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Statz M, Schleuter F, Weber H, Kober M, Plocksties F, Timmermann D, Storch A, Fauser M. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation does not alter growth factor expression in a rat model of stable dopaminergic deficiency. Neurosci Lett 2023; 814:137459. [PMID: 37625613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been a highly effective treatment option for mid-to-late-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) for decades. Besides direct effects on brain networks, neuroprotective effects of STN-DBS - potentially via alterations of growth factor expression levels - have been proposed as additional mechanisms of action. OBJECTIVE In the context of clarifying DBS mechanisms, we analyzed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the basal ganglia, motor and parietal cortices, and dentate gyrus in an animal model of stable, severe dopaminergic deficiency. METHODS We applied one week of continuous unilateral STN-DBS in a group of stable 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) hemiparkinsonian rats (6-OHDASTIM) in comparison to a 6-OHDA control group (6-OHDASHAM) as well as healthy controls (CTRLSTIM and CTRLSHAM). BDNF and GDNF levels were determined via ELISAs. RESULTS The 6-OHDA lesion did not result in a persistent alteration in either BDNF or GDNF levels in a model of severe dopaminergic deficiency after completion of the dopaminergic degeneration. STN-DBS modestly increased BDNF levels in the entopeduncular nucleus, but even impaired BDNF and GDNF expression in cortical areas. CONCLUSIONS STN-DBS does not increase growth factor expression when applied to a model of completed, severe dopaminergic deficiency in contrast to other studies in models of modest and ongoing dopaminergic degeneration. In healthy controls, STN-DBS does not influence BDNF or GDNF expression. We consider these findings relevant for clinical purposes since DBS in PD is usually applied late in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Statz
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frederike Schleuter
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hanna Weber
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Kober
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Franz Plocksties
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 26, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Timmermann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 26, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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Protective mechanisms by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor against the α-synuclein accumulation in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:245-257. [PMID: 36794783 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies constitute a disease family named after alpha-synuclein protein, which is a significant component of the intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies. Accompanying the progressive neurodegeneration, Lewy bodies and neurites are the main histopathologies of synucleinopathies. The complicated role of alpha-synuclein in the disease pathology makes it an attractive therapeutic target for disease-modifying treatments. GDNF is one of the most potent neurotrophic factors for dopamine neurons, whereas CDNF is protective and neurorestorative with entirely different mechanisms of action. Both have been in the clinical trials for the most common synucleinopathy, Parkinson's disease. With the AAV-GDNF clinical trials ongoing and the CDNF trial being finalized, their effects on abnormal alpha-synuclein accumulation are of great interest. Previous animal studies with an alpha-synuclein overexpression model have shown that GDNF was ineffective against alpha-synuclein accumulation. However, a recent study with cell culture and animal models of alpha-synuclein fibril inoculation has demonstrated the opposite by revealing that the GDNF/RET signaling cascade is required for the protective effect of GDNF on alpha-synuclein aggregation. CDNF, an ER resident protein, was shown to bind alpha-synuclein directly. CDNF reduced the uptake of alpha-synuclein fibrils by the neurons and alleviated the behavioral deficits induced by fibrils injected into the mouse brain. Thus, GDNF and CDNF can modulate different symptoms and pathologies of Parkinson's disease, and perhaps, similarly for other synucleinopathies. Their unique mechanisms for preventing alpha-synuclein-related pathology should be studied more carefully to develop disease-modifying therapies.
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Kang SS, Wu Z, Liu X, Edgington-Mitchell L, Ye K. Treating Parkinson's Disease via Activation of BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathways and Inhibition of Delta-Secretase. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1283-1297. [PMID: 35595958 PMCID: PMC9587159 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with motor disorders as the key clinical features. BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic signalings are progressively reduced, whereas δ-secretase, a protease that cleaves α-synuclein (α-Syn) at N103 and promotes its aggregation and neurotoxicity, is gradually escalated in PD patient brains, associated with dopaminergic neuronal loss in the Substantia Nigra. Here, we show that stimulation of deficient BDNF/TrkB signalings with its small molecular agonist CF3CN displays the promising therapeutic effect, and blockade of δ-secretase with an optimal specific inhibitor #11A exhibits marked therapeutic effect, and combination of both demonstrates additive restorative efficacy in MPTP-induced human SNCA transgenic PD mice. Upon oral administration, CF3CN robustly activates TrkB-mediated neurotrophic pathway in the brains of SNCA mice and decreases α-Syn N103 cleavage by δ-secretase, and #11A strongly blocks δ-secretase and reduces α-Syn N103 fragmentation, increasing TH-positive dopaminergic neurons. The mixture of CF3CN and #11A shows the maximal TH and dopamine levels with demonstrable BDNF as compared to negligible BDNF in vehicle-treated MPTP/SNCA mice, leading to the climaxed motor functions. Notably, both compounds possess the appropriate in vivo PK profiles. Hence, our findings support that CF3CN and #11A are promising therapeutic pharmaceutical agents for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhourui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Laura Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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Clarke E, Stocki P, Sinclair EH, Gauhar A, Fletcher EJR, Krawczun-Rygmaczewska A, Duty S, Walsh FS, Doherty P, Rutkowski JL. A Single Domain Shark Antibody Targeting the Transferrin Receptor 1 Delivers a TrkB Agonist Antibody to the Brain and Provides Full Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071335. [PMID: 35890231 PMCID: PMC9318160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain shark antibodies that bind to the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) on brain endothelial cells have been used to shuttle antibodies and other cargos across the blood brain barrier (BBB) to the brain. For these studies the TXB4 brain shuttle was fused to a TrkB neurotrophin receptor agonist antibody. The TXB4-TrkB fusion retained potent agonist activity at its cognate receptor and after systemic administration showed a 12-fold increase in brain levels over the unmodified antibody. Only the TXB4-TrkB antibody fusion was detected within the brain and localized to TrkB positive cells in the cortex and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), where it was associated with activated ERK1/2 signaling. When tested in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), TXB4-TrkB, but not the unmodified antibody, completely prevented the 6-OHDA induced death of TH positive neurons in the SNc. In conclusion, the fusion of the TXB4 brain shuttle allows a TrkB agonist antibody to reach neuroprotective concentrations in the brain parenchyma following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clarke
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Pawel Stocki
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Elizabeth H. Sinclair
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Aziz Gauhar
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Edward J. R. Fletcher
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Alicja Krawczun-Rygmaczewska
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Susan Duty
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Frank S. Walsh
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Patrick Doherty
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Julia Lynn Rutkowski
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(610)-291-1724
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Regulation of BDNF transcription by Nrf2 and MeCP2 ameliorates MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:267. [PMID: 35595779 PMCID: PMC9122988 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests the key role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Activation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and inhibition of methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) can regulate BDNF upregulation. However, the regulation of BDNF by Nrf2 and MeCP2 in the PD pathogenesis has not been reported. Here, we revealed that Nrf2/MeCP2 coordinately regulated BDNF transcription, reversing the decreased levels of BDNF expression in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated SH-SY5Y cells and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice. Repeated administration of sulforaphane (SFN, an Nrf2 activator) attenuated dopaminergic neurotoxicity in MPTP-treated mice through activation of BDNF and suppression of MeCP2 expression. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of MeCP2-HDO, a DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide (HDO) silencing MeCP2 expression, ameliorated dopaminergic neurotoxicity in MPTP-treated mice via activation of Nrf2 and BDNF expression. Moreover, we found decreased levels of Nrf2 and BDNF, and increased levels of MeCP2 protein expression in the striatum of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Interesting, there were correlations between BDNF and Nrf2 (or MeCP2) expression in the striatum from DLB patients. Therefore, it is likely that the activation of BDNF transcription by activation of Nrf2 and/or suppression of MeCP2 could be a new therapeutic approach for PD.
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Akbari M, Gholipour M, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Eslami S, Sayad A, Ghafouri-Fard S. Expression of BDNF-Associated lncRNAs in Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:901-909. [PMID: 35305235 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decreased level of neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been supposed to participate in the pathoetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying mechanisms of its dysregulation and the functional network between this factor and other transcripts have not been elucidated. In the current study, we measured expressions of BDNF, and four related long non-coding RNAs, namely BDNF-AS, MIR137HG, MIAT and PNKY in blood of PD patients and normal controls to find their expression levels in these patients and propose a possible mechanism for dysregulation of BDNF in PD patients. Notably, we detected down-regulation of all transcripts in the circulation of PD patients compared with controls. There was no significant difference in expression of either gene between male and female PD patients or patients receiving L-Dopa versus those receiving other drugs. Expression of none of genes was correlated with age, disease duration, disease stage, MMSE or UPDRS. Dynamic principal component analysis showed that expression levels of these genes almost clearly separated samples collected from healthy controls and PD patients into their respective groups. This suggests that the observed lncRNAs differences are associated with the pathophysiology of PD, and these lncRNAs might constitute an important biomarker signature for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadarian Akbari
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholipour
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solat Eslami
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Stefani A, Pierantozzi M, Cardarelli S, Stefani L, Cerroni R, Conti M, Garasto E, Mercuri NB, Marini C, Sucapane P. Neurotrophins as Therapeutic Agents for Parkinson’s Disease; New Chances From Focused Ultrasound? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:846681. [PMID: 35401084 PMCID: PMC8990810 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.846681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance–guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) represents an effective micro-lesioning approach to target pharmaco-resistant tremor, mostly in patients afflicted by essential tremor (ET) and/or Parkinson’s disease (PD). So far, experimental protocols are verifying the clinical extension to other facets of the movement disorder galaxy (i.e., internal pallidus for disabling dyskinesias). Aside from those neurosurgical options, one of the most intriguing opportunities of this technique relies on its capability to remedy the impermeability of blood–brain barrier (BBB). Temporary BBB opening through low-intensity focused ultrasound turned out to be safe and feasible in patients with PD, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As a mere consequence of the procedures, some groups described even reversible but significant mild cognitive amelioration, up to hippocampal neurogenesis partially associated to the increased of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A further development elevates MRgFUS to the status of therapeutic tool for drug delivery of putative neurorestorative therapies. Since 2012, FUS-assisted intravenous administration of BDNF or neurturin allowed hippocampal or striatal delivery. Experimental studies emphasized synergistic modalities. In a rodent model for Huntington’s disease, engineered liposomes can carry glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plasmid DNA (GDNFp) to form a GDNFp-liposome (GDNFp-LPs) complex through pulsed FUS exposures with microbubbles; in a subacute MPTP-PD model, the combination of intravenous administration of neurotrophic factors (either through protein or gene delivery) plus FUS did curb nigrostriatal degeneration. Here, we explore these arguments, focusing on the current, translational application of neurotrophins in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stefani
- Department of System Medicine, Parkinson Center, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Stefani,
| | | | - Silvia Cardarelli
- Department of System Medicine, Parkinson Center, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Stefani
- Department of System Medicine, Parkinson Center, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Cerroni
- Department of System Medicine, Parkinson Center, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Conti
- Department of System Medicine, UOC Neurology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Garasto
- Department of System Medicine, UOC Neurology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B. Mercuri
- Department of System Medicine, UOC Neurology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Marini
- UOC Neurology and Stroke Unit, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Lin MS, Chen SM, Hua KF, Chen WJ, Hsieh CC, Lin CC. Freshwater Clam Extract Mitigates Neuroinflammation and Amplifies Neurotrophic Activity of Glia: Insights from In Vitro Model of Neurodegenerative Pathomechanism. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030553. [PMID: 35160004 PMCID: PMC8836940 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. An extensive body of research suggests that brain inflammation and oxidative stress are the underlying causes of Parkinson’s disease (PD), for which no potent therapeutic approach exists to mitigate the degradation of dopamine neurons. Freshwater clams, an ancient health food of Chinese origin, have been documented to exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. We previously reported that freshwater clam extract (FCE) can attenuate astrocytic activation and subsequent proinflammatory cytokine production from substantia nigra in an MPTP-induced PD mouse model. This article provides insight into the potential mechanisms through which FCE regulates neuroinflammation in a glia model of injury. Materials and methods. In total, 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 200 μM rotenone were conducted in primary glial cell cultures to mimic the respective neuroinflammation and oxidative stress during injury-induced glial cell reactivation, which is relevant to the pathological process of PD. Results. FCE markedly reduced LPS-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing NO and TNF-α production and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, FCE was effective at reducing rotenone-induced toxicity by diminishing ROS production, promoting antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, and GPx) and minimizing the decline in glial-cell-secreted neurotrophic factors (GDNF, BDNF). These impacts ultimately led to a decrease in glial apoptosis. Conclusions. Evidence reveals that FCE is capable of stabilizing reactive glia, as demonstrated by reduced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, the increased release of neurotrophic factors and the inhibition of apoptosis, which provides therapeutic insight into neurodegenerative diseases, including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh-Shi Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung 43303, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (K.-F.H.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
- Department of Health Business Administration, College of Medical and Health Care, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (K.-F.H.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Wei-Jung Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (K.-F.H.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Cho-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (K.-F.H.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Chai-Ching Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, College of Bioresources, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (K.-F.H.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-9310592; Fax: +886-3-9280609
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Chiareli RA, Carvalho GA, Marques BL, Mota LS, Oliveira-Lima OC, Gomes RM, Birbrair A, Gomez RS, Simão F, Klempin F, Leist M, Pinto MCX. The Role of Astrocytes in the Neurorepair Process. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665795. [PMID: 34113618 PMCID: PMC8186445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly specialized glial cells responsible for trophic and metabolic support of neurons. They are associated to ionic homeostasis, the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, the modulation of synaptic activity by capturing and recycle of neurotransmitters and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. During injuries and infections, astrocytes act in cerebral defense through heterogeneous and progressive changes in their gene expression, morphology, proliferative capacity, and function, which is known as reactive astrocytes. Thus, reactive astrocytes release several signaling molecules that modulates and contributes to the defense against injuries and infection in the central nervous system. Therefore, deciphering the complex signaling pathways of reactive astrocytes after brain damage can contribute to the neuroinflammation control and reveal new molecular targets to stimulate neurorepair process. In this review, we present the current knowledge about the role of astrocytes in brain damage and repair, highlighting the cellular and molecular bases involved in synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. In addition, we present new approaches to modulate the astrocytic activity and potentiates the neurorepair process after brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lennia Soares Mota
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexander Birbrair
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Santiago Gomez
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Simão
- Research Division, Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Park H, Chang KA. Therapeutic Potential of Repeated Intravenous Transplantation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Subchronic MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218129. [PMID: 33143234 PMCID: PMC7663651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, which is clinically and pathologically characterized by motor dysfunction and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, respectively. PD treatment with stem cells has long been studied by researchers; however, no adequate treatment strategy has been established. The results of studies so far have suggested that stem cell transplantation can be an effective treatment for PD. However, PD is a progressively deteriorating neurodegenerative disease that requires long-term treatment, and this has been insufficiently studied. Thus, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) for repeated vein transplantation over long-term in an animal model of PD. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model mice, hASCs were administered on the tail vein six times at two-week intervals. After the last injection of hASCs, motor function significantly improved. The number of dopaminergic neurons present in the nigrostriatal pathway was recovered using hASC transplantation. Moreover, the administration of hASC restored altered dopamine transporter expression and increased neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), in the striatum. Overall, this study suggests that repeated intravenous transplantation of hASC may exert therapeutic effects on PD by restoring BDNF and GDNF expressions, protecting dopaminergic neurons, and maintaining the nigrostriatal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-899-6411
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Metformin regulates astrocyte reactivity in Parkinson's disease and normal aging. Neuropharmacology 2020; 175:108173. [PMID: 32497590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor symptoms. Despite the remarkable improvements in the management of PD in recent decades, many patients remain significantly disabled. Metformin is a primary medication for the management of type 2 diabetes. We previously showed that co-treatment with metformin and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine (l-DOPA) prevented the development of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned animal model of PD. However, effects of metformin on PD- and aging-induced genes in reactive astrocytes remain unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of metformin on motor function, neuroprotection, and reactive astrocytes in the 6-OHDA-induced PD animal model. In addition, the effects of metformin on the genes expressed by specific types of astrocytes were analyzed in PD model and aged mice. Here, we showed that metformin treatment effectively improves the motor symptoms in the 6-OHDA-induced PD mouse model, whereas metformin had no effect on tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons. The activation of AMPK and BDNF signaling pathways was induced by metformin treatment on the 6-OHDA-lesioned side of the striatum. Metformin treatment caused astrocytes to alter reactive genes in a PD animal model. Moreover, aging-induced genes in reactive astrocytes were effectively regulated or suppressed by metformin treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that metformin should be evaluated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and related neurologic disorders characterized by astrocyte activation.
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12
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Palasz E, Wysocka A, Gasiorowska A, Chalimoniuk M, Niewiadomski W, Niewiadomska G. BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031170. [PMID: 32050617 PMCID: PMC7037114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. In animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD), BDNF enhances the survival of dopaminergic neurons, improves dopaminergic neurotransmission and motor performance. Pharmacological therapies of PD are symptom-targeting, and their effectiveness decreases with the progression of the disease; therefore, new therapeutical approaches are needed. Since, in both PD patients and animal PD models, decreased level of BDNF was found in the nigrostriatal pathway, it has been hypothesized that BDNF may serve as a therapeutic agent. Direct delivery of exogenous BDNF into the patient’s brain did not relieve the symptoms of disease, nor did attempts to enhance BDNF expression with gene therapy. Physical training was neuroprotective in animal models of PD. This effect is mediated, at least partly, by BDNF. Animal studies revealed that physical activity increases BDNF and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression, leading to inhibition of neurodegeneration through induction of transcription factors and expression of genes related to neuronal proliferation, survival, and inflammatory response. This review focuses on the evidence that increasing BDNF level due to gene modulation or physical exercise has a neuroprotective effect and could be considered as adjunctive therapy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Palasz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Wysocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Faculty in Biala Podlaska, Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 21-500 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wiktor Niewiadomski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Niewiadomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-225892409
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13
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Production and Application of Multicistronic Constructs for Various Human Disease Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110580. [PMID: 31698727 PMCID: PMC6920891 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multicistronic vectors has opened up new opportunities to address the fundamental issues of molecular and cellular biology related to the need for the simultaneous delivery and joint expression of several genes. To date, the examples of the successful use of multicistronic vectors have been described for the development of new methods of treatment of various human diseases, including cardiovascular, oncological, metabolic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disorders. The safety and effectiveness of the joint delivery of therapeutic genes in multicistronic vectors based on the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and self-cleaving 2A peptides have been shown in both in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as in clinical trials. Co-expression of several genes in one vector has also been used to create animal models of various inherited diseases which are caused by mutations in several genes. Multicistronic vectors provide expression of all mutant genes, which allows the most complete mimicking disease pathogenesis. This review comprehensively discusses multicistronic vectors based on IRES nucleotide sequence and self-cleaving 2A peptides, including its features and possible application for the treatment and modeling of various human diseases.
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14
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Zhao Y, Luo D, Ning Z, Rong J, Lao L. Electro-Acupuncture Ameliorated MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism in Mice via TrkB Neurotrophic Signaling. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:496. [PMID: 31156376 PMCID: PMC6528026 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have shown promise as neuroprotective agents, indicating their potential in therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disease. However, the inherent bioactivity and pharmaceutical limitations of BDNF compromise its clinical efficacy. Research has documented the beneficial effects of electroacupuncture (EA) against neurodegeneration, possibly by BDNF-mediated mechanisms. The present study was designed to clarify whether EA can mount a neuroprotective effect in mice lesioned with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) via stimulation of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. We found that EA not only ameliorated the motor dysfunction but also restored the dopaminergic neuronal function and upregulated BDNF expression in MPTP-lesioned mice. Interestingly, the TrkB inhibitor K252a abolished the neuroprotective effects of EA. Western blot analyses further demonstrated that EA might recover the level of phospho-Akt, phospho-ERK1/2, and BDNF against MPTP neurotoxicity via reversing the imbalance between TrkB FL and TrkB T1. Taken together, the results of the present study show that EA stimulation can ameliorate MPTP-induced parkinsonism in mice. Such a neuroprotective effect may be partially mediated via restoring TrkB neurotrophic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Dan Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Zhipeng Ning
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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15
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Wang R, Holsinger RMD. Exercise-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression: Therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 48:109-121. [PMID: 30326283 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that moderate intensity aerobic exercise is positively correlated with cognitive function and memory. However, the exact mechanisms underlying such improvements remain unclear. Recent research in animal models allows proposition of a pathway in which brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key mediator. This perspective draws upon evidence from animal and human studies to highlight such a mechanism whereby exercise drives synthesis and accumulation of neuroactive metabolites such as myokines and ketone bodies in the periphery and in the hippocampus to enhance BDNF expression. BDNF is a neurotrophin with well-established properties of promoting neuronal survival and synaptic integrity, while its influence on energy transduction may provide the crucial link between inherent vascular and metabolic benefits of exercise with enhanced brain function. Indeed, BDNF mRNA and protein is robustly elevated in rats following periods of voluntary exercise. This was also correlated with improved spatial memory, while such benefits were abolished upon inhibition of BDNF signaling. Similarly, both BDNF and cardiovascular fitness arising from aerobic exercise have been positively associated with hippocampal volume and function in humans. We postulate that exercise will attenuate cortical atrophy and synaptic loss inherent to neurodegenerative disorders - many of which also exhibit aberrant down-regulation of BDNF. Thus, the proposed link between BDNF, exercise and cognition may have critical therapeutic implications for the prevention and amelioration of memory loss and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease and associated dementias.
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16
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Komnig D, Dagli TC, Habib P, Zeyen T, Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH. Fingolimod (FTY720) is not protective in the subacute MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease and does not lead to a sustainable increase of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Neurochem 2018; 147:678-691. [PMID: 30152864 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and aggregates of α-synuclein termed Lewy bodies. Fingolimod (FTY720) is an agonist of sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors and an approved oral treatment for multiple sclerosis. Fingolimod elevates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an important neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons. BDNF and fingolimod are beneficial in several animal models of PD. In order to validate the therapeutic potential of fingolimod for the treatment of PD, we tested its effect in the subacute MPTP mouse model of PD. MPTP or vehicle was applied i.p. in doses of 30 mg/kg MPTP on five consecutive days. In order to recapitulate the combination of dopamine loss and α-synuclein aggregates found in PD, MPTP was first administered in Thy1-A30P-α-synuclein transgenic mice. Fingolimod was administered i.p. at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg every second day. Nigrostriatal degeneration was assayed by stereologically counting the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, by analysing the concentration of catecholamines and the density of dopaminergic fibres in the striatum. MPTP administration produced a robust nigrostriatal degeneration, comparable to previous studies. Unexpectedly, we found no difference between mice with and without fingolimod treatment, neither at baseline, nor at 14 or 90 days after MPTP. Also, we found no effect of fingolimod in the subacute MPTP mouse model when we used wildtype mice instead of α-synuclein transgenic mice, and no effect with an increased dose of 1 mg/kg fingolimod administered every day. In order to explain these findings, we analysed BDNF regulation by fingolimod. We did find an increase of BDNF protein after a single injection of fingolimod 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg, but not after multiple injections, indicating that the BDNF response to fingolimod is unsustainable over time. Taken together we did not observe a neuroprotective effect of fingolimod in the subacute MPTP mouse model of PD. We discuss possible explanations for this discrepancy with previous findings and conclude fingolimod might be beneficial for the nonmotor symptoms of PD. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* and *Open Data* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript and because it made the data publicly available. The data can be accessed at https://osf.io/6xgfn/. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Komnig
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Zeyen
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn H Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Wang ZH, Wu W, Kang SS, Liu X, Wu Z, Peng J, Yu SP, Manfredsson FP, Sandoval IM, Liu X, Wang JZ, Ye K. BDNF inhibits neurodegenerative disease-associated asparaginyl endopeptidase activity via phosphorylation by AKT. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99007. [PMID: 30135302 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AEP is an age-dependent lysosomal asparaginyl endopeptidase that cleaves numerous substrates including tau and α-synuclein and mediates their pathological roles in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the molecular mechanism regulating this critical protease remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that Akt phosphorylates AEP on residue T322 upon brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) treatment and triggers its lysosomal translocation and inactivation. When BDNF levels are reduced in neurodegenerative diseases, AEP T322 phosphorylation is attenuated. Consequently, AEP is activated and translocates into the cytoplasm, where it cleaves both tau and α-synuclein. Remarkably, the unphosphorylated T322A mutant increases tau or α-synuclein cleavage by AEP and augments cell death, whereas phosphorylation mimetic T322E mutant represses these effects. Interestingly, viral injection of T322E into Tau P301S mice antagonizes tau N368 cleavage and tau pathologies, rescuing synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits. By contrast, viral administration of T322A into young α-SNCA mice elicits α-synuclein N103 cleavage and promotes dopaminergic neuronal loss, facilitating motor defects. Therefore, our findings support the notion that BDNF contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by suppressing AEP via Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanqiang Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhiping Wu
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Departments of Structural Biology and Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Neurological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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18
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Hwang JY, Won JS, Nam H, Lee HW, Joo KM. Current advances in combining stem cell and gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. PRECISION AND FUTURE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.23838/pfm.2018.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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19
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Axelsen TM, Woldbye DP. Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease, An Update. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2018; 8:195-215. [PMID: 29710735 PMCID: PMC6027861 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The current mainstay treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of dopamine replacement therapy which, in addition to causing several side effects, does not delay disease progression. The field of gene therapy offers a potential means to improve current therapy. The present review gives an update of the present status of gene therapy for PD. Both non-disease and disease modifying transgenes have been tested for PD gene therapy in animal and human studies. Non-disease modifying treatments targeting dopamine or GABA synthesis have been successful and promising at improving PD symptomatology in randomized clinical studies, but substantial testing remains before these can be implemented in the standard clinical treatment repertoire. As for disease modifying targets that theoretically offer the possibility of slowing the progression of disease, several neurotrophic factors show encouraging results in preclinical models (e.g., neurturin, GDNF, BDNF, CDNF, VEGF-A). However, so far, clinical trials have only tested neurturin, and, unfortunately, no trial has been able to meet its primary endpoint. Future clinical trials with neurotrophic factors clearly deserve to be conducted, considering the still enticing goal of actually slowing the disease process of PD. As alternative types of gene therapy, opto- and chemogenetics might also find future use in PD treatment and novel genome-editing technology could also potentially be applied as individualized gene therapy for genetic types of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M. Axelsen
- Department of Neurology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - David P.D. Woldbye
- Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, Mærsk Tower, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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20
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TrkB neurotrophic activities are blocked by α-synuclein, triggering dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10773-10778. [PMID: 28923922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713969114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF/TrkB neurotrophic signaling is essential for dopaminergic neuronal survival, and the activities are reduced in the substantial nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether α-Syn (alpha-synuclein) aggregation, a hallmark in the remaining SN neurons in PD, accounts for the neurotrophic inhibition remains elusive. Here we show that α-Syn selectively interacts with TrkB receptors and inhibits BDNF/TrkB signaling, leading to dopaminergic neuronal death. α-Syn binds to the kinase domain on TrkB, which is negatively regulated by BDNF or Fyn tyrosine kinase. Interestingly, α-Syn represses TrkB lipid raft distribution, decreases its internalization, and reduces its axonal trafficking. Moreover, α-Syn also reduces TrkB protein levels via up-regulation of TrkB ubiquitination. Remarkably, dopamine's metabolite 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) stimulates the interaction between α-Syn and TrkB. Accordingly, MAO-B inhibitor rasagiline disrupts α-Syn/TrkB complex and rescues TrkB neurotrophic signaling, preventing α-Syn-induced dopaminergic neuronal death and restoring motor functions. Hence, our findings demonstrate a noble pathological role of α-Syn in antagonizing neurotrophic signaling, providing a molecular mechanism that accounts for its neurotoxicity in PD.
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21
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Yadav AP, Nicolelis MAL. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:820-832. [PMID: 28497877 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord stimulation has been used for the treatment of chronic pain for decades. In 2009, our laboratory proposed, based on studies in rodents, that electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord could become an effective treatment for motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Since our initial report in rodents and a more recent study in primates, several clinical studies have now described beneficial effects of dorsal column stimulation in parkinsonian patients. In primates, we have shown that dorsal column stimulation activates multiple structures along the somatosensory pathway and desynchronizes the pathological cortico-striatal oscillations responsible for the manifestation of PD symptoms. Based on recent evidence, we argue that neurological disorders such as PD can be broadly classified as diseases emerging from abnormal neuronal timing, leading to pathological brain states, and that the spinal cord could be used as a "channel" to transmit therapeutic electrical signals to disrupt these abnormalities. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol P Yadav
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Miguel A L Nicolelis
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Duke Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience of Natal, Natal, Brazil
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22
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Zou Z, Ma J, Huang K, Chen H, Liu Z, Jin M. Live Attenuated Vaccine Based on Duck Enteritis Virus against Duck Hepatitis A Virus Types 1 and 3. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1613. [PMID: 27777571 PMCID: PMC5056193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As causative agents of duck viral hepatitis, duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) and type 3 (DHAV-3) causes significant economic losses in the duck industry. However, a licensed commercial vaccine that simultaneously controls both pathogens is currently unavailable. Here, we generated duck enteritis virus recombinants (rC-KCE-2VP1) containing both VP1 from DHAV-1 (VP1/DHAV-1) and VP1 from DHAV-3 (VP1/DHAV-3) between UL27 and UL26. A self-cleaving 2A-element of FMDV was inserted between the two different types of VP1, allowing production of both proteins from a single open reading frame. Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis results demonstrated that both VP1 proteins were robustly expressed in rC-KCE-2VP1-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Ducks that received a single dose of rC-KCE-2VP1 showed potent humoral and cellular immune responses and were completely protected against challenges of both pathogenic DHAV-1 and DHAV-3 strains. The protection was rapid, achieved as early as 3 days after vaccination. Moreover, viral replication was fully blocked in vaccinated ducks as early as 1 week post-vaccination. These results demonstrated, for the first time, that recombinant rC-KCE-2VP1 is potential fast-acting vaccine against DHAV-1 and DHAV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
| | - Ji Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
| | - Ziduo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Life Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of AgricultureWuhan, China
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23
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Gordon R, Neal ML, Luo J, Langley MR, Harischandra DS, Panicker N, Charli A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Woodruff TM, Zhou QY, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. Prokineticin-2 upregulation during neuronal injury mediates a compensatory protective response against dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12932. [PMID: 27703142 PMCID: PMC5059486 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokineticin-2 (PK2), a recently discovered secreted protein, regulates important physiological functions including olfactory biogenesis and circadian rhythms in the CNS. Interestingly, although PK2 expression is low in the nigral system, its receptors are constitutively expressed on nigrostriatal neurons. Herein, we demonstrate that PK2 expression is highly induced in nigral dopaminergic neurons during early stages of degeneration in multiple models of Parkinson's disease (PD), including PK2 reporter mice and MitoPark mice. Functional studies demonstrate that PK2 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and activates ERK and Akt survival signalling pathways, thereby driving neuroprotection. Importantly, PK2 overexpression is protective whereas PK2 receptor antagonism exacerbates dopaminergic degeneration in experimental PD. Furthermore, PK2 expression increased in surviving nigral dopaminergic neurons from PD brains, indicating that PK2 upregulation is clinically relevant to human PD. Collectively, our results identify a paradigm for compensatory neuroprotective PK2 signalling in nigral dopaminergic neurons that could have important therapeutic implications for PD. Prokineticin-2 (PK2) is a secreted protein involved in a number of physiological functions. Here, the authors find that PK2 expression increases in surviving DA neurons from Parkinson's disease patients, and show it protects against dopaminergic degeneration in PD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gordon
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew L Neal
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Dilshan S Harischandra
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Nikhil Panicker
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Adhithiya Charli
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Huajun Jin
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, 363D Med Surge 2, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Neurosteroid allopregnanolone attenuates cognitive dysfunctions in 6-OHDA-induced rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Nie S, Xu Y, Chen G, Ma K, Han C, Guo Z, Zhang Z, Ye K, Cao X. Small molecule TrkB agonist deoxygedunin protects nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA and MPTP induced neurotoxicity in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:448-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Neurotensin-polyplex-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene delivery into nigral dopamine neurons prevents nigrostriatal degeneration in a rat model of early Parkinson's disease. J Biomed Sci 2015. [PMID: 26198255 PMCID: PMC4511027 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neurotrophin Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) influences nigral dopaminergic neurons via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. The reduction of BDNF expression in Parkinson’s disease substantia nigra (SN) might contribute to the death of dopaminergic neurons because inhibiting BDNF expression in the SN causes parkinsonism in the rat. This study aimed to demonstrate that increasing BDNF expression in dopaminergic neurons of rats with one week of 6-hydroxydopamine lesion recovers from parkinsonism. The plasmids phDAT-BDNF-flag and phDAT-EGFP, coding for enhanced green fluorescent protein, were transfected using neurotensin (NTS)-polyplex, which enables delivery of genes into the dopaminergic neurons via neurotensin-receptor type 1 (NTSR1) internalization. Results Two weeks after transfections, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence techniques showed that the residual dopaminergic neurons retain NTSR1 expression and susceptibility to be transfected by the NTS-polyplex. phDAT-BDNF-flag transfection did not increase dopaminergic neurons, but caused 7-fold increase in dopamine fibers within the SN and 5-fold increase in innervation and dopamine levels in the striatum. These neurotrophic effects were accompanied by a significant improvement in motor behavior. Conclusions NTS-polyplex-mediated BDNF overexpression in dopaminergic neurons has proven to be effective to remit hemiparkinsonism in the rat. This BDNF gene therapy might be helpful in the early stage of Parkinson’s disease.
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Cerri S, Greco R, Levandis G, Ghezzi C, Mangione AS, Fuzzati-Armentero MT, Bonizzi A, Avanzini MA, Maccario R, Blandini F. Intracarotid Infusion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease, Focusing on Cell Distribution and Neuroprotective and Behavioral Effects. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015. [PMID: 26198165 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a potential therapeutic tool for Parkinson's disease (PD) and systemic administration of these cells has been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. However, no information on survival and actual capacity of MSCs to reach the brain has been provided. In this study, we evaluated homing of intraarterially infused rat MSCs (rMSCs) in the brain of rats bearing a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal tract, to establish whether the toxin-induced damage is sufficient to grant MSC passage across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or if a transient BBB disruption is necessary. The rMSC distribution in peripheral organs and the effects of cell infusion on neurodegenerative process and motor deficits were also investigated. rMSCs were infused 14 days after 6-OHDA injection. A hyperosmolar solution of mannitol was used to transiently permeabilize the BBB. Behavioral impairment was assessed by adjusting step test and response to apomorphine. Animals were sacrificed 7 and 28 days after cell infusion. Our work shows that appreciable delivery of rMSCs to the brain of 6-OHDA-lesioned animals can be obtained only after mannitol pretreatment. A notable percentage of infused cells accumulated in peripheral organs. Infusion of rMSCs did not modify the progression of 6-OHDA-induced damage or the motor impairment at the stepping test, but induced progressive normalization of the pathological response (contralateral turning) to apomorphine administration. These findings suggest that many aspects should be further investigated before considering any translation of MSC systemic administration into the clinical setting for PD treatment. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that mesenchymal stem cells infused through the carotid artery do not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier in rats with a Parkinson's disease-like degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons, unless a permeabilizing agent (e.g., mannitol) is used. The infusion did not reduce the neuronal damage and associated motor impairment, but abolished the motor abnormalities these animals typically show when challenged with a dopaminergic agonist. Therefore, although arterially infused mesenchymal stem cells did not show neurorestorative effects in this study's Parkinson's disease model, they appeared to normalize the pathological responsiveness of striatal neurons to dopaminergic stimulation. This capability should be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cerri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Ghezzi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonina Stefania Mangione
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marie-Therese Fuzzati-Armentero
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bonizzi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rita Maccario
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, "C. Mondino" National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy; Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory/Cell Factory/Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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Pahan P, Pahan K. Can cinnamon bring aroma in Parkinson's disease treatment? Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:30-2. [PMID: 25788911 PMCID: PMC4357107 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.150647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Potential therapeutic effects of neurotrophins for acute and chronic neurological diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:601084. [PMID: 24818146 PMCID: PMC4000962 DOI: 10.1155/2014/601084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins (NTs) nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3, and NT-4/5 are proteins that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in both the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS) by binding to two receptor classes, Trk receptors and p75 NTR. Motivated by the broad growth- and survival-promoting effects of these proteins, numerous studies have attempted to use exogenous NTs to prevent the death of cells that are associated with neurological disease or promote the regeneration of severed axons caused by mechanical injury. Indeed, such neurotrophic effects have been repeatedly demonstrated in animal models of stroke, nerve injury, and neurodegenerative disease. However, limitations, including the short biological half-lives and poor blood-brain permeability of these proteins, prevent routine application from treating human disease. In this report, we reviewed evidence for the neuroprotective efficacy of NTs in animal models, highlighting outstanding technical challenges and discussing more recent attempts to harness the neuroprotective capacity of endogenous NTs using small molecule inducers and cell transplantation.
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Proschel C, Stripay JL, Shih CH, Munger JC, Noble MD. Delayed transplantation of precursor cell-derived astrocytes provides multiple benefits in a rat model of Parkinsons. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:504-18. [PMID: 24477866 PMCID: PMC3992077 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to dopaminergic neuron loss, it is clear that Parkinson disease includes other pathological changes, including loss of additional neuronal populations. As a means of addressing multiple pathological changes with a single therapeutically-relevant approach, we employed delayed transplantation of a unique class of astrocytes, GDAs(BMP), that are generated in vitro by directed differentiation of glial precursors. GDAs(BMP) produce multiple agents of interest as treatments for PD and other neurodegenerative disorders, including BDNF, GDNF, neurturin and IGF1. GDAs(BMP) also exhibit increased levels of antioxidant pathway components, including levels of NADPH and glutathione. Delayed GDA(BMP) transplantation into the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat striatum restored tyrosine hydroxylase expression and promoted behavioral recovery. GDA(BMP) transplantation also rescued pathological changes not prevented in other studies, such as the rescue of parvalbumin(+) GABAergic interneurons. Consistent with expression of the synaptic modulatory proteins thrombospondin-1 and 2 by GDAs(BMP), increased expression of the synaptic protein synaptophysin was also observed. Thus, GDAs(BMP) offer a multimodal support cell therapy that provides multiple benefits without requiring prior genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Proschel
- Department for Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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31
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Yadav AP, Fuentes R, Zhang H, Vinholo T, Wang CH, Freire MAM, Nicolelis MAL. Chronic spinal cord electrical stimulation protects against 6-hydroxydopamine lesions. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3839. [PMID: 24452435 PMCID: PMC3899601 DOI: 10.1038/srep03839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although L-dopa continues to be the gold standard for treating motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), it presents long-term complications. Deep brain stimulation is effective, but only a small percentage of idiopathic PD patients are eligible. Based on results in animal models and a handful of patients, dorsal column stimulation (DCS) has been proposed as a potential therapy for PD. To date, the long-term effects of DCS in animal models have not been quantified. Here, we report that DCS applied twice a week in rats treated with bilateral 6-OHDA striatal infusions led to a significant improvement in symptoms. DCS-treated rats exhibited a higher density of dopaminergic innervation in the striatum and higher neuronal cell count in the substantia nigra pars compacta compared to a control group. These results suggest that DCS has a chronic therapeutical and neuroprotective effect, increasing its potential as a new clinical option for treating PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol P Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27780
| | - Romulo Fuentes
- Edmond and Lily Safra Institute of Neuroscience of Natal, Natal, Brazil, 59066-060
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710
| | - Thais Vinholo
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710
| | - Chi-Han Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710
| | | | - Miguel A L Nicolelis
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27780 [2] Edmond and Lily Safra Institute of Neuroscience of Natal, Natal, Brazil, 59066-060 [3] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710 [4] Duke Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710 [5] Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708
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32
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Yasuda T, Mochizuki H. Use of growth factors for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:915-24. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hutson TH, Kathe C, Menezes SC, Rooney MC, Bueler H, Moon LDF. The use of an adeno-associated viral vector for efficient bicistronic expression of two genes in the central nervous system. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1162:189-207. [PMID: 24838969 PMCID: PMC5597041 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0777-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are one of the most promising therapeutic delivery systems for gene therapy to the central nervous system (CNS). Preclinical testing of novel gene therapies requires the careful design and production of AAV vectors and their successful application in a model of CNS injury. One major limitation of AAV vectors is their limited packaging capacity (<5 kb) making the co-expression of two genes (e.g., from two promoters) difficult. An internal ribosomal entry site has been used to express two genes: However, the second transgene is often expressed at lower levels than the first. In addition to this, achieving high levels of transduction in the CNS can be challenging. In this chapter we describe the cloning of a bicistronic AAV vector that uses the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2A sequence to efficiently express two genes from a single promoter. Bicistronic expression of a therapeutic gene and a reporter gene is desirable so that the axons from transduced neurons can be tracked and, after CNS injury, the amount of axonal sprouting or regeneration quantified. We go on to describe how to perform a pyramidotomy model of CNS injury and the injection of AAV vectors into the sensorimotor cortex to provide efficient transduction and bicistronic gene expression in cortical neurons such that transduced axons are detectable in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haynes Hutson
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK,
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Expression of full-length and truncated trkB in human striatum and substantia nigra neurons: implications for Parkinson's disease. J Mol Histol 2013; 45:349-61. [PMID: 24374887 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent mediator of cell survival and differentiation and can reverse neuronal injury associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (trkB) is the high affinity receptor for BDNF. There are two major trkB isoforms, the full-length receptor (trkB.tk(+)) and the truncated receptor (trkB.t1), that mediate the diverse, region specific functions of BDNF. Both trkB isoforms are widely distributed throughout the brain, but the isoform specific distribution of trkB.t1 and trkB.tk(+) to human neurons is not well characterized. Therefore, we report the regional and neuronal distribution of trkB.tk(+) and trkB.t1 in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of human autopsy tissues from control and PD cases. In both PD and control tissues, we found abundant, punctate distribution of trkB.tk(+) and trkB.t1 proteins in striatum and SNpc neurons. In PD, trkB.tk(+) is decreased in striatal neurites, increased in striatal somata, decreased in SNpc somata and dendrites, and increased in SNpc axons. TrkB.t1 is increased in striatal somata, decreased in striatal axons, and increased in SNpc distal dendrites. We believe changes in trkB isoform distribution and expression levels may be markers of pathology and affect the neuronal response to BDNF.
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Implementing neuronal plasticity in NeuroAIDS: the experience of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other neurotrophic factors. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:80-91. [PMID: 23832285 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) causes mild or severe neurological problems, termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), even when HIV patients receive antiretroviral therapy. Thus, novel adjunctive therapies are necessary to reduce or abolish the neurotoxic effect of HIV. However, new therapies require a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of HIV-induced neurotoxicity. HAND subjects are characterized by being profoundly depressed, and they experience deficits in memory, learning and movements. Experimental evidence has also shown that HIV reduces neurogenesis. These deficits resemble those occurring in premature brain aging or in a brain with impaired neural repair properties. Thus, it appears that HIV diminishes neuronal survival, along with reduced neuronal connections. These two phenomena should not occur in the adult and developing brain when synaptic plasticity is promoted by neurotrophic factors, polypeptides that are present in adult synapses. This review will outline experimental evidence as well as present emerging concepts for the use of neurotrophic factors and in particular brain-derived neurotrophic factor as an adjunct therapy to prevent HIV-mediated neuronal degeneration and restore the loss of synaptic connections.
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Allen SJ, Watson JJ, Shoemark DK, Barua NU, Patel NK. GDNF, NGF and BDNF as therapeutic options for neurodegeneration. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:155-75. [PMID: 23348013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and the neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are important for the survival, maintenance and regeneration of specific neuronal populations in the adult brain. Depletion of these neurotrophic factors has been linked with disease pathology and symptoms, and replacement strategies are considered as potential therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. GDNF administration has recently been shown to be an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, with clinical trials currently in progress. Trials with NGF for Alzheimer's disease are ongoing, with some degree of success. Preclinical results using BDNF also show much promise, although there are accompanying difficulties. Ultimately, the administration of a therapy involving proteins in the brain has inherent problems. Because of the blood-brain-barrier, the protein must be infused directly, produced by viral constructs, secreted from implanted protein-secreting cells or actively transported across the brain. An alternative to this is the use of a small molecule agonist, a modulator or enhancer targeting the associated receptors. We evaluate these neurotrophic factors as potential short or long-term treatments, weighing up preclinical and clinical results with the possible effects on the underlying neurodegenerative process.
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37
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Fu A, Zhang M, Gao F, Xu X, Chen Z. A novel peptide delivers plasmids across blood-brain barrier into neuronal cells as a single-component transfer vector. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59642. [PMID: 23555734 PMCID: PMC3612029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no data up to now to show that peptide can deliver plasmid into brain as a single-component transfer vector. Here we show that a novel peptide, RDP (consisted of 39 amino acids), can be exploited as an efficient plasmid vector for brain-targeting delivery. The plasmids containing Lac Z reporter gene (pVAX-Lac Z) and BDNF gene (pVAX-BDNF) are complexed with RDP and intravenously injected into mice. The results of gel retardation assay show that RDP enables to bind DNA in a dose-dependent manner, and the X-Gal staining identity that Lac Z is specifically expressed in the brain. Also, the results of Western blot and immunofluorescence staining of BDNF indicate that pVAX-BDNF complexed with RDP can be delivered into brain, and show neuroprotective properties in experimental Parkinson’s disease (PD) model. The results demonstrate that RDP enables to bind and deliver DNA into the brain, resulting in specific gene expression in the neuronal cells. This strategy provides a novel, simple and effective approach for non-viral gene therapy of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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38
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Farrell K, Barker RA. Stem cells and regenerative therapies for Parkinson's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2012; 2:79-92. [PMID: 30890881 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the mainstay of Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy is the pharmacological replacement of the loss of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway using drugs such as dopamine agonists and levodopa. Whilst these drugs effectively ameliorate some of the motor features of PD, they do not improve many of the nonmotor features that arise secondary to pathology outside of this system, nor do they slow the progressive neurodegeneration that is a characteristic of the disease. Regenerative therapies for PD seek to fill this therapeutic gap, with cell transplantation being the most explored approach to date. A number of different cell sources have been used in this therapeutic approach, but to date, the most successful has been the use of fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) tissue that contains within it the developing nigral dopaminergic cells. Cell transplantation for PD was pioneered in the 1980-1990s, with several successful open-label trials of fetal VM transplantation in patients with relatively advanced PD. Whilst these findings were not replicated in two subsequent double-blind sham-surgery controlled trials, there were reasons to explain this outside of the one drawn at the time that these therapies are ineffective. Indeed all these studies have provided evidence that following the transplantation of fetal VM tissue, dopaminergic cells can survive long term, produce dopamine, and bring about clinical improvements in younger patients over many years. The use of fetal tissue, irrespective of its true efficacy, will never become a widely available therapy for PD for a host of practical and ethical reasons, and thus much work has been put in recently to exploring the utility of stem cells as a source of nigral dopaminergic neurons. In this respect, the advent of embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent cells has heralded a new era in cell therapy for PD, and several groups have now demonstrated that these cells can form dopaminergic neurons which improve functional deficits in animal models of PD. Whilst encouraging, problems with respect to the immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of these cells means that they will need to be used in the clinic cautiously. Other regenerative therapies in PD have been tried over the years and include the use of trophic factors. This has primarily involved glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and again has produced mixed clinical effects, and in order to try and resolve this, a new trial of intraputamenal GDNF is now being planned. In addition, a new trial for platelet derived growth factor as a treatment for PD has just completed recruitment, and PYM50028 (Cogane) an oral agent shown in animal models to reduce the effects of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) lesioning by the induction of growth factors is currently under investigation in a multicentre Phase II trial. Overall, there are a number of promising new regenerative therapies being developed and tested in PD, although the true long-term efficacy of any of these in large numbers of patients is still not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Farrell
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Roger A Barker
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
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Fiandaca MS, Bankiewicz KS, Federoff HJ. Gene therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: the nature of the biologics expands the future indications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:553-90. [PMID: 24281662 PMCID: PMC3763661 DOI: 10.3390/ph5060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry's development of therapeutic medications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) endures, as a result of the continuing need for better agents, and the increased clinical demand due to the aging population. Each new drug offers advantages and disadvantages to patients when compared to other medical offerings or surgical options. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a standard surgical remedy for the effective treatment of select patients with PD, for whom most drug regimens have failed or become refractory. Similar to DBS as a surgical option, gene therapy for the treatment of PD is evolving as a future option. In the four different PD gene therapy approaches that have reached clinical trials investigators have documented an excellent safety profile associated with the stereotactic delivery, viral vectors and doses utilized, and transgenes expressed. In this article, we review the clinically relevant gene therapy strategies for the treatment of PD, concentrating on the published preclinical and clinical results, and the likely mechanisms involved. Based on these presentations, we advance an analysis of how the nature of the gene therapy used may eventually expand the scope and utility for the management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo S. Fiandaca
- Translational NeuroTherapy Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1855 Folsom Street, Mission Center Building, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA; (K.S.B.)
| | - Krystof S. Bankiewicz
- Translational NeuroTherapy Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 1855 Folsom Street, Mission Center Building, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA; (K.S.B.)
| | - Howard J. Federoff
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 4000 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (H.J.F.)
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Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2012; 2012:757305. [PMID: 22619738 PMCID: PMC3353142 DOI: 10.1155/2012/757305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Current pharmacological and surgical treatments for Parkinson's disease offer symptomatic improvements to those suffering from this incurable degenerative neurological disorder, but none of these has convincingly shown effects on disease progression. Novel approaches based on gene therapy have several potential advantages over conventional treatment modalities. These could be used to provide more consistent dopamine supplementation, potentially providing superior symptomatic relief with fewer side effects. More radically, gene therapy could be used to correct the imbalances in basal ganglia circuitry associated with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, or to preserve or restore dopaminergic neurons lost during the disease process itself. The latter neuroprotective approach is the most exciting, as it could theoretically be disease modifying rather than simply symptom alleviating. Gene therapy agents using these approaches are currently making the transition from the laboratory to the bedside. This paper summarises the theoretical approaches to gene therapy for Parkinson's disease and the findings of clinical trials in this rapidly changing field.
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Cytoprotective effects of growth factors: BDNF more potent than GDNF in an organotypic culture model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2011; 1378:105-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Growth factors are potentially major players in therapeutic interventions for neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD) because of their potential to not merely provide symptomatic relief but also be disease modifying agents. Many extensively utilized therapies such as the prodrug levodopa, while unquestionably effective, are intended for symptomatic benefit. Such therapies do little to stifle the progressive nature of these diseases thereby placing temporal restrictions on their effectiveness. Growth factors, by virtue of their distinct neuroprotective properties, have the cumulative effect of curbing disease progression and allaying existing symptoms. The purpose of this review is to discuss some of the growth factors commonly used in animal models of PD and those already used in clinical trials.
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Spieles-Engemann AL, Behbehani MM, Collier TJ, Wohlgenant SL, Steece-Collier K, Paumier K, Daley BF, Gombash S, Madhavan L, Mandybur GT, Lipton JW, Terpstra BT, Sortwell CE. Stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus is neuroprotective following significant nigral dopamine neuron loss. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:105-15. [PMID: 20307668 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is efficacious in treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the impact of STN-DBS on the progression of PD is unknown. Previous preclinical studies have demonstrated that STN-DBS can attenuate the degeneration of a relatively intact nigrostriatal system from dopamine (DA)-depleting neurotoxins. The present study examined whether STN-DBS can provide neuroprotection in the face of prior significant nigral DA neuron loss similar to PD patients at the time of diagnosis. STN-DBS between 2 and 4 weeks after intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) provided significant sparing of DA neurons in the SN of rats. This effect was not due to inadvertent lesioning of the STN and was dependent upon proper electrode placement. Since STN-DBS appears to have significant neuroprotective properties, initiation of STN-DBS earlier in the course of PD may provide added neuroprotective benefits in addition to its ability to provide symptomatic relief.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder for which there is currently no effective therapy. Over the past several decades, there has been a considerable interest in neuroprotective therapies using trophic factors to alleviate the symptoms of PD. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a class of molecules that influence a number of neuronal functions, including cell survival and axonal growth. Experimental studies in animal models suggest that members of neurotrophin family and GDNF family of ligands (GFLs) have the potent ability to protect degenerating dopamine neurons as well as promote regeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. In clinical trials, although no serious adverse events related to the NTF therapy has been reported in patients, they remain inconclusive. In this chapter, we attempt to give a brief overview on several different growth factors that have been explored for use in animal models of PD and those already used in PD patients.
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Lim ST, Airavaara M, Harvey BK. Viral vectors for neurotrophic factor delivery: a gene therapy approach for neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS. Pharmacol Res 2009; 61:14-26. [PMID: 19840853 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of most diseases of the central nervous system results from neuronal dysfunction or loss. Diseases such as stroke, epilepsy and neurodegeneration (e.g. Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) share common cellular and molecular mechanisms (e.g. oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction) that contribute to the loss of neuronal function. Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are secreted proteins that regulate multiple aspects of neuronal development including neuronal maintenance, survival, axonal growth and synaptic plasticity. These properties of NTFs make them likely candidates for preventing neurodegeneration and promoting neuroregeneration. One approach to delivering NTFs to diseased cells is through viral vector-mediated gene delivery. Viral vectors are now routinely used as tools for studying gene function as well as developing gene-based therapies for a variety of diseases. Currently, many clinical trials using viral vectors in the nervous system are underway or completed, and seven of these trials involve NTFs for neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss viral vector-mediated gene transfer of NTFs to treat neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung T Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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Dickerson JW, Hemmerle AM, Numan S, Lundgren KH, Seroogy KB. Decreased expression of ErbB4 and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein in the ventral midbrain of aged rats. Neuroscience 2009; 163:482-9. [PMID: 19505538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Decreased availability or efficacy of neurotrophic factors may underlie an increased susceptibility of mesencephalic dopaminergic cells to age-related degeneration. Neuregulins (NRGs) are pleotrophic growth factors for many cell types, including mesencephalic dopamine cells in culture and in vivo. The functional NRG receptor ErbB4 is expressed by virtually all midbrain dopamine neurons. To determine if levels of the NRG receptor are maintained during aging in the dopaminergic ventral mesencephalon, expression of ErbB4 mRNA and protein was examined in young (3 months), middle-aged (18 months), and old (24-25 months) Brown Norway/Fischer 344 F1 rats. ErbB4 mRNA levels in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but not the adjacent ventral tegmental area (VTA) or subtantia nigra pars lateralis (SNl), were significantly reduced in the middle-aged and old animals when compared to young rats. Protein expression of ErbB4 in the ventral midbrain was significantly decreased in the old rats when compared to the young rats. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA levels was significantly reduced in the old rats when compared to young animals in the SNpc, but not in the VTA or SNI. TH protein levels in the ventral midbrain were also decreased in the old animals when compared to the young animals. These data demonstrate a progressive decline of ErbB4 expression, coinciding with a loss of the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme TH, in the ventral midbrain of aged rats, particularly in the SNpc. These findings may implicate a role for diminished NRG/ErbB4 trophic support in dopamine-related neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Chiocco MJ, Harvey BK, Wang Y, Hoffer BJ. Neurotrophic factors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 13 Suppl 3:S321-8. [PMID: 18267258 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive disorder with no known etiology. Pathologically, there is a loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum. Current available therapies for PD are targeted to the restoration of striatal dopamine. These approaches may alleviate symptoms transiently, but fail to slow the progression of disease. One emergent therapeutic approach is the use of neurotrophic factors to halt or reverse the loss of dopaminergic neurons. There have been intensive research efforts both preclinically and clinically testing the efficacy and safety of neurotrophic factors for the treatment of PD. In this review, we discuss the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties of various trophic factors, both old and recent, and their status as therapeutic molecules for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Chiocco
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Terzi D, Zachariou V. Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery approaches for the treatment of CNS disorders. Biotechnol J 2009; 3:1555-63. [PMID: 19072910 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, a large number of preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of gene therapy applications using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. Gene transfer via AAV vectors has been particularly successful for the treatment or adjunct therapy of several CNS disorders. The present review summarizes the progress on AAV gene delivery models for three different CNS disorders. In particular, we discuss advances in AAV-mediated gene transfer strategies in animal models of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and spinal cord trauma and summarize the results from the first clinical studies using AAV systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Terzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Crete, Faculty of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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von Bohlen O, Unsicker K. Neurotrophic Support of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 651:73-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0322-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pease ME, Zack DJ, Berlinicke C, Bloom K, Cone F, Wang Y, Klein RL, Hauswirth WW, Quigley HA. Effect of CNTF on retinal ganglion cell survival in experimental glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:2194-200. [PMID: 19060281 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the neuroprotective effect of virally mediated overexpression of ciliary-derived neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in experimental rat glaucoma. METHODS Laser-induced glaucoma was produced in one eye of 224 Wistar rats after injection of adenoassociated viral vectors (type 2) containing either CNTF, BDNF, or both, with saline-injected eyes and noninjected glaucomatous eyes serving as the control. IOP was measured with a hand-held tonometer, and semiautomated optic nerve axon counts were performed by masked observers. IOP exposure over time was adjusted in multivariate regression analysis to calculate the effect of CNTF and BDNF. RESULTS By multivariate regression, CNTF had a significant protective effect, with 15% less RGC axon death (P < 0.01). Both combined CNTF-BDNF and BDNF overexpression alone had no statistically significant improvement in RGC axon survival. By Western blot, there was a quantitative increase in CNTF and BDNF expression in retinas exposed to single viral vectors carrying each gene, but no increase with sequential injection of both vectors. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm that CNTF can exert a protective effect in experimental glaucoma. The reason for the lack of observed effect in the BDNF overexpression groups is unclear, but it may be a function of the level of neurotrophin expression achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Pease
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe Street, 175 Woods Research Building, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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