bed. However, in contrast to erythrocytes in systemic capillaries, little research has been performed on the flow of neutrophils in pulmonary capillaries. This may be partly because no complete rheological model of the cell has been established yet, and partly because pulmonary capillaries are very short and closely interconnected, forming a complicated three-dimensional network, in addition to difficulty in in vivo experimental observations. Moreover, the neutrophils change their mechanical properties and show active motion in response to some chemoattractants. In this article, various proposed rheological models of the neutrophil, flow models of a cell through a single capillary segment, and alveolar capillary network models are introduced, aiming at the numerical simulation of neutrophil transport in the pulmonary microvasculature.
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Nolan SL, Kalia N, Nash GB, Kamel D, Heeringa P, Savage COS. Mechanisms of ANCA-mediated leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:973-84. [PMID: 18305123 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO) antibodies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of small-vessel vasculitis, but the molecular mechanisms by which these antibodies contribute to disease are unknown. For determination of how anti-MPO antibodies affect inflammatory cell recruitment in small-vessel vasculitis, intravital microscopy was used to monitor leukocyte behavior in the accessible cremasteric microvessels under various experimental conditions. After local pretreatment of the cremaster muscle with cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or keratinocyte-derived chemokine), administration of anti-MPO IgG to wild-type mice reduced leukocyte rolling in favor of augmented adhesion to and transmigration across the endothelium. This led to a decrease in the number of systemic circulating leukocytes and, similar to the early events in the development of vasculitic lesions, an increase in leukocyte recruitment to renal and pulmonary tissue. TNF-alpha led to the greatest recruitment of inflammatory cells, and IL-1beta led to the least. When anti-CD18 was co-administered, anti-MPO IgG did not affect leukocyte rolling, adhesion, or transmigration; similarly, anti-MPO IgG did not produce these effects in Fc receptor gamma chain-/- mice. This study provides direct in vivo evidence of enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the presence of anti-MPO IgG and highlights the critical roles of Fcgamma receptors and beta2 integrins in mediating these interactions. In addition, it suggests that neutrophils primed by cytokines in the presence of anti-MPO IgG can have systemic effects and target specific vascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Nolan
- Renal Immunobiology, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Campillo C, Pépin-Donat B, Viallat A. Responsive viscoelastic giant lipid vesicles filled with a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) artificial cytoskeleton. SOFT MATTER 2007; 3:1421-1427. [PMID: 32900123 DOI: 10.1039/b710474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Responsive giant lipid vesicles filled with aqueous PolyNipam sol (SFV) or gel (GFV) were prepared by ultra-violet polymerisation performed in situ. Upon crossing the lower critical transition temperature of PolyNipam, SFVs and GFVs undergo a significant change of their structural and mechanical properties or a drastic volume transition, respectively. Rheometric and micropipette experiments show that both internal viscosity of SFVs and internal shear modulus of GFVs are tunable over several orders of magnitude and lie in the range observed for living cells. Moreover, the vesicle membrane is strongly bound to the internal polymer medium, making these systems interesting for mimicking the basic mechanical behaviour of passive living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Campillo
- Adhésion et Inflammation, Inserm U600, CNRS UMR 62 12 Université Méditerranée, case 937, 163 av de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex, France.
| | - Brigitte Pépin-Donat
- Laboratoire d'Electronique Moléculaire et Hybride, UMR 5819 SPrAM (CEA-CNRS-UJF)/DRFMC/CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Annie Viallat
- Adhésion et Inflammation, Inserm U600, CNRS UMR 62 12 Université Méditerranée, case 937, 163 av de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex, France.
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Zhou C, Yue P, Feng JJ. Simulation of Neutrophil Deformation and Transport in Capillaries using Newtonian and Viscoelastic Drop Models. Ann Biomed Eng 2007; 35:766-80. [PMID: 17380390 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-007-9286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that neutrophils take much longer to traverse the pulmonary capillary bed than erythrocytes, and this is likely due to differences in the structure and rheology of the cells. In this study, we simulate the transit of a neutrophil in a capillary using a Newtonian drop model and a viscoelastic drop model. The cell membrane is represented by an interface with isotropic and constant tension, and the cell motion and deformation are described by a phase-field method. The governing equations are solved using finite elements in an axisymmetric geometry, and the thin interfaces are resolved by mesh adaptivity. With a fixed pressure drop, the entry of a cell into a capillary consists of several stages in which the flow rate varies in distinct manners. The entrance time is consistent with experimental measurements. It decreases with the pressure drop, increases with the cell viscosity and generally decreases with the relaxation time of a viscoelastic cytoplasm. The capillary geometry has a strong effect on the entry and transit of a neutrophil. The entrance time increases sharply when the capillary diameter decreases or when the capillary is constricted by a pinch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3
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Roca-Cusachs P, Almendros I, Sunyer R, Gavara N, Farré R, Navajas D. Rheology of passive and adhesion-activated neutrophils probed by atomic force microscopy. Biophys J 2006; 91:3508-18. [PMID: 16891365 PMCID: PMC1614490 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.088831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rheology of neutrophils in their passive and activated states plays a key role in determining their function in response to inflammatory stimuli. Atomic force microscopy was used to study neutrophil rheology by measuring the complex shear modulus G*(omega) of passive nonadhered rat neutrophils on poly(HEMA) and neutrophils activated through adhesion to glass. G*(omega) was measured over three frequency decades (0.1-102.4 Hz) by indenting the cells 500 nm with a spherical tip and then applying a 50-nm amplitude multi-frequency signal. G*(omega) of both passive and adhered neutrophils increased as a power law with frequency, with a coupling between elastic (G') and loss (G'') moduli. For passive neutrophils at 1.6 Hz, G' = 380 +/- 121 Pa, whereas G'' was fourfold smaller and the power law coefficient was of x = 1.184. Adhered neutrophils were over twofold stiffer with a lower slope (x = 1.148). This behavior was adequately described by the power law structural damping model but not by liquid droplet and Kelvin models. The increase in stiffness with frequency may modulate neutrophil transit, arrest, and transmigration in vascular microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Roca-Cusachs
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Alexeev A, Verberg R, Balazs AC. Motion of compliant capsules on corrugated surfaces: A means of sorting by mechanical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yap B, Kamm RD. Mechanical deformation of neutrophils into narrow channels induces pseudopod projection and changes in biomechanical properties. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98:1930-9. [PMID: 15640383 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01226.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils traversing the pulmonary microcirculation are subjected to mechanical stimulation during their deformation into narrow capillaries. To better understand the time-dependant changes caused by this mechanical stimulus, neutrophils were caused to flow into a microchannel, which allowed simultaneous visualization of cell morphology and passive rheological measurement by tracking the Brownian motion of endogenous granules. Above a threshold stimulus, mechanical deformation resulted in neutrophil activation with pseudopod projection. The activation time was inversely correlated to the rate of mechanical deformation experienced by the neutrophils. A reduction in shear moduli was observed within seconds after the onset of the mechanical stimulus, suggesting a sudden disruption of the neutrophil cytoskeleton when subjected to mechanical deformation. However, the magnitude of the reduction in moduli was independent of the degree of deformation. Recovery to nearly the initial values of viscoelastic moduli occurred within 1 min. These observations confirm that mechanical deformation of neutrophils, similar to conditions encountered in the pulmonary capillaries, is not a passive event; rather, it is capable of activating the neutrophils and enhancing their migratory tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Yap
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Much experimental data exist on the mechanical properties of neutrophils, but so far, they have mostly been approached within the framework of liquid droplet models. This has two main drawbacks: 1), It treats the cytoplasm as a single phase when in reality, it is a composite of cytosol and cytoskeleton; and 2), It does not address the problem of active neutrophil deformation and force generation. To fill these lacunae, we develop here a comprehensive continuum-mechanical paradigm of the neutrophil that includes proper treatment of the membrane, cytosol, and cytoskeleton components. We further introduce two models of active force production: a cytoskeletal swelling force and a polymerization force. Armed with these tools, we present computer simulations of three classic experiments: the passive aspiration of a neutrophil into a micropipette, the active extension of a pseudopod by a neutrophil exposed to a local stimulus, and the crawling of a neutrophil inside a micropipette toward a chemoattractant against a varying counterpressure. Principal results include: 1), Membrane cortical tension is a global property of the neutrophil that is affected by local area-increasing shape changes. We argue that there exists an area dilation viscosity caused by the work of unfurling membrane-storing wrinkles and that this viscosity is responsible for much of the regulation of neutrophil deformation. 2), If there is no swelling force of the cytoskeleton, then it must be endowed with a strong cohesive elasticity to prevent phase separation from the cytosol during vigorous suction into a capillary tube. 3), We find that both swelling and polymerization force models are able to provide a unifying fit to the experimental data for the three experiments. However, force production required in the polymerization model is beyond what is expected from a simple short-range Brownian ratchet model. 4), It appears that, in the crawling of neutrophils or other amoeboid cells inside a micropipette, measurement of velocity versus counterpressure curves could provide a determination of whether cytoskeleton-to-cytoskeleton interactions (such as swelling) or cytoskeleton-to-membrane interactions (such as polymerization force) are predominantly responsible for active protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herant
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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SHIRAI A, FUJITA R, HAYASE T. Transit Characteristics of a Neutrophil Passing through Two Moderate Constrictions in a Cylindrical Capillary Vessel (Effect of Cell Deformation on Transit through the Second Constriction). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1299/jsmec.46.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo FUJITA
- Graduate School of Information Science, Tohoku University
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SHIRAI A, FUJITA R, HAYASE T. Transit Characteristics of a Neutrophil Passing Through a Circular Constriction in a Cylindrical Capillary Vessel. Effect of Mechanical Properties of the Cell and Constriction Geometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1299/jsmec.45.974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryo FUJITA
- Graduate School of Information Science, Tohoku University
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