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Xia W, Han J, Zhu S, Wang Y, Zhang W, Wu Z. Structural elucidation of the exopolysaccharide from Streptococcus thermophilus XJ53 and the effect of its molecular weight on immune activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123177. [PMID: 36623615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
EPS53, a homogeneous exopolysaccharide (EPS) was isolated from Streptococcus thermophiles XJ53 fermented in skimmed milk via anion exchange column chromatography. The relative molecular weight of EPS53 was above 6.7 × 105 g/mol; its repeating structural unit of EPS53 consisted of β-T-Galp, β-1,3-Galf, α-1,3-Glcp and β-1,3,6-Glcp residues in a molar ratio of 1:1:1:1, with β-T-Galp attached to the O-6 position of β-1,3,6-Glcp,identical to the EPS produced from S. thermophilus SFi39. EPS53-D, purified under similar conditions as EPS53 except for the deproteinization of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), had a lower molecular weight but the same repeating structural unit. The effects of EPS53 and EPS53-D on proliferation, phagocytosis and nitric oxide (NO) release of macrophage RAW264.7 were compared. EPS53 exhibited stronger immune activity than EPS53-D, suggesting that the molecular weight might have an important effect on the activity of EPS molecules. Treatment with TCA might affect the activities of native EPSs produced by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Jin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, PR China
| | - Shiming Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Zhengjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200436, PR China.
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Xu Z, Guo Q, Zhang H, Xiong Z, Zhang X, Ai L. Structural characterisation of EPS of Streptococcus thermophilus S-3 and its application in milk fermentation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:263-269. [PMID: 33639187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of Streptococcus thermophilus S-3 into yogurt production was studied and the structural properties of the generated exopolysaccharides (EPS-S3) were characterized. The proposed structure of EPS-S3 was obtained. EPS-S3 contained a high ratio of N-Acetyl-galactosamine with the Mw of 574 kDa, which was higher than that of AR333 (314 kD) leading to higher apparent viscosity. Streptococcus thermophilus strain S-3 was co-cultured with Lactobacillus delbrueckii for yogut production which highly increased the acidifying rate and post-acidification rate. The quality of the co-cultured yogurts in terms of apparent viscosity, syneresis capacity, water holding capacity and rheological properties were much better than that by using Lactobacillus bulgaricus only. The production mechanism of EPS-S3 from gene regulated level was also discussed which is helpful to facilitate the application of Streptococcus thermophilus strain into milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Technology Center Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200436, China
| | - Qingbin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instruments and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Hu L, Liu R, Wu T, Sui W, Zhang M. Structural Properties of Homogeneous Polysaccharide Fraction Released from Wheat Germ by Hydrothermal Treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 240:116238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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4
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Zhou Y, Cui Y, Qu X. Exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria: Structure, bioactivity and associations: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 207:317-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Xu Z, Guo Q, Zhang H, Wu Y, Hang X, Ai L. Exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophiles S-3: Molecular, partial structural and rheological properties. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 194:132-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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New advances in exopolysaccharides production of Streptococcus thermophilus. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:799-809. [PMID: 28357474 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is the most important thermophilic dairy starter, and is widely used in the dairy industry. Streptococcus thermophilus exopolysaccharides received wide attention over recent decades, because they can improve the properties of the dairy product and confer beneficial health effects. The understanding of the regulatory and biosynthetic mechanisms of EPS will improve the EPS biosynthesis, increase the productivity of EPSs, and develop EPSs with desirable properties. The structure of EPSs is the focus of this study. Revealing the structure-function relationship can lead to increase the knowledge base and from there to increased research of EPS. The EPS yield is a key limiting factor in the research and utilization of EPS. In the present review, biosynthetic pathways and genetics of S. thermophilus EPSs were described and reviewed. At the same time, functional properties and applications of EPS, and strategies for enhancement of EPS production are discussed.
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Díaz D, Canales-Mayordomo A, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Solution conformation of carbohydrates: a view by using NMR assisted by modeling. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1273:261-87. [PMID: 25753717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2343-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural elucidation of complex carbohydrates in solution is not a trivial task. From the NMR view point, the limited chemical shift dispersion of sugar NMR spectra demands the combination of a variety of NMR techniques as well as the employment of molecular modeling methods. Herein, a general protocol for assignment of resonances and determination of inter-proton distances within the saccharides by homonuclear and heteronuclear experiments (i.e., (1)H and (13)C) is described. In addition, several computational tools and procedures for getting a final ensemble of geometries that represent the structure in solution are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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DI HY, Zhang YY, Chen DF. Isolation of an anti-complementary polysaccharide from the root of Bupleurum chinense and identification of its targets in complement activation cascade. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:177-84. [PMID: 23787186 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To isolate and characterize the anti-complementary polysaccharide from the root of Bupleurum chinense. METHODS Bioactivity-guided fractionation and purification was used to obtain the anti-complementary polysaccharide from the hot-water extract of the root of Bupleurum chinense. The polysaccharide was characterized by various chemical and spectral analyses. The anti-complementary activities were evaluated by hemolytic assay in vitro. The action targets were identified in the system with individual complement-depleted sera. RESULTS A homogeneous polysaccharide BC-PS2 was isolated as an anti-complementary agent. It was identified as a branched polysaccharide with an average molecular weight about 2 000 KDa, composed of Glc, Ara, Gal, and Man in the ratio 3.5 : 2.4 : 2.0 : 1.0, respectively, along with a trace of Rha and Xyl, and only 1.11% of protein. The main linkages of the residues of BC-PS2 include terminal, 1, 6-linked, 1, 3-linked and 1, 3, 6-linked Glcp, terminal and 1, 5-linked Araf, terminal, 1, 4-linked, 1, 6-linked and 1, 4, 6-linked Galp, terminal, and, 1, 4-linked and 1, 4, 6-linked Manp. The bioassay experiments revealed that BC-PS2 inhibited complement activation on both the classical and alternative pathways, with CH50 and AP50 of (0.222 ± 0.013) and (0.356 ± 0.032) mg·mL(-1), respectively. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that BC-PS2 interacted with C1q, C2, and C9 components. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that BC-PS2 is an anti-complementary polysaccharide, and should be important constituent of the root of Bupleurum chinense for its application in the treatment of diseases associated with the excessive activation of complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ye DI
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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Nishimura J, Saito T, Yoneyama H, Lan Bai L, Okumura K, Isogai E. Biofilm Formation by <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> and Related Bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2012.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Degeest B, van De Ven S, De Vuyst L. Process characteristics of exopolysaccharide production by streptococcus thermophilus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19991400106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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De Vuyst L, Degeest B. Expolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria: Technological bottlenecks and practical solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.19991400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Säwén E, Huttunen E, Zhang X, Yang Z, Widmalm G. Structural analysis of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus ST1 solely by NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2010; 47:125-134. [PMID: 20474086 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-010-9413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation of milk results in favorable physical and rheological properties due to in situ exopolysaccharide (EPS) production. The EPS from S. thermophilus ST1 produces highly viscous aqueous solutions and its structure has been investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Notably, all aspects of the elucidation of its primary structure including component analysis and absolute configuration of the constituent monosaccharides were carried out by NMR spectroscopy. An array of techniques was utilized including, inter alia, PANSY and NOESY-HSQC TILT experiments. The EPS is composed of hexasaccharide repeating units with the following structure: --> 3)[alpha-D-Glcp-(1 --> 4)]-beta-D-Galp-(1 --> 4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 --> 4)[beta-D-Galf-(1 --> 6)]-beta-D-Glcp-(1 --> 6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 -->, in which the residues in square brackets are terminal groups substituting backbone sugar residues that consequently are branch-points in the repeating unit of the polymer. Thus, the EPS consists of a backbone of four sugar residues with two terminal sugar residues making up two side-chains of the repeating unit. The molecular mass of the polymer was determined using translational diffusion experiments which resulted in Mw = 62 kDa, corresponding to 64 repeating units in the EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Säwén
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Nakajima M, Nishimoto M, Kitaoka M. Characterization of d-galactosyl-β1→4-l-rhamnose phosphorylase from Opitutus terrae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Nakajima M, Nishimoto M, Kitaoka M. Characterization of three beta-galactoside phosphorylases from Clostridium phytofermentans: discovery of d-galactosyl-beta1->4-l-rhamnose phosphorylase. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19220-7. [PMID: 19491100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.007666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized three d-galactosyl-beta1-->3-N-acetyl-d-hexosamine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.211) homologs from Clostridium phytofermentans (Cphy0577, Cphy1920, and Cphy3030 proteins). Cphy0577 and Cphy3030 proteins exhibited similar activity on galacto-N-biose (GNB; d-Gal-beta1-->3-d-GalNAc) and lacto-N-biose I (LNB; d-Gal-beta1-->3-d-GlcNAc), thus indicating that they are d-galactosyl-beta1-->3-N-acetyl-d-hexosamine phosphorylases, subclassified as GNB/LNB phosphorylase. In contrast, Cphy1920 protein phosphorolyzed neither GNB nor LNB. It showed the highest activity with l-rhamnose as the acceptor in the reverse reaction using alpha-d-galactose 1-phosphate as the donor. The reaction product was d-galactosyl-beta1-->4-l-rhamnose. The enzyme also showed activity on l-mannose, l-lyxose, d-glucose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, and d-galactose in this order. When d-glucose derivatives were used as acceptors, reaction products were beta-1,3-galactosides. Kinetic parameters of phosphorolytic activity on d-galactosyl-beta1-->4-l-rhamnose were k(cat) = 45 s(-1) and K(m) = 7.9 mm, thus indicating that these values are common among other phosphorylases. We propose d-galactosyl-beta1-->4-l-rhamnose phosphorylase as the name for Cphy1920 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nakajima
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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15
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Abstract
In order to survive extremes of pH, temperature, salinity and pressure, organisms have been found to develop unique defences against their environment, leading to the biosynthesis of novel molecules ranging from simple osmolytes and lipids to complex secondary metabolites. This review highlights novel molecules isolated from microorganisms that either tolerate or favour extreme growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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16
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Shene C, Canquil N, Bravo S, Rubilar M. Production of the exopolysacchzrides by Streptococcus thermophilus: Effect of growth conditions on fermentation kinetics and intrinsic viscosity. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 124:279-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Structural determination of a neutral exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus LBB.B332. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2735-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Urshev ZL, Dimitrov ZP, Fatchikova NS, Petrova IG, Ishlimova DI. Partial characterization and dynamics of synthesis of high molecular mass exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Bille PG, Buys E, Taylor JR. The technology and properties of Omashikwa, a traditional fermented buttermilk produced by small-holder milk producers in Namibia. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Leo F, Hashida S, Kumagai D, Uchida K, Motoshima H, Arai I, Asakuma S, Fukuda K, Urashima T. Studies on a Neutral Exopolysaccharide of Lactobacillus fermentum TDS030603. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2007. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.54.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Harding LP, Marshall VM, Hernandez Y, Gu Y, Maqsood M, McLay N, Laws AP. Structural characterisation of a highly branched exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB2074. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:1107-11. [PMID: 15797126 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB2074 when grown in skimmed milk secretes a highly branched exopolysaccharide. The exopolysaccharide has a heptasaccharide repeat unit and is composed of glucose and galactose in the molar ratio 3:4. Using chemical techniques and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy the polysaccharide has been shown to possess the following repeat unit structure: [carbohydrate structure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay P Harding
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
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Goh KKT, Haisman DR, Singh H. Development of an improved procedure for isolation and purification of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2483. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 67:202-8. [PMID: 15480631 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the isolation and purification of exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2483 that can be adapted for industrial-scale operation. Hydrolyzed milk medium, which was ultrafiltered to remove molecular species larger than 2.5 x 10(5) Da, was found to be a suitable growth medium for the bacteria, which produced approximately 400 mg EPS/l . Optimal isolation of EPS was achieved using centrifugation, filtration and ethanol precipitation methods. Insoluble and soluble EPS fractions were obtained. The soluble fraction was purified using a series of ethanol precipitations to achieve approximately 98% (w/w) purity. This fraction consisted of galactose, glucose, rhamnose and mannose in the ratio of approximately 5:1:0.6:0.5, with traces of glucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K T Goh
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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23
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Vaningelgem F, Meulen RVD, Zamfir M, Adriany T, Laws AP, Vuyst LD. Streptococcus thermophilus ST 111 produces a stable high-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide in milk-based medium. Int Dairy J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Vaningelgem F, Zamfir M, Mozzi F, Adriany T, Vancanneyt M, Swings J, De Vuyst L. Biodiversity of exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus strains is reflected in their production and their molecular and functional characteristics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:900-12. [PMID: 14766570 PMCID: PMC348814 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.2.900-912.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-six lactic acid bacterium strains isolated from European dairy products were identified as Streptococcus thermophilus and characterized by bacterial growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing capacity in milk and enriched milk medium. In addition, the acidification rates of the different strains were compared with their milk clotting behaviors. The majority of the strains grew better when yeast extract and peptone were added to the milk medium, although the presence of interfering glucomannans was shown, making this medium unsuitable for EPS screening. EPS production was found to be strain dependent, with the majority of the strains producing between 20 and 100 mg of polymer dry mass per liter of fermented milk medium. Furthermore, no straightforward relationship between the apparent viscosity and EPS production could be detected in fermented milk medium. An analysis of the molecular masses of the isolated EPS by gel permeation chromatography revealed a large variety, ranging from 10 to >2,000 kDa. A distinction could be made between high-molecular-mass EPS (>1,000 kDa) and low-molecular-mass EPS (<1,000 kDa). Based on the molecular size of the EPS, three groups of EPS-producing strains were distinguished. Monomer analysis of the EPS by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with amperometric detection was demonstrated to be a fast and simple method. All of the EPS from the S. thermophilus strains tested were classified into six groups according to their monomer compositions. Apart from galactose and glucose, other monomers, such as (N-acetyl)galactosamine, (N-acetyl)glucosamine, and rhamnose, were also found as repeating unit constituents. Three strains were found to produce EPS containing (N-acetyl)glucosamine, which to our knowledge was never found before in an EPS from S. thermophilus. Furthermore, within each group, differences in monomer ratios were observed, indicating possible novel EPS structures. Finally, large differences between the consistencies of EPS solutions from five different strains were assigned to differences in their molecular masses and structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Vaningelgem
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing (IMDO), Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Bubb WA. NMR spectroscopy in the study of carbohydrates: Characterizing the structural complexity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/cmr.a.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Broadbent JR, McMahon DJ, Welker DL, Oberg CJ, Moineau S. Biochemistry, genetics, and applications of exopolysaccharide production in Streptococcus thermophilus: a review. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:407-23. [PMID: 12647947 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many strains of Streptococcus thermophilus synthesize extracellular polysaccharides. These molecules may be produced as capsules that are tightly associated with the cell, or they may be liberated into the medium as a loose slime (i.e., "ropy" polysaccharide). Although the presence of exopolysaccharide does not confer any obvious advantage to growth or survival of S. thermophilus in milk, in situ production by this species or other dairy lactic acid bacteria typically imparts a desirable "ropy" or viscous texture to fermented milk products. Recent work has also shown that exopolysaccharide-producing S. thermophilus can enhance the functional properties of Mozzarella cheese, but they are not phage-proof. As our understanding of the genetics, physiology, and functionality of bacterial exopolysaccharides continues to improve, novel applications for polysaccharides and polysaccharide-producing cultures are likely to emerge inside and outside the dairy industry. This article provides an overview of biochemistry, genetics, and applications of exopolysaccharide production in S. thermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Broadbent
- Western Dairy Center, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan 84322-8700, USA.
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27
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Exopolysaccharide-producing Streptococcus thermophilus strains as functional starter cultures in the production of fermented milks. Int Dairy J 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(03)00105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Faber EJ, Van Haaster DJ, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG. Characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus 8S containing an open chain nononic acid. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:5590-8. [PMID: 12423358 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus 8S in reconstituted skimmed milk is a heteropolysaccharide containing d-galactose, d-glucose, d-ribose, and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine in a molar ratio of 2 : 1 : 1 : 1. Furthermore, the polysaccharide contains one equivalent of a novel open chain nononic acid constituent, 3,9-dideoxy-d-threo-d-altro-nononic acid, ether-linked via C-2 to C-6 of an additional d-glucose per repeating unit. Methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR studies (1H and 13C) performed on the native polysaccharide, and mass spectrometric and NMR analyses of the oligosaccharide obtained from the polysaccharide by de-N-acetylation followed by deamination and reduction demonstrated the 'hepta'saccharide repeating unit to be: -->4)-alpha-D-Galp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Ribf-(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1--7')-Sub-(1-->4)-beta-D-GalpNAc-(1--> in which Sug is 6-O-(3',9'-dideoxy-d-threo-d-altro-nononic acid-2'-yl)-alpha-d-glucopyranose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J Faber
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Section of Glycoscience and Biocatalysis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Mora D, Fortina MG, Parini C, Ricci G, Gatti M, Giraffa G, Manachini PL. Genetic diversity and technological properties of Streptococcus thermophilus strains isolated from dairy products. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:278-87. [PMID: 12147076 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the genetic diversity and the technological properties of 44 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus isolated from dairy products. Methods METHODS AND RESULTS Strains were analysed for some relevant technological properties, i.e. exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, growth kinetic in skim milk medium, urease activity and galactose fermentation. The EPS production, determined by evaluating the colour of the colonies grown in ruthenium red milk agar, was observed in 50% of the analysed strains. Urease activity, determined by colorimetric and conductimetric methods, showed that 91% of the isolates, all except four, could hydrolyse urea. A conductimetric approach was also used for the evaluation of the overall metabolic behaviour in milk of Strep. thermophilus strains and the differences observed allowed grouping of the strains in seven different clusters. A total of 11 strains were able to produce acid in presence of galactose. Genetic diversity of Streptococcus thermophilus strains, evaluated by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting (RAPD) and amplified epsC-D restriction analysis, allowed the identification of 21 different genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Comparison between the genotypic and phenotypic data highlights an interesting correlation between some important technological properties and well-defined genotypes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The genetic and technological characterization carried out on several Strep. thermophilus strains of dairy origin should expand the knowledge on this important lactic acid bacteria species and lead to a simple, rapid, and reliable identification of strains on the basis of well-defined biotechnological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mora
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, sezione Microbiologia Industriale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano and Istituto Sperimentale Lattiero Caseario, Lodi, Italy.
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Ricciardi A, Parente E, Crudele MA, Zanetti F, Scolari G, Mannazzu I. Exopolysaccharide production by Streptococcus thermophilus SY: production and preliminary characterization of the polymer. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:297-306. [PMID: 11849358 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effect of yeast extract (YE) concentration, temperature and pH on growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in a whey-based medium by Streptococcus thermophilus SY and to characterize the partially purified EPS. METHODS AND RESULTS Factorial experiments and empirical model building were used to optimize fermentation conditions and the chemical composition, average molecular weight (MW) and rheological properties of aqueous dispersions of the EPS were determined. Exopolysaccharide production was growth associated and was higher (152 mg l(-1)) at pH 6.4 and 36 degrees C with 4 g l(-1) YE. High performance size exclusion chromatography of the partially purified EPS showed two peaks, with a weight average MW of 2 x 10(6) and 5 x 10(4), respectively. The EPS was a heteropolysaccharide, with a glucose : galactose : rhamnose ratio of 2 : 4.5 : 1. Its water dispersions had a pseudoplastic behaviour and showed a higher viscosity of xanthan solutions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The fermentation conditions and some properties of an EPS produced by Strep. thermophilus, a dairy starter organism, were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ricciardi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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31
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Bao XF, Wang XS, Dong Q, Fang JN, Li XY. Structural features of immunologically active polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 59:175-181. [PMID: 11809453 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three polysaccharides, two heteroglycans (PL-1 and PL-4) and one glucan (PL-3), were solubilized from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and isolated by anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Their structural features were elucidated by glycosyl residue and glycosyl linkage composition analyses, partial acid hydrolysis, acetolysis, periodate oxidation, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and ESI-MS experiments. The data obtained indicated that PL-1 had a backbone consisting of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues and 1,6-linked beta-D-galactopyranosyl residues with branches at O-6 of glucose residues and O-2 of galactose residues, composed of terminal glucose, 1,6-linked glucosyl residues and terminal rhamnose. PL-3 was a highly branched glucan composed of 1,3-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues substituted at O-6 with 1,6-linked glucosyl residues. PL-4 was comprised of 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,6-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues and 1,6-linked beta-D-mannopyranosyl residues. These polysaccharides enhanced the proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes in vitro to varying contents and PL-1 exhibited an immune-stimulating activity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Feng Bao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Tai-yuan Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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32
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Laws A, Gu Y, Marshall V. Biosynthesis, characterisation, and design of bacterial exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2001; 19:597-625. [PMID: 14550013 DOI: 10.1016/s0734-9750(01)00084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are characterised by their conversion of a large proportion of their carbon feed, fermentable sugars, to lactic acid. However, in addition to lactic acid production, the LAB are able to divert a small proportion of fermentable sugars towards the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) that are independent of the cell surface and cell wall material. These microbial EPSs when suspended or dissolved in aqueous solution provide thickening and gelling properties, and, as such, there is great interest in using EPSs from food grade microorganisms (such as the LAB that are traditionally used for food fermentations) for use as thickening agents. The current review includes a brief summary of the recent literature describing features of the biosynthetic pathways leading to EPS production. Many aspects of EPS biosynthesis in LAB are still not fully understood and a number of inferences are made regarding the similarity of the pathway to those involved in the synthesis of other cell polysaccharides, e.g., cell wall components. The main body of the review will cover practical aspects concerned with the isolation and characterisation of EPS structures. In the last couple of years, a substantial number of structures have been published and a summary of the common elements of these structures is included as is a suggestion for a system for representing structures. A brief highlight of the attempts that are being made to design 'tailor'-made polysaccharides using genetic modification and control of metabolic flux is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laws
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, UK.
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33
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Germond JE, Delley M, D'Amico N, Vincent SJ. Heterologous expression and characterization of the exopolysaccharide from Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi39. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5149-56. [PMID: 11589707 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genes responsible for exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis in Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi39 were identified on a 20-kb genomic fragment. The two genes, epsE and epsG, were shown to be involved in EPS synthesis as their disruption lead to the loss of the ropy phenotype. Several naturally selected nonropy mutants were isolated, one acquired an insertion sequence (IS)-element (IS905) in the middle of the eps gene cluster. The eps gene cluster was cloned and transferred into a nonEPS-producing heterologous host, Lactococcus lactis MG1363. The EPS produced was shown by chemical analysis and NMR spectroscopy to be identical to the EPS produced by S. thermophilus Sfi39. This demonstrated first that all genes needed for EPS production and export were present in the S. thermophilus Sfi39 eps gene cluster, and second that the heterologous production of an EPS was possible by transfer of the complete eps gene cluster alone, provided that the heterologous host possessed all necessary genetic information for precursor synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Germond
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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34
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Degeest B, Vaningelgem F, Laws AP, De Vuyst L. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase activity indicates the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine in exopolysaccharides of Streptococcus thermophilus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:3976-84. [PMID: 11525994 PMCID: PMC93118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.9.3976-3984.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The monomer composition of the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Streptococcus thermophilus LY03 and S. thermophilus Sfi20 were evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography with amperometric detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both strains produced the same EPS composed of galactose, glucose, and N-acetylgalactosamine. Further, it was demonstrated that the activity of the precursor-producing enzyme UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase, converting UDP-N-acetylglucosamine into UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, is responsible for the presence of N-acetylgalactosamine in the EPS repeating units of both strains. The activity of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase was higher in both S. thermophilus strains than in a non-EPS-producing control strain. However, the level of this activity was not correlated with EPS yields, a result independent of the carbohydrate source applied in the fermentation process. On the other hand, both the amounts of EPS and the carbohydrate consumption rates were influenced by the type of carbohydrate source used during S. thermophilus Sfi20 fermentations. A correlation between activities of the enzymes alpha-phosphoglucomutase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase and EPS yields was seen. These experiments confirm earlier observed results for S. thermophilus LY03, although S. thermophilus Sfi20 preferentially consumed glucose for EPS production instead of lactose in contrast to the former strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Degeest
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing (IMDO), Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Marshall VM, Laws AP, Gu Y, Levander F, Rådström P, De Vuyst L, Degeest B, Vaningelgem F, Dunn H, Elvin M. Exopolysaccharide-producing strains of thermophilic lactic acid bacteria cluster into groups according to their EPS structure. Lett Appl Microbiol 2001; 32:433-7. [PMID: 11412358 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare galactose-negative strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus isolated from fermented milk products and known to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs). METHODS AND RESULTS The structures of the EPSs were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and their genetic relationships determined using restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Similar groupings were apparent by REA and RAPD, and each group produced an EPS with a particular subunit structure. CONCLUSION Although none of the strains assimilated galactose, all inserted a high proportion of galactose into their EPS when grown in skimmed milk, and fell into three distinct groups. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This information should help in an understanding of genetic exchanges in lactic acid bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Marshall
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK.
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36
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Marshall VM, Dunn H, Elvin M, McLay N, Gu Y, Laws AP. Structural characterisation of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus EU20. Carbohydr Res 2001; 331:413-22. [PMID: 11398983 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus EU20 when grown on skimmed milk secretes a high-molecular-weight exopolysaccharide that is composed of glucose, galactose and rhamnose in a molar ratio of 2:3:2. Using chemical techniques and 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C) the polysaccharide has been shown to possess a heptasaccharide repeating unit having the following structure: [chemical structure: see text]. Treatment of the polysaccharide with mild acid (0.5 M TFA, 100 degrees C for 1 h) liberates two oligosaccharides; the components correspond to the repeating unit and a hexasaccharide equivalent to the repeating unit minus the terminal alpha-L-Rhap.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Marshall
- Division of Food and Nutrition, University of Huddersfield, UK
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37
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Faber EJ, van den Haak MJ, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. Structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus thermophilus S3. Carbohydr Res 2001; 331:173-82. [PMID: 11322731 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(01)00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide of Streptococcus thermophilus S3, produced in skimmed milk, is composed of D-galactose and L-rhamnose in a molar ratio of 2:1. The polysaccharide contains 0.4 equiv of O-acetyl groups per repeating unit. Linkage analysis and 1D/2D NMR (1H and 13C) studies on native and O-deacetylated EPS together with nanoES-CID tandem mass spectrometry studies on oligosaccharides generated by a periodate oxidation protocol, show the polysaccharide to have the following structure: [structure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Faber
- Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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38
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Vincent SJ, Faber EJ, Neeser JR, Stingele F, Kamerling JP. Structure and properties of the exopolysaccharide produced by Streptococcus macedonicus Sc136. Glycobiology 2001; 11:131-9. [PMID: 11287400 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus macedonicus is a Gram positive lactic acid bacterium that is part of the starter flora present in Greek sheep and goat cheeses. The S. macedonicus Sc136 strain produces a high-molecular-mass, highly texturizing exopolysaccharide composed of D-glucose, D-galactose, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the molar ratio of 3:2:1. The structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by S. macedonicus Sc136 was determined by chemical analysis, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The repeating unit was shown to be: (see text) The polysaccharide sidechain beta-D-Galf-(1-->6)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->6)-beta-D-GlcpNAc is a key factor in the highly texturizing properties of the S.macedonicus Sc136 exopolysaccharide. Finally, the trisaccharide sequence beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1-->3)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp corresponds to the internal backbone of the lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose units, which serve as a structural basis for the large majority of human milk oligosaccharides, an additional property offering an important potential for the development of improved infant nutrition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Vincent
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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39
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Jolly L, Stingele F. Molecular organization and functionality of exopolysaccharide gene clusters in lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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De Vuyst L, De Vin F, Vaningelgem F, Degeest B. Recent developments in the biosynthesis and applications of heteropolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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The relevance of exopolysaccharides to the rheological properties in milk fermented with ropy strains of lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Almirón-Roig E, Mulholland F, Gasson MJ, Griffin AM. The complete cps gene cluster from Streptococcus thermophilus NCFB 2393 involved in the biosynthesis of a new exopolysaccharide. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 11):2793-2802. [PMID: 11065358 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-11-2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cpsFGHIJKL genes from the cps cluster of Streptococcus thermophilus NCFB 2393 involved in the biosynthesis of EPS were identified, cloned and nucleotide sequenced. The complete cps cluster is contained on an approximately 11.2 kb chromosomal region which contains 12 ORFs, including the previously cloned cpsABCDE genes. Functions were assigned to some of the predicted gene products on the basis of homology to known sequences as follows: cpsK encodes a protein thought to be involved in the polymerization and export of the polysaccharide; cpsE, cpsF, cpsG, cpsH, cpsI and cpsJ encode putative sugar transferases. Two insertion sequences, IS1193 and ISS1, were identified within and flanking the 3' end of the cps cluster respectively. Analysis of the expression of the cpsE gene in Escherichia coli demonstrated that it encodes a glucose-1-phosphate transferase; the enzyme which catalyses the first step in EPS biosynthesis in S. thermophilus NCFB 2393.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Almirón-Roig
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, NR4 7UA Norwich, UK1
| | - Francis Mulholland
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, NR4 7UA Norwich, UK1
| | - Michael J Gasson
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, NR4 7UA Norwich, UK1
| | - Annette M Griffin
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, NR4 7UA Norwich, UK1
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43
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Degeest B, de Vuyst L. Correlation of activities of the enzymes alpha-phosphoglucomutase, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase with exopolysaccharide biosynthesis by Streptococcus thermophilus LY03. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:3519-27. [PMID: 10919816 PMCID: PMC92180 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.8.3519-3527.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2000] [Accepted: 05/30/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different carbohydrates or mixtures of carbohydrates as substrates on bacterial growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production were studied for the yoghurt starter culture Streptococcus thermophilus LY03. This strain produces two heteropolysaccharides with the same monomeric composition (galactose and glucose in the ratio 4:1) but with different molecular masses. Lactose and glucose were fermented by S. thermophilus LY03 only when they were used as sole energy and carbohydrate sources. Fructose was also fermented when it was applied in combination with lactose or glucose. Both the amount of EPS produced and the carbohydrate source consumption rates were clearly influenced by the type of energy and carbohydrate source used, while the EPS monomeric composition remained constant (galactose-glucose, 4:1) under all circumstances. A combination of lactose and glucose resulted in the largest amounts of EPS. Measurements of the activities of enzymes involved in EPS biosynthesis, and of those involved in sugar nucleotide biosynthesis and the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, demonstrated that the levels of activity of alpha-phosphoglucomutase, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase, and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase are highly correlated with the amount of EPS produced. Furthermore, a weaker relationship or no relationship between the amounts of EPS and the enzymes involved in either the rhamnose nucleotide synthetic branch of the EPS biosynthesis or the pathway leading to glycolysis was observed for S. thermophilus LY03.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Degeest
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation Technology and Downstream Processing, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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44
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van Casteren WH, Dijkema C, Schols HA, Beldman G, Voragen AG. Structural characterisation and enzymic modification of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris B39. Carbohydr Res 2000; 324:170-81. [PMID: 10724531 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris B39 grown on whey permeate produced an exopolysaccharide containing L-Rha, D-Gal and D-Glc in a molar ratio of 2:3:2. The polysaccharide was modified using an enzyme preparation from Aspergillus aculeatus, resulting in the release of Gal and a polymer with approximately the same hydrodynamic volume as the native polysaccharide. Linkage analysis and 1H NMR studies of both the native and modified exopolysaccharides elucidated that terminally linked Gal was released during modification and that the chemical structure of the branches within the repeating units is: beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->. 2D NMR experiments (both 1H-1H and 1H-13C) revealed that exopolysaccharide B39 consists of a branched heptasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: [structure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- W H van Casteren
- Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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45
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Stingele F, Newell JW, Neeser JR. Unraveling the function of glycosyltransferases in Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi6. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:6354-60. [PMID: 10515925 PMCID: PMC103770 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.20.6354-6360.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi6 produces a texturizing exopolysaccharide (EPS) consisting of a -->3)[alpha-D-Galp-(1-->6)]-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1--> 3)-beta-D-Galp-(1--> repeating unit. We previously identified and analyzed a 14.5-kb gene cluster from S. thermophilus Sfi6 consisting of 13 genes responsible for its EPS production. Within this gene cluster, we found a central region of genes (epsE, epsF, epsG, and epsI) that showed similarity to glycosyltransferases. In this study, we investigated the sugar specificity of these enzymes. EpsE catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the EPS repeating unit. It exhibits phosphogalactosyltransferase activity and transfers galactose onto the lipophilic carrier. The second step is fulfilled by EpsG, which transfers an alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine onto the first beta-galactoside. The activity of EpsF was determined by characterizing the EPS produced by an S. thermophilus epsF deletion mutant. This EPS consisted of the monosaccharides Gal, Glc, and GalNAc in an approximately equimolar ratio, thus suggesting that epsF codes for the branching galactosyltransferase. epsI probably codes for the beta-1,3-glucosyltransferase, since it is the only glycosyltransferase to which no gene has been assigned and it exhibits similarity to other beta-glycosyltransferases. EpsE shows the conserved features of phosphoglycosyltransferases, whereas EpsF and EpsG exhibit the primary structure of alpha-glycosyltransferases, belonging to glycosyltransferase family 4, whose members are conserved in all major phylogenetic lineages, including the Archaea and Eukaryota.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stingele
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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46
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Indication that the nitrogen source influences both amount and size of exopolysaccharides produced by streptococcus thermophilus LY03 and modelling of the bacterial growth and exopolysaccharide production in a complex medium. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2863-70. [PMID: 10388677 PMCID: PMC91430 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.7.2863-2870.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus LY03 is a yogurt strain producing the same exopolysaccharide material in both milk and MRS broth. Actually, two types of exopolysaccharides are produced simultaneously. The two exopolysaccharides are identical in monomer composition (galactose and glucose in a 4:1 ratio) but differ in molecular size. Gel permeation chromatography revealed a high-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide (1.8 x 10(6)) and a low-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide (4.1 x 10(5)). Both exopolysaccharides can be isolated from the fermentation broth separately. The proportion in which they are produced is strongly dependent on the carbon/nitrogen ratio of the fermentation broth. A shift from a high-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide to a low-molecular-mass exopolysaccharide was observed with increasing initial complex nitrogen concentrations. All necessary biokinetic parameters to study the kinetics of S. thermophilus LY03 fermentations were obtained from a mathematical model which describes both S. thermophilus LY03 growth and exopolysaccharide production and degradation. The model is valid with various initial complex nitrogen concentrations and can be applied to simulate exopolysaccharide production in a milk medium.
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Analysis of exopolysaccharide (EPS) production mediated by the bacteriophage adsorption blocking plasmid, pCI658, isolated from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris HO2. Int Dairy J 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(99)00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stingele F, Vincent SJ, Faber EJ, Newell JW, Kamerling JP, Neeser JR. Introduction of the exopolysaccharide gene cluster from Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi6 into Lactococcus lactis MG1363: production and characterization of an altered polysaccharide. Mol Microbiol 1999; 32:1287-95. [PMID: 10383768 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus Sfi6 produces an exopolysaccharide (EPS) composed of glucose, galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine in the molar ratio of 1:2:1. The genes responsible for the EPS biosynthesis have been isolated previously and found to be clustered in a 14.5 kb region encoding 13 genes. Transfer of this gene cluster into a non-EPS-producing heterologous host, Lactococcus lactis MG1363, yielded an EPS with a similar high molecular weight, but a different structure from the EPS from the native host. The structure of the recombinant EPS was determined by means of 1H homonuclear and 1H-13C heteronuclear two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and was found to be --> 3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1 --> 3)-beta-D-Galp-(1 --> as opposed to --> 3)[alpha-D-Galp-(1 --> 6)]-beta-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-GalpNAc-(1 --> 3)-beta-D-Galp-(1 --> for the wild-type S. thermophilus Sfi6. Furthermore, L. lactis MG1363 (pFS101) was also lacking a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine C4-epimerase activity, which would provide UDP-GalNAc for a GalNAc incorporation into the EPS and probably caused the substitution of GalNAc by Gal in the recombinant EPS. This modification implies that (i) bacterial glycosyltransferases could potentially have multiple specificities for the donor and the acceptor sugar molecule; and (ii) the repeating unit polymerase can recognize and polymerize a repeating unit that differs in the backbone as well as in the side-chain from its native substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stingele
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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Breedveld M, Bonting K, Dijkhuizen L. Mutational analysis of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis by Lactobacillus sakei 0-1. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 169:241-9. [PMID: 9868768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus sakei strain 0-1 produces an exopolysaccharide (EPS) consisting of glucose and rhamnose in a ratio of 3:2. As part of a biochemical and molecular analysis of the EPS biosynthetic pathway in L. sakei strain 0-1, we have isolated a random set of EPS-negative mutants. Following treatment of cells with the mutagen ethylmethane sulfonic acid, a total of 10 mutants were identified that lacked the clear ropy appearance of wild-type colonies on agar plates. Their characterization revealed that eight mutants had completely lost the ability to synthesize the normal EPS. Six of these mutants lacked activities of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose, required for EPS production. Only mutant strains 12 and 20 were directly affected in EPS synthesis. Strain 12 synthesized EPS with a different sugar composition, however. Interestingly, strain 12 showed temperature-dependent EPS synthesis, with the highest amounts synthesized at 12 degrees C, and low amounts at the optimal temperature for growth (30 degrees C). Two mutants were in fact EPS-positive, producing the normal EPS, but displayed a different cell morphology (elongated cells), indicating a modification in cell wall synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Breedveld
- Groningen Biomolecular and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands.
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Faber EJ, Zoon P, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. The exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus Rs and Sts have the same repeating unit but differ in viscosity of their milk cultures. Carbohydr Res 1998; 310:269-76. [PMID: 9821263 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(98)00189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The polysaccharides produced by Streptococcus thermophilus Rs and Sts in skimmed milk consist of D-Gal and L-Rha in a molar ratio of 5:2. Linkage analysis and 1D/2D NMR (1H and 13C) studies revealed that both polysaccharides have the same branched heptasaccharide repeating unit: [formula: see text] Remarkably, the two strains differ in their effects on the viscosity of stirred milk cultures. The milk culture of S. thermophilus Rs is non-ropy and affords 135 mg/L polysaccharide with an average molecular mass of 2.6 x 10(3) kDa. In contrast, the milk culture of S. thermophilus Sts is ropy and produces 127 mg/L polysaccharide with an average molecular mass of 3.7 x 10(3) kDa. Permeability measurements of non-stirred milk cultures of both strains suggest that both strains have a similar effect on the protein-polysaccharide network. Therefore, the only clear difference between both strains, which may cause the difference in ropiness of the milk cultures, is the difference in molecular mass of the polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Faber
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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