1
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Dolmatov IY, Nizhnichenko VA. Extracellular Matrix of Echinoderms. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:417. [PMID: 37504948 PMCID: PMC10381214 DOI: 10.3390/md21070417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers available data on the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in echinoderms. The connective tissue in these animals has a rather complex organization. It includes a wide range of structural ECM proteins, as well as various proteases and their inhibitors. Members of almost all major groups of collagens, various glycoproteins, and proteoglycans have been found in echinoderms. There are enzymes for the synthesis of structural proteins and their modification by polysaccharides. However, the ECM of echinoderms substantially differs from that of vertebrates by the lack of elastin, fibronectins, tenascins, and some other glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Echinoderms have a wide variety of proteinases, with serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metal peptidases identified among them. Their active centers have a typical structure and can break down various ECM molecules. Echinoderms are also distinguished by a wide range of proteinase inhibitors. The complex ECM structure and the variety of intermolecular interactions evidently explain the complexity of the mechanisms responsible for variations in the mechanical properties of connective tissue in echinoderms. These mechanisms probably depend not only on the number of cross-links between the molecules, but also on the composition of ECM and the properties of its proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yu Dolmatov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Nizhnichenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky 17, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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2
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Yin R, Pan Y, Cai Y, Yang F, Gao N, Ruzemaimaiti D, Zhao J. Re-understanding of structure and anticoagulation: Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119826. [PMID: 35868774 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) from sea cucumber Ludwigothurea grisea (FCSLg) is the first one that reported to bear the di-fucosyl branches. Here we deciphered it by analyzing the physicochemical properties and its derivatives. Oligosaccharides prepared by selective cleavage of glycosidic linkages presented the mono-fucose and heterodisaccharide branches in FCSLg. The disaccharide branch was determined as d-GalNAcR1-(α1,2)-l-FucR2 rather than the di-fucosyl branch, where R1 was 4-mono-O- or 4,6-di-O-sulfation, and R2 was 3-mono-O- or 3,4-di-O-sulfation, respectively. The diversity of sulfation patterns in branches complicated the structure. These results give us a new understanding of FCSLg and provided a reliable method to decipher the FCS with complex branches. Bioanalysis of chemically modified derivatives showed that modulating the molecular mass could enhance the Xase target selectivity. Side chains conferred the Xase complex inhibition by binding to FIXa with a high affinity. Whether monosaccharide and disaccharide branches have differential effects needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | | | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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3
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Romano G, Almeida M, Varela Coelho A, Cutignano A, Gonçalves LG, Hansen E, Khnykin D, Mass T, Ramšak A, Rocha MS, Silva TH, Sugni M, Ballarin L, Genevière AM. Biomaterials and Bioactive Natural Products from Marine Invertebrates: From Basic Research to Innovative Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040219. [PMID: 35447892 PMCID: PMC9027906 DOI: 10.3390/md20040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic invertebrates are a major source of biomaterials and bioactive natural products that can find applications as pharmaceutics, nutraceutics, cosmetics, antibiotics, antifouling products and biomaterials. Symbiotic microorganisms are often the real producers of many secondary metabolites initially isolated from marine invertebrates; however, a certain number of them are actually synthesized by the macro-organisms. In this review, we analysed the literature of the years 2010–2019 on natural products (bioactive molecules and biomaterials) from the main phyla of marine invertebrates explored so far, including sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, echinoderms and ascidians, and present relevant examples of natural products of interest to public and private stakeholders. We also describe omics tools that have been more relevant in identifying and understanding mechanisms and processes underlying the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in marine invertebrates. Since there is increasing attention on finding new solutions for a sustainable large-scale supply of bioactive compounds, we propose that a possible improvement in the biodiscovery pipeline might also come from the study and utilization of aquatic invertebrate stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Romano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Mariana Almeida
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark—Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.S.R.); (T.H.S.)
- ICVS/3B´s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.V.C.); (L.G.G.)
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy;
- CNR-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Luis G Gonçalves
- ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (A.V.C.); (L.G.G.)
| | - Espen Hansen
- Marbio, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromso, Norway;
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0450 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Tali Mass
- Faculty of Natural Science, Department of Marine Biology, Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Andreja Ramšak
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia;
| | - Miguel S. Rocha
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark—Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.S.R.); (T.H.S.)
- ICVS/3B´s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Tiago H. Silva
- 3B’s Research Group, I3B’s—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark—Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; (M.A.); (M.S.R.); (T.H.S.)
- ICVS/3B´s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Anne-Marie Genevière
- Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 1 Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France;
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4
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Fassini D, Wilkie IC, Pozzolini M, Ferrario C, Sugni M, Rocha MS, Giovine M, Bonasoro F, Silva TH, Reis RL. Diverse and Productive Source of Biopolymer Inspiration: Marine Collagens. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1815-1834. [PMID: 33835787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine biodiversity is expressed through the huge variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species inhabiting intertidal to deep-sea environments. The extraordinary variety of "forms and functions" exhibited by marine animals suggests they are a promising source of bioactive molecules and provides potential inspiration for different biomimetic approaches. This diversity is familiar to biologists and has led to intensive investigation of metabolites, polysaccharides, and other compounds. However, marine collagens are less well-known. This review will provide detailed insight into the diversity of collagens present in marine species in terms of their genetics, structure, properties, and physiology. In the last part of the review the focus will be on the most common marine collagen sources and on the latest advances in the development of innovative materials exploiting, or inspired by, marine collagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Fassini
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Iain C Wilkie
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferrario
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, Center for Complexity & Biosystems, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, Center for Complexity & Biosystems, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Miguel S Rocha
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonasoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, Center for Complexity & Biosystems, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Tiago H Silva
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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5
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Li X, Wang D, Zhang P, Yu G, Cai C. Recent Advances in the Chemical Synthesis of Marine Acidic Carbohydrates. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201230120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ocean supplies abundant active compounds, including small organic molecules,
proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, with diverse biological functions. The high-value
transformation of marine carbohydrates primarily refers to their pharmaceutical, food, and
cosmetic applications. However, it is still a big challenge to obtain these marine carbohydrates
in well-defined structures. Synthesis is a powerful approach to access marine oligosaccharides,
polysaccharide derivatives, and glycomimetics. In this review, we focus on the
chemical synthesis of marine acidic carbohydrates with uronic acid building blocks such as
alginate, and glycosaminoglycans. Regioselective sulfation using a chemical approach is also
highlighted in the synthesis of marine oligosaccharides, as well as the multivalent glycodendrimers
and glycopolymers for achieving specific functions. This review summarizes recent
advances in the synthesis of marine acidic carbohydrates, as well as their preliminary structure activity relationship
(SAR) studies, which establishes a foundation for the development of novel marine carbohydrate-based drugs and
functional reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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6
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Yin R, Zhou L, Gao N, Lin L, Sun H, Chen D, Cai Y, Zuo Z, Hu K, Huang S, Liu J, Zhao J. Unveiling the Disaccharide-Branched Glycosaminoglycan and Anticoagulant Potential of Its Derivatives. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1244-1255. [PMID: 33616386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are conserved polysaccharides composed of linear repeating disaccharides and play crucial roles in multiple biological processes in animal kingdom. However, saccharide-branched GAGs are rarely found, except the fucose-branched one from sea cucumbers. There was conjecture about the presence of disaccharide-branched GAG since 30 years ago, though not yet confirmed. Here, we report a GAG containing galactose-fucose branches from Thelenota ananas. This unique branch was confirmed as d-Gal4S(6S)-α1,2-l-Fuc3S by structural elucidation of oligosaccharides prepared from T. ananas GAG. Bioassays indicated that oligomers with a larger degree of polymerization exhibited a potent anticoagulation by targeting the intrinsic tenase. Heptasaccharide was proven as the minimum fragment retaining the anticoagulant potential and showed 92.6% inhibition of venous thrombosis in vivo at sc. of 8 mg/kg with no obvious bleeding risks. These results not only solve a long-standing question about the presence of disaccharide-branched GAG in Holothuroidea, but open up new opportunities to develop safer anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lutan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lisha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dingyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhili Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kaifeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.,State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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7
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Li H, Yuan Q, Lv K, Ma H, Gao C, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao L. Low-molecular-weight fucosylated glycosaminoglycan and its oligosaccharides from sea cucumber as novel anticoagulants: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Mao H, Cai Y, Li S, Sun H, Lin L, Pan Y, Yang W, He Z, Chen R, Zhou L, Wang W, Yin R, Zhao J. A new fucosylated glycosaminoglycan containing disaccharide branches from Acaudina molpadioides: Unusual structure and anti-intrinsic tenase activity. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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9
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NMR characterization and anticoagulant activity of the oligosaccharides from the fucosylated glycosaminoglycan isolated from Holothuria coluber. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115844. [PMID: 32059896 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A glycosaminoglycan was isolated from the sea cucumber Holothuria coluber (HcFG). A series of oligosaccharide fragments (dp range 3-11) were prepared from its β-eliminative depolymerized product (dHcFG). Extensive NMR characterization of the oligosaccharides indicated the d-GlcA-β1,3-d-GalNAc4S6S repeating disaccharide backbone was substituted by monosaccharide branches comprising of Fuc2S4S, Fuc3S4S and Fuc4S, linked to O-3 of d-GlcA. For the prevailing Fuc3S4S at nonreducing end of dHcFG, the β-eliminative depolymerization process of HcFG was compared with those of the FGs from Actinopyga miliaris (AmFG, branched with Fuc3S4S) and Stichopus variegatus (SvFG, branched with Fuc2S4S). The result suggested that d-GlcA substituted with Fuc3S4S was more susceptible to depolymerization than that with Fuc2S4S. It might be due to the larger steric hindrance effects from Fuc2S4S on the esterification of GlcA. Biological assays confirmed that the minimum chain length (dp8), regardless of the Fuc branch types, was required for the potent anti-iXase and anticoagulant activities in FG fragments.
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10
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Ishihara M, Nakamura S, Sato Y, Takayama T, Fukuda K, Fujita M, Murakami K, Yokoe H. Heparinoid Complex-Based Heparin-Binding Cytokines and Cell Delivery Carriers. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244630. [PMID: 31861225 PMCID: PMC6943580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparinoid is the generic term that is used for heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), and heparin-like molecules of animal or plant origin and synthetic derivatives of sulfated polysaccharides. Various biological activities of heparin/HS are attributed to their specific interaction and regulation with various heparin-binding cytokines, antithrombin (AT), and extracellular matrix (ECM) biomolecules. Specific domains with distinct saccharide sequences in heparin/HS mediate these interactions are mediated and require different highly sulfated saccharide sequences with different combinations of sulfated groups. Multivalent and cluster effects of the specific sulfated sequences in heparinoids are also important factors that control their interactions and biological activities. This review provides an overview of heparinoid-based biomaterials that offer novel means of engineering of various heparin-binding cytokine-delivery systems for biomedical applications and it focuses on our original studies on non-anticoagulant heparin-carrying polystyrene (NAC-HCPS) and polyelectrolyte complex-nano/microparticles (N/MPs), in addition to heparin-coating devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ishihara
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (S.N.); (Y.S.); (K.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-429-95-1211 (ext. 2610)
| | - Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (S.N.); (Y.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Yoko Sato
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (S.N.); (Y.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Koichi Fukuda
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorazawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (S.N.); (Y.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Masanori Fujita
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1324, Japan;
| | - Kaoru Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan; (T.T.); (K.M.); (H.Y.)
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11
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Cai Y, Yang W, Li X, Zhou L, Wang Z, Lin L, Chen D, Zhao L, Li Z, Liu S, Yin R, Zuo Z, Gao N, Zhao J. Precise structures and anti-intrinsic tenase complex activity of three fucosylated glycosaminoglycans and their fragments. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Pomin VH, Vignovich WP, Gonzales AV, Vasconcelos AA, Mulloy B. Galactosaminoglycans: Medical Applications and Drawbacks. Molecules 2019; 24:E2803. [PMID: 31374852 PMCID: PMC6696379 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactosaminoglycans (GalAGs) are sulfated glycans composed of alternating N-acetylgalactosamine and uronic acid units. Uronic acid epimerization, sulfation patterns and fucosylation are modifications observed on these molecules. GalAGs have been extensively studied and exploited because of their multiple biomedical functions. Chondroitin sulfates (CSs), the main representative family of GalAGs, have been used in alternative therapy of joint pain/inflammation and osteoarthritis. The relatively novel fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS), commonly found in sea cucumbers, has been screened in multiple systems in addition to its widely studied anticoagulant action. Biomedical properties of GalAGs are directly dependent on the sugar composition, presence or lack of fucose branches, as well as sulfation patterns. Although research interest in GalAGs has increased considerably over the three last decades, perhaps motivated by the parallel progress of glycomics, serious questions concerning the effectiveness and potential side effects of GalAGs have recently been raised. Doubts have centered particularly on the beneficial functions of CS-based therapeutic supplements and the potential harmful effects of FCS as similarly observed for oversulfated chondroitin sulfate, as a contaminant of heparin. Unexpected components were also detected in CS-based pharmaceutical preparations. This review therefore aims to offer a discussion on (1) the current and potential therapeutic applications of GalAGs, including those of unique features extracted from marine sources, and (2) the potential drawbacks of this class of molecules when applied to medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA.
| | - William P Vignovich
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Alysia V Gonzales
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Ariana A Vasconcelos
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Imperial College, Department of Medicine, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Anionic and zwitterionic moieties as widespread glycan modifications in non-vertebrates. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:27-40. [PMID: 31278613 PMCID: PMC6994554 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycan structures in non-vertebrates are highly variable; it can be assumed that this is a product of evolution and speciation, not that it is just a random event. However, in animals and protists, there is a relatively limited repertoire of around ten monosaccharide building blocks, most of which are neutral in terms of charge. While two monosaccharide types in eukaryotes (hexuronic and sialic acids) are anionic, there are a number of organic or inorganic modifications of glycans such as sulphate, pyruvate, phosphate, phosphorylcholine, phosphoethanolamine and aminoethylphosphonate that also confer a 'charged' nature (either anionic or zwitterionic) to glycoconjugate structures. These alter the physicochemical properties of the glycans to which they are attached, change their ionisation when analysing them by mass spectrometry and result in different interactions with protein receptors. Here, we focus on N-glycans carrying anionic and zwitterionic modifications in protists and invertebrates, but make some reference to O-glycans, glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans which also contain such moieties. The conclusion is that 'charged' glycoconjugates are a widespread, but easily overlooked, feature of 'lower' organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190, Wien, Austria.
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Bilan MI, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Structural analysis of holothurian fucosylated chondroitin sulfates: Degradation versus non-destructive approach. Carbohydr Res 2019; 476:8-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Zheng W, Zhou L, Lin L, Cai Y, Sun H, Zhao L, Gao N, Yin R, Zhao J. Physicochemical Characteristics and Anticoagulant Activities of the Polysaccharides from Sea Cucumber Pattalus mollis. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E198. [PMID: 30934819 PMCID: PMC6521006 DOI: 10.3390/md17040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumbers possess distinct chemical structure and various biological activities. Herein, three types of polysaccharides were isolated and purified from Pattalus mollis, and their structures and bioactivities were analyzed. The fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (PmFG) had a CS-like backbone composed of the repeating units of {-4-d-GlcA-β-1,3-d-GalNAc4S6S-β-1-}, and branches of a sulfated α-l-Fuc (including Fuc2S4S, Fuc3S4S and Fuc4S with a molar ratio of 2:2.5:1) linked to O-3 of each d-GlcA. The fucan sulfate (PmFS) had a backbone consisting of a repetitively linked unit {-4-l-Fuc2S-α-1-}, and interestingly, every trisaccharide unit in its backbone was branched with a sulfated α-l-Fuc (Fuc4S or Fuc3S with a molar ratio of 4:1). Apart from the sulfated polysaccharides, two neutral glycans (PmNG-1 & -2) differing in molecular weight were also obtained and their structures were similar to animal glycogen. Anticoagulant assays indicated that PmFG and PmFS possessed strong APTT prolonging and intrinsic factor Xase inhibition activities, and the sulfated α-l-Fuc branches might contribute to the anticoagulant and anti-FXase activities of both PmFG and PmFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Lutan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lisha Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Longyan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Ronghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Guan R, Peng Y, Zhou L, Zheng W, Liu X, Wang P, Yuan Q, Gao N, Zhao L, Zhao J. Precise Structure and Anticoagulant Activity of Fucosylated Glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus: Analysis of Its Depolymerized Fragments. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040195. [PMID: 30934713 PMCID: PMC6520811 DOI: 10.3390/md17040195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apostichopus japonicus is one of the most economically important species in sea cucumber aquaculture in China. Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan from A. japonicus (AjFG) has shown multiple pharmacological activities. However, results from studies on the structure of AjFG are still controversial. In this study, the deaminative depolymerization method that is glycosidic bond-selective was used to prepare the depolymerized products from AjFG (dAjFG), and then a series of purified oligosaccharide fragments such as tri-, hexa-, nona-, and dodecasaccharides were obtained from dAjFG by gel permeation chromatography. The 1D/2D NMR and ESI-MS spectrometry analyses showed that these oligosaccharides had the structural formula of l-FucS-α1,3-d-GlcA-β1,3-{d-GalNAc4S6S-β1,4-[l-FucS-α1,3-]d-GlcA-β1,3-}n-d-anTal-diol4S6S (n = 0, 1, 2, 3; FucS represents Fuc2S4S, Fuc3S4S, or Fuc4S). Thus, the unambiguous structure of native AjFG can be rationally deduced: it had the backbone of {-4-d-GlcA-β1,3-d-GalNAc4S6S-β1-}n, which is similar to chondroitin sulfate E, and each d-GlcA residue in the backbone was branched with a l-FucS monosaccharide at O-3. Bioactivity assays confirmed that dAjFG and nonasaccharides and dodecasaccharides from AjFG had potent anticoagulant activity by intrinsic FXase inhibition while avoiding side effects such as FXII activation and platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowei Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuan Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Lutan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenqi Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xixi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Pin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Qingxia Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Longyan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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17
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Yin R, Zhou L, Gao N, Li Z, Zhao L, Shang F, Wu M, Zhao J. Oligosaccharides from depolymerized fucosylated glycosaminoglycan: Structures and minimum size for intrinsic factor Xase complex inhibition. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14089-14099. [PMID: 30030375 PMCID: PMC6130965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucosylated glycosaminoglycan (FG), a structurally complex glycosaminoglycan found up to now exclusively in sea cucumbers, has distinct anticoagulant properties, notably a strong inhibitory activity of intrinsic factor Xase complex (FXase). Knowledge of the FG structures could facilitate the development of a clinically effective intrinsic FXase inhibitor for anticoagulant drugs. Here, a new fucosylated glycosaminoglycan was obtained from the widely traded sea cucumber Bohadschia argus The precise structure was deduced as {→4)-[l-Fuc3S4S-α-(1→3)-]-d-GlcA-β-(1→3)-d-GalNAc4S6S-β-(1} through analysis of its chemical properties and homogeneous oligosaccharides purified from its β-eliminative depolymerized products. The B. argus FG with mostly 3,4-di-O-sulfated fucoses expands our knowledge on FG structural types. This β-elimination process, producing oligosaccharides with well-defined structures, is a powerful tool for analyzing the structure of complex FGs. Among these oligosaccharides, an octasaccharide displayed potent FXase inhibitory activity. Compared with oligosaccharides with various degrees of polymerization (3n and 3n - 1), our analyses reveal that the purified octasaccharide is the minimum structural unit responsible for the potent selective FXase inhibition, because the d-talitol in the nonsaccharide is unnecessary. The octasaccharide with 2,4-di-O-sulfated fucoses is more potent than that of one with 3,4-di-O-sulfated fucoses. Thus, sulfation patterns can play an important role in the inhibition of intrinsic factor Xase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Yin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China and
- the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lutan Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China and
- the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Gao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China and
| | - Zi Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China and
| | - Longyan Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China and
| | - Feineng Shang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China and
| | - Mingyi Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China and
| | - Jinhua Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China and
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18
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Dolmatov IY, Afanasyev SV, Boyko AV. Molecular mechanisms of fission in echinoderms: Transcriptome analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195836. [PMID: 29649336 PMCID: PMC5897022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoderms are capable of asexual reproduction by fission. An individual divides into parts due to changes in the strength of connective tissue of the body wall. The structure of connective tissue and the mechanisms of variations in its strength in echinoderms remain poorly studied. An analysis of transcriptomes of individuals during the process of fission provides a new opportunity to understand the mechanisms of connective tissue mutability. In the holothurian Cladolabes schmeltzii, we have found a rather complex organization of connective tissue. Transcripts of genes encoding a wide range of structural proteins of extracellular matrix, as well as various proteases and their inhibitors, have been discovered. All these molecules may constitute a part of the mechanism of connective tissue mutability. According to our data, the extracellular matrix of echinoderms is substantially distinguished from that of vertebrates by the lack of elastin, fibronectins, and tenascins. In case of fission, a large number of genes of transcription factors and components of different signaling pathways are expressed. Products of these genes are probably involved in regulation of asexual reproduction, connective tissue mutability, and preparation of tissues for subsequent regeneration. It has been shown that holothurian tensilins are a special group of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, which has formed within the class Holothuroidea and is absent from other echinoderms. Our data can serve a basis for the further study of the mechanisms of extracellular matrix mutability, as well as the mechanisms responsible for asexual reproduction in echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Yu. Dolmatov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Sergey V. Afanasyev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Boyko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
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19
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Structural comparison, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate of three edible sea cucumbers. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 185:41-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Shang F, Gao N, Yin R, Lin L, Xiao C, Zhou L, Li Z, Purcell SW, Wu M, Zhao J. Precise structures of fucosylated glycosaminoglycan and its oligosaccharides as novel intrinsic factor Xase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:423-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Mou J, Wang C, Li Q, Qi X, Yang J. Preparation and antioxidant properties of low molecular holothurian glycosaminoglycans by H2O2/ascorbic acid degradation. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:1339-1347. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Zhang N, Huang WX, Xia GY, Oppong MB, Ding LQ, Li P, Qiu F. Methods for determination of absolute configuration of monosaccharides. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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23
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Jin W, Zhang W, Liu G, Yao J, Shan T, Sun C, Zhang Q. The structure-activity relationship between polysaccharides from Sargassum thunbergii and anti-tumor activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:686-692. [PMID: 28716753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides derived from Sargassum thunbergii were prepared to investigate the structure-activity relationship between polysaccharides and anti-tumor activity in vitro. Many factors were examined. Overall, STW (polysaccharide extracted by hot water) had the best activity, followed by STJ (polysaccharide extracted by dilute alkali), and then STA (polysaccharide extracted by dilute acid). Location of algae had no effect at 500μg/mL and 1000μg/mL, while STW-QD (algae collected from Qingdao, China) had the best activity, followed by STW-WZ (algae collected from Wenzhou, China) and STW-LJ (algae collected from Lianjiang, China) and then STW-DL (algae collected from Dalian, China) and STW-RC (algae collected from Rongcheng, China) at 250μg/mL. Moreover, molecular weight had no effect at 1000μg/mL, while higher molecular weights were associated with better activities at 250μg/mL and 500μg/mL. Sulfate content had no effect at 1000μg/mL, while anti-tumor activities decreased accompanying with the changes of sulfate content. Uronic acid content was an important factor influencing activity. The fractions of STW showed little anti-tumor activity; however, the mixture of the fractions of STW showed approximately 60% inhibition. Overall, these findings suggested that the anti-tumor activity of polysaccharides required multilateral cooperation and that some of the effective components were lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; School of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ge Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jianting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Tifeng Shan
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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24
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Yang L, Wang Y, Yang S, Lv Z. Separation, purification, structures and anticoagulant activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from Holothuria scabra. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 108:710-718. [PMID: 29174356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (HsG) with an average molecular weight of 69.1 kDa was isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. We investigated the structure of the HsG by adopting monosaccharide composition analysis, disaccharide composition analysis, IR,1H and13C NMR spectra and methylation analysis. According to methylation results of desulfated/carboxyl-reduced polysaccharides and the analysis of unsaturated disaccharides generated through the enzymolysis of the defucosed polysaccharides, it is shown that each branch is formed by one fucopyranosyl residue, wherein 55.7% of the fucopyranosyl residues are linked to the O-6 position of the N-acetylgalactosamine moiety, 21.2% of the fucopyranosyl residues are linked to the O-3 position of β-d-glucuronic acid, 13.0% of the fucopyranosyl residues are linked to the O-4 positions of the N-acetylgalactosamine moiety, and 10.1% of the fucopyranosyl residues are not linked to sulfate groups on the backbone. The backbone →4)GlcUAβ(1 → 3)GalNAcβ(1→ and sulfated fucose branches were composed of the β-d-glucuronic acid, N-acetyl-β-d- galactosamine, α-l-fucose and sulfate groups by the molar ratio of 1:1.72:2.34:3.29. The anticoagulant activities of the HsG was evaluated and compared with heparin. The result showed that the HsG could prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology (Ocean University of China), Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology (Ocean University of China), Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology (Ocean University of China), Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology (Ocean University of China), Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
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25
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Immunoenhancement Effects of Glycosaminoglycan from Apostichopus japonicus: In Vitro and In Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice Studies. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110347. [PMID: 29112115 PMCID: PMC5706037 DOI: 10.3390/md15110347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the immunomodulatory activities of Apostichopus japonicus glycosaminoglycan (AHG) on the nature killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and cyclophosphamide (CY)-treated mice were investigated. After stimulation with multiple concentrations of AHG (0–100 μg/mL), NK cells and CTLs displayed outperformance against YAC-1 and B16 cells, respectively. Furthermore, the mitogen-induced splenic lymphocyte proliferation in CY-induced immunosuppressed mice was significantly promoted by AHG. In addition, the administration of AHG dramatically increased the splenocytes Ca2+ concentration and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, AHG could strongly increase the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and could decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the heart, kidney and liver. These findings indicated that AHG played an important role in the immune enhancement and protection against CY-induced immunosuppression and oxidative damage. Our findings provide experimental evidence for further research and possible immunostimulatory applications of AHG in clinical practice.
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Li Q, Cai C, Chang Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Xue C, Li G, Yu G. A novel structural fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from Holothuria Mexicana and its effects on growth factors binding and anticoagulation. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 181:1160-1168. [PMID: 29253945 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS), a structurally distinct glycosaminoglycan from the body wall of sea cucumber, possesses many biological properties and pharmacology functions. The refined structure of FCS isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria Mexicana (FCShm) was characterized by NMR spectra and HILIC-FTMS, which demonstrated four types of branches in FCShm. Among these, two branches were α-L-Fuc-2S4S (where Fuc is fucose and S is sulfo) and α-L-Fuc-4S linked to O-3 of glucuronic acid residues, while others were identified as α-L-Fuc-4S and α-L-Fuc-3S4S attached to O-6 of N-acetylgalactosamine residue. Furthermore, the fucosyl branches were α-1,3-linked with different degree of polymerization from 1 to 5. FCShm exhibited high affinity to fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2, growth factors involved in neovascularization. Moreover, FCShm displayed intrinsic anticoagulant activity and inhibited thrombin and factor Xa activation by antithrombin III. Our results proposed a novel structural FCS and demonstrated its favorable application prospects in anti-angiogenesis and anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaoguang Chang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Changhu Xue
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Ben Mansour M, Balti R, Ollivier V, Ben Jannet H, Chaubet F, Maaroufi RM. Characterization and anticoagulant activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate with unusually procoagulant effect from sea cucumber. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:760-771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The structure of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Bilan MI, Dmitrenok AS, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Two fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from the sea cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 164:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mou J, Wang C, Li W, Yang J. Purification, structural characterization and anticoagulant properties of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate isolated from Holothuria mexicana. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:208-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shida M, Mikami T, Tamura JI, Kitagawa H. A characteristic chondroitin sulfate trisaccharide unit with a sulfated fucose branch exhibits neurite outgrowth-promoting activity: Novel biological roles of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates isolated from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 487:678-683. [PMID: 28450116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a class of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains that consist of repeating disaccharide unit composed of glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). CS chains are found throughout the pericellular and extracellular spaces and contribute to the formation of functional microenvironments for numerous biological events. However, their structure-function relations remain to be fully characterized. Here, a fucosylated CS (FCS) was isolated from the body wall of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Its promotional effects on neurite outgrowth were assessed by using isolated polysaccharides and the chemically synthesized FCS trisaccharide β-D-GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate) (1-4)[α-l-fucose (2,4-O-disulfate) (1-3)]-β-D-GlcA. FCS polysaccharides contained the E-type disaccharide unit GlcA-GalNAc(4,6-O-disulfate) as a CS major backbone structure and carried distinct sulfated fucose branches. Despite their relatively lower abundance of E unit, FCS polysaccharides exhibited neurite outgrowth-promoting activity comparable to squid cartilage-derived CS-E polysaccharides, which are characterized by their predominant E units, suggesting potential roles of the fucose branch in neurite outgrowth. Indeed, the chemically synthesized FCS trisaccharide was as effective as CS-E tetrasaccharide in stimulating neurite elongation in vitro. In conclusion, FCS trisaccharide units with 2,4-O-disulfated fucose branches may provide new insights into understanding the structure-function relations of CS chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miharu Shida
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Mikami
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Regional Environment, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Hu M, Cui N, Bo Z, Xiang F. Structural Determinant and Its Underlying Molecular Mechanism of STPC2 Related to Anti-Angiogenic Activity. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E48. [PMID: 28230794 PMCID: PMC5334628 DOI: 10.3390/md15020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to use different strategies to further uncover the anti-angiogenic molecular mechanism of a fucoidan-like polysaccharide STPC2, isolated from brown alga Sargassum thunbergii. A desulfated derivative, STPC2-DeS, was successfully prepared and identified. The native polysaccharide and desulfated product were subjected to evaluate their anti-angiogenic effects. In the tube formation assay, STPC2 showed dose-dependent inhibition. In addition, STPC2 could distinctly inhibit the permeation of HUVEC cells into the lower chamber. Moreover, a significant reduction of microvessel density was observed in chick chorioallantoic membrane assay treated with STPC2. Meanwhile, STPC2 was found to repress the VEGF-induced neovessel formation in the matrigel plug assay in vivo. However, STPC2-DeS failed to suppress the anti-angiogenic activity via these in vitro and in vivo strategies. In addition, we demonstrated that STPC2 could significantly downregulate the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and its related downstream Src family kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and AKT kinase. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance assay revealed that STPC2 bound strongly to VEGF to interfere with VEGF-VEGFR2 interaction. Taken together, these results evidently demonstrated that STPC2 exhibited a potent anti-angiogenic activity through binding to VEGF via sulfated groups to impede VEGF-VEGFR2 interaction, thus affected the downstream signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Ning Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Zhixiang Bo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Feixiang Xiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Bilan MI, Dmitrenok AS, Tsvetkova EA, Shashkov AS, Stonik VA, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Structural characterization of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus and Actinopyga mauritiana. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 153:399-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shakouri A, Shoushizadeh MR, Nematpour F. Antimicrobial Activity of Sea Cucumber (Stichopus variegatus) Body Wall Extract in Chabahar Bay, Oman Sea. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-32422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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35
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Antimicrobial Activity of Sea Cucumber (Stichopus variegatus) Body Wall Extract in Chabahar Bay, Oman Sea. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.32422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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36
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Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of two fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioidea and Holothuria nobilis. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Hu P, Li Z, Chen M, Sun Z, Ling Y, Jiang J, Huang C. Structural elucidation and protective role of a polysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme on ameliorating learning and memory deficiencies in mice. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 139:150-8. [PMID: 26794958 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fucoidan, Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide 65 (SFPS65) A, was isolated from a brown alga (S. fusiforme). SFPS65A had an estimated molecular weight of 90kDa and showed αD(20) -74.3288 (c 0.05, H2O). SFPS65A is composed of fucose, galactose, xylose, glucose, glucuronic acid, and mannose in the ratio of 19.23:9.58:6.64:1:6.52:2.57. The structural features of SFPS65A were investigated using composition analysis, methylation analysis, infrared spectrum, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectroscopy. Results showed that SFPS65A has a main chain composed of →3)-β-l-Fucp-(1→3,4)-β-l-Fucp-(1→3,4)-β-l-Fucp-(1→ and connected with →3,4)-α-d-GlcAp-(1→, →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→, →4)-α-d-Galp-(1→, →3,6)-α-d-Manp-(1→ alternately. The branches at O-3 of the fucosyl residue and O-3 of the hexosyl residues may include sulfate, →4)-β-l-Fucp-(1→, β-d-Xylp-(1→, and β-d-Xylp-(1→. SFPS65A exhibited an activity on Alzheimer's disease in vivo in the pharmacological experiments by increasing the cognitive abilities of scopolamine-, ethanol-, and sodium nitrite-treated mice against memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Jin W, Zhang W, Liang H, Zhang Q. The Structure-Activity Relationship between Marine Algae Polysaccharides and Anti-Complement Activity. Mar Drugs 2015; 14:3. [PMID: 26712768 PMCID: PMC4728500 DOI: 10.3390/md14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 33 different polysaccharides were prepared to investigate the structure-activity relationships between the polysaccharides, mainly from marine algae, and anti-complement activity in the classical pathway. Factors considered included extraction methods, fractionations, molecular weight, molar ratio of galactose to fucose, sulfate, uronic acid (UA) content, linkage, branching, and the type of monosaccharide. It was shown that the larger the molecular weights, the better the activities. The molar ratio of galactose (Gal) to fucose (Fuc) was a positive factor at a concentration lower than 10 µg/mL, while it had no effect at a concentration more than 10 µg/mL. In addition, sulfate was necessary; however, the sulfate content, the sulfate pattern, linkage and branching had no effect at a concentration of more than 10 µg/mL. Moreover, the type of monosaccharide had no effect. Laminaran and UA fractions had no activity; however, they could reduce the activity by decreasing the effective concentration of the active composition when they were mixed with the active compositions. The effect of the extraction methods could not be determined. Finally, it was observed that sulfated galactofucan showed good anti-complement activity after separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Jin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hongze Liang
- The School of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Bilan MI, Dmitrenok AS, Shashkov AS, Kusaykin MI, Stonik VA, Nifantiev NE, Usov AI. Structure and biological activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from the sea cucumber Cucumaria japonica. Glycobiology 2015; 26:449-59. [PMID: 26681734 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) was isolated from the body wall of Pacific sea cucumber Cucumaria japonicaby extraction in the presence of papain followed by Cetavlon precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography. FCS was shown to contain D-GalNAc, D-GlcA, L-Fuc and sulfate in molar proportions of about 1:1:1:4.5. Structure of FCS was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis of the native polysaccharide and products of its desulfation and carboxyl reduction. The polysaccharide was shown to contain a typical chondroitin core → 3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1 → 4)-β-D-GlcA-(1 →. Sulfate groups in this core occupy O-4 and the majority of O-6 of GalNAc. Fucosyl branches are represented by 3,4- and 2,4-disulfated units in a ratio of 4:1 and are linked to O-3 of GlcA. In addition, ∼ 33% of GlcA are 3-O-sulfated, and hence, the presence of short fucooligosaccharide chains side by side with monofucosyl branches cannot be excluded. FCS was shown to inhibit platelets aggregation in vitro mediated by collagen and ristocetin, but not adenosine diphosphate, and demonstrated significant anticoagulant activity, which is connected with its ability to enhance inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa by antithrombin III, as well as to influence von Willebrand factor activity. The latest property significantly distinguished FCS from low-molecular-weight heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda E Ustyuzhanina
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria I Bilan
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey S Dmitrenok
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Kusaykin
- Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Valentin A Stonik
- Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatolii I Usov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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40
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Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of mechanically adaptable collagenous structures in the edible sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. ZOOLOGY 2015; 118:147-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Furuhashi T, Ishii K, Tanaka K, Weckwerth W, Nakamura T. Fragmentation patterns of methyloxime-trimethylsilyl derivatives of constitutive mono- and disaccharide isomers analyzed by gas chromatography/field ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:238-246. [PMID: 26411621 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In saccharide analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), electron ionization (EI) is used almost exclusively, whereas other gentler methods of ionization are rarely used. Field ionization (FI) is recognized as a GC/MS ionization method that causes fewer fragment ions, but only few studies are available on its use in saccharide analysis. METHODS To evaluate the usefulness of FI in profiling isomeric saccharides by GC/MS and to explore its potential application in metabolome analysis, we compared EI, chemical ionization (CI), and FI spectral patterns of consecutive mono- and disaccharides derivatized with methoxamine-HCl and N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. RESULTS FI produced molecular ions and fragment ions characteristic of constitutive isomeric disaccharides. All of the derivatized saccharides that originally had free anomeric OH showed methyloxime-moiety fragment ions, attributable to the cleavage between C2 and C3. Some fragment ions in FI were indicative of the position of dihexose linkages. Although EI with lowered voltage (18 V, 130 °C) produced fewer fragment ions than conventional EI (70 V, 250 °C) did, fragmentation patterns were different from those of FI. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that FI is useful for distinguishing isomeric saccharides in qualitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Furuhashi
- University of Vienna, Department of Molecular System Biology, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Metabolome Systems Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishii
- JEOL Ltd., 1-2 Musashino 3-chome Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- JEOL Ltd., 1-2 Musashino 3-chome Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8558, Japan
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- University of Vienna, Department of Molecular System Biology, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Takemichi Nakamura
- Collaboration Promotion Unit, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Ustyuzhanina NE, Fomitskaya PA, Gerbst AG, Dmitrenok AS, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis of the oligosaccharides related to branching sites of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from sea cucumbers. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:770-87. [PMID: 25648510 PMCID: PMC4344601 DOI: 10.3390/md13020770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural anionic polysaccharides fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCS) from sea cucumbers attract great attention nowadays due to their ability to influence various biological processes, such as blood coagulation, thrombosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, bacterial and viral adhesion. To determine pharmacophore fragments in FCS we have started systematic synthesis of oligosaccharides with well-defined structure related to various fragments of these polysaccharides. In this communication, the synthesis of non-sulfated and selectively O-sulfated di- and trisaccharides structurally related to branching sites of FCS is described. The target compounds are built up of propyl β-d-glucuronic acid residue bearing at O-3 α-l-fucosyl or α-l-fucosyl-(1→3)-α-l-fucosyl substituents. O-Sulfation pattern in the fucose units of the synthetic targets was selected according to the known to date holothurian FCS structures. Stereospecific α-glycoside bond formation was achieved using 2-O-benzyl-3,4-di-O-chloroacetyl-α-l-fucosyl trichloroacetimidate as a donor. Stereochemical outcome of the glycosylation was explained by the remote participation of the chloroacetyl groups with the formation of the stabilized glycosyl cations, which could be attacked by the glycosyl acceptor only from the α-side. The experimental results were in good agreement with the SCF/MP2 calculated energies of such participation. The synthesized oligosaccharides are regarded as model compounds for the determination of a structure-activity relationship in FCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda E Ustyuzhanina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow B-334, Russia.
| | | | - Alexey G Gerbst
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow B-334, Russia.
| | - Andrey S Dmitrenok
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow B-334, Russia.
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow B-334, Russia.
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43
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Yang J, Wang Y, Jiang T, Lv Z. Novel branch patterns and anticoagulant activity of glycosaminoglycan from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:911-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Liu G, Liu Y, Wang K, Yang M, Cheng H, Zhao Z. Structural characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete structural characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Muzao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Xinquan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Jiaozhen Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry
- Key Lab of Chemical Biology (MOE)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
| | - Guangpu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Kaiming Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Huiling Cheng
- Medical Research Center
- Shandong Provisional Qianfoshan Hospital
- Jinan 250014
- China
| | - Zhongxi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
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45
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Depolymerized glycosaminoglycan and its anticoagulant activities from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Myron P, Siddiquee S, Al Azad S. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate diversity in sea cucumbers: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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Pavão MSG. Glycosaminoglycans analogs from marine invertebrates: structure, biological effects, and potential as new therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:123. [PMID: 25309878 PMCID: PMC4160087 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, several glycosaminoglycan analogs obtained from different marine invertebrate are reported. The structure, biological activity and mechanism of action of these unique molecules are detailed reviewed and exemplified by experiments in vitro and in vivo. Among the glycans studied are low-sulfated heparin-like polymers from ascidians, containing significant anticoagulant activity and no bleeding effect; dermatan sulfates with significant neurite outgrowth promoting activity and anti-P-selectin from ascidians, and a unique fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from sea cucumbers, possessing anticoagulant activity after oral administration and high anti P- and L-selectin activities. The therapeutic value and safety of these invertebrate glycans have been extensively proved by several experimental animal models of diseases, including thrombosis, inflammation and metastasis. These invertebrate glycans can be obtained in high concentrations from marine organisms that have been used as a food source for decades, and usually obtained from marine farms in sufficient quantities to be used as starting material for new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro S G Pavão
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Cellular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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48
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Hu P, Xue R, Li Z, Chen M, Sun Z, Jiang J, Huang C. Structural investigation and immunological activity of a heteropolysaccharide from Sargassum fusiforme. Carbohydr Res 2014; 390:28-32. [PMID: 24685576 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A heteropolysaccharide was isolated from the brown alga, Sargassum fusiforme. The heteropolysaccharide was estimated to have a molecular weight of 11kDa and showed [α]D(20) -62.2420 (c 0.05, H2O). SFPS65-B comprised galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose, and galacturonic acid at a ratio of 3.04:1:1.15:2.82:6.51. Its structural features were investigated using composition analysis, methylation analysis, IR, NMR spectroscopy, and ESI-Q-TOF MS spectroscopy. Results showed that SFPS65-B contained the backbone of →4)-α-GalAp-(1→4)-α-Hexp-(1→4)-α-GalAp-(1→4)-α-Fucp-(1→4)-α-GalAp-(1→. The sulfated unit and terminal fucose residues were attached onto the backbone through the O-2 of some galactose residues. Results also showed that SFPS65-B had a good effect on thymus and spleen indices at a dose of 100mg/kg upon immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Rui Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Zhaolin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Rd., Zhangjiang, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Bai Y, Qu M, Luan Z, Li X, Yang Y. Electrohydrodynamic drying of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Synthesis of β-d-GalNAc(4,6-diS)(1–4)[α-l-Fuc(2,4-diS)(1–3)]-β-d-GlcA, a novel trisaccharide unit of chondroitin sulfate with a fucose branch. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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