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Roles of the Functional Interaction between Brain Cholinergic and Dopaminergic Systems in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Schizophrenia and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094299. [PMID: 33919025 PMCID: PMC8122651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most physiologic processes in the brain and related diseases involve more than one neurotransmitter system. Thus, elucidation of the interaction between different neurotransmitter systems could allow for better therapeutic approaches to the treatments of related diseases. Dopaminergic (DAergic) and cholinergic neurotransmitter system regulate various brain functions that include cognition, movement, emotion, etc. This review focuses on the interaction between the brain DAergic and cholinergic systems with respect to the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease (PD). We first discussed the selection of motor plans at the level of basal ganglia, the major DAergic and cholinergic pathways in the brain, and the receptor subtypes involved in the interaction between the two signaling systems. Next, the roles of each signaling system were discussed in the context of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, with a focus on the α7 nicotinic cholinergic receptor and the dopamine D1 receptor in the prefrontal cortex. In addition, the roles of the nicotinic and dopamine receptors were discussed in the context of regulation of striatal cholinergic interneurons, which play crucial roles in the degeneration of nigrostriatal DAergic neurons and the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in PD patients. Finally, we discussed the general mechanisms of nicotine-induced protection of DAergic neurons.
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Ferdinand JM, Peters KZ, Yavas E, Young AMJ. Modulation of stimulated dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens shell by GABA in vitro: Effect of sub-chronic phencyclidine pretreatment. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1885-1901. [PMID: 33848365 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in nucleus accumbens (NAc) is modulated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acting through GABA-A and GABA-B receptors: dysregulation of GABAergic control of dopamine function may be important in behavioral deficits in schizophrenia. We investigated the effect of GABA-A (muscimol) and GABA-B (baclofen) receptor agonists on electrically stimulated dopamine release. Furthermore, we explored whether drug-induced changes were disrupted by pretreatment with phencyclidine, which provides a well-validated model of schizophrenia. Using brain slices from female rats, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry was used to measure electrically stimulated dopamine release in NAc shell. Both muscimol and baclofen caused concentration-dependent attenuation of evoked dopamine release: neither effect was changed by dihydro-β-erythroidine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, or the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), precluding indirect mechanisms using these transmitter systems in the GABAergic actions. In slices taken from rats pretreated with phencyclidine, the attenuation of evoked dopamine release by baclofen was abolished, but the attenuation by muscimol was unaffected. Since phencyclidine pretreatment was followed by drug-free washout period of at least a week, the drug was not present during recording. Therefore, disruption of GABA-B modulation of dopamine is due to long-term functional changes resulting from the treatment, rather than transient changes due to the drug's presence at test. This enduring dysregulation of GABA-B modulation of accumbal dopamine release provides a plausible mechanism through which GABA dysfunction influences accumbal dopamine leading to behavioral changes seen in schizophrenia and may provide a route for novel therapeutic strategies to treat the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate Z Peters
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ersin Yavas
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Andrew M J Young
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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Tropisetron enhances recognition memory in ovariectomized female rats. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:787-791. [PMID: 32815898 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the acute effects of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron, on recognition memory in ovariectomized adult female rats. The non-spatial novel object recognition task was used to assess recognition memory. In this task, ovariectomized rats explored two identical objects during Trial 1. Immediately after Trial 1, rats were primed either with oil, 250 µg progesterone, 20 µg of estrogen, or 20 µg of estrogen + 250 µg progesterone. Four hours later, the test trial (Trial 2) was initiated. Thirty minutes before Trial 2, rats were injected intraperitoneally with either saline, 1.5 or 2.5 mg/Kg tropisetron. During Trial 2, one arm of the T maze contained an object from Trial 1 (familiar or previously encountered), and a new object (novel) was introduced into the other arm. Exploration times with the novel and familiar objects were recorded and data were converted to percent time spent with the novel object. In oil-primed ovariectomized female rats, treatment with 2.5 mg/Kg tropisetron significantly increased percent time with the novel object. Hormonal-priming with estrogen, progesterone, or estrogen + progesterone did not further accentuate the effects of tropisetron. These results suggest that although tropisetron, estrogen, and progesterone all act as antagonists at the 5-HT3 receptors and blocking 5-HT3 receptors enhances cognition, there appears to be no interaction between tropisetron and these hormones on object recognition.
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Quik M, Boyd JT, Bordia T, Perez X. Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:357-369. [PMID: 30137517 PMCID: PMC6379038 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emerging studies indicate that striatal cholinergic interneurons play an important role in synaptic plasticity and motor control under normal physiological conditions, while their disruption may lead to movement disorders. Here we discuss the involvement of the cholinergic system in motor dysfunction, with a focus on the role of the nicotinic cholinergic system in Parkinson's disease and drug-induced dyskinesias. Evidence for a role for the striatal nicotinic cholinergic system stems from studies showing that administration of nicotine or nicotinic receptor drugs protects against nigrostriatal degeneration and decreases L-dopa-induced dyskinesias. In addition, nicotinic receptor drugs may ameliorate tardive dyskinesia, Tourette's syndrome and ataxia, although further study is required to understand their full potential in the treatment of these disorders. A role for the striatal muscarinic cholinergic system in movement disorders stems from studies showing that muscarinic receptor drugs acutely improve Parkinson's disease motor symptoms, and may reduce dyskinesias and dystonia. Selective stimulation or lesioning of striatal cholinergic interneurons suggests they are primary players in this regulation, although multiple central nervous systems appear to be involved. IMPLICATIONS Accumulating data from preclinical studies and clinical trials suggest that drugs targeting CNS cholinergic systems may be useful for symptomatic treatment of movement disorders. Nicotinic cholinergic drugs, including nicotine and selective nAChR receptor agonists, reduce L-dopa-induced dyskinesias, as well as antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia, and may be useful in Tourette's syndrome and ataxia. Subtype selective muscarinic cholinergic drugs may also provide effective therapies for Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias and dystonia. Continued studies/trials will help address this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - James T Boyd
- University of Vermont Medical Center Neurology, Burlington, VT
| | - Tanuja Bordia
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
| | - Xiomara Perez
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
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Liu QY, Wang CY, Cai ZL, Xu ST, Liu WX, Xiao P, Li CH. Effects of intrahippocampal GABAB receptor antagonist treatment on the behavioral long-term potentiation and Y-maze learning performance. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 114:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mamelak M. Narcolepsy and depression and the neurobiology of gammahydroxybutyrate. Prog Neurobiol 2009; 89:193-219. [PMID: 19654034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A voluminous literature describes the relationship between disturbed sleep and depression. The breakdown of sleep is one of the cardinal features of depression and often also heralds its onset. Frequent arousals, periods of wakefulness and a short sleep onset REM latency are typical polysomnographic features of depression. The short latency to REM sleep has been attributed to the combination of a monoaminergic deficiency and cholinergic supersensitivity and these irregularities have been proposed to form the biological basis of the disorder. A similar imbalance between monoaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission has been found in narcolepsy, a condition in which frequent awakenings, periods of wakefulness and short sleep onset REM latencies are also characteristic findings during sleep. In many cases of narcolepsy, this imbalance appears to result from a deficiency of hypocretin but once established, whether in depression or narcolepsy, this disequilibrium sets the stage for the dissociation or premature appearance of REM sleep and for the dissociation of the motor inhibitory component of REM sleep or cataplexy. In the presence of this monoaminergic/cholinergic imbalance, gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) may acutely further reduce the latency of REM sleep and induce cataplexy, in both patients with narcolepsy or depression. On the other hand, the repeated nocturnal application of GHB in patients with narcolepsy improves the continuity of sleep, prolongs the latency to REM sleep and prevents cataplexy. Evidence to date suggests that GHB may restore the normal balance between monoaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission. As such, the repeated use of GHB at night and the stabilization of sleep over time makes GHB an effective treatment for narcolepsy and a potentially effective treatment for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortimer Mamelak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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González-Hernández T, Afonso-Oramas D, Cruz-Muros I. Phenotype, compartmental organization and differential vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009:21-37. [PMID: 20411765 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The degeneration of nigral dopaminergic (DA-) neurons is the histopathologic hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), but not all nigral DA-cells show the same susceptibility to degeneration. This starts in DA-cells in the ventrolateral and caudal regions of the susbtantia nigra (SN) and progresses to DA-cells in the dorsomedial and rostral regions of the SN and the ventral tegmental area, where many neurons remain intact until the final stages of the disease. This fact indicates a relationship between the topographic distribution of midbrain DA-cells and their differential vulnerability, and the possibility that this differential vulnerability is associated with phenotypic differences between different subpopulations of nigral DA-cells. Studies carried out during the last two decades have contributed to establishing the existence of different compartments of nigral DA-cells according to their neurochemical profile, and a possible relationship between the expression of some factors and the relative vulnerability or resistance of DA-cell subpopulations to degeneration. These aspects are reviewed and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás González-Hernández
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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González-Hernández T, Barroso-Chinea P, Acevedo A, Salido E, Rodríguez M. Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and GAD65 mRNA in mesostriatal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A Role for Adenosine A1 Receptors in GABA and NMDA-Receptor Mediated Modulation of Dopamine Release: Studies Using Fast Cyclic Voltammetry. SENSORS 2008; 8:5516-5534. [PMID: 27873828 PMCID: PMC3705518 DOI: 10.3390/s8095516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the striatum many neurotransmitters including GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine, nitric oxide and adenosine interact to regulate synaptic transmission. Dopamine release in the striatum is regulated by a number of pre- and post-synaptic receptors including adenosine. We have recently shown using isolated rat striatal slices, and the technique of fast cyclic voltammetry, that adenosine A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of dopamine release is modulated by dopamine D1 receptors. In the present study we have investigated the influence of NMDA and GABA receptor activation on the modulation of electrically stimulated dopamine release by adenosine. Application of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), concentration-dependently inhibited dopamine release to a maxiumum of 50%. Perfusion of the glutamate receptor agonist, NMDA, in low magnesium, caused a rapid and concentration-dependent inhibition of dopamine release. Prior perfusion with the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, DPCPX, significantly reduced the effect of 5 μM and 10 μM NMDA on dopamine release. The GABAA receptor agonist, isoguvacine, had a significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on dopamine release which was reversed by prior application of the GABAA receptor antagonist, picrotoxin, but not DPCPX. Finally inhibition of dopamine release by CPA (1μM) was significantly enhanced by prior perfusion with picrotoxin. These data demonstrate an important role for GABA, NMDA and adenosine in the modulation of dopamine release.
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Mellott TJ, Follettie MT, Diesl V, Hill AA, Lopez-Coviella I, Blusztajn JK. Prenatal choline availability modulates hippocampal and cerebral cortical gene expression. FASEB J 2007; 21:1311-23. [PMID: 17264169 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6597com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An increased supply of the essential nutrient choline during fetal development [embryonic day (E) 11-17] in rats causes life-long improvements in memory performance, whereas choline deficiency during this time impairs certain aspects of memory. We analyzed mRNA expression in brains of prenatally choline-deficient, choline-supplemented, or control rats of various ages [postnatal days (P) 1 to 34 for hippocampus and E16 to P34 for cortex] using oligonucleotide microarrays and found alterations in gene expression levels evoked by prenatal choline intake that were, in most cases, transient occurring during the P15-P34 period. We selected a subset of genes, encoding signaling proteins, and verified the microarray data by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Prenatally choline-supplemented rats had the highest expression of calcium/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) I and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II (Igf2) in the cortex and of the transcription factor Zif268/EGR1 in the cortex and hippocampus. Prenatally choline deficient rats had the highest expression of CaMKIIbeta, protein kinase Cbeta2, and GABA(B) receptor 1 isoforms c and d in the hippocampus. Similar changes in the expression of the proteins encoded by these genes were observed using immunoblot analyses. These data show that the prenatal supply of choline causes multiple modifications in the developmental patterns of expression of genes known to influence learning and memory and provide molecular correlates for the cognitive changes evoked by altered availability of choline in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Mellott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Kommalage M, Höglund AU. Involvement of spinal GABA receptors in the regulation of intraspinal acetylcholine release. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 525:69-73. [PMID: 16297380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that analgesics such as morphine, lidocaine and clonidine increase the release of spinal acetylcholine. Acetylcholine may therefore play an important role in the regulation of spinal pain threshold. Since behavioral as well as in vitro studies have shown a clear involvement of GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) receptors in the regulation of spinal nociceptive mechanisms, the present study focused on the role of GABA receptors for spinal acetylcholine release control. GABA receptor agonists and antagonists were infused via a spinal microdialysis probe and acetylcholine release was measured. The GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol decreased acetylcholine release and the antagonist bicuculline increased acetylcholine release. The GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen decreased acetylcholine release whereas the antagonist saclofen did not change acetylcholine release. The results suggest that both GABA receptor subtypes have an inhibitory role on spinal dorsal horn acetylcholine release and that the GABA(A) receptors are tonically regulating acetylcholine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahinda Kommalage
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Comparative Medicine, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 572, S-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
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Purisai MG, Sands SA, Davis TD, Price JL, Chronwall BM. GABAB receptor subunit mRNAs are differentially regulated in pituitary melanotropes during development and detection of functioning receptors coincides with completion of innervation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:315-26. [PMID: 15927755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the developmental expression of GABAB receptor subunits (GABAB(1a), GABAB(1b), GABAB(2)) in the pituitary intermediate lobe using in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and Western blots. Receptor functionality was studied by baclofen-stimulated GTPgammaS binding. In the adult rat pituitary all three transcripts were detected in melanotropes, but not in glia, of the intermediate lobe. No transcripts of any subunit were detected in the neural lobe. Transcripts of GABAB(1a) and GABAB(1b), but not of GABAB(2), were detected in specific subpopulations of cells in the anterior lobe. All three transcripts were detected in melanotropes on gestational day 18 using in situ hybridization. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions comparing postnatal day 2 and adult transcript levels in the neurointermediate lobe support in situ hybridization data that GABAB(1a) mRNA levels do not change, GABAB(1b) levels increase, and GABAB(2) levels decrease as the rat matures. Thus, GABAB receptor subunit transcripts are differentially regulated in melanotropes during development. In the adult rat both GABAB(1) and GABAB(2) proteins were detected in the neurointermediate lobe using Western blotting and in melanotropes by immunohistochemistry. Developmentally, GABAB(1) protein was not detected until postnatal day 7, but was clearly expressed by postnatal day 15 while GABAB(2) protein could not be detected until postnatal day 15. Functional receptors were found in the intermediate lobe at postnatal day 15 and in the adult. The demonstration of transcripts for GABAB(1a), GABAB(1b) and GABAB(2) subunits at gestational day 18 contrasted with the failure to detect any protein before postnatal day 7, suggesting that the regulation of GABAB subunit isoforms occurs differentially at both the transcriptional and translational level as development progresses. The disparity in the regulation of the receptor subunits may suggest that GABAB(1) could have other functions besides being part of the GABAB receptor heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Gadhvi Purisai
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics and Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499, USA
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González-Hernández T, Barroso-Chinea P, Rodríguez M. Response of the GABAergic and dopaminergic mesostriatal projections to the lesion of the contralateral dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway in the rat. Mov Disord 2004; 19:1029-1042. [PMID: 15372592 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dopamine is the main neurotransmitter in the mesostriatal system, recent studies indicate the existence of two nigrostriatal GABAergic projections: one arising from neurons immunoreactive for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67), and parvalbumin (PV) lying in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (nigrostriatal GABA cells) and the other arising from a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons lying in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area, which under normal conditions, contains mRNA for GAD65 (one of the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase), but which is not immunoreactive for GABA and GAD65 (nigrostriatal dopaminergic [DA]/GABA cells). With the aim of improving our knowledge about the interaction between the nigrostriatal system of both brain hemispheres, we have studied the response of these three components of the mesostriatal system (GABA, DA/GABA, and DA) to the lesion of the contralateral mesostriatal DA pathway, by using morphological and neurophysiological techniques. Our findings show that, in the side contralateral to the lesion, (1) the number of nigrostriatal GABA cells increases from 6% to 17% with respect to the total number of nigrostriatal cells, (2) the soma of DA/GABA cells becomes immunoreactive for GABA and GAD65, and (3) there is an increase in the firing rate and burst activity of DA-neurons, except in those projecting to the striatum, which may be under the action of the GABA hyperactivity. Taken together, our results suggest that the GABAergic components of the mesostriatal projection play a regulatory role on the DA component, activated or upregulated after contralateral DA lesion and are probably addressed to restoring the functional symmetry in basal ganglia and to slowing down the contralateral progression of DA-cell degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Satoh K, Kase Y, Yuzurihara M, Mizoguchi K, Kurauchi K, Ishige A. Effect of Dai-kenchu-to (Da-Jian-Zhong-Tang) on the delayed intestinal propulsion induced by chlorpromazine in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 86:37-44. [PMID: 12686439 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Dai-kenchu-to on chlorpromazine-induced hypoperistalsis in mice. Oral administration of Dai-kenchu-to (30-300 mg/kg) dose-dependently improved small intestinal and distal colonic propulsion decreased by chlorpromazine (3 mg/kg, p.o.). Although the improvement of small intestinal propulsion due to Dai-kenchu-to was partially inhibited by atropine (1 mg/kg, s.c.), this action was completely inhibited by the concomitant administration of lorglumide (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a CCKA receptor antagonist. The distal colonic propulsion-improving effect of Dai-kenchu-to was abolished by atropine (1 mg/kg, s.c.). When the effects of the respective components of Dai-kenchu-to were evaluated, oral administration of Zanthoxylum Fruit improved both delayed small intestinal and distal colonic propulsion caused by chlorpromazine. On the other hand, Malt Sugar was effective against only delayed small intestinal propulsion. The action of Zanthoxylum Fruit was completely inhibited by atropine (1 mg/kg, s.c.), and the effect of Malt Sugar was inhibited by lorglumide (10 mg/kg, i.p.). These results demonstrated that Dai-kenchu-to improves chlorpromazine-induced hypoperistalsis via cholinergic systems and that Zanthoxylum Fruit is the main contributor to this action of Dai-kenchu-to. In addition, endogenous CCK due to Malt Sugar may also contribute to this effect of Dai-kenchu-to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Satoh
- Kampo & Pharmacognosy Laboratory, R&D Division, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan
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Seto D, Zheng WH, McNicoll A, Collier B, Quirion R, Kar S. Insulin-like growth factor-I inhibits endogenous acetylcholine release from the rat hippocampal formation: possible involvement of GABA in mediating the effects. Neuroscience 2003; 115:603-12. [PMID: 12421625 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plays an important role during brain development and in the maintenance of normal as well as activity-dependent functioning of the adult brain. Apart from its trophic effects, IGF-I has also been implicated in the regulation of brain neurotransmitter release thus indicating a neuromodulatory role for this growth factor in the central nervous system. Using in vitro slice preparations, we have earlier reported that IGF-I potently inhibits K(+)-evoked endogenous acetylcholine (ACh) release from the adult rat hippocampus and cortex but not from the striatum. The effects of IGF-I on hippocampal ACh release was sensitive to the Na(+) channel blocker tetrodotoxin, suggesting that IGF-I might act indirectly via the release of other transmitters/modulators. In the present study, we have characterized the possible involvement of GABA in IGF-I-mediated inhibition of ACh release and measured the effects of this growth factor on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and high-affinity choline uptake in the hippocampus of the adult rat brain. Prototypical agonists of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors (i.e. 10 microM muscimol and 10 microM baclofen) inhibited, whereas the antagonists of the respective receptors (i.e. 10 microM bicuculline and 10 microM phaclofen) potentiated K(+)-evoked ACh release from rat hippocampal slices. IGF-I (10 nM) inhibited K(+)- as well as veratridine-evoked ACh release from rat hippocampal slices and the effect is possibly mediated via the activation of a typical IGF-I receptor and the subsequent phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). The inhibitory effects of IGF-I on hippocampal ACh release were not additive to those of either muscimol or baclofen, but were attenuated by GABA antagonists, bicuculline and phaclofen. Additionally, in contrast to ACh release, IGF-I did not alter either the activity of the enzyme ChAT or the uptake of choline in the hippocampus. These results, taken together, indicate that IGF-I, under acute conditions, can decrease hippocampal ACh release by acting on the typical IGF-I/IRS receptor complex while having no direct effect on ChAT activity or the uptake of choline. Furthermore, the evidence that effects of IGF-I could be modulated, at least in part, by GABA antagonists suggest that the release of GABA and the activation of its receptors may possibly be involved in mediating the inhibitory effects of IGF-I on hippocampal ACh release.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seto
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, 6875 La Salle Boulevard, Verdun, QC, Canada H4H 1R3
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Ikarashi Y, Yuzurihara M. Potentiation by saiboku-to of diazepam-induced decreases in hippocampal and striatal acetylcholine release in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2002; 9:700-708. [PMID: 12587689 DOI: 10.1078/094471102321621296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effects of saiboku-to, a traditional oriental herbal medicine, on diazepam-induced changes in cerebral acetylcholine (ACh) were investigated in rat striatum and hippocampus. Diazepam (10 mg/kg, i.p.) increased tissue concentrations of the ACh in both regions. The increase was enhanced in rats subacutely treated with saiboku-to (2.0 g/kg, p.o., once a day) for 7 days. Diazepam also decreased release levels of ACh in both regions. The release levels were further decreased in saiboku-to-treated rats. On the other hand, no significant changes in ACh synthesizing and the hydrolyzing enzyme activities in either brain region were observed in saiboku-to-, diazepam- and combination-treated rats. These results suggest that not only is the diazepam-induced increase in tissue ACh due to the inhibition of ACh release but also that saiboku-to potentiates diazepam-induced inhibition of ACh release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ikarashi
- Kampo & Pharmacognosy Laboratories, Tsumura, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Ng TK, Yung KK. Differential expression of GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 receptor immunoreactivity in neurochemically identified neurons of the rat neostriatum. J Comp Neurol 2001; 433:458-70. [PMID: 11304711 DOI: 10.1002/cne.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the neostriatum. Functions of GABA are known to mediate GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors. A functional GABA(B) receptor is known to compose of heteromeric subunits, namely the GABA(B)R1 and GABA(B)R2 subunits. Our previous report (Yung et al. [1999] Brain Res. 830:345-352) has demonstrated that all major subpopulations of striatal neurons express GABA(B)R1 immunoreactivity. The cellular localization of the second subunit of GABA(B) receptor protein, i.e., GABA(B)R2 immunoreactivity, in the rat neostriatum is not yet known. By using a new commercially available specific antibody against GABA(B)R2, immunofluorescence was performed to investigate the cellular expression of GABA(B)R2 in neurochemically identified subpopulations of neurons in the rat neostriatum. Immunoreactivity for GABA(B)R2 was primarily found in the neuropil of the rat neostriatum. Double labeling revealed that those perikarya that expressed immunoreactivity for parvalbumin, choline acetyltransferase, nitric oxide synthase, glutamate receptor two, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor one, or GABA(A)alpha1 receptor, respectively, did not express GABA(B)R2 immunoreactivity. In addition, perikarya and most of the neuropilar elements in the neostriatum that expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 immunoreactivity were found to be GABA(B)R2-negative. In contrast, immunoreactivity for GABA(B)R1 was found to be expressed by all of the above neuronal subpopulations. Moreover, a vast number of SV2-immunoreactive profiles and a number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive profiles in the neuropil of the neostriatum were found to display GABA(B)R2 immunoreactivity. The present results indicate that there is a differential expression of GABA(B)R2 and GABA(B)R1 immunoreactivity in different subpopulations of striatal neurons that are identified by their specific neurochemical markers. Immunoreactivity for GABA(B)R2 is likely to localize in neuropilar elements of the neostriatum that may belong to non-GABAergic elements. These findings provide anatomical evidence of GABA(B)R2 receptor localization in the neostriatum that may have an important functional implication of the GABA(B)-mediated functions in neurons of the neostriatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Ng
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Gonzalez-Hernandez T, Barroso-Chinea P, Acevedo A, Salido E, Rodriguez M. Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and GAD65 mRNA in mesostriatal neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rodríguez-Pallares J, Labandeira-García JL, Muñoz A, Caruncho HJ. Morphology and neurochemistry of two striatal neuronal subtypes expressing the GABA(A) receptor alpha3-subunit in the rat. Brain Res 2000; 876:124-30. [PMID: 10973600 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The morphological characteristics, distribution and neurochemical phenotype of striatal neuronal subtypes expressing the GABA(A) receptor alpha3-subunit were investigated using immunocytochemical and immunofluorescent techniques with an antibody specific for this subunit. alpha3-immunopositive neurons were infrequent in the rat striatum, but two morphologically different subtypes were observed: Cholinergic neurons, and a second cellular type that may correspond to neurogliaform neurons, although it may also be a novel subtype of striatal interneuron. To identify the second cellular subtype, co-localization of the GABA(A) receptor alpha3-subunit with markers of different classes of striatal interneurons was studied using specific antibodies. It was found that there was a lack of co-localization between all interneuronal markers used in this study and the alpha3-subunit. Although the alpha3-subunit immunopositive neurons represent a small percentage of the total of striatal neuronal populations, they may play an important role in the regulation of the microcircuitry of the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez-Pallares
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
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Smith Y, Charara A, Hanson JE, Paquet M, Levey AI. GABA(B) and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the striatopallidal complex in primates. J Anat 2000; 196 ( Pt 4):555-76. [PMID: 10923987 PMCID: PMC1468097 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19640555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and GABA neurotransmission is mediated through various types of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. In this review, we summarise some of our recent findings on the subcellular and subsynaptic localisation of GABA(B) and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the striatopallidal complex of monkeys. Polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognise GABA(B)R1, mGluR1a and mGluR5 receptor subtypes were used for immunoperoxidase and pre-embedding immunogold techniques at the light and electron microscope levels. Both subtypes of group I mGluRs were expressed postsynaptically in striatal projection neurons and interneurons where they aggregate perisynaptically at asymmetric glutamatergic synapses and symmetric dopaminergic synaptic junctions. Moreover, they are also strongly expressed in the main body of symmetric synapses established by putative intrastriatal GABAergic terminals. In the globus pallidus, both receptor subtypes are found postsynaptically in the core of striatopallidal GABAergic synapses and perisynaptically at subthalamopallidal glutamatergic synapses. Finally, extrasynaptic labelling was commonly seen in the globus pallidus and the striatum. Moderate to intense GABA(B)R1 immunoreactivity was observed in the striatopallidal complex. At the electron microscope level, GABA(B)R1 immunostaining was commonly found in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. Many striatal dendritic spines also displayed GABA(B)R1 immunoreactivity. Moreover, GABA(B)R1-immunoreactive axons and axon terminals were frequently encountered. In the striatum, GABA(B)R1-immunoreactive boutons resembled terminals of cortical origin, while in the globus pallidus, subthalamic-like terminals were labelled. Pre-embedding immunogold data showed that postsynaptic GABA(B)R1 receptors are concentrated at extrasynaptic sites on dendrites, spines and somata in the striatopallidal complex, perisynaptically at asymmetric synapses and in the main body of symmetric striatopallidal synapses in the GPe and GPi. Consistent with the immunoperoxidase data, immunoparticles were found in the presynaptic grid of asymmetric synapses established by cortical- and subthalamic-like glutamatergic terminals. These findings indicate that both GABA and glutamate metabotropic receptors are located to subserve various modulatory functions of the synaptic transmission in the primate striatopallidal complex. Furthermore, their pattern of localisation raises issues about their roles and mechanisms of activation in normal and pathological conditions. Because of their 'modulatory' functions, these receptors are ideal targets for chronic drug therapies in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Smith
- Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA.
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Billinton A, Ige AO, Wise A, White JH, Disney GH, Marshall FH, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RL, Emson PC. GABA(B) receptor heterodimer-component localisation in human brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 77:111-24. [PMID: 10814837 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recombinant cell lines, functional GABA(B) receptors are only formed by the heterodimerisation between two related G-protein coupled receptor proteins GABA(B)R1 (GBR1) and GABA(B)R2 (GBR2), whilst the individual GBR1 or GBR2 do not produce fully functional receptors. To determine whether the heterodimerisation occurs in vivo, novel polyclonal antibodies targeting the C termini of GBR1 and GBR2, were raised in different species, characterised, and used to determine the relative localisation of the reported heterodimer components in human brain tissue, using immunohistochemistry. The use of different species for the raising of the antisera allowed double immunofluorescent labelling of the receptors as an indication of GBR1/GBR2 receptor co-localisation in human brain. The presence of both proteins is reported in cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia. Regions of the brainstem including pons and medulla, also express GBR1 and GBR2 protein. The double immunofluorescence demonstrated that GBR1 and GBR2 are co-localised in the human cerebellar cortex. Together these results suggest the widespread distribution of GABA(B) receptors in human brain, and that GABA(B) receptors GBR1 and GBR2 can exist in the same cell, and therefore may function as a heterodimer in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Billinton
- Department of Neurobiology, Babraham Institute, Babraham, UK.
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Ikarashi Y, Yuzurihara M, Takahashi A, Ishimaru H, Maruyama Y. Neurochemical determination of the location of NMDA and GABA receptors on rat striatal cholinergic neurons. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH PROTOCOLS 1999; 4:378-82. [PMID: 10592348 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(99)00044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the protocol for neurochemical determination of the location of various receptors on cholinergic neurons in various brain regions. We applied this protocol to investigate whether NMDA and GABA receptors are located on rat striatal cholinergic neurons. When striatal cholinergic neurons were selectively destroyed by intrastriatal injection of cholinergic neurotoxin, ethylcholine mustard aziridinium ion (AF64A), the number of NMDA and GABA(A) receptors decreased. However, no significant changes were observed on the number of GABA(B) receptors. These results suggest that NMDA and GABA(A), but not GABA(B) receptors are located on cholinergic neurons in the striatum. These results also indicate the usefulness and scientific applicability of the present protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ikarashi
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology (Tsumura), Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Japan.
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Barbelivien A, Noël C, MacKenzie ET, Dauphin F. Cerebrovascular evidence for a GABAergic modulation of the cholinergic vasodilatatory basalocortical system in the rat. Brain Res 1999; 834:223-7. [PMID: 10407121 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present work is aimed to study the functional relevance of GABAergic-cholinergic interactions on the modulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) exerted by the basalocortical system. Injections of GABA into the substantia innominata (SI) induce increases in blood flow in several cortical areas and inhibit partly the increases in cortical blood flow induced by cholinergic activation of this structure. Blockade of local GABAergic receptors by picrotoxin induced almost similar effects. These findings suggest that local GABAergic neurones of the SI exert a complex cortical cerebrovascular modulation at a resting and an activated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barbelivien
- University of Caen, UMR 6551 CNRS, Cyceron, Bd Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074, Caen, Cedex, France
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