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Castañeda-Casasola CC, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Soares A, Padilla-Padilla EA, Anducho-Reyes MA, Brown C, Soth S, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Hampton J, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Unveiling a Microexon Switch: Novel Regulation of the Activities of Sugar Assimilation and Plant-Cell-Wall-Degrading Xylanases and Cellulases by Xlr2 in Trichoderma virens. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5172. [PMID: 38791210 PMCID: PMC11121469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional microexons have not previously been described in filamentous fungi. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation in Trichoderma requiring the inclusion of a microexon from the Xlr2 gene. In low-glucose environments, a long mRNA including the microexon encodes a protein with a GAL4-like DNA-binding domain (Xlr2-α), whereas in high-glucose environments, a short mRNA that is produced encodes a protein lacking this DNA-binding domain (Xlr2-β). Interestingly, the protein isoforms differ in their impact on cellulase and xylanase activity. Deleting the Xlr2 gene reduced both xylanase and cellulase activity and growth on different carbon sources, such as carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, glucose, and arabinose. The overexpression of either Xlr2-α or Xlr2-β in T. virens showed that the short isoform (Xlr2-β) caused higher xylanase activity than the wild types or the long isoform (Xlr2-α). Conversely, cellulase activity did not increase when overexpressing Xlr2-β but was increased with the overexpression of Xlr2-α. This is the first report of a novel transcriptional regulation mechanism of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzyme activity in T. virens. This involves the differential expression of a microexon from a gene encoding a transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Coccet Castañeda-Casasola
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Laboratorio de AgroBiotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún, km 20, ExHacienda de Santa Bárbara, Zempoala 43830, Mexico;
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Tecamac 55740, Mexico
| | | | - Amanda Soares
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Emir Alejandro Padilla-Padilla
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 04510, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Anducho-Reyes
- Laboratorio de AgroBiotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún, km 20, ExHacienda de Santa Bárbara, Zempoala 43830, Mexico;
| | - Chris Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Sereyboth Soth
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - John Hampton
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
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Gao L, Liu G, Zhao Q, Xiao Z, Sun W, Hao X, Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhang P. Customized optimization of lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails for efficient conversion of pectin-rich biomass residues. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 297:120025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Synergistic action of thermophilic pectinases for pectin bioconversion into D-galacturonic acid. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 160:110071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kostyleva EV, Sereda AS, Velikoretskaya IA, Aisina AM, Tsurikova NV, Rubtsova EA, Satrutdinov AD, Sinitsyn AP. Obtainment of a Complex Enzyme Preparation with Enhanced Pectinase Activity Based on the New Mutant Strain T. reesei Co-44. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of a novel Aspergillus aculeatus URM4953 polygalacturonase. Comparison of free and calcium alginate-immobilized enzyme. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Grzegorczyk M, Kancelista A, Łaba W, Piegza M, Witkowska D. The effect of lyophilization and storage time on the survival rate and hydrolytic activity of Trichoderma strains. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:433-441. [PMID: 29305688 PMCID: PMC5984645 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluates the survivability and storage stability of seven Trichoderma strains belonging to the species: T. harzianum (1), T. atroviride (4), and T. virens (2) after the lyophilization of their solid state cultures on wheat straw. Biomass of Trichoderma strains was freeze-dried with and without the addition of maltodextrin. Furthermore, in order to determine the ability of tested Trichoderma strains to preserve selected technological features, the biosynthesis of extracellular hydrolases (cellulases, xylanases, and polygalacturonases) after a 3-month storage of lyophilizates was investigated. Strains of T. atroviride (except TRS40) and T. harzianum TRS85 showed the highest viability after lyophilization process (up to 100%). After 3 months of storage, T. atroviride TRS14 exhibited the highest stability (95.23%); however, the number of active conidia remained at high level of 106–107 cfu/g for all tested T. atroviride strains and T. harzianum TRS85. Interestingly, after a 3-month storage of lyophilized formulations, most of the tested Trichoderma strains exhibited higher cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities compared to the control, i.e., before freeze-drying process. The highest activities of these enzymes exhibited the following: T. atroviride TRS14–2.37 U/g and T. atroviride TRS25–21.47 U/g, respectively, whereas pectinolytic activity was weak for all tested strains, with the highest value of 0.64 U/g registered for T. virens TRS109.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Grzegorczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Kancelista
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łaba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Piegza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Danuta Witkowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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Evangelista DE, de Araújo EA, Neto MO, Kadowaki MAS, Polikarpov I. Biochemical characterization and low-resolution SAXS structure of an exo-polygalacturonase from Bacillus licheniformis. N Biotechnol 2018; 40:268-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Poondla V, Chikati R, Kallubai M, Chennupati V, Subramanyam R, Obulam VSR. Characterization and molecular modeling of polygalacturonase isoforms from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:285. [PMID: 28828292 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier, low-temperature-active polygalacturonase isoforms from Saccharomyces cerevisiae PVK4 were isolated and purified. Substrate specificity of polygalacturonase isoforms indicated high affinity for pectins and very low enzyme activity towards non-pectic polysaccharides. To characterize the polygalacturonase isoforms, biochemical, spectral, and in silico approaches were used. The apparent Km and Vmax values for hydrolysis of pectin and galacturonic acid were 0.31 mg/ml and 3.15 mmol min/mg, respectively. Interestingly, the polygalacturonase isoforms were found to be more stable at optimal pH and temperature of 4.5 and 40 °C, respectively. These isoforms were reacted with different metal ions; Cd2+ and Ni2+ severely inhibited the enzyme activity, while Mg2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Fe2+ Cu2+, and Ni2+ inhibited to a lesser extent, which clearly demonstrated that variations in enzyme activity were due to their differential binding affinity of metal ions. Furthermore, decrease in the viscosity of polygalacturonic acid and citrus pectin by these isoforms was approximately four and six times higher than the rate of release of reducing sugars. This indicates that polygalacturonase isoforms have an endo-mode of action. In addition to the above, thermostability of purified polygalacturonase isoforms was studied by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. Circular dichroism showed 18% alpha helix and 57% beta sheets at pH 5, while at pH 7, 8, and 9 there was an increase of random coil. Fluorescence studies revealed small conformational changes, which were observed at 30-50 °C, while unfolding transition region was noticed between 60 and 70 °C. The purified enzyme fractions were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. Finally, 3D model structures for isoenzymes of polygalacturonase of S. cerevisiae were generated and validated as good quality models, which are also suitable for molecular interaction studies.
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Catalytic properties of a highly thermoactive polygalacturonase from the mesophilic fungus Penicillium occitanis and use in juice clarification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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MA YUPING, SUN SIWEN, HAO HUI, XU CHUNPING. Production, purification and characterization of an exo-polygalacturonase from Penicillium janthinellum sw09. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88 Suppl 1:479-87. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A soil isolate, Penicillium janthinellum sw09 has been found to produce significant amounts of an extracellular pectinase subsequently characterized as exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG). By optimizing growth conditions, P. janthinellum sw09 produced high amount of exo-PG (16.54 units/mL). The crude enzyme was purified by gel filtration chromatography and two exo-PG activity peaks (designated as PGI and PGII) were revealed. On SDS-PAGE analysis, purified PGII using DEAE-Sepharose FF column, was found to be a single band with a molecular mass of 66.2 kDa. The purified PGII exhibited maximal activity at the temperature of 45 oC and pH 5.0. The stability profiles show that PGII is more stable in the pH range of 4.0-8.0 and below 60 oC. The Km and Vmax for the enzyme was 1.74 mg/mL and 18.08 μmol/ (mL•min), respectively. Due to this enzymatic characterization, this pectinase is an attractive candidate for applications in degradation of pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- YUPING MA
- China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co. Ltd, China
| | - SIWEN SUN
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
| | - HUI HAO
- China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co. Ltd, China
| | - CHUNPING XU
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
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Pili J, Danielli A, Zeni J, Trentini MMS, Cansian RL, Toniazzo G, Valduga E. Utilization of Orange Peel, Corn Steep Liquor, and Parboiled Rice Water in the Production of Polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2015.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonaina Pili
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Erechim, Brazil
| | | | - Jamile Zeni
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Erechim, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eunice Valduga
- Department of Food Engineering, URI Erechim, Erechim, Brazil
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Zeni J, Pili J, Cence K, Toniazzo G, Treichel H, Valduga E. Characterization of novel thermostable polygalacturonases from Penicillium brasilianum and Aspergillus niger. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:2497-502. [PMID: 26341112 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was the partial characterization of polygalacturonase (PG) extracts produced by a newly isolated Penicillium brasilianum and Aspergillus niger in submerged fermentation. The partial characterization of the crude enzymatic extracts showed optimum activity at pH 5.5 and 37 °C for both extracts. The results of temperature stability showed that PG from both microorganisms were more stable at 55 °C. However, the enzyme obtained by P. brasilianum presents a half-life time (t 1/2 = 693.10 h), about one order of magnitude higher than those observed in for A. niger at 55 °C. In terms of pH stability, the PG produced by P. brasilianum presented higher stability at pH 4.0 and 5.0, while the PG from A. niger showed higher stability at pH 5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamile Zeni
- Department of Food Engineering, URI-Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS, 99700-000, Brazil
| | - Jonaina Pili
- Department of Food Engineering, URI-Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS, 99700-000, Brazil
| | - Karine Cence
- Department of Food Engineering, URI-Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS, 99700-000, Brazil
| | - Geciane Toniazzo
- Department of Food Engineering, URI-Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS, 99700-000, Brazil
| | - Helen Treichel
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul-Campus de Erechim, Av. Dom João Hoffmann, 313, Erechim, 99700-000, Brazil
| | - Eunice Valduga
- Department of Food Engineering, URI-Erechim, Av. Sete de Setembro, 1621, Erechim, RS, 99700-000, Brazil.
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Mata-Gómez MA, Heerd D, Oyanguren-García I, Barbero F, Rito-Palomares M, Fernández-Lahore M. A novel pectin-degrading enzyme complex from Aspergillus sojae ATCC 20235 mutants. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1554-1561. [PMID: 25103563 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the food industry, the use of pectinase preparations with high pectin esterase (PE) activity leads to the release of methanol, which is strictly regulated in food products. Herein, a pectin-degrading enzyme (PDE) complex exhibiting low PE activity of three Aspergillus sojae ATCC 20235 mutants (M3, DH56 and Guserbiot 2.230) was investigated. Production of exo-/endo-polygalacturonase (PG), exo-polymethylgalacturonase (PMG) and pectin lyase (PL) by mutant M3 and A. sojae using two different carbon sources was evaluated in solid-state fermentation. Finally, experimental preparations obtained from the mutants and commercial pectinases standardized to the same potency were screened for PDEs. RESULTS Mutant M3 grown on sugar beet was found to be the best producer of exo-PG, endo-PG, exo-PMG and PL, with maximum yields of 1111, 449, 130 and 123 U g(-1), respectively. All experimental preparations exhibited low PE activity, at least 21.5 times less than commercial pectinases, and higher endo-PG (40 U mL(-1)). CONCLUSION Mutant M3 was the best PDE producer using sugar beet. Mutant strains presented a PDE complex featuring high endo-PG and very low PE activities. This novel complex with low de-esterifying activity can be exploited in the food industry to degrade pectin without releasing methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Mata-Gómez
- Downstream Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, D-28759, Bremen, Germany; Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, 64849, Mexico
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Li Q, Coffman AM, Ju LK. Development of reproducible assays for polygalacturonase and pectinase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2015; 72:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Purification and Properties of Polygalacturonase Produced by Thermophilic Fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI-756 on Solid-State Fermentation. Enzyme Res 2013; 2013:438645. [PMID: 24159381 PMCID: PMC3789396 DOI: 10.1155/2013/438645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonases are enzymes involved in the degradation of pectic substances, being extensively used in food industries, textile processing, degumming of plant rough fibres, and treatment of pectic wastewaters. Polygalacturonase (PG) production by thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus on solid-state fermentation was carried out in culture media containing sugar cane bagasse and orange bagasse in proportions of 30% and 70% (w/w) at 45°C for 4 days. PG obtained was purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The highest activity was found between pH 4.5 and 5.5, and the enzyme preserved more than 80% of its activity at pH values between 5.0 and 6.5. At pH values between 3.0 and 4.5, PG retained about 73% of the original activity, whereas at pH 10.0 it remained around 44%. The optimum temperature was 60–65°C. The enzyme was completely stable when incubated for 1 hour at 50°C. At 55°C and 60°C, the activity decreased 55% and 90%, respectively. The apparent molecular weight was 29.3 kDa, Km of 1.58 mg/mL and Vmax of 1553.1 μmol/min/mg. The presence of Zn+2, Mn+2, and Hg+2 inhibited 59%, 77%, and 100% of enzyme activity, respectively. The hydrolysis product suggests that polygalacturonase was shown to be an endo/exoenzyme.
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Kant S, Vohra A, Gupta R. Purification and physicochemical properties of polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger MTCC 3323. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 87:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Production, Purification, and Characterization of Polygalacturonase from Rhizomucor pusillus Isolated from Decomposting Orange Peels. Enzyme Res 2012; 2012:138634. [PMID: 23125919 PMCID: PMC3483666 DOI: 10.1155/2012/138634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermophilic fungal strain producing polygalacturonase was isolated after primary screening of 40 different isolates. The fungus was identified as Rhizomucor pusilis by Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC), Chandigarh, India. An extracellular polygalacturonase (PGase) from R. pusilis was purified to homogeneity by two chromatographic steps using Sephadex G-200 and Sephacryl S-100. The purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular weight of 32 kDa. The PGase was optimally active at 55°C and at pH 5.0. It was stable up to 50°C for 120 min of incubation and pH condition between 4.0 and 5.0. The stability of PGase decreases rapidly above 60°C and above pH 5.0. The apparent Km and Vmax values were 0.22 mg/mL and 4.34 U/mL, respectively. It was the first time that a polygalacturonase enzyme was purified in this species. It would be worthwhile to exploit this strain for polygalacturonase production. Polygalacturonase from this strain can be recommended for the commercial production because of its constitutive and less catabolically repressive nature, thermostability, wide range of pH, and lower Km properties. However, scale-up studies are needed for the better output for commercial production.
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18
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Benoit I, Coutinho PM, Schols HA, Gerlach JP, Henrissat B, de Vries RP. Degradation of different pectins by fungi: correlations and contrasts between the pectinolytic enzyme sets identified in genomes and the growth on pectins of different origin. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:321. [PMID: 22812459 PMCID: PMC3460790 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectins are diverse and very complex biomolecules and their structure depends on the plant species and tissue. It was previously shown that derivatives of pectic polymers and oligosaccharides from pectins have positive effects on human health. To obtain specific pectic oligosaccharides, highly defined enzymatic mixes are required. Filamentous fungi are specialized in plant cell wall degradation and some produce a broad range of pectinases. They may therefore shed light on the enzyme mixes needed for partial hydrolysis. RESULTS The growth profiles of 12 fungi on four pectins and four structural elements of pectins show that the presence/absence of pectinolytic genes in the fungal genome clearly correlates with their ability to degrade pectins. However, this correlation is less clear when we zoom in to the pectic structural elements. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the complexity of the mechanisms involved in fungal degradation of complex carbon sources such as pectins. Mining genomes and comparative genomics are promising first steps towards the production of specific pectinolytic fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Benoit
- Microbiology & Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro M Coutinho
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Case 932, 163 Av de Luminy, Marseille cedex 9, 13288, France
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, Wageningen, 6703HD, The Netherlands
| | - Jan P Gerlach
- Microbiology & Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Case 932, 163 Av de Luminy, Marseille cedex 9, 13288, France
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Microbiology & Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
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Orfila C, Dal Degan F, Jørgensen B, Scheller HV, Ray PM, Ulvskov P. Expression of mung bean pectin acetyl esterase in potato tubers: effect on acetylation of cell wall polymers and tuber mechanical properties. PLANTA 2012; 236:185-96. [PMID: 22293853 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A mung bean (Vigna radiata) pectin acetyl esterase (CAA67728) was heterologously expressed in tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum) under the control of the granule-bound starch synthase promoter or the patatin promoter in order to probe the significance of O-acetylation on cell wall and tissue properties. The recombinant tubers showed no apparent macroscopic phenotype. The enzyme was recovered from transgenic tubers using a high ionic strength buffer and the extract was active against a range of pectic substrates. Partial in vivo de-acetylation of cell wall polysaccharides occurred in the transformants, as shown by a 39% decrease in the degree of acetylation (DA) of tuber cell wall material (CWM). Treatment of CWM using a combination of endo-polygalacturonase and pectin methyl esterase extracted more pectin polymers from the transformed tissue compared to wild type. The largest effect of the pectin acetyl esterase (68% decrease in DA) was seen in the residue from this extraction, suggesting that the enzyme is preferentially active on acetylated pectin that is tightly bound to the cell wall. The effects of acetylation on tuber mechanical properties were investigated by tests of failure under compression and by determination of viscoelastic relaxation spectra. These tests suggested that de-acetylation resulted in a stiffer tuber tissue and a stronger cell wall matrix, as a result of changes to a rapidly relaxing viscoelastic component. These results are discussed in relation to the role of pectin acetylation in primary cell walls and its implications for industrial uses of potato fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Orfila
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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20
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Evaluation of production and characterization of polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Maller A, Damásio ARL, da Silva TM, Jorge JA, Terenzi HF, Polizeli MDLTDM. Biotechnological Potential of Agro-Industrial Wastes as a Carbon Source to Thermostable Polygalacturonase Production in Aspergillus niveus. Enzyme Res 2011; 2011:289206. [PMID: 21837272 PMCID: PMC3132474 DOI: 10.4061/2011/289206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastes are mainly composed of complex polysaccharides that might serve as nutrients for microbial growth and production of enzymes. The aim of this work was to study polygalacturonase (PG) production by Aspergillus niveus cultured on liquid or solid media supplemented with agro-industrial wastes. Submerged fermentation (SbmF) was tested using Czapeck media supplemented with 28 different carbon sources. Among these, orange peel was the best PG inducer. On the other hand, for solid state fermentation (SSF), lemon peel was the best inducer. By comparing SbmF with SSF, both supplemented with lemon peel, it was observed that PG levels were 4.4-fold higher under SSF. Maximum PG activity was observed at 55°C and pH 4.0. The enzyme was stable at 60°C for 90 min and at pH 3.0–5.0. The properties of this enzyme, produced on inexpensive fermentation substrates, were interesting and suggested several biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maller
- Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, São Paulo University, Avenue Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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22
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Yamazaki Y, Tojo M, Hoshino T, Kida K, Sakamoto T, Ihara H, Yumoto I, Tronsmo AM, Kanda H. Characterization of Trichoderma polysporum from Spitsbergen, Svalbard archipelago, Norway, with species identity, pathogenicity to moss, and polygalacturonase activity. FUNGAL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Morris GA, Ralet MC, Bonnin E, Thibault JF, Harding SE. Physical characterisation of the rhamnogalacturonan and homogalacturonan fractions of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectin. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Thakur A, Pahwa R, Singh S, Gupta R. Production, Purification, and Characterization of Polygalacturonase from Mucor circinelloides ITCC 6025. Enzyme Res 2010; 2010:170549. [PMID: 21048861 PMCID: PMC2956978 DOI: 10.4061/2010/170549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucor circinelloides produced an extracellular polygalacturonase enzyme, the production of which was enhanced when various production parameters were optimized. Maximum polygalacturonase (PGase) activity was obtained in 48 h at 30°C and pH 4.0 with pectin methyl ester (1% w/v) as carbon source and a combination of casein hydrolysate (0.1% w/v) and yeast extract (0.1% w/v) as nitrogen source. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity (13.3-fold) by Sephacryl S-100 gel-filtration chromatography. Its molecular weight was 66 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was found to have Km and Vmax values of 2.2 mM and 4.81 IU/ml at 0.1% to 0.5% (w/v) concentration of the substrate. The addition of phenolic acids (0.05 mM), metal ions such as Mn+2, Co+2, Mg+2, Fe+3, Al+3, Hg+2, and Cu+2, and thiols had inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The enzyme showed maximum activity in the presence of polygalacturonic acid (0.1% w/v) at pH 5.5 and 42°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Thakur
- Deparment of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, India
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25
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Morán-Diez E, Hermosa R, Ambrosino P, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Lorito M, Monte E. The ThPG1 endopolygalacturonase is required for the trichoderma harzianum-plant beneficial interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1021-31. [PMID: 19589077 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-8-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Considering the complexity of the in vivo interactions established by a mycoparasitic biocontrol agent at the plant rhizosphere, proteomic, genomic, and transcriptomic approaches were used to study a novel Trichoderma gene coding for a plant cell wall (PCW)-degrading enzyme. A proteome analysis, using a three-component (Trichoderma spp.-tomato plantlets-pathogen) system, allowed us to identify a differentially expressed Trichoderma harzianum endopolygalacturonase (endoPG). Spot 0303 remarkably increased only in the presence of the soilborne pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum, and corresponded to an expressed sequence tag from a T. harzianum T34 cDNA library that was constructed in the presence of PCW polymers and used to isolate the Thpg1 gene. Compared with the wild-type strain, Thpg1-silenced transformants showed lower PG activity, less growth on pectin medium, and reduced capability to colonize tomato roots. These results were combined with microarray comparative data from the transcriptome of Arabidopsis plants inoculated with the wild type or a Thpg1-silenced transformant (ePG5). The endoPG-encoding gene was found to be required for active root colonization and plant defense induction by T. harzianum T34. In vivo assays showed that Botrytis cinerea leaf necrotic lesions were slightly smaller in plants colonized by ePG5, although no statistically significant differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Morán-Diez
- Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE). Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus de Villamayor, C/ Duero 12. 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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26
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Purification and Partial Characterization of an Exo-polygalacturonase from Paecilomyces variotii Liquid Cultures. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:1496-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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28
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Draye M, Van Cutsem P. Pectin methylesterases induce an abrupt increase of acidic pectin during strawberry fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1152-60. [PMID: 18160124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The decrease of strawberry (Fragariaxananassa Duch.) fruit firmness observed during ripening is partly attributed to pectolytic enzymes: polygalacturonases, pectate lyases and pectin methylesterases (PMEs). In this study, PME activity and pectin content and esterification degree were measured in cell walls from ripening fruits. Small green, large green, white, turning, red and over-ripe fruits from the Elsanta cultivar were analyzed. Using the 2F4 antibody directed against the calcium-induced egg box conformation of pectin, we show that calcium-bound acidic pectin was nearly absent from green and white fruits, but increased abruptly at the turning stage, while the total pectin content decreased only slightly as maturation proceeded. Isoelectrofocalisation performed on wall protein extracts revealed the expression of at least six different basic PME isoforms. Maximum PME activity was detected in green fruits and steadily decreased to reach a minimum in senescent fruits. The preliminary role of PMEs and subsequent pectin degradation by pectolytic enzymes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Draye
- Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire Végétale, Facultés Universitaires de Namur, Namur, Belgium
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29
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Characterization of an Exopolygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 149:205-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-8107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Martins ES, Silva D, da Silva R, Leite RSR, Gomes E. Purification and characterization of polygalacturonase produced by thermophilic Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI-756 in submerged fermentation. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2007; 91:291-9. [PMID: 17216535 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-006-9114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular polygalacturonase was isolated from 5-day culture filtrates of Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI-756 and purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 5.5 and 60-65 degrees C. The apparent K (m) with citrus pectin was 1.46 mg/ml and the V (max) was 2433.3 micromol/min/mg. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was 30 kDa. The enzyme was 100% stable at 50 degrees C for 1 h and showed a half-life of 10 min at 60 degrees C. Polygalacturonase was stable at pH 5.0-5.5 and maintained 33% of initial activity at pH 9.0. Metal ions, such as Zn(+2), Mn(+2), and Hg(+2), inhibited 50, 75 and 100% of enzyme activity. The purified polygalacturonase was shown to be an endo/exo-enzyme, releasing mono, di and tri-galacturonic acids within 10 min of hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Silva Martins
- Biologia, Universidade Estadual paulista-UNESP, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas-IBILCE, R: Crsitovao Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Petro, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
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31
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Monge ME, Negri RM, Kolender AA, Erra-Balsells R. Structural characterization of native high-methoxylated pectin using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Comparative use of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and nor-harmane as UV-MALDI matrices. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:2638-46. [PMID: 17654474 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The successful analysis by ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UV-MALDI-TOF MS) of native and hydrolyzed high-methoxylated pectin samples is described. In order to find the optimal conditions for UV-MALDI-TOF MS analysis several experimental variables were studied such as: different UV-MALDI matrices (nor-harmane, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid), sample preparation methods (mixture, sandwich), inorganic salt addition (doping salts, NaCl, KCl, NH(4)Cl), ion mode (positive, negative), linear and reflectron mode, etc. nor-Harmane has never been used as a UV-MALDI matrix for the analysis of pectins but its use avoids pre-treatment of the sample, such as an enzymatic digestion or an acid hydrolysis, and there is no need to add salts, making the analysis easier and faster. This study suggested an alternative way of analyzing native high-methoxylated pectins, with UV-MALDI-TOF MS, by using nor-harmane as the matrix in negative ion mode. The analysis by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the native and hydrolyzed pectin is also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Mohamed SA, Farid NM, Hossiny EN, Bassuiny RI. Biochemical characterization of an extracellular polygalacturonase from Trichoderma harzianum. J Biotechnol 2006; 127:54-64. [PMID: 16872705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular polygalacturonase (PGII) from Trichoderma harzianum was purified to homogeneity by two chromatography steps using DEAE-Sepharose and Sephacryl S-200. The molecular weight of T. harzianum PGII was 31,000 Da by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. PGII had isoelectric point of 4.5 and optimum pH of 5.0. PGII was very stable at the pH 5.0. The extent of hydrolysis of different pectins by enzyme was decreased with increasing of degree of esterification (DE). PGII had very low activity toward non-pectic polysaccharides. The apparent K(m) value and K(cat) value for hydrolyzing polygalacturonic acid (PGA) were 3.4 mg/ml and 592 s(-1), respectively. PGII was found to have temperature optimum at 40 degrees C and was approximately stable up to 30 degrees C for 60 min of incubation. All the examined metal cations showed inhibitory effects on the enzyme activity. A 1,10-phenanthroline, Tween 20, Tween 80, Triton X-100 and SDS had no effect on the enzyme activity. The rate of enzyme catalyzed reduction of viscosity of solutions of PGA or pectin was higher three times than the rate of release of reducing sugars indicating that the enzyme had an endo-action. The storage stability of the enzyme in liquid and powder forms was studied, where the activity of the powder form was stable up to 1 year. These properties of T. harzianum PGII with appreciable activity would be potentially novel source of enzyme for food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Mohamed
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
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Marques MR, Buckeridge MS, Braga MR, Dietrich SMC. Characterization of an extracellular endopolygalacturonase from the saprobe Mucor ramosissimus Samutsevitsch and its action as trigger of defensive response in tropical plants. Mycopathologia 2006; 162:337-46. [PMID: 17123032 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-006-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, interest in the ability of non-pathogenic microorganisms to induce resistance in plants has grown, particularly with respect to their use as environmentally safe controllers of plant disease. In this study, we investigated the capacity of Mucor ramosissimus Samutsevitsch to release pectinases able to degrade cell walls of Palicourea marcgravii St. Hil., a tropical forest native Rubiaceae on which the spores of this saprobic fungus have been found. The fungus was grown in liquid culture medium containing pectin as the sole carbon source and filtrates were analyzed for pectinase activity. An endopolygalacturonase was partially purified by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and preparative isoelectrofocusing, and characterized. This enzyme was more active upon pectic substrates with a low degree of methyl esterification. The products of hydrolysis of different pectic substrates (including pectin from P. marcgravii) by the action of this endopolygalacturonase elicited to different extents the phytoalexin production in soybean cotyledons. Also, the enzyme itself and the products of its action on the pectic fraction of P. marcgravii elicited the production of defensive compounds in the leaves of the plant. These results suggest that, besides the role in recycling organic matter, saprobes may also play an important role in the induction of defensive mechanisms in wild plants by enhancing their non-specific resistance against pathogens. Furthermore, they set the stage for future studies on the role of saprobic fungi in inducing resistance of host plants to pathogens.
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Fujii K, Shintoh Y. Degradation of mikan (Japanese mandarin orange) peel by a novel Penicillium species with cellulolytic and pectinolytic activity. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:1169-76. [PMID: 17040241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The mikan, or Japanese mandarin orange, is a popular fruit in Japan, but its peel is one of the major agricultural wastes. The aims of this study were to screen, isolate, and characterize a mikan peel-degrading microbe. METHODS AND RESULTS Several samples including activated sludge, sediment, compost and spoiled mikan peel were collected and cultured in a minimal salt medium containing mikan peel as the sole carbon source. Degradation activity was found in a culture of the spoiled mikan peel, and a fungal strain, designated OP1, with both cellulolytic and pectinolytic activity was isolated. No toxic metabolites, such as mycotoxins, were found in OP1 cultures, as evaluated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A phylogenetic analysis strongly suggested that OP1 is a novel species of the genus Penicillium. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that Penicillium sp. OP1 plays an important role in aerobic microbial degradation of cellulose/pectin-rich biomasses in soil ecology, and further imply that this strain may be useful for both simultaneous cellulase/pectinase production and reduction of agricultural waste. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present results advance our understanding of microbial degradation of cellulose/pectin-rich biomasses in the natural environment, and offer a new tool for reduction of agricultural waste, which is important for sustaining circulatory societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujii
- Department of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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35
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Kars I, McCalman M, Wagemakers L, VAN Kan JAL. Functional analysis of Botrytis cinerea pectin methylesterase genes by PCR-based targeted mutagenesis: Bcpme1 and Bcpme2 are dispensable for virulence of strain B05.10. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2005; 6:641-52. [PMID: 20565686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that produces an array of enzymes capable of attacking the plant cell wall components. We have previously shown that growth of the fungus in planta is accompanied by the degradation of pectin and that endopolygalacturonase (Bcpg) genes are expressed during infection of different plant tissues. It was assumed that pectin demethylation by pectin methylesterases (PME) was essential for the subsequent depolymerization by BcPGs to occur efficiently. We report here on the functional analysis of two Bcpme genes in strain B05.10, using a gene-replacement approach. The method used for the generation of constructs for gene replacement in B. cinerea circumvents the need for cloning and yielded a high proportion of homologous recombinants. Mutants lacking both Bcpme genes are not affected in their growth on highly methylated pectin, nor did they show any reduction in virulence. The results suggest that B. cinerea strain B05.10 can efficiently degrade pectin without prior demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kars
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Olsson L, Christensen TM, Hansen KP, Palmqvist EA. Influence of the carbon source on production of cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases by Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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