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PKCγ and PKCε are Differentially Activated and Modulate Neurotoxic Signaling Pathways During Oxygen Glucose Deprivation in Rat Cortical Slices. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2577-2589. [PMID: 31541352 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is known to trigger a series of intracellular events such as changes in metabolism, membrane function and intracellular transduction, which eventually leads to cell death. Many of these processes are mediated by intracellular signaling cascades that involve protein kinase activation. Among all the kinases activated, the serine/threonine kinase family, protein kinase C (PKC), particularly, has been implicated in mediating cellular response to cerebral ischemic and reperfusion injury. In this study, using oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in acute cortical slices as an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia, I show that PKC family of isozymes, specifically PKCγ and PKCε are differentially activated during OGD. Detecting the expression and activation levels of these isozymes in response to different durations of OGD insult revealed an early activation of PKCε and delayed activation of PKCγ, signifying their roles in response to different durations and stages of ischemic stress. Specific inhibition of PKCγ and PKCε significantly attenuated OGD induced cytotoxicity, rise in intracellular calcium, membrane depolarization and reactive oxygen species formation, thereby enhancing neuronal viability. This study clearly suggests that PKC family of isozymes; specifically PKCγ and PKCε are involved in OGD induced intracellular responses which lead to neuronal death. Thus isozyme specific modulation of PKC activity may serve as a promising therapeutic route for the treatment of acute cerebral ischemic injury.
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Zhao B, Wang J, Liu L, Li X, Liu S, Xia Q, Shi J. Annexin A1 translocates to nucleus and promotes the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a PKC-dependent manner after OGD/R. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27028. [PMID: 27426034 PMCID: PMC4947919 DOI: 10.1038/srep27028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a protein known to have multiple roles in the regulation of inflammatory responses. In this study, we find that after oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (ODG/R) injury, activated PKC phosphorylated ANXA1 at the serine 27 residue (p27S-ANXA1), and promoted the translocation of p27S-ANXA1 to the nucleus of BV-2 microglial cells. This in turn induced BV-2 microglial cells to produce large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The phenomenon could be mimicked by either transfecting a mutant form of ANXA1 with its serine 27 residue converted to aspartic acid, S27D, or by using the PKC agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in these microglial cells. In contrast, transfecting cells with an ANXA1 S27A mutant (serine 27 converted to alanine) or treating the cells with the PKC antagonist, GF103209X (GF) reversed this effet. Our study demonstrates that ANXA1 can be phosphorylated by PKC and is subsequently translocated to the nucleus of BV-2 microglial cells after OGD/R, resulting in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Clinical laboratory, Center hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuangxi Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xia
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, P. R. China.,Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, P. R. China
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Mechanism of S100b release from rat cortical slices determined under basal and stimulated conditions. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:429-36. [PMID: 19823932 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of rat cortical slices in a medium that was not containing oxygen and glucose (oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD) caused a 200% increase in the release of S100B. However, when slices were transferred to a medium containing oxygen and glucose (reoxygenation conditions, or REO), S100B release reached 500% of its control value. Neither inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase by L-NAME nor addition of the NO donors sodium nitroprussid (SNP) or hydroxylamine (HA) to the medium altered basal S100B release. Similarly, the presence of SNP, HA or NO precursor L: -arginine in the medium, or inhibition of NO synthase by L-NAME also failed to alter OGD- and REO-induced S100B outputs. Moreover, individual inhibition of PKC, PLA(2) or PLC all failed to attenuate the S100B release determined under control condition or enhanced by either OGD or REO. Blockade of calcium channels with verapamil, chelating the Ca(+2) ions with BAPTA or blockade of sodium channels with tetrodotoxin (TTX) did not alter OGD- and REO-induced S100B release. In contrast to the pharmacologic manipulations mentioned above, glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate added at high concentrations to the medium prevented both OGD- and REO-induced S100B outputs. These results indicate that neither NO nor the activation of PKC, PLA(2) or PLC seem to be involved in basal or OGD- and REO-induced S100B outputs. Additionally, calcium and sodium currents that are sensitive to verapamil and TTX, respectively, are unlikely to contribute to the enhanced S100B release observed under these conditions.
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Boutin H, Catherine A, Mackenzie ET, Jauzac P, Dauphin F. Long-term alterations in mu, delta and kappa opioidergic receptors following middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:491-500. [PMID: 17676326 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the opioidergic system may play a role in the molecular mechanisms underlying neurochemical responses to cerebral ischaemia. The present study aimed to determine the delayed expression of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors, following 1, 2, 7, and 30 days of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice. Using quantitative autoradiography, we highlighted significant decreases in mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor expression in ipsilateral cortices from day 1 post-MCAO. Moreover, in contralateral nucleus lateralis thalami pars posterior, ipsi- and contralateral nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami, and ipsilateral substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNr), kappa receptors were increased; mu receptor densities were decreased in nucleus ventralis thalami, pars posterior (VThP), and SNr. delta-Binding sites were increased in the striatum on day 30 post-MCAO. The alterations in opioid receptors in cortical infarcts were correlated with strong histological damage. Further reductions in opioid receptor densities in cortical infarcts were observed at later time points. In subcortical brain regions, opioid receptor densities were also altered but no histological damage was seen, except in the VThP, in which cell density was increased on day 30. Delayed reductions in opioid receptor densities in the infarct appeared as the continuation of the early processes previously demonstrated. However, changes in subcortical opioid receptor expression may correlate with neuronal alterations in remote brain regions. Changes in opioidergic receptor expression in these regions may be involved in the long-term consequences of stroke and could be used as biomarker of neuronal alteration through the use of imaging techniques in the clinic.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites/physiology
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Infarction/metabolism
- Brain Infarction/pathology
- Brain Infarction/physiopathology
- Brain Ischemia/metabolism
- Brain Ischemia/pathology
- Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Mice
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/pathology
- Nerve Degeneration/physiopathology
- Opioid Peptides/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Time
- Time Factors
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Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death in the United States, yet limited therapeutic options exist. The need for novel neuroprotective agents has spurred efforts to understand the intracellular signaling pathways that mediate cellular response to stroke. Protein kinase C (PKC) plays a central role in mediating ischemic and reperfusion damage in multiple tissues, including the brain. However, because of conflicting reports, it remains unclear whether PKC is involved in cell survival signaling, or mediates detrimental processes.
Summary of Review—
This review will examine the role of PKC activity in stroke. In particular, we will focus on more recent insights into the PKC isozyme-specific responses in neuronal preconditioning and in ischemia and reperfusion-induced stress.
Conclusion—
Examination of PKC isozyme activities during stroke demonstrates the clinical promise of PKC isozyme-specific modulators for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bright
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
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Abstract
One of the responses to cerebral ischemia is an increase in the production of nitric oxide, catalyzed by enzymes expressed in both resident and infiltrating cells. The nitric oxide that is generated does contribute to the ensuing pathology, but it can also be beneficial. The effects of nitric oxide depend on the cell site of production, the amount generated, and the chemical nature of the products of further oxidation. Understanding how nitric oxide production from microglia and astrocytes contributes to ischemic pathology is important for the development and application of future therapeutics based on inhibiting or amplifying its production in the injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Gibson
- Institute of Cell Signaling, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa C Coughlan
- Institute of Cell Signaling, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P Murphy
- Institute of Cell Signaling, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Boutin H, Jauzac P, MacKenzie ET, Dauphin F. Potential use of early alterations in mu and delta opioid receptors as a predictive index for delayed brain ischemic damage. Neurobiol Dis 2003; 13:63-73. [PMID: 12758068 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-9961(03)00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported differential alterations of the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. The present work studied the evolution of opioid receptor types following transient focal cerebral ischemia (tMCAO), as well as the putative predictive potential of early neurochemical alterations on the delayed ischemic damage. delta receptors were significantly decreased as early as 6 h post tMCAO (-22% approximately -57% vs. sham group), followed by a decrease in the mu binding site density at 24 h post tMCAO (-18% approximately -65%), in infarcted and penumbral cortices. Finally, early decreases in cortical opioid mu and delta receptor densities were found to significantly correlate (P < 0.001, r(2) = 0.48 and 0.75, respectively) with the occurrence of delayed histological damage. The high correlation between decreases in mu and delta receptor densities at 6 h post tMCAO and the histological damage that occurred at 24 h post tMCAO suggests that these early neurochemical alterations could be used as predictive markers of delayed ischemic damage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoradiography
- Binding, Competitive
- Brain/blood supply
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain Ischemia/etiology
- Brain Ischemia/pathology
- Brain Ischemia/physiopathology
- Cerebral Infarction/etiology
- Cerebral Infarction/pathology
- Cerebral Infarction/physiopathology
- Disease Progression
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/complications
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/complications
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/physiopathology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Reperfusion Injury/etiology
- Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Boutin
- Université de Caen, CNRS UMR 6551, Boulevard H. Becquerel, BP 5229 14074, Caen Cedex, France
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