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Neuritin-overexpressing transgenic mice demonstrate enhanced neuroregeneration capacity and improved spatial learning and memory recovery after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2681-2699. [PMID: 33323541 PMCID: PMC7880330 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced brain injury is further exacerbated by a series of slower secondary pathogenic events, including delayed apoptosis due to neurotrophic factor deficiency. Neuritin, a neurotrophic factor regulating nervous system development and plasticity, is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of IR injury. In this study, Neuritin-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice were produced by pronuclear injection and offspring with high overexpression used to generate a line with stable inheritance for testing the neuroprotective capacity of Neuritin against transient global ischemia (TGI). Compared to wild-type mice, transgenic mice demonstrated reduced degradation of the DNA repair factor poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP 1) in the hippocampus, indicating decreased hippocampal apoptosis rate, and a greater number of surviving hippocampal neurons during the first week post-TGI. In addition, Tg mice showed increased expression of the regeneration markers NF-200, synaptophysin, and GAP-43, and improved recovery of spatial learning and memory. Our findings exhibited that the window of opportunity of neural recovery in Neuritin transgenic mice group had a tendency to move ahead after TGI, which indicated that Neuritin can be used as a potential new therapeutic strategy for improving the outcome of cerebral ischemia injury.
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Azzouz A, Hanini A, Bouslama Z, Saili L, Benaceur S, Sakly M, Tliba S, Abdelmelek H. Iron prevents demyelination of frog sciatic nerves. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 55:51-54. [PMID: 28823653 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are of particular importance in nervous system function, notably iron. However, very little has been done to investigate its physiological role in frog peripheral nervous system. The present research aim to evaluate i) the time-effect of sciatic nerve ligation and/or ii) iron sulphate (1.50mg/kg, in lymphatic sac) on frog myelin sheaths. Histological sections following ligation shows degeneration of some fibres with axonal and myelin breakdown associated to a decrease of Schwann cells number following 2h (45.00±0.30, p<0.0001), 24h (28.00±0.020, p<0.0001). Interestingly, iron administration reduces the degeneration of myelin sheaths classically observed in frog ligated sciatic nerve associated with an increase of Schwann cells number (139.00±0.50, p<0.0001). Thus, iron could prevent degeneration or promote regeneration induced by ligation in frog sciatic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Azzouz
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Systèmes Terrestres et Aquatiques, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji Mokhtar, BP 12, 23000 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Amel Hanini
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Carthage, Jarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Zihad Bouslama
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Systèmes Terrestres et Aquatiques, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji Mokhtar, BP 12, 23000 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Linda Saili
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Systèmes Terrestres et Aquatiques, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji Mokhtar, BP 12, 23000 Sidi Amar, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Sihem Benaceur
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Carthage, Jarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Carthage, Jarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Souhil Tliba
- Laboratoire de Génie Biologique des Cancers, Faculté de Médecine, Université Abderrahmane Mira, Aboudaou, Bejaia 06000, Algeria
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Intégrée, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Carthage, Jarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
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Gao R, Wang L, Sun J, Nie K, Jian H, Gao L, Liao X, Zhang H, Huang J, Gan S. MiR-204 promotes apoptosis in oxidative stress-induced rat Schwann cells by suppressing neuritin
expression. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3225-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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4
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Danino O, Giladi N, Grossman S, Fischer B. Nucleoside 5'-phosphorothioate derivatives are highly effective neuroprotectants. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:384-92. [PMID: 24548458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The brain is especially sensitive to oxidative stress due to its high rate of oxidative metabolism, relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes, and high concentrations of Fe/Cu ions. During the neurodegeneration process, the aggregation of proteins Aβ, accompanies oxidative stress. We explored the potential of thiophosphate derivatives to rescue neurons from oxidative stress and Aβ toxicity. We evaluated the neuroprotective effect of ATP-γ-S, ADP-β-S, and GDP-β-S on primary cortical neuronal cells exposed to several insults, including treatment with FeSO4, co-application of H2O2 and FeSO4, and addition of Aβ42. Upon treatment with FeSO4, phosphorothioate analogues exhibited up to 3000-fold better neuroprotectant activity than the corresponding parent nucleotides. Likewise, phosphorothioate analogues proved to be up to 30-fold better neuroprotectants than the corresponding parent nucleotides upon treatment with both H2O2 and FeSO4. When we exposed primary neuron and astrocyte cultures to 50 μM Aβ42-induced cell death, we found that ATP-γ-S significantly improved cell morphology and maintained culture viability with an IC50 value of 0.8 μM. Finally, we evaluated the viability of neuroblastoma cells under hypoxic conditions in the presence of ATP-γ-S and found that the latter was involved in the regulation of HIF-1a and stabilized mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), which promote cell survival and proliferation. Based on its high potency as a neuroprotectant, we propose ATP-γ-S as a highly promising, biocompatible, and water-soluble drug candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Danino
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - N Giladi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - S Grossman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - B Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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Jung SY, Kim DY, Yune TY, Shin DH, Baek SB, Kim CJ. Treadmill exercise reduces spinal cord injury-induced apoptosis by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway in rats. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:587-593. [PMID: 24520250 PMCID: PMC3919853 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis occurring secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI) causes further neural damage and functional loss. In this study, a rat model was used to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise on SCI-induced apoptosis and expression of neurotrophic factors. To produce SCI, a contusion injury (10 g × 25 mm) was applied subsequent to laminectomy at the T9–T10 level. Following SCI, treadmill exercise was performed for six weeks. Hindlimb motor function was evaluated with a grid-walking test. The expression of neurotrophic factors and the level of apoptosis at the site of SCI were determined by western blotting. SCI reduced hindlimb motor function and suppressed expression of neurotrophin (NT)-3 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), the ratio of phosphorylated Akt to Akt (pAkt/Akt) and the ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) to Bax (Bcl-2/Bax) were decreased, and cleaved caspase-3 expression was increased by SCI. Treadmill exercise enhanced hindlimb motor function and increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), NT-3 and IGF-1 in the SCI rats. Treadmill exercise increased PI3K expression, the pAkt/Akt and the Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and suppressed cleaved caspase-3 expression in the injured spinal cord. This study demonstrated that treadmill exercise promotes the recovery of motor function by suppressing apoptosis in the injured spinal cord. The beneficial effect of exercise may be attributed to the increase in expression of neurotrophic factors via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Centre, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Shin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bin Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Ulsan University, Gangneung 210-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Wang SQ, Li XJ, Zhou S, Sun DX, Wang H, Cheng PF, Ma XR, Liu L, Liu JX, Wang FF, Liang YF, Wu JM. Intervention effects of ganoderma lucidum spores on epileptiform discharge hippocampal neurons and expression of neurotrophin-4 and N-cadherin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61687. [PMID: 23637882 PMCID: PMC3634853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy can cause cerebral transient dysfunctions. Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has shown some antiepileptic effects in our previous studies. This was the first study of the effects of GLS on cultured primary hippocampal neurons, treated with Mg2+ free medium. This in vitro model of epileptiform discharge hippocampal neurons allowed us to investigate the anti-epileptic effects and mechanism of GLS activity. Primary hippocampal neurons from <1 day old rats were cultured and their morphologies observed under fluorescence microscope. Neurons were confirmed by immunofluorescent staining of neuron specific enolase (NSE). Sterile method for GLS generation was investigated and serial dilutions of GLS were used to test the maximum non-toxic concentration of GLS on hippocampal neurons. The optimized concentration of GLS of 0.122 mg/ml was identified and used for subsequent analysis. Using the in vitro model, hippocampal neurons were divided into 4 groups for subsequent treatment i) control, ii) model (incubated with Mg2+ free medium for 3 hours), iii) GLS group I (incubated with Mg2+ free medium containing GLS for 3 hours and replaced with normal medium and incubated for 6 hours) and iv) GLS group II (neurons incubated with Mg2+ free medium for 3 hours then replaced with a normal medium containing GLS for 6 hours). Neurotrophin-4 and N-Cadherin protein expression were detected using Western blot. The results showed that the number of normal hippocampal neurons increased and the morphologies of hippocampal neurons were well preserved after GLS treatment. Furthermore, the expression of neurotrophin-4 was significantly increased while the expression of N-Cadherin was decreased in the GLS treated group compared with the model group. This data indicates that GLS may protect hippocampal neurons by promoting neurotrophin-4 expression and inhibiting N-Cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qiu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Children Neural Rehabilitation Laboratory of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiao-Jie Li
- School of Rehabilitation Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Children Neural Rehabilitation Laboratory of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Di-Xiang Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Cheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ru Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Xing Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Feng Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Mei Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
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7
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Li J, Zhang C, Li J, Fan L, Jiang X, Chen J, Pang Z, Zhang Q. Brain Delivery of NAP with PEG-PLGA Nanoparticles Modified with Phage Display Peptides. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1813-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Liu X, Resch J, Rush T, Lobner D. Functional upregulation of system xc− by fibroblast growth factor-2. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:901-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Yagami T, Takase K, Yamamoto Y, Ueda K, Takasu N, Okamura N, Sakaeda T, Fujimoto M. Fibroblast growth factor 2 induces apoptosis in the early primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2278-90. [PMID: 20381486 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is known to have important functions in cell survival and differentiation. In addition to its roles as a neurotrophic factor, we found that FGF2 caused cell death in the early primary culture of cortical neurons. FGF2-induced neuronal cell death showed apoptotic characters, e.g., chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. The ultrastructural morphology of FGF2-treated neurons indicated apoptotic features such as progressive cell shrinkage, blebbing of the plasma membrane, loss of cytosolic organelles, clumping of chromatin, and fragmentation of DNA. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors significantly rescued neurons from FGF2-induced apoptosis. FGF2 potentiated a marked influx of Ca(2+) into neurons before apoptosis. Both a calcium chelator and L-type voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channel (L-VSCC) blockers attenuated FGF2-induced apoptosis, whereas other blockers of VSCCs such as N-type and P/Q-types did not. Blockers of L-VSCCs significantly suppressed FGF2-enhanced Ca(2+) influx into neurons. Moreover, FGF2 also generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) before apoptosis. Radical scavengers reduced not only the FGF2-generated ROS, but also the FGF2-induced Ca(2+) influx and apoptosis. In conclusion, we demonstrated that FGF2 caused apoptosis via L-VSCCs in the early neuronal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsurou Yagami
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 2-1, kami-ohno 7-Chome, Himeji, Hyogo, 670-8524, Japan.
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10
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Jarvis K, Assis-Nascimento P, Mudd LM, Montague JR. Beta-amyloid toxicity in embryonic rat astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1476-82. [PMID: 17406977 PMCID: PMC3928788 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease contain a high concentration of beta-amyloid (betaA) protein, which may affect the glial population in the septal nucleus, an area of increased risk in AD. BetaA toxicity was measured in septal glia, via a dose-response experiment, by quantifying the effects of three different doses (0.1, 1, and 10 microM) of betaA on cell survival. Astrocytes from embryonic day-16 rats were grown in serum-free media in a single layer culture. Cells were treated on day in vitro (DIV)1 and survival was determined on DIV3 to ascertain which concentration was most toxic. In a separate set of experiments, an attempt was made to protect glial cells from the degenerative effects of betaA, with treatments of growth factors and estrogen. BetaA (10 microM) treatment was administered on DIV1, on DIV2 the cells were treated with estrogen (EST, 10 nM), insulin-like growth factors (IGF1 and IGF2, each 10 ng/ml), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, 5 ng/ml) or nerve growth factor (NGF, 100 ng/ml), and on DIV3 the cells were visualized and quantified by fluorescence microscopy with DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). In addition to dose-response and glial protection, experiments were also conducted to determine whether toxic effects were due to apoptosis. Our results suggest that the survival of glial populations is significantly affected in all three concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10 microM) of betaA. Glial protection was evident in the presence of NGF, for it showed the significantly highest survival rate relative to the betaA treatment alone. Furthermore, toxic effects of betaA appear to be due primarily to apoptosis. Significant reversal of betaA-induced apoptosis was seen with bFGF and IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeremy R. Montague
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 305 899 3218; fax: +1 305 899 3225. (J.R. Montague)
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11
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Marzban H, Hawkes R. Fibroblast growth factor promotes the development of deep cerebellar nuclear neurons in dissociated mouse cerebellar cultures. Brain Res 2007; 1141:25-36. [PMID: 17300764 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei and excitatory cerebellar interneurons arise from the rhombic lip of the cerebellar anlage. In contrast, Purkinje cells and inhibitory interneurons arise in the neuroepithelium of the fourth ventricle. During development, the projection neurons of the cerebellar nuclei are born first (embryo age (E)9-E12 in mouse) followed closely by the Purkinje cells (E10-E13). Cerebellar interneurons arise later and differentiate postnatally. We have examined the development of cerebellar nuclear neurons in primary cultures. Embryonic cerebella from E15 to E18 pups were cultured 21 days in vitro. Three distinct classes of large neurons were identified: those expressing calbindin, typical of Purkinje cells; those expressing neurogranin (Golgi cells); and a third class expressing parvalbumin but not calbindin, consistent with the morphology of large projection neurons of the cerebellar nuclei. These neurons also express Tbr1, a specific antigenic marker of cerebellar nuclear neurons. Birthdating by using BrdU incorporation shows that the putative DCN neurons are not born in vitro. To confirm their identity the E18 cerebellum was dissected into cerebellar nuclear-containing (ventral) and -lacking (dorsal) halves, which were then dissociated and cultured separately. Only the ventral cultures produce putative cerebellar nuclear neurons. In contrast to E15-E18 cultures, dissociated E13-E14 cerebella in vitro do not yield putative cerebellar nuclear neurons. However, E14 cultures do produce them when fibroblast growth factors are added to the medium. We conclude that FGF signaling is required for the maturation of cerebellar nuclear neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Marzban
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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12
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Skibo GG, Lushnikova IV, Voronin KY, Dmitrieva O, Novikova T, Klementiev B, Vaudano E, Berezin VA, Bock E. A synthetic NCAM-derived peptide, FGL, protects hippocampal neurons from ischemic insult both in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 22:1589-96. [PMID: 16197499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a major unmet need for development of innovative strategies for neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury. Here we show that FGL, a neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-derived peptide binding to and inducing phosphorylation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), acts neuroprotectively after an ischemic insult both in vitro and in vivo. The neuroprotective activity of FGL was tested in vitro on dissociated rat hippocampal neurons and hippocampal slice cultures, using a protocol of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). FGL protected hippocampal neurons from damage and maintained or restored their metabolic and presynaptic activity, both if employed as a pretreatment alone to OGD, and if only applied after the insult. In vivo 24 h pretreatment with a single suboccipital injection of FGL significantly protected hippocampal CA1 neurons from death in a transient global ischemia model in the gerbil. We conclude that FGL promotes neuronal survival after ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina G Skibo
- Protein Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Pathology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3C, bld. 6.2, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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13
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Pellitteri R, Russo A, Stanzani S. Schwann cell: A source of neurotrophic activity on cortical glutamatergic neurons in culture. Brain Res 2006; 1069:139-44. [PMID: 16376313 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/12/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells secrete numerous soluble molecules that enhance the development and the survival of different neuronal types cultured in vitro. Schwann cells (SC) play an important role as they are the source of different trophic substances and present a great neurotrophic activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of postnatal SC on embryonic glutamatergic neurons. Co-cultures of SC from sciatic nerve of postnatal rats and neurons from rat embryonic cerebral cortex were successfully established, and cells were immunocytochemically characterized using mono and polyclonal antibodies as different glial and neuronal markers. Furthermore, some neuronal cultures were added with Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) to compare to co-cultures. Our results show that SC promote an increase in the number of glutamatergic cortical neurons; moreover, these neurons present an evidence of dense axonal and dendritic outgrowth even when were fed with conditioned medium obtained from SC cultures. In conclusion, our data suggest that substances produced by SC exert a positive effect on central neuron survival and differentiation as indicated by processes of elongation and that this activity is mediated by soluble factors. Therefore, it is possible to consider the SC as a source of growth factors and might be suitable for the development of a neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Pellitteri
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Section of Catania, viale R. Margherita 6, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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14
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Jones PA, May GR, McLuckie JA, Iwashita A, Sharkey J. Apoptosis is not an invariable component of in vitro models of cortical cerebral ischaemia. Cell Res 2005; 14:241-50. [PMID: 15225418 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterising the mechanisms of cell death following focal cerebral ischaemia has been hampered by a lack of an in vitro assay emulating both the apoptotic and necrotic features observed in vivo. The present study systematically characterised oxygen-glucose-deprivation (OGD) in primary rat cortical neurones to establish a reproducible model with components of both cell-death endpoints. OGD induced a time-dependent reduction in cell viability, with 80% cell death occurring 24 h after 3 h exposure to 0% O2 and 0.5 mM glucose. Indicative of a necrotic component to OGD-induced cell death, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibition with MK-801 attenuated neuronal loss by 60%. The lack of protection by the caspase inhibitors DEVD-CHO and z-VAD-fmk suggested that under these conditions neurones did not die by an apoptotic mechanism. Moderating the severity of the insult by decreasing OGD exposure to 60 min did not reduce the amount of necrosis, but did induce a small degree of apoptosis (a slight reduction in cell death was observed in the presence of 10 uM DEVD-CHO). In separate experiments purported to enhance the apoptotic component, cells were gradually deprived of O2, exposed to 4% O2 (as opposed to 0%) during the OGD period, or maintained in serum-containing media throughout. While NMDA receptor antagonism significantly reduced cortical cell death under all conditions, a caspase-inhibitor sensitive component of cell death was not uncovered. These studies suggest that OGD of cultured cortical cells models the excitotoxic, but not the apoptotic component of cell death observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Alexander Jones
- Fujisawa Institute of Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, UK.
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15
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Abstract
Neurotrophic factors have been proposed for the treatment of a variety of neurological diseases. However, to this point they have failed in clinical trials. One potential problem is that while neurotrophic factors attenuate apoptosis, they have the potential to enhance necrosis. In this study we show that neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) attenuated apoptotic neuronal death while potentiating necrotic neuronal death in cortical cultures. The protective effects of NT-4 were not blocked by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD098059 or U0126, while the injury potentiation by NT-4 was blocked by these inhibitors. NT-4 stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and this phosphorylation was attenuated by U0126 and PD098059. The results indicate a disassociation between the pathway by which NT-4 potentiates necrosis, and that by which it attenuates apoptosis, and suggest that addition of a MEK inhibitor may enhance the beneficial effects of NT-4 in treating complex injuries such as occur in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Lobner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
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Liot G, Gabriel C, Cacquevel M, Ali C, MacKenzie ET, Buisson A, Vivien D. Neurotrophin-3-induced PI-3 kinase/Akt signaling rescues cortical neurons from apoptosis. Exp Neurol 2004; 187:38-46. [PMID: 15081586 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of cytokines including neurotrophins have been tested for their neuroprotective activity against different paradigms of neuronal death. However, as for neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), their mechanisms of action have not been fully identified. By using cultures of mouse cortical neurons, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which neurotrophin-3 could protect cortical neurons against apoptosis. In a model of caspase-dependent apoptosis leading to the recruitment of active initiators caspase-8 and -9 and of executioner caspase-3, we have evidenced that NT-3 displayed an anti-apoptotic effect in a dose-dependent manner. First, we showed that, in cultured cortical neurons, NT-3 could promote extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3' (PI-3) kinase/Akt phosphorylation. Second, we showed that although the blockade of the Akt pathway prevented the anti-apoptotic effect of NT-3, blockade of the ERK pathway did not. Altogether, our data demonstrate that NT-3 displayed an anti-apoptotic effect on cultured cortical neurons through a mechanism involving the recruitment of the PI-3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Liot
- Université de Caen, CNRS UMR 6551, Centre CYCERON, IFR 47, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
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Lobner D, Golner S, Hjelmhaug J. Neurotrophic factor effects on oxidative stress-induced neuronal death. Neurochem Res 2003; 28:749-56. [PMID: 12716026 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022817918651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors have been shown to potentiate necrotic neuronal death in cortical cultures. In this study we characterized the death induced by various oxidative insults and tested the effects of neurotrophic factors on that death. Treatment with fibroblast growth factor-2, neurotrophin-4, or insulin-like growth factor-1 potentiated neuronal cell death induced by iron-citrate (Fe) or buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), but not ethacrynic acid (EA). Neuronal death induced by each insult was blocked by the free radical scavenger, trolox. An analysis of the death indicated that Fe and BSO induced necrotic cell death, while EA induced apoptotic cell death. BSO and EA caused decreased cellular glutathione levels, whereas Fe had no effect on glutathione levels. Neurotrophic factors had no effect on the changes in glutathione. The results indicate that oxidative insults can induce either apoptotic or necrotic death and that the effects of neurotrophic factors are dependent on the type of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug Lobner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Integrative Neuroscience Research Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA.
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