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Mirhakkak MH, Chen X, Ni Y, Heinekamp T, Sae-Ong T, Xu LL, Kurzai O, Barber AE, Brakhage AA, Boutin S, Schäuble S, Panagiotou G. Genome-scale metabolic modeling of Aspergillus fumigatus strains reveals growth dependencies on the lung microbiome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4369. [PMID: 37474497 PMCID: PMC10359302 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic human pathogen, frequently infects the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis and is one of the most common causes of infectious-disease death in immunocompromised patients. Here, we construct 252 strain-specific, genome-scale metabolic models of this important fungal pathogen to study and better understand the metabolic component of its pathogenic versatility. The models show that 23.1% of A. fumigatus metabolic reactions are not conserved across strains and are mainly associated with amino acid, nucleotide, and nitrogen metabolism. Profiles of non-conserved reactions and growth-supporting reaction fluxes are sufficient to differentiate strains, for example by environmental or clinical origin. In addition, shotgun metagenomics analysis of sputum from 40 cystic fibrosis patients (15 females, 25 males) before and after diagnosis with an A. fumigatus colonization suggests that the fungus shapes the lung microbiome towards a more beneficial fungal growth environment associated with aromatic amino acid availability and the shikimate pathway. Our findings are starting points for the development of drugs or microbiome intervention strategies targeting fungal metabolic needs for survival and colonization in the non-native environment of the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Mirhakkak
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiuqiang Chen
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yueqiong Ni
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Tongta Sae-Ong
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections (NRZMyk), Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelia E Barber
- Junior Research Group Fungal Informatics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Friedrich Schiller University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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2
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Raval KM, Ghormade V, Rajamohanan PR, Choudhary H, Rudramurthy SM, Chakrabarti A, Paknikar K. Development of a nano-gold immunodiagnostic assay for rapid on-site detection of invasive aspergillosis. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1341-1352. [PMID: 31355743 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Timely detection of invasive aspergillosis (IA) caused by fungal pathogens, i.e. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus, in immunocompromised patients is crucial in preventing high mortality.Aim. To develop a simple immunoassay for the detection of galactomannan (GM), an IA biomarker.Methodology. GM from A. fumigatus and A. flavus clinical strains was purified and characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and 13C/1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for polyclonal antibody (pAb) production in rabbits. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was standardized using concanavalin A to capture Aspergillus GM and pAbs to detect it. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized and conjugated to pAbs for the development of a dot-blot immunoassay. The developed dot-blot was evaluated with 109 clinical serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples.Results. Spectroscopy studies characterized the d-galactofuranosyl groups of GM responsible for the immune response and generation of pAbs. The ELISA employing pAbs showed a sensitivity of 1 ng ml-1 for Aspergillus GM. Furthermore, a sensitive, visual, rapid dot-blot assay developed by the conjugation of pAbs to AuNPs (~24±5 nm size, -36±2 mV zeta potential) had a detection limit of 1 pg ml-1 in serum. The pAbs interacted with Aspergillus spp. but did not cross-react with other fungal pathogen genera such as Penicillium and Candida. Evaluation of the dot-blot with 109 clinical samples showed high sensitivity (80 %) and specificity (93.2 %), with an overall assay accuracy of 89%.Conclusion. The developed nano-gold immunodiagnostic assay has immense potential for practical use in rapid, specific and sensitive on-site diagnosis of IA, even under resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal M Raval
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.,Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India
| | - Vandana Ghormade
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India.,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - P R Rajamohanan
- Central NMR Facility, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Hansraj Choudhary
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kishore Paknikar
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune 411004, India.,Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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3
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Guest GM, Momany M. Analysis of cell wall sugars in the pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and the saprophyte Aspergillus nidulans. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretel M. Guest
- Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Michelle Momany
- Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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4
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Kudoh A, Okawa Y, Shibata N. Significant structural change in both O- and N-linked carbohydrate moieties of the antigenic galactomannan from Aspergillus fumigatus grown under different culture conditions. Glycobiology 2014; 25:74-87. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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5
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Calixto R, Mattos B, Bittencourt V, Lopes L, Souza L, Sassaki G, Cipriani T, Silva M, Barreto-Bergter E. β-Galactofuranose-containing structures present in the cell wall of the saprophytic fungus Cladosporium (Hormoconis) resinae. Res Microbiol 2010; 161:720-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Veeneman GH, Hoogerhout P, Westerduin P, van Boom JH, Notermans S. Synthesis of a cell-wall component of Aspergillus niger
containing four β (1-5)-interlinked D-galactofuranosyl residues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19871060404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Veeneman GH, van Boom JH, Notermans S, Hoogerhout P. Synthesis of an immunologically active component of the extracellular polysaccharide produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19891081006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Peltier P, Euzen R, Daniellou R, Nugier-Chauvin C, Ferrières V. Recent knowledge and innovations related to hexofuranosides: structure, synthesis and applications. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1897-923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Prieto A, Leal JA, Giménez-Abián MI, Canales A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Bernabé M. Isolation and structural determination of a unique polysaccharide containing mannofuranose from the cell wall of the fungus Acrospermum compressum. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:421-8. [PMID: 17473982 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The alkali-extractable and water-soluble fungal polysaccharide F1SS isolated from the cell wall of Acrospermum compressum has been studied by methylation analyses, reductive cleavage and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide consists of a regular disaccharide repeating unit with the structure: [structure: see text]. The mannan core was obtained by mild hydrolysis of the polysaccharide F1SS and its structure was deduced to be composed of a skeleton of alpha-(1-->6)-mannopyranan, with around 1 out of 11 residues substituted at position 2 by short chains (one to six units) of 2-substituted mannopyranoses. DOSY experiments provided molecular sizes of 60 kDa and 2.5 kDa for the polysaccharide F1SS and the Mannan core, respectively. This is the first report of a fungal mannofuranose-containing cell wall polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Prieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas. CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria, c/ Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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KAUKONEN K, PELLINIEMI LJ, SAVOLAINEN J, TERHO EO. Identification of the reactive subunits ofAspergillus umbrosusinvolved in the antigenic response in farmer's lung. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Ahrazem O, Prieto A, Giménez-Abián MI, Leal JA, Jiménez-Barbero J, Bernabé M. Structural elucidation of fungal polysaccharides isolated from the cell wall of Plectosphaerella cucumerina and Verticillium spp. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:246-52. [PMID: 16330005 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The structure of acidic fungal polysaccharides isolated from the cell wall of Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Verticillium dahliae, and V. albo-atrum has been investigated by chemical analysis, methylation analysis, and 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharides have an idealized repeating block of the type: [carbohydrates: see text] linked to a small mannan core (<15%), where n=13, m=13, p=5, and q=8 for P. cucumerina, and n=16, m=16, p=6, and q <1 for both Verticillium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Fu M, Zhang G, Ning J. First synthesis of the immunodominant β-galactofuranose-containing tetrasaccharide present in the cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:25-30. [PMID: 15620663 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
beta-Galf-(1-->5)-beta-Galf-(1-->6)-alpha-Manp-(1-->6)-alpha-Manp, the immunodominant epitope in the cell-wall galactomannan of Aspergillus fumigatus, was synthesized for the first time as its allyl glycoside. The key disaccharide glycosyl donor, 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-galactofuranosyl-(1-->5)-2-O-acetyl-3,6-di-O-benzoyl-beta-D-galactofuranosyl trichloroacetimidate (10), was constructed by 5-O-glycosylation of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3,6-di-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-galactofuranose (4) with 2,3,5,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-beta-D-galactofuranosyl trichloroacetimidate (5), followed by 1,2-O-deacetonation, acetylation, selective 1-O-deacetylation, and trichloroacetimidation. The target tetrasaccharide 16 was obtained by the condensation of allyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl-(1-->6)-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (14) as glycosyl acceptor with the disaccharide glycosyl donor 10, followed by deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Fu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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13
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Persat F, Noirey N, Diana J, Gariazzo MJ, Schmitt D, Picot S, Vincent C. Binding of live conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus activates in vitro-generated human Langerhans cells via a lectin of galactomannan specificity. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 133:370-7. [PMID: 12930363 PMCID: PMC1808778 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common aetiological fungus responsible for human pulmonary aspergilloses. This study investigated the primary contact between Langerhans cells (LC), corresponding to dendritic cells present in pulmonary mucosa and live conidia of A. fumigatus. LC play a key role in antigen presentation for initiation of the primary T cell response. In vitro-generated LC (iLC) were differentiated from cultured human cord blood CD34+ cells and incubated at 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C with fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-stained conidia or control latex beads. In vitro, conidia were shown by microscopy and cytometry to adhere to iLC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This adhesion was not limited to iLC because interstitial dendritic and other cells also fluoresced in the presence of conidia-FITC. A lectin other than mannose receptor-type lectin was demonstrated to be responsible of conidial binding. Inhibition of binding was observed with heterologous galactomannan and EDTA, indicating a C-lectin-like receptor with galactomannan structure specificity. After binding only a few conidia were internalized in acidic vesicles, as indicated by the cessation of conidial fluorescence. Conidial binding was followed by activation and maturation of iLC, suggesting that LC present in the lung may play a role in cellular host defence against aspergilloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Persat
- EA 3087, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France and Unité INSERM 346, Lyon, France.
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14
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Tischer C, Gorin P, de Souza M, Barreto-Bergter E. Structures of phosphonogalactomannans isolated from mycelia of Aspergillus versicolor. Carbohydr Polym 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(01)00325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Wallis GL, Hemming FW, Peberdy JF. Beta-galactofuranoside glycoconjugates on conidia and conidiophores of Aspergillus niger. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 201:21-7. [PMID: 11445162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactose in the furanoic conformation appears to be limited to bacteria and lower eukaryotes. Galactofuranoic (Galf)-containing glycoconjugates that occur in organisms pathogenic or allergenic to man are frequently antigenic and immunodominant. We have used an immunochemical approach, employing a monoclonal antibody that recognises Galf epitopes, to investigate the presence of Galf-containing glycoconjugates within conidia and conidiophores of Aspergillus niger. ELISA and immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that specific and saturable binding sites were found on both. Inhibition studies confirmed that this binding was to Galf-containing glycoconjugates. Interestingly, the conidiophore heads were particularly rich in these glycoconjugates. Western blotting identified a Galf glycoprotein of 150-200 kDa from disrupted conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Wallis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Nottingham, UK
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16
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Wasylnka JA, Simmer MI, Moore MM. Differences in sialic acid density in pathogenic and non-pathogenic Aspergillus species. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:869-877. [PMID: 11283283 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-4-869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ASPERGILLUS: fumigatus is a ubiquitous soil fungus that causes invasive lung disease in the immunocompromised host. The structure of the conidial wall has not been well characterized although it is thought that adhesins present on the surface are involved in attachment of the conidia to host lung cells and proteins, which is a prerequisite for the establishment of infection. Negatively charged carbohydrates on the conidial surface have been previously identified as the molecules responsible for attachment of conidia to extracellular matrix proteins. The aim of this research was to identify carbohydrates on the conidial surface that contribute to its negative charge. Direct chemical analysis and indirect binding assays have demonstrated that A. fumigatus possesses sialic acids on the conidial surface. Pre-treatment of A. fumigatus conidia with sialidase decreased binding of a sialic acid-specific lectin, Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA), to the conidial surface and decreased adhesion of conidia to the positively charged polymer poly L-lysine. Two other sialic acid-specific lectins, Maackia amurensis agglutinin and Sambucus nigra agglutinin, exhibited negligible binding to A. fumigatus conidia indicating that 2,3-alpha- and 2,6-alpha-linked sialic acids are not the major structures found on the conidial surface. Mild acid hydrolysis and purification of conidial wall carbohydrates yielded a product that had the same R(F) as the Neu5Ac standard when analysed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. A density of 6.7 x 10(5) sialic acid residues per conidium was estimated using a colorimetric assay. Conidia grown on a minimal medium lacking sialic acid also reacted with LFA, indicating that sialic acid biosynthesis occurs de novo. Sialic acid biosynthesis was shown to be regulated by nutrient composition: the density of sialic acids on the surface of conidia grown in minimal media was lower than that observed when conidia were grown on rich, complex media. It has previously been shown that pathogenic Aspergillus species adhere to basal lamina proteins to a greater extent than non-pathogenic Aspergillus species. To determine whether the expression of sialic acid on the conidial surface was correlated with adhesion to basal lamina, conidia from other non-pathogenic Aspergillus species were tested for their reactivity towards LFA. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that A. fumigatus had a significantly greater sialic acid density than three non-pathogenic Aspergillus species. Sialic acids on the conidial wall may be involved in adhesion to fibronectin, a component of the basal lamina, as binding of A. fumigatus conidia to fibronectin was strongly inhibited in the presence of a sialylated glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Wasylnka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry1 and Department of Biological Sciences2, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Megan I Simmer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry1 and Department of Biological Sciences2, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Margo M Moore
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry1 and Department of Biological Sciences2, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada V5A 1S6
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17
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Fontaine T, Simenel C, Dubreucq G, Adam O, Delepierre M, Lemoine J, Vorgias CE, Diaquin M, Latgé JP. Molecular organization of the alkali-insoluble fraction of Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:27594-607. [PMID: 10869365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m909975199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and biological properties of the fungal cell wall are determined by the composition and arrangement of the structural polysaccharides. Cell wall polymers of fungi are classically divided into two groups depending on their solubility in hot alkali. We have analyzed the alkali-insoluble fraction of the Aspergillus fumigatus cell wall, which is the fraction believed to be responsible for fungal cell wall rigidity. Using enzymatic digestions with recombinant endo-beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase, fractionation by gel filtration, affinity chromatography with immobilized lectins, and high performance liquid chromatography, several fractions that contained specific interpolysaccharide covalent linkages were isolated. Unique features of the A. fumigatus cell wall are (i) the absence of beta-1,6-glucan and (ii) the presence of a linear beta-1, 3/1,4-glucan, never previously described in fungi. Galactomannan, chitin, and beta-1,3-glucan were also found in the alkali-insoluble fraction. The beta-1,3-glucan is a branched polymer with 4% of beta-1,6 branch points. Chitin, galactomannan, and the linear beta-1, 3/1,4-glucan were covalently linked to the nonreducing end of beta-1, 3-glucan side chains. As in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chitin was linked via a beta-1,4 linkage to beta-1,3-glucan. The data obtained suggested that the branching of beta-1,3-glucan is an early event in the construction of the cell wall, resulting in an increase of potential acceptor sites for chitin, galactomannan, and the linear beta-1,3/1,4-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fontaine
- Laboratoire des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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18
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most ubiquitous of the airborne saprophytic fungi. Humans and animals constantly inhale numerous conidia of this fungus. The conidia are normally eliminated in the immunocompetent host by innate immune mechanisms, and aspergilloma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, uncommon clinical syndromes, are the only infections observed in such hosts. Thus, A. fumigatus was considered for years to be a weak pathogen. With increases in the number of immunosuppressed patients, however, there has been a dramatic increase in severe and usually fatal invasive aspergillosis, now the most common mold infection worldwide. In this review, the focus is on the biology of A. fumigatus and the diseases it causes. Included are discussions of (i) genomic and molecular characterization of the organism, (ii) clinical and laboratory methods available for the diagnosis of aspergillosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, (iii) identification of host and fungal factors that play a role in the establishment of the fungus in vivo, and (iv) problems associated with antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Latgé
- Laboratoire des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
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19
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HAIDO, SILVA, EJZEMBERG, LEITAO, HEARN, EVANS, BARRETO BERGTER. Analysis of peptidogalactomannans from the mycelial surface of Aspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-280x.1998.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Tuekam BA, Bonetti SJ, Gander JE. Primary epitopes of chicken egg yolk antibodies to peptidophosphogalactomannan. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 5:404-6. [PMID: 9605999 PMCID: PMC104532 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.3.404-406.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Egg yolks from hens immunized with peptidophosphogalactomannan (pPGalMan(ii)), which contains 10 phosphocholine diester residues and is secreted by Penicillium fellutanum, contain antibodies against 5-O-beta-D-galactofuranosyl epitopes. These epitopes were the only significant determinants in pPGalMan(ii). Approximately 60-fold less pPGalMan(ii) (1.6 microM galactofuran chains) was required for 50% inhibition than galactofurano-oligosaccharides or pPGalMan containing two galactofuranosyl residues per chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Tuekam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0700, USA
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21
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Tsujihata S, Nakatsubo F. A novel synthetic method for α-d-galactofuranose 1,2,5-orthopivalate. Carbohydr Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Haido R, Silva M, Ejzemberg R, Leitão E, Hearn V, Evans E, Bergter EB. Analysis of peptidogalactomannans from the mycelial surface ofAspergillus fumigatus. Med Mycol 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/02681219880000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. McAuliffe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ole Hindsgaul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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24
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Prieto A, Bernabé M, Leal J. Isolation, purification and chemical characterization of alkali-extractable polysaccharides from the cell walls of Talaromyces species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Mollier P, Lagnel J, Fournet B, AÏoun A, Riba G. A glycoprotein highly toxic for Galleria mellonella larvae secreted by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria sulfurescens. J Invertebr Pathol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2011(94)90175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Application of reductive cleavage in the structural investigation of the antigenic polysaccharides of Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium digitatum with respect to the determination of the ring size of the galactose moieties. Carbohydr Polym 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-8617(94)90084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Kochetkov NK. Recent Developments in the Synthesis OP Polysaccharides and Stereospecificity OP Glycosylation Reactions. STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS (PART I) - STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-81780-8.50011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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San-Blas G, Suzuki S, Hearn V, Pinel C, Kobayashi H, Mendez C, Niño G, Nishikawa A, San-Blas F, Shibata N. Fungal polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY MYCOLOGY : BI-MONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL MYCOLOGY 1994; 32 Suppl 1:321-8. [PMID: 7536840 DOI: 10.1080/02681219480000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungal polysaccharides are cell wall components which may act as antigens or as structural substrates. As antigens, the role of mannans in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, and of glycoproteins in Aspergillus fumigatus are discussed. Analyses on beta-glucan synthetase in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and the inhibitory effect of Hansenula mrakii killer toxin on beta-glucan biosynthesis are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G San-Blas
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Caracas
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29
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De Repentigny L, Kaufman L, Cole GT, Kruse D, Latgé JP, Matthews RC. Immunodiagnosis of invasive fungal infections. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY MYCOLOGY : BI-MONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL MYCOLOGY 1994; 32 Suppl 1:239-52. [PMID: 7722790 DOI: 10.1080/02681219480000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L De Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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30
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Synthesis of (1?5)-?-d-galactofuranan and cyclo[(1?5)-?-d-galactofurano]oligosaccharides. Russ Chem Bull 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00699946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Van Bruggen-Van Der Lugt AW, Kamphuis HJ, De Ruiter GA, Mischnick P, Van Boom JH, Rombouts FM. New structural features of the antigenic extracellular polysaccharides of Penicillium and Aspergillus species revealed with exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:6096-102. [PMID: 1383191 PMCID: PMC207675 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.19.6096-6102.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the structures of the epitopes of the extracellular polysaccharides from Penicillium and Aspergillus species, an exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase was purified from a commercial crude enzyme preparation from Trichoderma harzianum. Analysis of ring size and linkage position of the galactose residues of the extracellular polysaccharide of Penicillium digitatum, before and after enzymatic treatment, was determined by the reductive-cleavage technique. In addition to terminal and beta (1-5)-linked galactofuranosides, beta (1-6)-linked and beta (1,5,6)-linked branched galactofuranose residues could be identified. After degradation with the purified exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase, all initial linkages of the galactofuranose residues were still present, but the amount of beta (1-5)-linked galactofuranose residues had decreased considerably. Treatment of the extracellular polysaccharides of Penicillium and Aspergillus species with the purified exo-beta-D-galactofuranosidase resulted in complete disappearance of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactivity of these polysaccharides, using immunoglobulin G antibodies raised against P. digitatum. Therefore, with the use of this enzyme, it was proved that the beta (1-5)-linked galactofuranosyl residues only are responsible for the antigenicity of the extracellular polysaccharides of Penicillium and Aspergillus molds. A new structural model for the antigenic galactofuranose side chains of the galactomannan from P. digitatum is proposed.
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33
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Reiss E, Hearn VM, Poulain D, Shepherd MG. Structure and function of the fungal cell wall. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND VETERINARY MYCOLOGY : BI-MONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HUMAN AND ANIMAL MYCOLOGY 1992; 30 Suppl 1:143-56. [PMID: 1474439 DOI: 10.1080/02681219280000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Reiss
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, National Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333
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Haynes KA, Latge JP, Rogers TR. Detection of Aspergillus antigens associated with invasive infection. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:2040-4. [PMID: 2229387 PMCID: PMC268100 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.28.9.2040-2044.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial urine samples were collected from 33 neutropenic patients, 10 of whom developed invasive aspergillosis (IA) while undergoing bone marrow transplantation or remission induction therapy for leukemia. Concentrated urine samples from the infected patients were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blotted, and then incubated with antiserum raised to a cell wall extract of Aspergillus fumigatus (anti-CW) or an immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody to A. fumigatus galactomannan (EBA1). When IA patient urine blots were probed with anti-CW, major bands at 11 and 18 kilodaltons (kDa); intermediate bands at 13, 14, and 29 kDa; and minor bands at 38 and 44 kDa were seen. In contrast, EBA1 showed diffuse staining at molecular masses larger than 45 kDa and a single weak band at 21 kDa. Urine samples from the 23 patients with no evidence of IA were unreactive with both anti-CW and EBA1. These antigen bands are likely to represent immunodominant antigens which are excreted during IA and should play a valuable role in the development of rapid diagnostic tests for aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Haynes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Charing Cross and Westminister Medical School, London United Kingdom
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37
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Ste-Marie L, Sénéchal S, Boushira M, Garzon S, Strykowski H, Pedneault L, de Repentigny L. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to cell wall antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 1990; 58:2105-14. [PMID: 2194959 PMCID: PMC258783 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.7.2105-2114.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Aspergillus fumigatus were produced and characterized. Splenocytes from cell wall-immunized BALB/c mice were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells. The hybridomas were screened with a cold alkali (CA) extract of mycelium containing protein, mannose, and galactose, and two MAbs of the immunoglobulin M class were purified from ascites fluid. MAbs 1 and 40 were characterized by double immunodiffusion against CA antigen, indirect enzyme immunoassay with mannans of Candida albicans serotypes A or B or Candida tropicalis, indirect immunofluorescence with C. albicans- or A. fumigatus-infected tissues, indirect immunofluorescence with smears of other pathogenic fungi, Western blotting (immunoblotting) with the lectin concanavalin A or BS-1 from the seeds of Bandeirea simplicifolia, and immunoelectron microscopy. MAb 1 did not cross-react with Candida mannan and recognized a periodate-sensitive, pronase- and heat-resistant epitope in CA antigen and three mannose- and galactose-containing components (80, 62, and 49 kilodaltons) of a mycelial homogenate. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated binding of MAb 1 to the inner cell wall and intracellular membranes of hyphae and conidia of A. fumigatus. Circulating antigen was detected in experimental invasive aspergillosis by inhibition enzyme immunoassay with MAb 1 and CA antigen. MAb 40 was a nonprecipitating antibody cross-reactive with Candida species, and competition for an epitope located diffusely in the cell wall of A. fumigatus hyphae was demonstrated by incubating MAb 40 with mannan of C. albicans serotype A. These results suggest that MAb 1 recognizes immunodominant oligogalactoside side chains of A. fumigatus galactomannan, while MAb 40 binds to mannopyranosyl side chains common to A. fumigatus galactomannan and C. albicans mannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ste-Marie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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38
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Toora S, Singh G, Dhar S, Singh AD, Tiwari RP, Singh G. Partial purification and characterization of phospholipase C from Yersinia enterocolitica. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 66:303-9. [PMID: 2666377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb02483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
About 34% of the strains of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from raw milk were found to produce lecithinase. A selected strain produced phospholipase C at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C; production was optimum at 37 degrees C in the stationary phase (14-16 h). A decrease in phospholipase C activity at various storage temperatures (-5 degrees C, 4 degrees C, 37 degrees C) was also observed, although the enzyme was active over a wide range of temperature (5-65 degrees C) and pH (3.5-7.5). The phospholipase C was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex column chromatography, and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Toora
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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39
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de Repentigny L. Serological techniques for diagnosis of fungal infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 8:362-75. [PMID: 2497015 DOI: 10.1007/bf01963470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in the serodiagnosis of candidiasis, aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, mucormycosis and sporotrichosis. A number of studies have substantiated the presence of circulating antigens in invasive candidiasis, invasive aspergillosis, disseminated histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis, and immunoassays for antigen detection provide moderate sensitivity but high specificity for disease. Improved detection may result mainly from repeated serum or concentrated urine samplings rather than from the development of more sensitive immunoassays. Immunoblot analysis of the serological response is a useful tool for the identification of immunogenic fungal components that elicit a specific antibody response in invasive disease. This method, and others, have been successfully applied to the study of the immune response to several fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus and Rhizopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L de Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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40
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Gealt MA, Abdollahi A, Evans JL. Lipids and lipoidal mycotoxins of fungi. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEDICAL MYCOLOGY 1989; 3:218-47. [PMID: 2688917 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3624-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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41
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Hearn VM, Griffiths BL, Gorin PA. Structural analysis of water-soluble fractions obtained from Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium. Glycoconj J 1989; 6:85-100. [PMID: 2535480 DOI: 10.1007/bf01047892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fractions were prepared from the water-soluble components of Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium either by lectin-affinity chromatography or salt precipitation. While they varied considerably in their amino-acid composition, each contained a preponderance of aspartic and glutamic acids. 13C-NMR spectroscopy of these fractions, compared with that of polysaccharide obtained by alkaline extraction, indicated the presence of glycoproteins, the polysaccharide components of which contained beta-D-Galf units that are part of structures chemically different from those obtained by alkali treatment. In two of the three fractions examined, gas-liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry showed marked differences in the contents of non-reducing end-units of alpha-D-Manp and beta-D-Galf. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the preparations revealed an array of components, which stained to differing extents with silver stain and with Coomassie Blue and many of which were bound by lectins with specificity for different sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Hearn
- Mycological Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, England
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42
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Notermans S, Veeneman GH, van Zuylen CW, Hoogerhout P, van Boom JH. (1----5)-linked beta-D-galactofuranosides are immunodominant in extracellular polysaccharides of Penicillium and Aspergillus species. Mol Immunol 1988; 25:975-9. [PMID: 3216871 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(88)90003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus and Penicillium species produce extracellular polysaccharides which are immunologically active. Methyl beta-D-galactofuranoside interferes with the reaction between the polysaccharide antigens and the antibodies raised in rabbits. Of the different interlinked dimers of beta-D-galactofuranosides (1----2; 1----3; 1----5; 1----6) the (1----5) interlinked beta-D-galactofuranoside gave the highest inhibition. An increasing inhibitory effect of di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and heptamer of (1----5) interlinked beta-D-galactofuranosides was observed. It was noticed that the penta-, hexa- and heptamer of (1----5) interlinked beta-D-galactofuranosides were able to link antibodies raised against the extracellular polysaccharides produced by Penicillium species. The tetramer molecule was able to neutralize the binding of antibodies, which are naturally present in human sera, to the polysaccharides produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Notermans
- National Institute of Public Health and Environment Hygiene, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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43
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Groisman JF, de Lederkremer RM. D-galactofuranose in the N-linked sugar chain of a glycopeptide from Ascobolus furfuraceus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 165:327-32. [PMID: 3109899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb11445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two types of linkages between the carbohydrate and the peptide moiety in the glycopeptide from Ascobolus furfuraceus are described. Treatment with mild alkali produced beta-elimination of a small oligosaccharide. Evidence for the O-glycosidic linkage was provided by increase in absorbance at 240 nm, decrease in threonine and serine content after the alkaline treatment and detection of tritiated oligosaccharide following alkaline NaB3H4 reduction. Mannose is the sugar involved in the O-glycosidic linkage. The remaining glycopeptide was branched by galactofuranose units, which were selectivity released by mild acid hydrolysis. The N-glycosidic linkage of the sugar chain was conclusively proved by cleavage with endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase. Sequential NaB3H4 reduction and acid hydrolysis gave [3H]glucosaminitol. The structure of the sugar chain was studied by 13C NMR spectroscopy and by methylation analysis.
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Notermans S, Wieten G, Engel HW, Rombouts FM, Hoogerhout P, van Boom JH. Purification and properties of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) antigens produced by different mould species. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1987; 62:157-66. [PMID: 3571038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) antigens produced by different mould species were purified and partially characterized. Purification included (NH4)2SO4 treatment, Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography and Con A-sepharose chromatography. The EPS of Penicillium digitatum, Mucor racemosus and Cladosporium cladosporioides showed high antigenic capacities. Immunologically the EPS were partially genus-specific, but cross-reactivity was observed. The EPS antigens produced by species of Penicillium, Aspergillus repens and Geotrichum candidum lost their immunological activity upon heating (100 degrees C) at pH 1.8, while the EPS antigen of M. racemosus, Rhizopus oligosporus and C. cladosporioides were stable under the same conditions. The dominant monosaccharides present in the EPS antigen were mannose, galactose and glucose. The EPS obtained from cultures of M. racemosus and R. oligosporus also contained rhamnose. In the EPS produced by Penicillium spp. and A. repens the galactose residues were determined to be immunodominant.
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Veeneman G, Notermans S, Liskamp R, van der Marel G, van Boom J. Solid-phase synthesis of a naturally occurring β-(1→5)-linked d-galactofuranosyl heptamer containing the artificial linkage arm L-homoserine. Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schnaidman BB, Yoshida N, Gorin PA, Travassos LR. Cross-reactive polysaccharides from Trypanosoma cruzi and fungi (especially Dactylium dendroides). THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1986; 33:186-91. [PMID: 2426444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cross-reactivity between fungal and Trypanosoma cruzi polysaccharides, owing to common residues of beta-D-galactofuranose, beta-D-galactopyranose, and alpha-D-mannopyranose, was demonstrated by using rabbit immune sera against T. cruzi epimastigotes and sera from patients with Chagas' disease. Several chagasic (Ch) sera precipitated partly purified galactomannans from Aspergillus fumigatus and from T. cruzi epimastigotes and also the galactoglucomannan from Dactylium dendroides. Reaction of one Ch serum with T. cruzi galactomannan (GM) was completely inhibited by synthetic beta-D-Galf-(1----3)-Me alpha-D-Manp, and that of another Ch serum with a purified D. dendroides galactoglucomannan (GGM) was partly inhibited by (1----6)-linked (81%) or by (1----3)-linked (33%) beta-D-Galf-Me alpha-D-Manp. The beta-D-Galf-(1----3)-alpha-D-Manp epitope was present in both T. cruzi and D. dendroides polysaccharides. Rabbit anti-T. cruzi antisera precipitated A. fumigatus GM, T. cruzi antigenic extracts containing the lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG), T. cruzi alkali-extracted GM, a synthetic GM, and D. dendroides GGM. Weak reactivities were obtained for a Torulopsis lactis-condensi GM containing beta-D-Galp terminal residues and for baker's yeast mannan with alpha-D-Manp-(1----3)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp+ ++-(1----2) side chains. An anti-LPPG rabbit serum precipitated D. dendroides GGM--a reaction inhibited (82%) by beta-D-Galf-(1----3)-Me alpha-D-Manp and. less efficiently, by a (1----5)-linked beta-D-Galf-tetrasaccharide. Sera from mice immunized with D. dendroides whole cells reacted with CL-strain trypomastigotes as shown by indirect immunofluorescence, by a Staphylococcus adherence test, but were not lytic. Mice immunized with D. dendroides were not protected against a challenge with virulent T. cruzi trypomastigotes.
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47
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Isolation and structural studies on a galactofuranosyl-containing glycopeptide fromAscobolus furfuraceus. Glycoconj J 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01108611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Notermans S, Soentoro PS. Immunological relationship of extra-cellular polysaccharide antigens produced by different mould species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1986; 52:393-401. [PMID: 3789703 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Moulds are able to produce extracellular polysaccharide antigens which are heat-stable and almost genus specific. Of 44 different strains of Penicillium 41 (93%) and all 12 strains of Aspergillus tested produced detectable quantities of an immunologically related antigen. Additionally 10 of these 56 strains produced an antigen immunologically related to the antigen produced by the genera Mucor and Fusarium. Immunologically different, but genus-specific antigens were produced by each of the species belonging to the genus Geotrichum, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Mucor and Rhizopus. The antigens produced by Mucor and Rhizopus, however, were immunologically related.
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49
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Bennett JE, Bhattacharjee AK, Glaudemans CP. Galactofuranosyl groups are immunodominant in Aspergillus fumigatus galactomannan. Mol Immunol 1985; 22:251-4. [PMID: 3889593 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(85)90158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus galactomannan was prepared and its structure partially characterized. Galactofuranosyl groups were immunodominant when this polysaccharide antigen was reacted with antibody raised in rabbits.
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50
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Barreto-Bergter E, Gorin PA. Structural Chemistry of Polysaccharides from Fungi and Lichens. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(08)60056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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